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Osorio J, Aznar M, Nerín C, Elliott C, Chevallier O. Comparison of LC-ESI, DART, and ASAP for the analysis of oligomers migration from biopolymer food packaging materials in food (simulants). Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 414:1335-1345. [PMID: 34748032 PMCID: PMC8724096 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03755-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Biopolymers based on polylactic acid (PLA) and starch have numerous advantages, such as coming from renewable sources or being compostable, though they can have deficiencies in mechanical properties, and for this reason, polyester resins are occasionally added to them in order to improve their properties. In this work, migration from a PLA sample and from another starch-based biopolymer to three different food simulants was studied. Attention was focused on the determination of oligomers. The analysis was first performed by ultraperformance liquid chromatography quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF–MS), which allowed the identification of the oligomers present in migration. Then, the samples were analyzed by two ambient desorption/ionization techniques directly coupled to mass spectrometry (ADI), direct analysis in real-time coupled to standardized voltage and pressure (DART-MS) and atmospheric pressure solids analysis probe (ASAP-MS). These methodologies were able to detect simultaneously the main oligomers migrants and their adducts in a very rapid and effective way. Nineteen different polyester oligomers, fourteen linear and five cyclic, composed of different combinations of adipic acid [AA], propylene glycol [PG], dipropylene glycol [DPG], 2,2-dibutyl-1,3-propanediol [DBPG], or isobutanol [i-BuOH] were detected in migration samples from PLA. In migration samples from starch-based biopolymer, fourteen oligomers from poly(butylene adipate co-terephthalate) polyester (PBAT) were identified, twelve cyclic and two linear. The results from ADI techniques showed that they are a very promising alternative tool to assess the safety and legal compliance of food packaging materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jazmín Osorio
- Analytical Chemistry Department, GUIA Group, I3A, EINA, University of Zaragoza, Mª de Luna 3, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain.,ASSET Technology Centre, Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, 9, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Margarita Aznar
- Analytical Chemistry Department, GUIA Group, I3A, EINA, University of Zaragoza, Mª de Luna 3, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Cristina Nerín
- Analytical Chemistry Department, GUIA Group, I3A, EINA, University of Zaragoza, Mª de Luna 3, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Christopher Elliott
- ASSET Technology Centre, Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, 9, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Olivier Chevallier
- ASSET Technology Centre, Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, 9, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
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2
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Osorio J, Aznar M, Nerín C, Birse N, Elliott C, Chevallier O. Ambient mass spectrometry as a tool for a rapid and simultaneous determination of migrants coming from a bamboo-based biopolymer packaging. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 398:122891. [PMID: 32512447 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
New bamboo-based biopolymers are used as food packaging materials, but it must be evaluated to ensure consumers safety. In this study, migration from a commercial bamboo-based biopolymer to ethanol 10% (v/v), acetic acid 3% (w/v) and ethanol 95% (v/v) was studied. The migrants were determined from three different perspectives. Volatile and semi-volatile compounds were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Twenty-five compounds were detected. In addition, a number of phytosterols were detected in ethanol 95%. Non-volatile compounds were identified and quantified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/ToF). Twelve non-volatile compounds were detected in migration solutions, mainly melamine and its derivatives, coming from polymer resins present in the biopolymer. Melamine migration was higher than 50 mg/Kg in the third sequential migration test. Finally, the migration samples were analyzed by DART-SVP (direct analysis in real time coupled to standardized voltage and pressure). This methodology was able to detect simultaneously the main volatile and non-volatile migrants and their adducts in a very rapid and effective way and is shown as a promising tool to test the safety and legal compliance of food packaging materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jazmín Osorio
- Analytical Chemistry Department, GUIA Group, I3A, EINA, University of Zaragoza, Mª de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; ASSET Technology Centre, Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 9 Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Margarita Aznar
- Analytical Chemistry Department, GUIA Group, I3A, EINA, University of Zaragoza, Mª de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Cristina Nerín
- Analytical Chemistry Department, GUIA Group, I3A, EINA, University of Zaragoza, Mª de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Nicholas Birse
- ASSET Technology Centre, Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 9 Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Christopher Elliott
- ASSET Technology Centre, Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 9 Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Olivier Chevallier
- ASSET Technology Centre, Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 9 Northern Ireland, UK
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Wrona M, Nerín C. Analytical Approaches for Analysis of Safety of Modern Food Packaging: A Review. Molecules 2020; 25:E752. [PMID: 32050512 PMCID: PMC7037176 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, food packaging is a crucial tool for preserving food quality and has become an inseparable part of our daily life. Strong consumer demand and market trends enforce more advanced and creative forms of food packaging. New packaging development requires safety evaluations that always implicate the application of complex analytical methods. The present work reviews the development and application of new analytical methods for detection of possible food contaminants from the packaging origin on the quality and safety of fresh food. Among food contaminants migrants, set-off migrants from printing inks, polymer degradation products, and aromatic volatile compounds can be found that may compromise the safety and organoleptic properties of food. The list of possible chemical migrants is very wide and includes antioxidants, antimicrobials, intentionally added substances (IAS), non-intentionally added substances (NIAS), monomers, oligomers, and nanoparticles. All this information collected prior to the analysis will influence the type of analyzing samples and molecules (analytes) and therefore the selection of a convenient analytical method. Different analytical strategies will be discussed, including techniques for direct polymer analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristina Nerín
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research I3A, University of Zaragoza, María de Luna, 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain;
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Stabilities of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether, bisphenol F diglycidyl ether, and their derivatives under controlled conditions analyzed using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:6387-6398. [PMID: 31321469 PMCID: PMC6718377 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE), bisphenol F diglycydyl ether (BFDGE), and their related compounds are widely used as precursors in production of epoxy resins. The high reactivity of these compounds makes the development of analytical methodologies that ensure appropriate metrological accuracy crucial. Consequently, we aimed to determine whether and to what extent the composition of the solution and storage conditions affect the stability of selected BADGE and BFDGE derivatives. The stabilities of these compounds were studied using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization (HPLC-ESI–MS/MS). The chromatographic method elaborated here has allowed for separation of the analytes in time shorter than 6 min, for both methanol and acetonitrile-based mobile phases. The obtained calibration curves for all analytes were linear in the range tested. The values of limit of detection (LODs) were in the range of 0.91–2.7 ng/mL, while values of limit of quantitation (LOQs) were in the range of 2.7–5.7 ng/mL. The chosen experimental conditions were compared in terms of the content of organic solvent in solution, storage temperature, and time. Our results show that the content of BADGE, BADGE·HCl, BFDGE, three-ring NOGE decreased with increasing water content (> 40% v/v). For BADGE and three-ring NOGE, significant changes in concentration were noted as early as 24 h after the test solutions had been prepared. In addition, a reduction in the storage temperature (4 to − 20 °C) reduced the rate of transformation of the monitored analytes. Our study will increase quality control in future research and may increase the reliability of the obtained results. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Peters RJ, Groeneveld I, Sanchez PL, Gebbink W, Gersen A, de Nijs M, van Leeuwen SP. Review of analytical approaches for the identification of non-intentionally added substances in paper and board food contact materials. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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6
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Shelley JT, Badal SP, Engelhard C, Hayen H. Ambient desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: evolution from rapid qualitative screening to accurate quantification tool. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:4061-4076. [PMID: 29700557 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1023-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this article, some recent trends and developments in ambient desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (ADI-MS) are reviewed, with a special focus on quantitative analyses with direct, open-air sampling. Accurate quantification with ADI-MS is still not routinely performed, but this aspect is considered of utmost importance for the advancement of the field. In fact, several research groups are devoted to the development of novel and optimized ADI-MS approaches. Some key trends include novel sample introduction strategies for improved reproducibility, tailored sample preparation protocols for removing the matrix and matrix effects, and multimode ionization sources. In addition, there is significant interest in quantitative mass spectrometry imaging. Graphical abstract Conceptual diagram of the ambient desorption/ionization mass spectrometry approach with different desorption/ionization probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Shelley
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
| | - Sunil P Badal
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Carsten Engelhard
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 2, 57076, Siegen, Germany
| | - Heiko Hayen
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 30, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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7
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Cai H, Ji S, Zhang J, Tao G, Peng C, Hou R, Zhang L, Sun Y, Wan X. Migration kinetics of four photo-initiators from paper food packaging to solid food simulants. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:1632-1642. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1331470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huimei Cai
- School of Tea & Food Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Shuilin Ji
- School of Tea & Food Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Juzhou Zhang
- National Agricultural and sideline products processing food quality supervision and inspection center, Auhui Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hefei, China
| | - Gushuai Tao
- School of Tea & Food Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Chuanyi Peng
- School of Tea & Food Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Ruyan Hou
- School of Tea & Food Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- School of Tea & Food Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yue Sun
- School of Tea & Food Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- School of Tea & Food Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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8
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Chen S, Chang Q, Yin K, He Q, Deng Y, Chen B, Liu C, Wang Y, Wang L. Rapid Analysis of Bisphenol A and Its Analogues in Food Packaging Products by Paper Spray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:4859-4865. [PMID: 28535678 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a paper spray ionization mass spectrometric (PS-MS) method was developed for the rapid in situ screening and simultaneous quantitative analysis of bisphenol A and its analogues, i.e., bisphenol S, bisphenol F, and bisphenol AF, in food packaging products. At the optimal PS-MS conditions, the calibration curves of bisphenols in the range of 1-100 μg/mL were linear. The correlation coefficients were higher than 0.998, and the LODs of the target compounds were 0.1-0.3 μg/mL. After a simple treatment by dichloromethane on the surface, the samples were analyzed by PS-MS in situ for rapid screening without a traditional sample pretreatment procedure, such as powdering, extraction, and enrichment steps. The analytical time of the PS-MS method was less than 1 min. In comparison with conventional HPLC-MS/MS, it was demonstrated that PS-MS was a more effective high-throughput screening and quantitative analysis method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University , Changsha 410082, China
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University , Changsha 410081, China
| | - Quanying Chang
- College of Finance and Statistics, Hunan University , Changsha 410082, China
| | - Kai Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University , Changsha 410082, China
| | - Qunying He
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University , Changsha 410082, China
| | - Yongxiu Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University , Changsha 410082, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University , Changsha 410081, China
| | - Chengbin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University , Changsha 410082, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Finance and Statistics, Hunan University , Changsha 410082, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Hunan Analysis and Testing Center , Changsha 410004, China
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9
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Gómez-Ríos GA, Gionfriddo E, Poole J, Pawliszyn J. Ultrafast Screening and Quantitation of Pesticides in Food and Environmental Matrices by Solid-Phase Microextraction–Transmission Mode (SPME-TM) and Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART). Anal Chem 2017; 89:7240-7248. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Justen Poole
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Domeño C, Aznar M, Nerín C, Isella F, Fedeli M, Bosetti O. Safety by design of printed multilayer materials intended for food packaging. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:1239-1250. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1322221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Celia Domeño
- Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón (I3A), Depto. Química Analítica, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Margarita Aznar
- Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón (I3A), Depto. Química Analítica, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Cristina Nerín
- Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón (I3A), Depto. Química Analítica, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Francesca Isella
- Goglio SpA, Packaging Division, R&D Chem Laboratory, Daverio, Italy
| | - Mauro Fedeli
- Goglio SpA, Packaging Division, R&D Chem Laboratory, Daverio, Italy
| | - Osvaldo Bosetti
- Goglio SpA, Packaging Division, R&D Chem Laboratory, Daverio, Italy
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Guo T, Yong W, Jin Y, Zhang L, Liu J, Wang S, Chen Q, Dong Y, Su H, Tan T. Applications of DART-MS for food quality and safety assurance in food supply chain. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2017; 36:161-187. [PMID: 25975720 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Direct analysis in real time (DART) represents a new generation of ion source which is used for rapid ionization of small molecules under ambient conditions. The combination of DART and various mass spectrometers allows analyzing multiple food samples with simple or no sample treatment, or in conjunction with prevailing protocolized sample preparation methods. Abundant applications by DART-MS have been reviewed in this paper. The DART-MS strategy applied to food supply chain (FSC), including production, processing, and storage and transportation, provides a comprehensive solution to various food components, contaminants, authenticity, and traceability. Additionally, typical applications available in food analysis by other ambient ionization mass spectrometers were summarized, and fundamentals mainly including mechanisms, devices, and parameters were discussed as well. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev. 36:161-187, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyang Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Wei Yong
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100123, P.R. China
| | - Yong Jin
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100123, P.R. China
| | - Liya Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Jiahui Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Sai Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Qilong Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Yiyang Dong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Haijia Su
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Tianwei Tan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
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Aznar M, Alfaro P, Nerín C, Jones E, Riches E. Progress in mass spectrometry for the analysis of set-off phenomena in plastic food packaging materials. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1453:124-33. [PMID: 27215462 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In most cases, food packaging materials contain inks whose components can migrate to food by diffusion through the material as well as by set-off phenomena. In this work, different mass spectrometry approaches had been used in order to identify and confirm the presence of ink components in ethanol (95%) and Tenax(®) as food simulants. Three different sets of materials, manufactured with different printing technologies and with different structures, were analyzed. Sample analysis by ultra performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS), using a quadrupole-time of flight (Q-TOF) as a mass analyser proved to be an excellent tool for identification purposes while ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS) shown to be very useful for the confirmation of the candidates proposed. The results showed the presence of different non-volatile ink components in migration such as colorants (Solvent Red 49), plasticizers (dimethyl sebacate, tributyl o-acetyl citrate) or surfactants (SchercodineM, triethylene glycol caprilate). An oxidation product of an ink additive (triphenyl phosphine oxide) was also detected. In addition, a surface analysis technique, desorption electrospray mass spectrometry (DESI-MS), was used for analyzing the distribution of some ink components (tributyl o-acetyl citrate Schercodine L, phthalates) in the material. The detection of some of these compounds in the back-printed side confirmed the transference of this compound from the non-food to the food contact side. The results also showed that concentration of ink migrants decreased when an aluminum or polypropylene layer covered the ink. When aluminum was used, concentration of most of ink migrants decreased, and for 5 out of the 9 even disappeared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Aznar
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón (I3A), Grupo GUIA, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pilar Alfaro
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón (I3A), Grupo GUIA, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Cristina Nerín
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón (I3A), Grupo GUIA, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Emrys Jones
- Waters Corporation, Stamford Avenue, Altrincham Road, Wilmslow, SK9 4AX, UK
| | - Eleanor Riches
- Waters Corporation, Stamford Avenue, Altrincham Road, Wilmslow, SK9 4AX, UK
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13
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Lago MA, Ackerman LK. Identification of print-related contaminants in food packaging. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:518-29. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1136435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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14
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Driffield M, Bradley E, Castle L, Lloyd A, Parmar M, Speck D, Roberts D, Stead S. Use of atmospheric pressure solids analysis probe time-of-flight mass spectrometry to screen for plasticisers in gaskets used in contact with foods. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:1603-1610. [PMID: 28339155 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Plasticisers are used in the PVC gaskets of metal closures on glass jars and bottles used for foods and beverages. They may migrate and so contaminate the packed foodstuff. The plasticisers are present in a high proportion and are often a complex mixture of substances leading to time-consuming analytical methodologies. This work describes a rapid screening method to identify the plasticisers used. METHODS Analysis was carried out by direct sampling of the gaskets using atmospheric pressure solids analysis probe (ASAP) with time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) using a SYNAPT G2 HDMS system. The accurate mass information collected was then compared to a user-prepared database of plasticisers to aid identification. RESULTS The rapid identification approach was shown to be successful for 24 gasket samples previously analysed by alternative more lengthy gas chromatographic (GC) methods. Quantification by dissolution followed by standard addition was also demonstrated to be reliable. CONCLUSIONS The ASAP-TOFMS method is a useful technique for rapidly screening gaskets for the presence of plasticisers. It can be used to identify specific gaskets deserving of further quantitative analysis by chromatographic methods, saving time and money by avoiding unnecessary analyses. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm Driffield
- Fera Science Ltd (Fera), National Agri-Food Innovation Campus, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - Emma Bradley
- Fera Science Ltd (Fera), National Agri-Food Innovation Campus, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - Laurence Castle
- Fera Science Ltd (Fera), National Agri-Food Innovation Campus, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - Antony Lloyd
- Fera Science Ltd (Fera), National Agri-Food Innovation Campus, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - Mita Parmar
- Fera Science Ltd (Fera), National Agri-Food Innovation Campus, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - Dennis Speck
- Fera Science Ltd (Fera), National Agri-Food Innovation Campus, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - Dominic Roberts
- Waters Corporation, Stamford Avenue, Altringham Road, Wilmslow, SK9 4AX, UK
| | - Sara Stead
- Waters Corporation, Stamford Avenue, Altringham Road, Wilmslow, SK9 4AX, UK
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15
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Lago MA, Rodríguez-Bernaldo de Quirós A, Sendón R, Bustos J, Nieto MT, Paseiro P. Photoinitiators: a food safety review. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:779-98. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1014866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Carrizo D, Domeño C, Nerín I, Alfaro P, Nerín C. Atmospheric pressure solid analysis probe coupled to quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry as a tool for screening and semi-quantitative approach of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and oxo-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in complex matrices. Talanta 2015; 131:175-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Lago MA, Rodríguez-Bernaldo de Quirós A, Sendón R, Bustos J, Santillana MI, Paseiro P. Simultaneous chromatographic analysis of photoinitiators and amine synergists in food contact materials. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:4251-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7792-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Paseiro-Cerrato R, Noonan G, Begley T. Development of a rapid screening method to determine primary aromatic amines in kitchen utensils using direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART-MS). Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:537-45. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.867366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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The latest developments and applications of mass spectrometry in food-safety and quality analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Nemes P, Hoover WJ, Keire DA. High-throughput differentiation of heparin from other glycosaminoglycans by pyrolysis mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2013; 85:7405-12. [PMID: 23841449 DOI: 10.1021/ac401318q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sensors with high chemical specificity and enhanced sample throughput are vital to screening food products and medical devices for chemical or biochemical contaminants that may pose a threat to public health. For example, the rapid detection of oversulfated chondroitin sulfate (OSCS) in heparin could prevent reoccurrence of heparin adulteration that caused hundreds of severe adverse events including deaths worldwide in 2007-2008. Here, rapid pyrolysis is integrated with direct analysis in real time (DART) mass spectrometry to rapidly screen major glycosaminoglycans, including heparin, chondroitin sulfate A, dermatan sulfate, and OSCS. The results demonstrate that, compared to traditional liquid chromatography-based analyses, pyrolysis mass spectrometry achieved at least 250-fold higher sample throughput and was compatible with samples volume-limited to about 300 nL. Pyrolysis yielded an abundance of fragment ions (e.g., 150 different m/z species), many of which were specific to the parent compound. Using multivariate and statistical data analysis models, these data enabled facile differentiation of the glycosaminoglycans with high throughput. After method development was completed, authentically contaminated samples obtained during the heparin crisis by the FDA were analyzed in a blinded manner for OSCS contamination. The lower limit of differentiation and detection were 0.1% (w/w) OSCS in heparin and 100 ng/μL (20 ng) OSCS in water, respectively. For quantitative purposes the linear dynamic range spanned approximately 3 orders of magnitude. Moreover, this chemical readout was successfully employed to find clues in the manufacturing history of the heparin samples that can be used for surveillance purposes. The presented technology and data analysis protocols are anticipated to be readily adaptable to other chemical and biochemical agents and volume-limited samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Nemes
- Division of Chemistry and Materials Science, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), United States.
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Nerin C, Alfaro P, Aznar M, Domeño C. The challenge of identifying non-intentionally added substances from food packaging materials: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 775:14-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Bentayeb K, Ackerman L, Lord T, Begley T. Non-visible print set-off of photoinitiators in food packaging: detection by ambient ionisation mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:750-9. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.762694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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