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Bello A, Henri J, Viel A, Mochel JP, Poźniak B. Ionophore coccidiostats - disposition kinetics in laying hens and residues transfer to eggs. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102280. [PMID: 36410065 PMCID: PMC9676626 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Poultry production is linked with the use of veterinary medicinal products to manage diseases. Ionophore coccidiostats have been permitted for use as feed additives within the European Union (EU) for the prevention of coccidiosis in various species of poultry with except of laying hens. The presence of chemical residues in eggs is a matter of major concern for consumers' health. Despite such prohibition of use in laying hens, they were identified as the most common non-target poultry species being frequently exposed to these class of coccidiostats. Many factors can influence the presence of residues in eggs. Carryover of these class of coccidiostat feed additives in the feed of laying hens has been identified as the main reason of their occurrence in commercial poultry eggs. The physicochemical properties of individual compounds, the physiology of the laying hen, and the biology of egg formation are believed to govern the residue transfer rate and its distribution between the egg white and yolk compartments. This paper reviews the causes of occurrence of residues of ionophore coccidiostats in eggs within the EU with special emphasis on their disposition kinetics in laying hens, and residue transfer into eggs. Additional effort was made to highlight future modeling perspectives on the potential application of pharmacokinetic modeling in predicting drug residue transfer and its concentration in eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abubakar Bello
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw 50-375, Poland
| | - Jérôme Henri
- ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety), Fougères Laboratory, 35306, Fougères Cedex, France
| | - Alexis Viel
- ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety), Fougères Laboratory, 35306, Fougères Cedex, France
| | - Jonathan Paul Mochel
- SMART Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Błażej Poźniak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw 50-375, Poland,Corresponding author:
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Pietruk K, Olejnik M, Jedziniak P. Risk of residues of toltrazuril sulfone in eggs after oral administration - Could setting maximum residue limit be helpful? Food Chem 2021; 360:130054. [PMID: 34020367 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A depletion study of toltrazuril and its metabolites was performed using 20 hens medicated via drinking water for two days in a dosage of 7 mg kg-1 per kg body weight. Afterward, eggs were collected for 42 days. Residues were analyzed in whole eggs and yolk and whites. Toltrazuril sulfone was found to be the most predominant in all matrices, the highest concentration was found in the yolk - 5567 µg kg-1, followed by whole eggs samples - 4767 µg kg-1 and egg whites - 532 µg kg-1. On last day toltrazuril sulfone were still detected - 22.5 µg kg-1. 70 days is required to concentration of toltrazuril sulfone reach zero. Administrating toltrazuril before the laying phase can pose a risk of residues of toltrazuril sulfone in eggs. Setting Maximum Residue Limit could reduce the risk of non-complaint samples and ensure the safety of consumers, but still requires 44 days of the withdrawal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Pietruk
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 57 Partyzantow Avenue, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Olejnik
- Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Department of Basic and Preclinical Sciences, 11 Gagarina St, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Piotr Jedziniak
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 57 Partyzantow Avenue, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
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Xiao Z, Wang R, Suo D, Wang S, Li X, Dong S, Li T, Su X. Deposition, depletion, and potential bioaccumulation of bisphenol F in eggs of laying hens after consumption of contaminated feed. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 270:115721. [PMID: 33321439 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Increasing concerns over bisphenol A (BPA) as an endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC) and its adverse effects on both humans and animals have led to the substitution by structural analogs, such as bisphenol F (BPF), in many application areas. Information regarding to the carry-over of this emerging chemical in farm animals is essential for legislation and risk assessment purposes. In this study, a large-scale number of animal experiments were designed to investigate the transfer of BPF from feed to eggs. One control and three experimental groups of laying hens (72 hens per group) were fed with basal diets and BPF-contaminated feed at concentration levels of 0.1, 0.5 and 2.5 mg kg-1, respectively, for two weeks. The hens were then fed with BPF-free diets for a further four weeks. Eggs were collected daily, and separated into egg yolk and white for BPF analysis. The effects of different levels of BPF exposure on laying performance followed a non-monotonic dose-response curve, since low level BPF (0.1 mg kg-1) exposure did increase the laying rate, mean egg weight and daily feed intake, while high level BPF (2.5 mg kg-1) exposure showed a decreasing trend. BPF residues were detected in both egg yolks and whole eggs after two days of administration, and plateau phase was achieved within 9-18 days. There are clear linear dose-response relationships between the plateau BPF concentrations in feed and eggs. The residue of BPF was found mainly in egg yolks with conjugated form and depleted slowly (still detected 21 days after feeding the BPF-free diet of the high level group). Mean carry-over rate of 0.59% BPF from feed to eggs was obtained. Compared with the carry-over rates of PCBs and dioxins, BPF showed a relatively minor trend of bioaccumulation in eggs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the deposition, depletion, and bioaccumulation study of bisphenols in farm animals. The quantity of data can therefore be helpful in the frame of risk assessment, especially for a comprehensive estimation of consumer exposure to the residues of bisphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Xiao
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ruiguo Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Decheng Suo
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shi Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaomin Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shujun Dong
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Tong Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaoou Su
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Pietruk K, Olejnik M, Posyniak A. Coccidiostats in milk: development of a multi-residue method and transfer of salinomycin and lasalocid from contaminated feed. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:1508-1518. [PMID: 29648988 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1461256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A confirmatory multi-residue method was developed for the determination in milk of 19 coccidiostats (amprolium, arprinocid, clazuril, clopidol, decoquinate, diclazuril, ethopabate, halofuginone, lasalocid, maduramicin, monensin, narasin, nicarbazin, nequinate, robenidine, salinomycin, semduramicin, toltrazuril sulfone and toltrazuril sulfoxide). Sample preparation utilising extraction with organic solvent and clean up by SPE and freezing was found reliable and time-efficient. Optimised chromatography and MS conditions with positive and negative ESI achieved sufficient sensitivity and selectivity. Validation experiments has proven method usefulness for routine analysis of coccidiostats in milk samples. An on-farm study conducted on dairy cows fed with experimentally contaminated feed with salinomycin and lasalocid showed negligible transfer to milk. No residues of lasalocid were found in collected samples. Salinomycin was found only in 5 of 168 samples analysed, while the concentrations of salinomycin in those samples (0.119-0.179 µg kg-1) was significantly below the limit of salinomycin in milk set by European Union legislation. Such low concentrations of both coccidiostats cannot be explained by conjugation during dairy cows' metabolism, as shown by experiments with enzymatic hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Pietruk
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , National Veterinary Research Institute , Pulawy , Poland
| | - Małgorzata Olejnik
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , National Veterinary Research Institute , Pulawy , Poland
| | - Andrzej Posyniak
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , National Veterinary Research Institute , Pulawy , Poland
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Absence of evidence or evidence of absence? A transfer and depletion study of Sudan I in eggs. Food Chem 2018; 239:598-602. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.06.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Olejnik M, Szprengier-Juszkiewicz T. Deposition and depletion of decoquinate in eggs after administration of cross-contaminated feed. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:1124-8. [PMID: 25952987 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1045558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Decoquinate, a chemical coccidiostat used as a feed additive, can occur in eggs due to cross-contamination of feedstuffs for laying hens. An experiment was designed to assess the transfer of decoquinate to hen eggs and its distribution between egg yolk and egg white. Hens were given the feed containing decoquinate at a cross-contamination level (0.34 mg kg(-1)) and collected eggs were analysed using an LC-MS/MS method. The plateau level was reached on the eighth day of the experiment and averaged 8.91 µg kg(-1), which is far below the maximum level established at 20 µg kg(-1) for whole eggs. Decoquinate was deposited mostly in egg yolks (26.2 µg kg(-1)) and did not deplete completely during 14 days of administration of decoquinate-free feed. The results confirmed that administration of cross-contaminated feed is associated with very low risk of non-compliant residue levels of decoquinate in eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Olejnik
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , National Veterinary Research Institute , Pulawy , Poland
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Varenina I, Bilandžić N, Cvetnić L, Kos B, Božić Đ, Solomun Kolanović B, Cvetnić Ž. Deposition and depletion of maduramicin residues in eggs after oral administration to laying hens determined by LC-MS. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:324-32. [PMID: 25562452 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.1003104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The coccidiostat maduramicin has been approved as a feed additive for chickens and turkeys, although it is prohibited for use in laying hens. In the present study, laying hens were divided into three groups and fed for 14 days with medicated feed containing maduramicin, at three different concentrations: 50, 100 and 500 µg kg(-1). Eggs were collected during treatment and for 26 days after the end of feeding with medicated feed. Maduramicin residues were found exclusively in egg yolk, with the highest concentration in egg yolk of 459 µg kg(-1) for the highest dose. The maximum concentration of maduramicin in whole egg was 16.6 µg kg(-1) for the group receiving feed containing the maximum permitted level of maduramicin in feed (50 µg kg(-1)). The half-life of elimination of maduramicin, calculated for post-treatment days 1-10, was 6.5 days. Twelve days after drug administration, the concentration of the maduramicin in egg yolk for Group 3 (fed with 500 µg kg(-1) maduramicin) still exceeded 20 µg kg(-1), while the concentrations for Groups 1 and 2 were 1.2 and 2.7 µg kg(-1), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Varenina
- a Laboratory for Residue Control, Department for Veterinary Public Health , Croatian Veterinary Institute , Zagreb , Croatia
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Olejnik M, Szprengier-Juszkiewicz T, Jedziniak P. Distribution of semduramicin in hen eggs and tissues after administration of cross-contaminated feed. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:1393-8. [PMID: 24856255 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.927593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Semduramicin is an ionophore coccidiostat used in the poultry industry as a feed additive. Cross-contamination of feeds for non-target animals with semduramicin is unavoidable. However, it is not known whether undesirable residues of semduramicin may occur in food after cross-contaminated feed is administered to animals. The aim of the work was to determine the levels of semduramicin in hen eggs (yolks and albumen) and tissues (liver, muscle, spleen, gizzard, ovarian yolks and ovaries) after administration of feed contaminated with 0.27 mg kg(-1) of this coccidiostat. The residues were determined using LC-MS/MS. The distribution pattern confirmed the high lipophilicity of semduramicin. Residues were found mainly in egg yolks (28.8 µg kg(-1)), ovarian yolks (19.5 µg kg(-1)) and liver (2.57 µg kg(-1)), while hens' muscle was free from semduramicin (LOD = 0.1 µg kg(-1)). Among edible tissues, the maximum level (2 µg kg(-1)) was exceeded only in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Olejnik
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , National Veterinary Research Institute , Pulawy , Poland
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Semduramicin in eggs – The incompatibility of feed and food maximum levels. Food Chem 2014; 149:178-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.10.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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