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Khallouki F, Ksila M, Ghzaiel I, Essadek S, Joutey MT, Maaloul S, Zennouhi W, Benbacer L, Bourhia M, Hajji L, Zarrouk A, Rezig L, Rup-Jacques S, Abdellaoui R, Ghrairi T, Masmoudi-Kouki O, Nasser B, Andreoletti P, Mustapha-Cherkaoui-Malki, Samadi M, Vejux A, Lizard G. Chemical and Biochemical Features of Spinasterol and Schottenol. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1440:45-55. [PMID: 38036874 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-43883-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Phytosterols, which are produced in plants, are structurally similar to cholesterol. Their basic structures consist of a cyclo pentano-perhydrophenanthrene nucleus composed of 3 hexane rings and of a pentane ring with an alkyl side chain. There are around more than 250 phytosterols and related compounds that have been identified in natural resources. Among them, spinasterol and schottenol, its dihydro analog, are often found in seeds, and consequently in seed oils, and in other botanical parts of some plant families such as Sapotaceae, Cactaceae, and Cucurbitaceae. Spinasterol and/or schottenol has been identified in dietary and cosmetic argan oil, milk thistle seed oil, nigella seed oil, and pumkin seed oil. These phytosterols that have several bioactive properties make them potentially attractive molecules in pharmacology. Their chemical and biochemical features are summarized and the analytical methods used to characterize and analyze these compounds are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid Khallouki
- Biology Department, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Moulay Ismail University of Meknes, Errachidia, Morocco
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University of Meknes, Meknes, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Ksila
- Bio-PeroxIL Laboratory, EA7270, University of Bourgogne & Inserm, Dijon, France
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Cellular Physiopathology and Valorisation of Biomolecules, (LR18ES03), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Imen Ghzaiel
- Bio-PeroxIL Laboratory, EA7270, University of Bourgogne & Inserm, Dijon, France
- Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory 'Nutrition, Functional Food and Vascular Health' (LR12ES05), University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Soukaina Essadek
- Bio-PeroxIL Laboratory, EA7270, University of Bourgogne & Inserm, Dijon, France
- Laboratory of Biochimistry, Neuroscience, Natural Resources and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Hassan I, Settat, Morocco
| | - Mounia Tahri Joutey
- Bio-PeroxIL Laboratory, EA7270, University of Bourgogne & Inserm, Dijon, France
- Laboratory of Biochimistry, Neuroscience, Natural Resources and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Hassan I, Settat, Morocco
| | - Samah Maaloul
- Bio-PeroxIL Laboratory, EA7270, University of Bourgogne & Inserm, Dijon, France
- Laboratory of Rangeland Ecosystems and Valorization of Spontaneous Plants and Associated Microorganisms (LR16IRA03), Arid Regions Institute, University of Gabes, Medenine, Tunisia
| | - Wafa Zennouhi
- Biology Department, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Moulay Ismail University of Meknes, Errachidia, Morocco
| | - Laila Benbacer
- Unité de Biologie et Recherches Moléculaires, Département Sciences du Vivant, Centre National de l'Energie, des Sciences et Techniques Nucléaires (CNESTEN), Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Bourhia
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ibn Zohr University, Laayoune, Morocco
| | - Lhoussain Hajji
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University of Meknes, Meknes, Morocco
| | - Amira Zarrouk
- Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory 'Nutrition, Functional Food and Vascular Health' (LR12ES05), University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Leila Rezig
- LIP-MB 'Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Bioactive Molecules', National Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, LR11ES26, University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
- High Institute of Food Industries, University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sandrine Rup-Jacques
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Physics Multi-Scale Approach to Complex Environments, Department of Chemistry, University Lorraine, Metz, France
| | - Raoudha Abdellaoui
- Laboratory of Rangeland Ecosystems and Valorization of Spontaneous Plants and Associated Microorganisms (LR16IRA03), Arid Regions Institute, University of Gabes, Medenine, Tunisia
| | - Taoufik Ghrairi
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Cellular Physiopathology and Valorisation of Biomolecules, (LR18ES03), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Olfa Masmoudi-Kouki
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Cellular Physiopathology and Valorisation of Biomolecules, (LR18ES03), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Boubker Nasser
- Laboratory of Biochimistry, Neuroscience, Natural Resources and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Hassan I, Settat, Morocco
| | - Pierre Andreoletti
- Bio-PeroxIL Laboratory, EA7270, University of Bourgogne & Inserm, Dijon, France
| | | | - Mohammad Samadi
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Physics Multi-Scale Approach to Complex Environments, Department of Chemistry, University Lorraine, Metz, France
| | - Anne Vejux
- Bio-PeroxIL Laboratory, EA7270, University of Bourgogne & Inserm, Dijon, France
| | - Gérard Lizard
- Bio-PeroxIL Laboratory, EA7270, University of Bourgogne & Inserm, Dijon, France.
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Kasprzak M, Rudzińska M, Juzwa W, Olejnik A. Anti-proliferative potential and oxidative reactivity of thermo-oxidative degradation products of stigmasterol and stigmasteryl esters for human intestinal cells. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7093. [PMID: 37127788 PMCID: PMC10151334 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34335-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Stigmasterol in free and esterified form is incorporated in LDL cholesterol-lowering food products, intended for direct consumption and cooking, baking, and frying. Under thermal treatment, stigmasterol compounds may constitute a source of thermo-oxidative degradation products and oxyderivatives with potentially adverse health effects. This study aimed to analyze the anti-proliferative potential and genotoxicity of thermo-oxidatively treated stigmasterol (ST), stigmasteryl linoleate (ST-LA), and oleate (ST-OA). The effects on cell viability and proliferation, cell cycle progression, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and DNA damage were analyzed in normal human intestinal cells. The mutagenic potential was assessed in a bacterial reverse mutation test using Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strains involving metabolic activation. Stigmasteryl esters showed a significantly lower potential to affect intestinal cell viability and proliferation than non-esterified ST, regardless of heating. Thermo-oxidatively treated ST suppressed intestinal cell proliferation by arresting the cell cycle in the G2/M phase and DNA synthesis inhibition. The enhanced intracellular ROS generation and caspase 3/7 activity suggest targeting intestinal cells to the apoptosis pathway. Also, heated ST-LA intensified ROS production and elicited pro-apoptotic effects. Thermo-oxidative derivatives of ST and ST-LA may evoke harmful gastrointestinal effects due to their high oxidative reactivity towards intestinal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kasprzak
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 48 Wojska Polskiego St., 60-627, Poznań, Poland
| | - Magdalena Rudzińska
- Institute of Food Technology of Plant Origin, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 31 Wojska Polskiego St., 60-624, Poznań, Poland
| | - Wojciech Juzwa
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 48 Wojska Polskiego St., 60-627, Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Olejnik
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 48 Wojska Polskiego St., 60-627, Poznań, Poland.
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Rudzińska M, Olejnik A, Grygier A, Kowalska K, Kmiecik D, Grudniewska A, Chojnacka A, Gładkowski W, Maciejewska G, Przybylski R. Thermo-oxidative stability of asymmetric distigmasterol-modified acylglycerols as novel derivatives of plant sterols. Food Chem 2022; 390:133150. [PMID: 35551028 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The study investigated the thermo-oxidative stability of distigmasterol-modified acylglycerols as a new structured acylglycerols. Samples were heated at 60 and 180 °C for 8 h. Their percentage degradation and products formed during heating were compared with free stigmasterol and stigmasteryl esters. The remaining of stigmasterol and fatty acid parts, the formation of stigmasterol oxidation products and the composition of polar and non-polar fractions were analysed using chromatographic methods. The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity were determined with the use of an MTT test and a comet assay, respectively. The highest stability during heating was observed for 2,3-distigmasterylsuccinoyl-1-oleoyl-sn-glycerol (dStigS-OA) and the lowest for 2,3-distigmasterylcarbonoyl-1-oleoyl-sn-glycerol (dStigC-OA). Data showed that the formation of thermo-oxidative degradation products is affected by the temperature and chemical structure of lipids present in the molecule. The dStigMAs bonded by a succinate linker and products formed during their thermo-oxidation showed no cytotoxic or genotoxic activity to normal human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rudzińska
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, WojskaPolskiego 28, 60-637 Poznań, Poland.
| | - A Olejnik
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, WojskaPolskiego 28, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
| | - A Grygier
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, WojskaPolskiego 28, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
| | - K Kowalska
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, WojskaPolskiego 28, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
| | - D Kmiecik
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, WojskaPolskiego 28, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
| | - A Grudniewska
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - A Chojnacka
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - W Gładkowski
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - G Maciejewska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, WybrzeżeWyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - R Przybylski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive W, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
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Jie F, Yang X, Wu L, Wang M, Lu B. Linking phytosterols and oxyphytosterols from food to brain health: origins, effects, and underlying mechanisms. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:3613-3630. [PMID: 33397124 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1867819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Phytosterols and their oxidation products, namely oxyphytosterols, are natural compounds present in plant foods. With increased intake of phytosterol-enriched functional food products, the exposure of both phytosterols and oxyphytosterols is rising. Over the past ten years, researches have been focused on their absorption and metabolism in human body, as well as their biological effects. More importantly, recent studies showed that phytosterols and oxyphytosterols can traverse the blood-brain barrier and accumulate in the brain. As brain health problems resulting from ageing being more serious, attenuating central nervous system (CNS) disorders with active compounds in food are becoming a hot topic. Phytosterols and oxyphytosterols have been shown to implicated in cognition altering and the pathologies of several CNS disorders, including Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis. We will overview these findings with a focus on the contents of phytosterols and oxyphytosterols in food and their dietary intake, as well as their origins in the brain, and illustrate molecular pathways through which they affect brain health, in terms of inflammation, cholesterol homeostasis, oxidative stress, and mitochondria function. The existing scientific gaps of phytosterols and oxyphytosterols to brain health in knowledge are also discussed, highlighting research directions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Jie
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xuan Yang
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Lipeng Wu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
| | - Baiyi Lu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
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Takayasu BS, Martins IR, Garnique AM, Miyamoto S, Machado-Santelli GM, Uemi M, Onuki J. Biological effects of an oxyphytosterol generated by β-Sitosterol ozonization. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 696:108654. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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6
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Feng S, Belwal T, Li L, Limwachiranon J, Liu X, Luo Z. Phytosterols and their derivatives: Potential health‐promoting uses against lipid metabolism and associated diseases, mechanism, and safety issues. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:1243-1267. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simin Feng
- College of Food Science and TechnologyZhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic of China
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory of Agro‐Products Postharvest Handling Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agri‐Food Processing, National‐Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and EquipmentZhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Food Macromolecular Resources Processing Technology Research, China National Light IndustryZhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic of China
| | - Tarun Belwal
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory of Agro‐Products Postharvest Handling Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agri‐Food Processing, National‐Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and EquipmentZhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory of Agro‐Products Postharvest Handling Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agri‐Food Processing, National‐Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and EquipmentZhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 People's Republic of China
| | - Jarukitt Limwachiranon
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory of Agro‐Products Postharvest Handling Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agri‐Food Processing, National‐Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and EquipmentZhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 People's Republic of China
| | - Xingquan Liu
- School of Agriculture and Food SciencesZhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University Hangzhou 311300 People's Republic of China
| | - Zisheng Luo
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory of Agro‐Products Postharvest Handling Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agri‐Food Processing, National‐Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and EquipmentZhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 People's Republic of China
- Ningbo Research InstituteZhejiang University Ningbo 315100 People's Republic of China
- Fuli Institute of Food ScienceZhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 People's Republic of China
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Turck D, Castenmiller J, De Henauw S, Hirsch-Ernst KI, Kearney J, Maciuk A, Mangelsdorf I, McArdle HJ, Naska A, Pelaez C, Pentieva K, Siani A, Thies F, Tsabouri S, Vinceti M, Cubadda F, Frenzel T, Heinonen M, Marchelli R, Neuhäuser-Berthold M, Poulsen M, Schlatter JR, van Loveren H, Gelbmann W, Knutsen HK. Safety of the extension of use of plant sterol esters as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. EFSA J 2020; 18:e06135. [PMID: 32874320 PMCID: PMC7448038 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on the safety of an extension of use of the novel food 'plant sterol esters' when added to vegetable fat spreads and to liquid vegetable fat-based emulsions for cooking and baking purposes pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. Member States expressed concerns in relation to plant sterol oxidation products (POP) and consumption by non-target population groups. The median (0.5%) and P90 (2.28%) value of the oxidation rates of plant sterols determined by a wide range of cooking experiments were used together with exposure estimates for plant sterol when added and cooked with vegetable fat spreads and liquids. The no-observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of a subchronic rat study and an applied default uncertainty factor of 200 served to derive levels (i.e. 0.64 mg POP/kg body weight (bw) per day) considered safe for humans. This safe level of exposure would be exceeded at the P95 by all age groups when considering the P90 oxidation rate and using EFSA's comprehensive food consumption database for assessing the potential exposure. When considering the median oxidation rate, the safe level of 0.64 mg POP/kg bw per day would be exceeded at the highest P95 intake estimates in children below 9 years of age. When considering an intake of the maximum authorised use level of 3 g plant sterols/person per day and oxidation rates of 0.5% and 2.28%, the resulting daily POP intakes per kg bw by an adult weighing 70 kg would be 0.21 and 0.98 mg/kg bw per day, respectively, the latter value exceeding 0.64 mg/kg bw per day. The Panel concludes that the safety of the intended extension of use of plant sterol esters under the proposed conditions of use has not been established.
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Serum Concentration of Plant Sterol Oxidation Products (POP) Compared to Cholesterol Oxidation Products (COP) after Intake of Oxidized Plant Sterols: A Randomised, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Dose‒Response Pilot Study. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11102319. [PMID: 31575059 PMCID: PMC6835335 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant sterols (PS) are oxidized to PS oxidation products (POP). This study quantified the change in serum POP compared to cholesterol oxidation products (COP) after the intake of increasing POP doses. This was a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, dose‒response pilot study with healthy individuals in four groups (15 per group). The control group received products with no added PS or POP and treatment groups received daily 20–25 g margarine with added PS (mean 3 g/d) and two cookies (~28 g) for six weeks. Cookies delivered 8.7 (low-dose), 15.2 (medium-dose), or 37.2 (high-dose) mg/d POP. Fasting serum POP and COP were measured at the baseline, days 14, 28, and 42 in all participants and days 7, 21, and 35 in a subset. Sixty individuals completed the study; 52 were included in per protocol analysis. Serum POP increased with increasing POP intake and plateaued at dose >15 mg/d. Stabilized POP concentrations were (mean ± SD) 38.9 ± 6.9, 91.0 ± 27.9, 144.4 ± 37.9 and 203.0 ± 63.7 nmol/L, for control, low-, medium-, and high-dose POP groups, respectively. For all groups, the serum COP ranged from 213 to 262 nmol/L and the average POP/COP ratio was <1. Serum POP concentrations increased non-linearly, reaching stabilized concentrations in <7 days, and remained below COP concentrations after the intake of increasing POP doses.
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Fuhrmann A, Weingärtner O, Meyer S, Cremers B, Seiler-Mußler S, Schött HF, Kerksiek A, Friedrichs S, Ulbricht U, Zawada AM, Laufs U, Scheller B, Fliser D, Schulze PC, Böhm M, Heine GH, Lütjohann D. Plasma levels of the oxyphytosterol 7α-hydroxycampesterol are associated with cardiovascular events. Atherosclerosis 2018; 279:17-22. [PMID: 30366187 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS There are safety issues regarding plant sterol ester-enriched functional food. Oxidized plant sterols, also called oxyphytosterols, are supposed to contribute to plant sterol atherogenicity. This study aimed to analyze associations of plasma oxyphytosterol levels with cardiovascular events. METHODS Plasma cholesterol was measured by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection. Plasma campesterol and sitosterol and their 7-oxygenated metabolites were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass selective detection. RESULTS In 376 patients admitted for elective coronary angiography, who were not on lipid-lowering drugs, 82 cardiovascular events occurred during a follow-up period of 4.2 ± 1.8 years. Patients with cardiovascular events had significantly higher 7α-hydroxycampesterol plasma levels (median, 0.46; [interquartile range (IQR) 0.22-0.81] nmol/L vs. median, 0.25 [IQR, 0.17-0.61] nmol/L; p = 0.003) and 7α-hydroxycampesterol-to-cholesterol ratios (median 0.08 [IQR, 0.04-0.14] nmol/mmol vs. median, 0.05 [IQR 0.03-0.11] nmol/mmol; p = 0.005) than controls without such events. Patients above the median were characterized by higher cumulative event rates in Kaplan-Meier-analysis (Logrank-test p = 0.084 and p = 0.025) for absolute and cholesterol corrected 7α-hydroxycampesterol, respectively. After adjustment for influencing factors and related lipids, the hazard ratios per one standard deviation of the log-transformed variables (HR) were 1.19 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.95-1.48], p = 0.132 for 7α-hydroxycampesterol and HR, 1.18 [95% CI, 0.94-1.48], p = 0.154 for 7α-hydroxycampesterol-to-cholesterol ratio. None of the other investigated oxyphytosterols showed an association with cardiovascular events. CONCLUSIONS In patients not on lipid-lowering drugs, absolute plasma levels of 7α-hydroxycampesterol and their ratios to cholesterol are associated with cardiovascular events. Further research is required to elucidate the role of OPS in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Fuhrmann
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Klinische Pharmakologie, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany
| | - Oliver Weingärtner
- Klinik für Innere Medizin I, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Germany; Universitätsklinik für Innere Medizin - Kardiologie, Klinikum Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Germany, European Medical School Oldenburg-Groningen, Germany
| | - Sven Meyer
- Universitätsklinik für Innere Medizin - Kardiologie, Klinikum Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Germany, European Medical School Oldenburg-Groningen, Germany
| | - Bodo Cremers
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Abteilung für Kardiologie, Angiologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Sarah Seiler-Mußler
- Klinik für Innere Medizin IV, Abteilung für Nieren- und Hochdruckkrankheiten, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Hans-F Schött
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., Dortmund, Germany
| | - Anja Kerksiek
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Klinische Pharmakologie, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany
| | - Silvia Friedrichs
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Klinische Pharmakologie, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany
| | - Ursula Ulbricht
- Klinik für Innere Medizin IV, Abteilung für Nieren- und Hochdruckkrankheiten, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Adam M Zawada
- Klinik für Innere Medizin IV, Abteilung für Nieren- und Hochdruckkrankheiten, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Ulrich Laufs
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Kardiologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bruno Scheller
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Abteilung für Kardiologie, Angiologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Danilo Fliser
- Klinik für Innere Medizin IV, Abteilung für Nieren- und Hochdruckkrankheiten, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | | | - Michael Böhm
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Abteilung für Kardiologie, Angiologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Gunnar H Heine
- Klinik für Innere Medizin IV, Abteilung für Nieren- und Hochdruckkrankheiten, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Germany; Medizinische Klinik II, Agaplesion Markus Krankenhaus, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Klinische Pharmakologie, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany.
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11
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Oligschlaeger Y, Houben T, Jeurissen MLJ, Bitorina AV, Konings M, Baumgartner S, Plat J, Shiri-Sverdlov R. Exogenously Added Oxyphytosterols Do Not Affect Macrophage-Mediated Inflammatory Responses. Lipids 2018; 53:457-462. [DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Oligschlaeger
- Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Nutrition & Translational Research Maastricht (NUTRIM); Maastricht University; PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Tom Houben
- Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Nutrition & Translational Research Maastricht (NUTRIM); Maastricht University; PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Mike L. J. Jeurissen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Nutrition & Translational Research Maastricht (NUTRIM); Maastricht University; PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Albert V. Bitorina
- Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Nutrition & Translational Research Maastricht (NUTRIM); Maastricht University; PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Maurice Konings
- Department of Human Biology and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition & Translational Research Maastricht (NUTRIM); Maastricht University; PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Sabine Baumgartner
- Department of Human Biology and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition & Translational Research Maastricht (NUTRIM); Maastricht University; PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Jogchum Plat
- Department of Human Biology and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition & Translational Research Maastricht (NUTRIM); Maastricht University; PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Ronit Shiri-Sverdlov
- Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Nutrition & Translational Research Maastricht (NUTRIM); Maastricht University; PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht The Netherlands
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12
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Köhler J, Teupser D, Elsässer A, Weingärtner O. Plant sterol enriched functional food and atherosclerosis. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:1281-1289. [PMID: 28253422 PMCID: PMC5429322 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypercholesterolaemia is a major cardiovascular risk factor. A healthy diet and a healthy lifestyle reduces cardiovascular risk. 'Functional foods' supplemented with phytosterols are recommended for the management of hypercholesterolaemia and have become a widely used non-prescription approach to lower plasma cholesterol levels. Two billion euros are spent world-wide each year on various functional foods, which have regulator-approved health claims for the management of elevated cholesterol levels. While international societies, such as the European Atherosclerosis Society or the National Heart Foundation in Australia, still advise phytosterols as an additional dietary option in the management of hypercholesterolaemia, recently released guidelines such as those from the National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence in the United Kingdom are more critical of food supplementation with phytosterols and draw attention to significant safety issues. This review challenges whether an intervention with phytosterol supplements is beneficial. We summarize the current evidence from genetic diseases, genetic association studies, clinical trial data and data from animal studies. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Principles of Pharmacological Research of Nutraceuticals. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.11/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Köhler
- Clinic for Thorax‐, Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Pius‐Hospital OldenburgCarl von Ossietzky UniversitätOldenburgGermany
| | - Daniel Teupser
- Institute of Laboratory MedicineLudwig‐Maximilians‐University MunichMunichGermany
| | - Albrecht Elsässer
- Department of Cardiology, Klinikum Oldenburg, European Medical School Oldenburg‐GroningenCarl von Ossietzky UniversityOldenburgGermany
| | - Oliver Weingärtner
- Department of Cardiology, Klinikum Oldenburg, European Medical School Oldenburg‐GroningenCarl von Ossietzky UniversityOldenburgGermany
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Lin Y, Knol D, Trautwein EA. Phytosterol oxidation products (POP) in foods with added phytosterols and estimation of their daily intake: A literature review. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2016; 118:1423-1438. [PMID: 27812313 PMCID: PMC5066650 DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201500368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the content of phytosterol oxidation products (POP) of foods with added phytosterols, in total 14 studies measuring POP contents of foods with added phytosterols were systematically reviewed. In non‐heated or stored foods, POP contents were low, ranging from (medians) 0.03–3.6 mg/100 g with corresponding oxidation rates of phytosterols (ORP) of 0.03–0.06%. In fat‐based foods with 8% of added free plant sterols (FPS), plant sterol esters (PSE) or plant stanol esters (PAE) pan‐fried at 160–200°C for 5–10 min, median POP contents were 72.0, 38.1, and 4.9 mg/100 g, respectively, with a median ORP of 0.90, 0.48, and 0.06%. Hence resistance to thermal oxidation was in the order of PAE > PSE > FPS. POP formation was highest in enriched butter followed by margarine and rapeseed oil. In margarines with 7.5–10.5% added PSE oven‐heated at 140–200°C for 5–30 min, median POP content was 0.3 mg/100 g. Further heating under same temperature conditions but for 60–120 min markedly increased POP formation to 384.3 mg/100 g. Estimated daily upper POP intake was 47.7 mg/d (equivalent to 0.69 mg/kg BW/d) for foods with added PSE and 78.3 mg/d (equivalent to 1.12 mg/kg BW/d) for foods with added FPS as calculated by multiplying the advised upper daily phytosterol intake of 3 g/d with the 90% quantile values of ORP. In conclusion, heating temperature and time, chemical form of phytosterols added and the food matrix are determinants of POP formation in foods with added phytosterols, leading to an increase in POP contents. Practical applications: Phytosterol oxidation products (POP) are formed in foods containing phytosterols especially when exposed to heat treatment. This review summarising POP contents in foods with added phytosterols in their free and esterified forms reveals that heating temperature and time, the chemical form of phytosterols added and the food matrix itself are determinants of POP formation with heating temperature and time having the biggest impact. The estimated upper daily intakes of POP is 78.3 mg/d for fat‐based products with added free plant sterols and 47.7 mg/d for fat‐based products with added plant sterol esters.
Phytosterols in foods are susceptible to oxidation to form phytosterol oxidation products (POP). This review summarizes literature data regarding POP contents of foods with added phytosterols that were exposed to storage and heat treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuguang Lin
- Unilever Research and Development Vlaardingen The Netherlands
| | - Diny Knol
- Unilever Research and Development Vlaardingen The Netherlands
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Perona JS, Cabello-Moruno R, Sinausia L, Montero E, Botham KM, Avella M. Minor components of pomace olive oil enhance VLDL-receptor expression in macrophages when treated with postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. GRASAS Y ACEITES 2015. [DOI: 10.3989/gya.0109151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Badreddine A, Karym EM, Zarrouk A, Nury T, El Kharrassi Y, Nasser B, Cherkaoui Malki M, Lizard G, Samadi M. An expeditious synthesis of spinasterol and schottenol, two phytosterols present in argan oil and in cactus pear seed oil, and evaluation of their biological activities on cells of the central nervous system. Steroids 2015; 99:119-24. [PMID: 25595450 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Spinasterol and schottenol, two phytosterols present in argan oil and in cactus pear seed oil, were synthesized from commercially available stigmasterol by a four steps reactions. In addition, the effects of these phytosterols on cell growth and mitochondrial activity were evaluated on 158N murine oligodendrocytes, C6 rat glioma cells, and SK-N-BE human neuronal cells with the crystal violet test and the MTT test, respectively. The effects of spinasterol and schottenol were compared with 7-ketocholesterol (7KC) and ferulic acid, which is also present in argan and cactus pear seed oil. Whatever the cells considered, dose dependent cytotoxic effects of 7KC were observed whereas no or slight effects of ferulic acid were found. With spinasterol and schottenol, no or slight effects on cell growth were detected. With spinasterol, reduced mitochondrial activities (30-50%) were found on 158N and C6 cells; no effect was found on SK-N-BE. With schottenol, reduced mitochondrial activity were revealed on 158N (50%) and C6 (10-20%) cells; no effect was found on SK-N-BE. Altogether, these data suggest that spinasterol and schottenol can modulate mitochondrial activity and might therefore influence cell metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Badreddine
- Université de Bourgogne, Equipe 'Biochimie du peroxysome, inflammation et métabolisme lipidique' EA 7270/INSERM, Dijon, France; Laboratory of 'Biochemistry of Neuroscience', University Hassan I, Settat, Morocco
| | - El Mostafa Karym
- Université de Bourgogne, Equipe 'Biochimie du peroxysome, inflammation et métabolisme lipidique' EA 7270/INSERM, Dijon, France; Laboratory of 'Biochemistry of Neuroscience', University Hassan I, Settat, Morocco
| | - Amira Zarrouk
- Université de Bourgogne, Equipe 'Biochimie du peroxysome, inflammation et métabolisme lipidique' EA 7270/INSERM, Dijon, France; University of Monastir, LR12ES05, Lab-NAFS 'Nutrition - Functional Food & Vascular Health', Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Thomas Nury
- Université de Bourgogne, Equipe 'Biochimie du peroxysome, inflammation et métabolisme lipidique' EA 7270/INSERM, Dijon, France
| | - Youssef El Kharrassi
- Université de Bourgogne, Equipe 'Biochimie du peroxysome, inflammation et métabolisme lipidique' EA 7270/INSERM, Dijon, France; Laboratory of 'Biochemistry of Neuroscience', University Hassan I, Settat, Morocco
| | - Boubker Nasser
- Laboratory of 'Biochemistry of Neuroscience', University Hassan I, Settat, Morocco
| | - Mustapha Cherkaoui Malki
- Université de Bourgogne, Equipe 'Biochimie du peroxysome, inflammation et métabolisme lipidique' EA 7270/INSERM, Dijon, France
| | - Gérard Lizard
- Université de Bourgogne, Equipe 'Biochimie du peroxysome, inflammation et métabolisme lipidique' EA 7270/INSERM, Dijon, France.
| | - Mohammad Samadi
- LCPMC-A2, ICPM, Département de Chimie, Université de Lorraine, 1 Bd Arago, Metz Technopôle, Metz, France.
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16
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Luister A, Schött HF, Husche C, Schäfers HJ, Böhm M, Plat J, Gräber S, Lütjohann D, Laufs U, Weingärtner O. Increased plant sterol deposition in vascular tissue characterizes patients with severe aortic stenosis and concomitant coronary artery disease. Steroids 2015; 99:272-80. [PMID: 25814070 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the relationship between phytosterols, oxyphytosterols, and other markers of cholesterol metabolism and concomitant coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients with severe aortic stenosis who were scheduled for elective aortic valve replacement. Markers of cholesterol metabolism (plant sterols and cholestanol as markers of cholesterol absorption and lathosterol as an indicator of cholesterol synthesis) and oxyphytosterols were determined in plasma and aortic valve tissue from 104 consecutive patients with severe aortic stenosis (n=68 statin treatment; n=36 no statin treatment) using gas chromatography-flame ionization and mass spectrometry. The extent of CAD was determined by coronary angiography prior to aortic valve replacement. Patients treated with statins were characterized by lower plasma cholesterol, cholestanol, and lathosterol concentrations. However, statin treatment did not affect the sterol concentrations in cardiovascular tissue. The ratio of campesterol-to-cholesterol was increased by 0.46±0.34μg/mg (26.0%) in plasma of patients with CAD. The absolute values for the cholesterol absorption markers sitosterol and campesterol were increased by 18.18±11.59ng/mg (38.8%) and 11.40±8.69ng/mg (30.4%) in the tissues from patients with documented CAD compared to those without concomitant CAD. Campesterol oxides were increased by 0.06±0.02ng/mg (17.1%) in the aortic valve cusps and oxidized sitosterol-to-cholesterol ratios were up-regulated by 0.35±0.2ng/mg (22.7%) in the plasma of patients with CAD. Of note, neither cholestanol nor the ratio of cholestanol-to-cholesterol was associated with CAD. Patients with concomitant CAD are characterized by increased deposition of plant sterols, but not cholestanol in aortic valve tissue. Moreover, patients with concomitant CAD were characterized by increased oxyphytosterol concentrations in plasma and aortic valve cusps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Luister
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Kardiologie, Angiologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Hans Frieder Schött
- Institut für klinische Chemie und klinische Pharmakologie, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Constanze Husche
- Institut für klinische Chemie und klinische Pharmakologie, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53105 Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Michael Böhm
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Kardiologie, Angiologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Jogchum Plat
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM, School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 616, NL-6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Gräber
- Institut für Medizinische Biometrie, Epidemiologie und Medizinische Computer Wissenschaften, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Kirrbergerstrasse 1, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Institut für klinische Chemie und klinische Pharmakologie, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ulrich Laufs
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Kardiologie, Angiologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Weingärtner
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Kardiologie, Angiologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin, D-66421 Homburg, Germany; Abteilung für Kardiologie, Klinikum Oldenburg, European Medical School Oldenburg-Groningen, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Rahel-Straus-Str. 10, 26133 Oldenburg, Germany.
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17
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Scholz B, Guth S, Engel KH, Steinberg P. Phytosterol oxidation products in enriched foods: Occurrence, exposure, and biological effects. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59:1339-52. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Scholz
- Technische Universität München, Chair of General Food Technology; Freising-Weihenstephan Germany
| | - Sabine Guth
- Institute for Food Toxicology and Analytical Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover; Foundation Hannover Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Engel
- Technische Universität München, Chair of General Food Technology; Freising-Weihenstephan Germany
| | - Pablo Steinberg
- Institute for Food Toxicology and Analytical Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover; Foundation Hannover Germany
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18
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Hendrikx T, Jeurissen MLJ, Bieghs V, Walenbergh SMA, van Gorp PJ, Verheyen F, Houben T, Guichot YD, Gijbels MJJ, Leitersdorf E, Hofker MH, Lütjohann D, Shiri-Sverdlov R. Hematopoietic overexpression of Cyp27a1 reduces hepatic inflammation independently of 27-hydroxycholesterol levels in Ldlr(-/-) mice. J Hepatol 2015; 62:430-6. [PMID: 25281859 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is characterized by hepatic lipid accumulation and inflammation. Currently, the underlying mechanisms, leading to hepatic inflammation, are still unknown. The breakdown of free cholesterol inside Kupffer cells (KCs) by the mitochondrial enzyme CYP27A1 produces 27-hydroxycholesterol (27HC). We recently demonstrated that administration of 27HC to hyperlipidemic mice reduced hepatic inflammation. In line, hematopoietic deletion of Cyp27a1 resulted in increased hepatic inflammation. In the current manuscript, the effect of hematopoietic overexpression of Cyp27a1 on the development of NASH and cholesterol trafficking was investigated. We hypothesized that Cyp27a1 overexpression in KCs will lead to reduced hepatic inflammation. METHODS Irradiated Ldlr(-/-) mice were transplanted (tp) with bone marrow from mice overexpressing Cyp27a1 (Cyp27a1(over)) and wild type (Wt) mice and fed either chow or a high-fat, high-cholesterol (HFC) diet for 3 months. Additionally, gene expression was assessed in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) from Cyp27a1(over) and Wt mice. RESULTS In line with our hypothesis, hepatic inflammation in HFC-fed Cyp27a1(over)-tp mice was reduced and KCs were less foamy compared to Wt-tp mice. Remarkably, these changes occurred even though plasma and liver levels of 27HC did not differ between both groups. BMDM from Cyp27a1(over) mice revealed reduced inflammatory gene expression and increased expression of cholesterol transporters compared to Wt BMDM after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that overexpression of Cyp27a1 in KCs reduces hepatic inflammation independently of 27HC levels in plasma and liver, further pointing towards KCs as specific target for improving the therapy of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Hendrikx
- Department of Molecular Genetics, ELMI Unit (CRISP) and Pathology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research (NUTRIM) and Cardiovascular Research (CARIM), Institutes of Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, ELMI Unit (CRISP) and Pathology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research (NUTRIM) and Cardiovascular Research (CARIM), Institutes of Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Mike L J Jeurissen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, ELMI Unit (CRISP) and Pathology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research (NUTRIM) and Cardiovascular Research (CARIM), Institutes of Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, ELMI Unit (CRISP) and Pathology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research (NUTRIM) and Cardiovascular Research (CARIM), Institutes of Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Veerle Bieghs
- Department of Molecular Genetics, ELMI Unit (CRISP) and Pathology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research (NUTRIM) and Cardiovascular Research (CARIM), Institutes of Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, ELMI Unit (CRISP) and Pathology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research (NUTRIM) and Cardiovascular Research (CARIM), Institutes of Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sofie M A Walenbergh
- Department of Molecular Genetics, ELMI Unit (CRISP) and Pathology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research (NUTRIM) and Cardiovascular Research (CARIM), Institutes of Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, ELMI Unit (CRISP) and Pathology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research (NUTRIM) and Cardiovascular Research (CARIM), Institutes of Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick J van Gorp
- Department of Molecular Genetics, ELMI Unit (CRISP) and Pathology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research (NUTRIM) and Cardiovascular Research (CARIM), Institutes of Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, ELMI Unit (CRISP) and Pathology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research (NUTRIM) and Cardiovascular Research (CARIM), Institutes of Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Fons Verheyen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, ELMI Unit (CRISP) and Pathology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research (NUTRIM) and Cardiovascular Research (CARIM), Institutes of Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, ELMI Unit (CRISP) and Pathology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research (NUTRIM) and Cardiovascular Research (CARIM), Institutes of Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Houben
- Department of Molecular Genetics, ELMI Unit (CRISP) and Pathology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research (NUTRIM) and Cardiovascular Research (CARIM), Institutes of Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, ELMI Unit (CRISP) and Pathology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research (NUTRIM) and Cardiovascular Research (CARIM), Institutes of Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Yasmin Dias Guichot
- Department of Molecular Genetics, ELMI Unit (CRISP) and Pathology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research (NUTRIM) and Cardiovascular Research (CARIM), Institutes of Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, ELMI Unit (CRISP) and Pathology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research (NUTRIM) and Cardiovascular Research (CARIM), Institutes of Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marion J J Gijbels
- Department of Molecular Genetics, ELMI Unit (CRISP) and Pathology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research (NUTRIM) and Cardiovascular Research (CARIM), Institutes of Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, ELMI Unit (CRISP) and Pathology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research (NUTRIM) and Cardiovascular Research (CARIM), Institutes of Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Eran Leitersdorf
- Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Marten H Hofker
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ronit Shiri-Sverdlov
- Department of Molecular Genetics, ELMI Unit (CRISP) and Pathology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research (NUTRIM) and Cardiovascular Research (CARIM), Institutes of Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, ELMI Unit (CRISP) and Pathology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research (NUTRIM) and Cardiovascular Research (CARIM), Institutes of Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Alemany L, Barbera R, Alegría A, Laparra JM. Plant sterols from foods in inflammation and risk of cardiovascular disease: a real threat? Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 69:140-9. [PMID: 24747512 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
High dietary intakes of cholesterol together with sedentary habits have been identified as major contributors to atherosclerosis. The latter has long been considered a cholesterol storage disease; however, today atherosclerosis is considered a more complex disease in which both innate and adaptive immune-inflammatory mechanisms as well as bacteria play a major role, in addition to interactions between the arterial wall and blood components. This scenario has promoted nutritional recommendations to enrich different type of foods with plant sterols (PS) because of their cholesterol-lowering effects. In addition to cholesterol, PS can also be oxidized during food processing or storage, and the oxidized derivatives, known as phytosterol oxidation products (POPs), can make an important contribution to the negative effects of both cholesterol and cholesterol oxidation oxides (COPs) in relation to inflammatory disease onset and the development of atherosclerosis. Most current research efforts have focused on COPs, and evaluations of the particular role and physiopathological implications of specific POPs have been only inferential. Appreciation of the inflammatory role described for both COPs and POPs derived from foods also provides additional reasons for safety studies after long-term consumption of PS. The balance and relevance for health of all these effects deserves further studies in humans. This review summarizes current knowledge about the presence of sterol oxidation products (SOPs) in foods and their potential role in inflammatory process and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Alemany
- Nutrition and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avda. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - R Barbera
- Nutrition and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avda. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - A Alegría
- Nutrition and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avda. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - J M Laparra
- Microbial Ecology and Nutrition Research Group, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Avda. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
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20
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O’Callaghan Y, McCarthy FO, O’Brien NM. Recent advances in Phytosterol Oxidation Products. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 446:786-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.01.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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21
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Alemany L, Laparra JM, Barberá R, Alegría A. Relative expression of cholesterol transport-related proteins and inflammation markers through the induction of 7-ketosterol-mediated stress in Caco-2 cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 56:247-53. [PMID: 23454145 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Human diets contain sterol oxidation products that can induce cytotoxic effects, mainly caused by cholesterol oxides. However, phytosterol oxides effects have been less extensively investigated. This study evaluates the production of inflammatory biomarkers (IL-1β, IL-8, IL-10, TNFα) and the influence of gene expression transporters and enzymes related to cholesterol absorption and metabolism (NPC1L1, ABCG5/8, HMGCoA, ACAT) produced by 7-ketosterols (stigmasterol/cholesterol) in Caco-2 cells. These effects were linked to intracellular signaling pathways by using several inhibitors. Results showed 7-ketostigmasterol to have a greater proinflammatory potential than 7-ketocholesterol. In non-pre-treated cells, only efflux transporters were down-regulated by 7-ketosterols, showing a greater influence upon ABCG5 expression. Cell-pre-incubation with bradykinin induced changes in ABCG expression levels after 7-ketostigmasterol-incubation; however, the energetic metabolism inhibition reduced NPC1L1 expression only in 7-ketocholesterol-incubated cells. In non-pre-treated cells, HMG-CoA was up-regulated by both 7-ketosterols. However, exposure to inhibitors down-regulated the expression levels, mainly in 7-ketocholesterol-incubated cells. While ACAT expression values in non-pre-treated cells were unchanged, exposure to inhibitors caused down-regulation of mRNA levels. These results suggest that internalization and excretion of 7-ketostigmasterol is probably influenced by [Ca]i, which also could mediate HMGCoA activity in POPs metabolism. However, energetic metabolism and reducing equivalents exert different influences upon the 7-ketosterol internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Alemany
- Nutrition and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avda. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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Cytokines profiles in intestinal epithelial (Caco-2) cells exposed to 7-ketostigmasterol or 7-ketocholesterol. Proc Nutr Soc 2013. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665113000876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Evidence of cell damage induced by major components of a diet-compatible mixture of oxysterols in human colon cancer CaCo-2 cell line. Biochimie 2012; 95:632-40. [PMID: 23092829 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol oxidation products, termed oxysterols, have been shown to be more reactive than unoxidized cholesterol, possessing marked pro-inflammatory and cytotoxic effects in a number of cells and tissues. Oxysterols, absorbed with the diet as products of cholesterol auto-oxidation, have recently been suggested to potentially interfere with homeostasis of the mucosal intestinal epithelium, by promoting and sustaining irreversible damage. However, the treatment of colon cancer cells with a diet-compatible mixture of oxysterols does not elicit the same responses than individual components added to the cells at the same concentrations at which they are present in the mixture. Sixty μM oxysterol mixture showed a slight pro-apoptotic effect on human colon cancer CaCo-2 cell line, evaluated in terms of caspase-3 and caspase-7 activation; conversely, 7α-hydroxycholesterol, 7β-hydroxycholesterol and 5α,6α-epoxycholesterol were identified to be able to induce a significant pro-apoptotic effect if added to cell culture singly; 7β-hydroxycholesterol had stronger action than other compounds. The enhanced production of reactive oxygen species through up-regulation of the colonic NADPH-oxidase isoform NOX1 appeared to be the key event in oxysterol-induced apoptosis in these colon cancer cells. As regards pro-inflammatory effects of oxysterols, IL-8 and MCP-1 were evaluated for their chemotactic activity. Only MCP-1 production was significantly induced by 7β-hydroxycholesterol, as well as by cholesterol and oxysterol mixture. However, oxysterol-induced inflammation appeared to be NOX1-independent, suggesting a secondary role of this enzyme in inducing inflammation in colon cancer cells. A selective cell death induced by specific oxysterols against colon cancer cells, mainly exploiting their ability to activate NOX1 in generating oxidative reactions, might represent a promising field of investigation in colorectal cancer, and might bring new insights on strategies in anticancer therapy.
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Vanmierlo T, Husche C, Schött HF, Pettersson H, Lütjohann D. Plant sterol oxidation products--analogs to cholesterol oxidation products from plant origin? Biochimie 2012; 95:464-72. [PMID: 23009926 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol and plant sterols are lipids which are abundantly present in a western type diet of animal and plant origin, respectively. The daily intake averages 300 mg/day each. Over the past decades, a steadily increasing consumption of plant sterol enriched dairy products (2-3 g/day) took place to lower circulating LDL cholesterol concentrations. Like all unsaturated components, plant sterols can be attacked by reactive oxygen species resulting in plant sterol oxidation products (POPs). The most widespread methods for POP determination are high-performance liquid chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography. Yet, based on the low plasma POP concentrations in normophytosterolemic subjects (POPs: ∼0.3-4.5 ng/mL), a reliable quantification yielding an appropriate limit of detection remains a challenge. While the more abundantly present cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) have elaborately been studied, research on the metabolism and biological effects of POPs is only emerging. In relation to atherogenity, biological effects including modulation of cholesterol homeostasis, membrane functioning, and inflammation are attributed to POPs. Although mostly supra-physiological concentrations are applied in in vitro assays, anti-tumor activity, cytotoxicity and estrogen-competition have been attributed to specific POPs. However, it is not obvious, if and how POPs may exert in vivo adverse or beneficial health effects similar to those attributed to COPs. In the field of nutritional science, standardized methods for the determination of POPs are required to perform relevant biological studies and to assess their presence in complex foods or biological tissues and fluids. The aim of this review is to provide an overview and evaluation of the published methods and an update on the biological effects attributed to POPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Vanmierlo
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Clinics Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, Bonn, Germany
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