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Amyx-Sherer K, Reichhardt C. Challenges and opportunities in elucidating the structures of biofilm exopolysaccharides: A case study of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa exopolysaccharide called Pel. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2024; 62:361-369. [PMID: 37919227 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm formation protects bacteria from antibiotic treatment and host immune responses, making biofilm infections difficult to treat. Within biofilms, bacterial cells are entangled in a self-produced extracellular matrix that typically includes exopolysaccharides. Molecular-level descriptions of biofilm matrix components, especially exopolysaccharides, have been challenging to attain due to their complex nature and lack of solubility and crystallinity. Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has emerged as a key tool to determine the structure of biofilm matrix exopolysaccharides without degradative sample preparation. In this review, we discuss challenges of studying biofilm matrix exopolysaccharides and opportunities to develop solid-state NMR approaches to study these generally intractable materials. We specifically highlight investigations of the exopolysaccharide called Pel made by the opportunistic pathogen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We provide a roadmap for determining exopolysaccharide structure and discuss future opportunities to study such systems using solid-state NMR. The strategies discussed for elucidating biofilm exopolysaccharide structure should be broadly applicable to studying the structures of other glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Amyx-Sherer
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Courtney Reichhardt
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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2
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List R, Gonzalez-Lopez L, Ashfaq A, Zaouak A, Driscoll M, Al-Sheikhly M. On the Mechanism of the Ionizing Radiation-Induced Degradation and Recycling of Cellulose. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4483. [PMID: 38231912 PMCID: PMC10708459 DOI: 10.3390/polym15234483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of ionizing radiation offers a boundless range of applications for polymer scientists, from inducing crosslinking and/or degradation to grafting a wide variety of monomers onto polymeric chains. This review in particular aims to introduce the field of ionizing radiation as it relates to the degradation and recycling of cellulose and its derivatives. The review discusses the main mechanisms of the radiolytic sessions of the cellulose molecules in the presence and absence of water. During the radiolysis of cellulose, in the absence of water, the primary and secondary electrons from the electron beam, and the photoelectric, Compton effect electrons from gamma radiolysis attack the glycosidic bonds (C-O-C) on the backbone of the cellulose chains. This radiation-induced session results in the formation of alkoxyl radicals and C-centered radicals. In the presence of water, the radiolytically produced hydroxyl radicals (●OH) will abstract hydrogen atoms, leading to the formation of C-centered radicals, which undergo various reactions leading to the backbone session of the cellulose. Based on the structures of the radiolytically produced free radicals in presence and absence of water, covalent grafting of vinyl monomers on the cellulose backbone is inconceivable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard List
- Department of Chemical Engineering, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
- UV/EB Technology Center, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Lorelis Gonzalez-Lopez
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Aiysha Ashfaq
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Amira Zaouak
- Research Laboratory on Energy and Matter for Nuclear Science Development, National Center for Nuclear Science and Technology, Sidi-Thabet 2020, Tunisia;
| | - Mark Driscoll
- UV/EB Technology Center, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Mohamad Al-Sheikhly
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Salem KS, Kasera NK, Rahman MA, Jameel H, Habibi Y, Eichhorn SJ, French AD, Pal L, Lucia LA. Comparison and assessment of methods for cellulose crystallinity determination. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:6417-6446. [PMID: 37591800 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00569g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
The degree of crystallinity in cellulose significantly affects the physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of cellulosic materials, their processing, and their final application. Measuring the crystalline structures of cellulose is a challenging task due to inadequate consistency among the variety of analytical techniques available and the lack of absolute crystalline and amorphous standards. Our article reviews the primary methods for estimating the crystallinity of cellulose, namely, X-ray diffraction (XRD), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Raman and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, sum-frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy (SFG), as well as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and evolving biochemical methods using cellulose binding molecules (CBMs). The techniques are compared to better interrogate not only the requirements of each method, but also their differences, synergies, and limitations. The article highlights fundamental principles to guide the general community to initiate studies of the crystallinity of cellulosic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khandoker Samaher Salem
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh.
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
| | - Nitesh Kumar Kasera
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh.
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Md Ashiqur Rahman
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh.
- National Institute of Textile Engineering and Research, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
| | - Hasan Jameel
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
| | - Youssef Habibi
- Sustainable Materials Research Center (SUSMAT-RC), University Mohamed VI Polytechnic (UM6P), Lot 660, Hay Moulay Rachid, Benguerir, 43150, Morocco
| | - Stephen J Eichhorn
- Bristol Composites Institute, School of Civil, Aerospace, and Mechanical Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TR, UK
| | - Alfred D French
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center USDA ARS SRRC, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA
| | - Lokendra Pal
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
| | - Lucian A Lucia
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, CD 27695-8204, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials & Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology/Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, 250353, P. R. China
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4
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Munson CR, Gao Y, Mortimer JC, Murray DT. Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance as a Tool to Probe the Impact of Mechanical Preprocessing on the Structure and Arrangement of Plant Cell Wall Polymers. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:766506. [PMID: 35095947 PMCID: PMC8790750 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.766506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Efficient separation of the plant cell wall polymers during lignocellulose processing has been historically challenging due to insolubility of the polymers and their propensity for recalcitrant reassembly. Methods, such as "lignin first" extraction techniques, have advanced efficient biomass use, but the molecular mechanisms for recalcitrance remain enigmatic. Here, we discuss how solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) approaches report on the 3D organization of cellulose, xylan, and lignin in the plant cell wall. Recent results illustrate that the organization of these polymers varies across biomass sources and sample preparation methods, with even minimal physical processing causing significant effects. These structural differences contribute to variable extraction efficiencies for bioproducts after downstream processing. We propose that solid-state NMR methods can be applied to follow biomass processing, providing an understanding of the polymer rearrangements that can lead to poor yields for the desired bioproducts. The utility of the technique is illustrated for mechanical processing using lab-scale vibratory ball milling of Sorghum bicolor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coyla R. Munson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Yu Gao
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, United States
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Jenny C. Mortimer
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, United States
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Dylan T. Murray
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Gabrielli V, Kuraite A, da Silva MA, Edler KJ, Angulo J, Nepravishta R, Muñoz-García JC, Khimyak YZ. Spin diffusion transfer difference (SDTD) NMR: An advanced method for the characterisation of water structuration within particle networks. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 594:217-227. [PMID: 33756365 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.02.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS The classical STD NMR protocol to monitor solvent interactions in gels is strongly dependent on gelator and solvent concentrations and does not report on the degree of structuration of the solvent at the particle/solvent interface. We hypothesised that, for suspensions of large gelator particles, solvent structuration could be characterised by STD NMR when taking into account the particle-to-solvent 1H-1H spin diffusion transfer using the 1D diffusion equation. EXPERIMENTS We have carried out a systematic study on effect of gelator and solvent concentrations, and gelator surface charge, affecting the behaviour of the classical STD NMR build-up curves. To do so, we have characterised solvent interactions in dispersions of starch and cellulose-like particles prepared in deuterated water and alcohol/D2O mixtures. FINDINGS The Spin Diffusion Transfer Difference (SDTD) NMR protocol is independent of the gelator and solvent concentrations, hence allowing the estimation of the degree of solvent structuration within different particle networks. In addition, the simulation of SDTD build-up curves using the general one-dimensional diffusion equation allows the determination of minimum distances (r) and spin diffusion rates (D) at the particle/solvent interface. This novel NMR protocol can be readily extended to characterise the solvent(s) organisation in any type of colloidal systems constituted by large particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Gabrielli
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Agne Kuraite
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | | | - Karen J Edler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Jesús Angulo
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Ridvan Nepravishta
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - Juan C Muñoz-García
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - Yaroslav Z Khimyak
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
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6
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Berruyer P, Gericke M, Moutzouri P, Jakobi D, Bardet M, Karlson L, Schantz S, Heinze T, Emsley L. Advanced characterization of regioselectively substituted methylcellulose model compounds by DNP enhanced solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 262:117944. [PMID: 33838821 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic Nuclear Polarization MAS NMR is introduced to characterize model methylcellulose ether compounds at natural isotopic abundance. In particular an approach is provided to determine the position of the methyl ether group within the repeating unit. Specifically, natural abundance 13C-13C correlation experiments are used to characterize model 3-O-methylcellulose and 2,3-O-dimethylcellulose, and identify changes in chemical shifts with respect to native cellulose. We also probe the use of through space connectivity to the closest carbons to the CH3 to identify the substitution site on the cellulose ether. To this end, a series of methylcellulose ethers was prepared by a multistep synthesis approach. Key intermediates in these reactions were 2,6-O-diprotected thexyldimethylsilyl (TDMS) cellulose and 6-O-monoprotected TDMS cellulose methylated under homogeneous conditions. The products had degrees of substitution of 0.99 (3-O-methylcellulose) and 2.03 (2,3-O-dimethylcellulose) with exclusively regioselective substitution. The approaches developed here will allow characterization of the substitution patterns in cellulose ethers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierrick Berruyer
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martin Gericke
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Centre of Excellence for Polysaccharide Research, Humboldtstraße 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Pinelopi Moutzouri
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dörthe Jakobi
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Centre of Excellence for Polysaccharide Research, Humboldtstraße 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Michel Bardet
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, IRIG-MEM, Laboratoire de Résonance Magnétique, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Leif Karlson
- Nouryon Functional Chemicals AB, SE-444 31 Stenungsund, Sweden
| | - Staffan Schantz
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Thomas Heinze
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Centre of Excellence for Polysaccharide Research, Humboldtstraße 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Lyndon Emsley
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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7
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Addison B, Stengel D, Bharadwaj VS, Happs RM, Doeppke C, Wang T, Bomble YJ, Holland GP, Harman-Ware AE. Selective One-Dimensional 13C- 13C Spin-Diffusion Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Methods to Probe Spatial Arrangements in Biopolymers Including Plant Cell Walls, Peptides, and Spider Silk. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:9870-9883. [PMID: 33091304 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c07759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) and 3D through-space 13C-13C homonuclear spin-diffusion techniques are powerful solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) tools for extracting structural information from 13C-enriched biomolecules, but necessarily long acquisition times restrict their applications. In this work, we explore the broad utility and underutilized power of a chemical shift-selective one-dimensional (1D) version of a 2D 13C-13C spin-diffusion solid-state NMR technique. The method, which is called 1D dipolar-assisted rotational resonance (DARR) difference, is applied to a variety of biomaterials including lignocellulosic plant cell walls, microcrystalline peptide fMLF, and black widow dragline spider silk. 1D 13C-13C spin-diffusion methods described here apply in select cases in which the 1D 13C solid-state NMR spectrum displays chemical shift-resolved moieties. This is analogous to the selective 1D nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY) experiment utilized in liquid-state NMR as a faster (1D instead of 2D) and often less ambiguous (direct sampling of the time domain data, coupled with increased signal averaging) alternative to 2D NOESY. Selective 1D 13C-13C spin-diffusion methods are more time-efficient than their 2D counterparts such as proton-driven spin diffusion (PDSD) and dipolar-assisted rotational resonance. The additional time gained enables measurements of 13C-13C spin-diffusion buildup curves and extraction of spin-diffusion time constants TSD, yielding detailed structural information. Specifically, selective 1D DARR difference buildup curves applied to 13C-enriched hybrid poplar woody stems confirm strong spatial interaction between lignin and acetylated xylan polymers within poplar plant secondary cell walls, and an interpolymer distance of ∼0.45-0.5 nm was estimated. Additionally, Tyr/Gly long-range correlations were observed on isotopically enriched black widow spider dragline silks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bennett Addison
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Dillan Stengel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182-1030, United States
| | - Vivek S Bharadwaj
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Renee M Happs
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Crissa Doeppke
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Tuo Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Yannick J Bomble
- Biosciences Center, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Gregory P Holland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182-1030, United States
| | - Anne E Harman-Ware
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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Hosseinmardi A, Annamalai PK, Martine B, Pennells J, Martin DJ, Amiralian N. Facile Tuning of the Surface Energy of Cellulose Nanofibers for Nanocomposite Reinforcement. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:15933-15942. [PMID: 30556019 PMCID: PMC6288779 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The isolation of nanocellulose from lignocellulosic biomass, with desirable surface chemistry and morphology, has gained extensive scientific attention for various applications including polymer nanocomposite reinforcement. Additionally, environmental and economic concerns have driven researchers to explore viable alternatives to current isolation approaches, employing chemicals with reduced environmental impact. To address these issues, in this study, we have tuned the amphiphilic behavior of cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) by employing controlled alkali treatment, instead of in combination with expensive, environmentally unsustainable conventional approaches. Microscopic and spectroscopic analysis demonstrated that this approach is capable of tuning composition and interfacial tension of CNFs through a careful control of the quantity of residual lignin and hemicellulose. To elucidate the performance of CNF as an efficient reinforcing nanofiller in hydrophobic polymer matrices, prevulcanized natural rubber (NR) latex was employed as a suitable host polymer. CNF/NR nanocomposites with different CNF loading levels (0.1-1 wt % CNF) were prepared by a casting method. It was found that the incorporation of 0.1 wt % CNF treated with a 0.5 w/v % sodium hydroxide solution led to the highest latex reinforcement efficiency, with an enhancement in tensile stress and toughness of 16% to 42 MPa and 9% to 197 MJ m-3, respectively. This property profile offers a potential application for the high-performance medical devices such as condoms and gloves.
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9
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Wheeler HL, Soong R, Courtier-Murias D, Botana A, Fortier-Mcgill B, Maas WE, Fey M, Hutchins H, Krishnamurthy S, Kumar R, Monette M, Stronks HJ, Campbell MM, Simpson A. Comprehensive multiphase NMR: a promising technology to study plants in their native state. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2015; 53:735-744. [PMID: 25855560 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is arguably one the most powerful tools to study the interactions and molecular structure within plants. Traditionally, however, NMR has developed as two separate fields, one dealing with liquids and the other dealing with solids. Plants in their native state contain components that are soluble, swollen, and true solids. Here, a new form of NMR spectroscopy, developed in 2012, termed comprehensive multiphase (CMP)-NMR is applied for plant analysis. The technology composes all aspects of solution, gel, and solid-state NMR into a single NMR probe such that all components in all phases in native unaltered samples can be studied and differentiated in situ. The technology is evaluated using wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana and the cellulose-deficient mutant ectopic lignification1 (eli1) as examples. Using CMP-NMR to study intact samples eliminated the bias introduced by extraction methods and enabled the acquisition of a more complete structural and metabolic profile; thus, CMP-NMR revealed molecular differences between wild type (WT) and eli1 that could be overlooked by conventional methods. Methanol, fatty acids and/or lipids, glutamine, phenylalanine, starch, and nucleic acids were more abundant in eli1 than in WT. Pentaglycine was present in A. thaliana seedlings and more abundant in eli1 than in WT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Wheeler
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Ronald Soong
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Denis Courtier-Murias
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Adolfo Botana
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Blythe Fortier-Mcgill
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Werner E Maas
- Bruker Biospin Corporation, 15 Fortune Drive, Billerica, MA, 01821-3991, USA
| | - Michael Fey
- Bruker Biospin Corporation, 15 Fortune Drive, Billerica, MA, 01821-3991, USA
| | - Howard Hutchins
- Bruker Biospin Corporation, 15 Fortune Drive, Billerica, MA, 01821-3991, USA
| | | | - Rajeev Kumar
- Bruker Ltd. Canada, 555 Steeles Avenue East, Milton, Ontario, L9T 1Y6, Canada
| | - Martine Monette
- Bruker Ltd. Canada, 555 Steeles Avenue East, Milton, Ontario, L9T 1Y6, Canada
| | - Henry J Stronks
- Bruker Ltd. Canada, 555 Steeles Avenue East, Milton, Ontario, L9T 1Y6, Canada
| | - Malcolm M Campbell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Andre Simpson
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
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10
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Asakura T, Okushita K, Williamson MP. Analysis of the Structure of Bombyx mori Silk Fibroin by NMR. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Asakura
- Department
of Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
- Institute for
Molecular Science, 38 Nishigo-Naka, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Keiko Okushita
- Department
of Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Mike P. Williamson
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court,
Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, U.K
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11
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Dupree R, Simmons TJ, Mortimer JC, Patel D, Iuga D, Brown SP, Dupree P. Probing the molecular architecture of Arabidopsis thaliana secondary cell walls using two- and three-dimensional (13)C solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Biochemistry 2015; 54:2335-45. [PMID: 25739924 DOI: 10.1021/bi501552k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The plant secondary cell wall is a thickened polysaccharide and phenolic structure, providing mechanical strength to cells, particularly in woody tissues. It is the main feedstock for the developing bioenergy and green chemistry industries. Despite the role that molecular architecture (the arrangement of biopolymers relative to each other, and their conformations) plays in dictating biomass properties, such as recalcitrance to breakdown, it is poorly understood. Here, unprocessed dry (13)C-labeled stems from the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana were analyzed by a variety of (13)C solid state magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance methods, such as one-dimensional cross-polarization and direct polarization, two-dimensional refocused INADEQUATE, RFDR, PDSD, and three-dimensional DARR, demonstrating their viability for the study of native polymer arrangements in intact secondary cell walls. All carbon sites of the two main glucose environments in cellulose (previously assigned to microfibril surface and interior residues) are clearly resolved, as are carbon sites of the other major components of the secondary cell wall: xylan and lignin. The xylan carbon 4 chemical shift is markedly different from that reported previously for solution or primary cell wall xylan, indicating significant changes in the helical conformation in these dried stems. Furthermore, the shift span indicates that xylan adopts a wide range of conformations in this material, with very little in the 31 conformation typical of xylan in solution. Additionally, spatial connections of noncarbohydrate species were observed with both cellulose peaks conventionally assigned as "surface" and as "interior" cellulose environments, raising questions about the origin of these two cellulose signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray Dupree
- †Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Thomas J Simmons
- ‡Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, U.K
| | - Jennifer C Mortimer
- ‡Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, U.K
| | - Dharmesh Patel
- †Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.,‡Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, U.K
| | - Dinu Iuga
- †Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Steven P Brown
- †Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Paul Dupree
- ‡Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, U.K
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Gorshkova TA, Kozlova LV, Mikshina PV. Spatial structure of plant cell wall polysaccharides and its functional significance. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2014; 78:836-53. [PMID: 24010845 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297913070146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant polysaccharides comprise the major portion of organic matter in the biosphere. The cell wall built on the basis of polysaccharides is the key feature of a plant organism largely determining its biology. All together, around 10 types of polysaccharide backbones, which can be decorated by different substituents giving rise to endless diversity of carbohydrate structures, are present in cell walls of higher plants. Each of the numerous cell types present in plants has cell wall with specific parameters, the features of which mostly arise from the structure of polymeric components. The structure of polysaccharides is not directly encoded by the genome and has variability in many parameters (molecular weight, length, and location of side chains, presence of modifying groups, etc.). The extent of such variability is limited by the "functional fitting" of the polymer, which is largely based on spatial organization of the polysaccharide and its ability to form supramolecular complexes of an appropriate type. Consequently, the carrier of the functional specificity is not the certain molecular structure but the certain type of the molecules having a certain degree of heterogeneity. This review summarizes the data on structural features of plant cell wall polysaccharides, considers formation of supramolecular complexes, gives examples of tissue- and stage-specific polysaccharides and functionally significant carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions in plant cell wall, and presents approaches to analyze the spatial structure of polysaccharides and their complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Gorshkova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia.
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Foston M. Advances in solid-state NMR of cellulose. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2014; 27:176-84. [PMID: 24590189 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a well-established analytical and enabling technology in biofuel research. Over the past few decades, lignocellulosic biomass and its conversion to supplement or displace non-renewable feedstocks has attracted increasing interest. The application of solid-state NMR spectroscopy has long been seen as an important tool in the study of cellulose and lignocellulose structure, biosynthesis, and deconstruction, especially considering the limited number of effective solvent systems and the significance of plant cell wall three-dimensional microstructure and component interaction to conversion yield and rate profiles. This article reviews common and recent applications of solid-state NMR spectroscopy methods that provide insight into the structural and dynamic processes of cellulose that control bulk properties and biofuel conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Foston
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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Synthesis of a carbamide-based dithiocarbamate chelator for the removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions. J IND ENG CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2013.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Thomas LH, Forsyth VT, Šturcová A, Kennedy CJ, May RP, Altaner CM, Apperley DC, Wess TJ, Jarvis MC. Structure of cellulose microfibrils in primary cell walls from collenchyma. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 161:465-76. [PMID: 23175754 PMCID: PMC3532275 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.206359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In the primary walls of growing plant cells, the glucose polymer cellulose is assembled into long microfibrils a few nanometers in diameter. The rigidity and orientation of these microfibrils control cell expansion; therefore, cellulose synthesis is a key factor in the growth and morphogenesis of plants. Celery (Apium graveolens) collenchyma is a useful model system for the study of primary wall microfibril structure because its microfibrils are oriented with unusual uniformity, facilitating spectroscopic and diffraction experiments. Using a combination of x-ray and neutron scattering methods with vibrational and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we show that celery collenchyma microfibrils were 2.9 to 3.0 nm in mean diameter, with a most probable structure containing 24 chains in cross section, arranged in eight hydrogen-bonded sheets of three chains, with extensive disorder in lateral packing, conformation, and hydrogen bonding. A similar 18-chain structure, and 24-chain structures of different shape, fitted the data less well. Conformational disorder was largely restricted to the surface chains, but disorder in chain packing was not. That is, in position and orientation, the surface chains conformed to the disordered lattice constituting the core of each microfibril. There was evidence that adjacent microfibrils were noncovalently aggregated together over part of their length, suggesting that the need to disrupt these aggregates might be a constraining factor in growth and in the hydrolysis of cellulose for biofuel production.
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Pisklak DM, Szeleszczuk L, Wawer I. (1)H and (13)C magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance studies of the chicken eggshell. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:12254-12259. [PMID: 23157303 DOI: 10.1021/jf304230g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The chicken eggshell, a product of biomineralization, contains inorganic and organic substances whose content changes during the incubation process. Bloch-decay (BD) (1)H, (13)C, and cross-polarization (CP) (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of chicken eggshells were acquired under magic-angle spinning (MAS). Variable contact time (13)C CP MAS NMR experiments revealed the signals of carbonyl groups from organic and inorganic compounds. In the (13)C BD NMR spectra, a single peak at 168.1 ppm was detected, whereas in the (1)H BD spectra, the signals from water and the bicarbonate ion were assigned. A simultaneous decrease of the water signal in the (1)H MAS NMR spectra and an increase of the carbonate ion signal in the (13)C CP MAS NMR spectra of eggshells collected during the incubation period indicate the substitution of calcium ions by hydrogen ions in the calcium carbonate crystalline phase during the incubation of an egg.
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Antioxidant activities of lignin extracted from sugarcane bagasse via different chemical procedures. Int J Biol Macromol 2012; 51:1116-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Foston M, Ragauskas AJ. Biomass Characterization: Recent Progress in Understanding Biomass Recalcitrance. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2012. [DOI: 10.1089/ind.2012.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Foston
- BioEnergy Science Center, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Paper Science and Technology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
| | - Arthur J. Ragauskas
- BioEnergy Science Center, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Paper Science and Technology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
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