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Teng Z, Luo Y, Sun J, Li Y, Pearlstein DJ, Oehler MA, Fitzwater JD, Zhou B, Chang CY, Hassan MA, Chen P, Wang Q, Fonseca JM. Effect of Far-Red Light on Biomass Accumulation, Plant Morphology, and Phytonutrient Composition of Ruby Streaks Mustard at Microgreen, Baby Leaf, and Flowering Stages. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:9587-9598. [PMID: 38588384 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Far-red (FR) light influences plant development significantly through shade avoidance response and photosynthetic modulation, but there is limited knowledge on how FR treatments influence the growth and nutrition of vegetables at different maturity stages in controlled environment agriculture (CEA). Here, we comprehensively investigated the impacts of FR on the yield, morphology, and phytonutrients of ruby streaks mustard (RS) at microgreen, baby leaf, and flowering stages. Treatments including white control, white with supplementary FR, white followed by singularly applied FR, and enhanced white (WE) matching the extended daily light integral (eDLI) of FR were designed for separating the effects of light intensity and quality. Results showed that singular and supplemental FR affected plant development and nutrition similarly throughout the growth cycle, with light intensity and quality playing varying roles at different stages. Specifically, FR did not affect the fresh and dry weight of microgreens but increased those values for baby leaves, although not as effectively as WE. Meanwhile, FR caused significant morphological change and accelerated the development of leaves, flowers, and seedpods more dramatically than WE. With regard to phytonutrients, light treatments affected the metabolomic profiles for baby leaves more dramatically than microgreens and flowers. FR decreased the glucosinolate and anthocyanin contents in microgreens and baby leaves, while WE increased the contents of those compounds in baby leaves. This study illustrates the complex impacts of FR on RS and provides valuable information for selecting optimal lighting conditions in CEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Teng
- Food Quality Lab, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Yaguang Luo
- Food Quality Lab, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Jianghao Sun
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Yanfang Li
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Daniel J Pearlstein
- Food Quality Lab, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Madison A Oehler
- Food Quality Lab, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - James D Fitzwater
- Food Quality Lab, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Bin Zhou
- Food Quality Lab, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Christine Y Chang
- Adaptive Cropping Systems Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Muhammad Adeel Hassan
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
- Adaptive Cropping Systems Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Pei Chen
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Jorge M Fonseca
- Food Quality Lab, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
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Zhao M, Wu Y, Ren Y. Complete Chloroplast Genome Sequence Structure and Phylogenetic Analysis of Kohlrabi ( Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes L.). Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:550. [PMID: 38790180 PMCID: PMC11120933 DOI: 10.3390/genes15050550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Kohlrabi is an important swollen-stem cabbage variety belonging to the Brassicaceae family. However, few complete chloroplast genome sequences of this genus have been reported. Here, a complete chloroplast genome with a quadripartite cycle of 153,364 bp was obtained. A total of 132 genes were identified, including 87 protein-coding genes, 37 transfer RNA genes and eight ribosomal RNA genes. The base composition analysis showed that the overall GC content was 36.36% of the complete chloroplast genome sequence. Relative synonymous codon usage frequency (RSCU) analysis showed that most codons with values greater than 1 ended with A or U, while most codons with values less than 1 ended with C or G. Thirty-five scattered repeats were identified and most of them were distributed in the large single-copy (LSC) region. A total of 290 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were found and 188 of them were distributed in the LSC region. Phylogenetic relationship analysis showed that five Brassica oleracea subspecies were clustered into one group and the kohlrabi chloroplast genome was closely related to that of B. oleracea var. botrytis. Our results provide a basis for understanding chloroplast-dependent metabolic studies and provide new insight for understanding the polyploidization of Brassicaceae species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengliang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China;
| | - Yanxun Wu
- Qinghai Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Xining 810016, China;
| | - Yanjing Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China;
- Qinghai Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Xining 810016, China;
- Laboratory of Research and Utilization of Germplasm Resources in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Xining 810016, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Vegetable Genetics and Physiology, Xining 810016, China
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Tang K, Karamat U, Li G, Guo J, Jiang S, Fu M, Yang X. Integrated metabolome and transcriptome analyses reveal the role of BoGSTF12 in anthocyanin accumulation in Chinese kale (Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:335. [PMID: 38664614 PMCID: PMC11044404 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The vivid red, purple, and blue hues that are observed in a variety of plant fruits, flowers, and leaves are produced by anthocyanins, which are naturally occurring pigments produced by a series of biochemical processes occurring inside the plant cells. The purple-stalked Chinese kale, a popular vegetable that contains anthocyanins, has many health benefits but needs to be investigated further to identify the genes involved in the anthocyanin biosynthesis and translocation in this vegetable. RESULTS In this study, the purple- and green-stalked Chinese kale were examined using integrative transcriptome and metabolome analyses. The content of anthocyanins such as cyanidin-3-O-(6″-O-feruloyl) sophoroside-5-O-glucoside, cyanidin-3,5-O-diglucoside (cyanin), and cyanidin-3-O-(6″-O-p-hydroxybenzoyl) sophoroside-5-O-glucoside were considerably higher in purple-stalked Chinese kale than in its green-stalked relative. RNA-seq analysis indicated that 23 important anthocyanin biosynthesis genes, including 3 PAL, 2 C4H, 3 4CL, 3 CHS, 1 CHI, 1 F3H, 2 FLS, 2 F3'H, 1 DFR, 3 ANS, and 2 UFGT, along with the transcription factor BoMYB114, were significantly differentially expressed between the purple- and green-stalked varieties. Results of analyzing the expression levels of 11 genes involved in anthocyanin production using qRT-PCR further supported our findings. Association analysis between genes and metabolites revealed a strong correlation between BoGSTF12 and anthocyanin. We overexpressed BoGSTF12 in Arabidopsis thaliana tt19, an anthocyanin transport mutant, and this rescued the anthocyanin-loss phenotype in the stem and rosette leaves, indicating BoGSTF12 encodes an anthocyanin transporter that affects the accumulation of anthocyanins. CONCLUSION This work represents a key step forward in our understanding of the molecular processes underlying anthocyanin production in Chinese kale. Our comprehensive metabolomic and transcriptome analyses provide important insights into the regulatory system that controls anthocyanin production and transport, while providing a foundation for further research to elucidate the physiological importance of the metabolites found in this nutritionally significant vegetable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Tang
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Umer Karamat
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Guihua Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Juxian Guo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shizheng Jiang
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Mei Fu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Xian Yang
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Jia X, An Q, Zhang N, Ren J, Pan S, Zheng C, Zhou Q, Fan G. Recent advances in the contribution of glucosinolates degradation products to cruciferous foods odor: factors that influence degradation pathways and odor attributes. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-29. [PMID: 38644658 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2338834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
As one of the most important vegetables and oils consumed globally, cruciferous foods are appreciated for their high nutritional value. However, there is no comprehensive knowledge to sufficiently unravel the "flavor mystery" of cruciferous foods. The present review provides a comprehensive literature on the recent advances regarding the contribution of glucosinolates (GSL) degradation products to cruciferous foods odor, which focuses on key GSL degradation products contributing to distinct odor of cruciferous foods (Brassica oleracea, Brassica rapa, Brassica napus, Brassica juncea, Raphanus sativus), and key factors affecting GSL degradation pathways (i.e., enzyme-induced degradation, thermal-induced degradation, chemical-induced degradation, microwave-induced degradation) during different processing and cooking. A total of 93 volatile GSL degradation products (i.e., 36 nitriles, 33 isothiocyanates, 3 thiocyanates, 5 epithionitriles, and 16 sulfides) and 29 GSL (i.e., 20 aliphatic, 5 aromatic, and 4 indolic) were found in generalized cruciferous foods. Remarkably, cruciferous foods have a distinctive pungent, spicy, pickled, sulfur, and vegetable odor. In general, isothiocyanates are mostly present in enzyme-induced degradation of GSL and are therefore often enriched in fresh-cut or low-temperature, short-time cooked cruciferous foods. In contrast, nitriles are mainly derived from thermal-induced degradation of GSL, and are thus often enriched in high-temperature, long-time cooked cruciferous foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Jia
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qi An
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Nawei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jingnan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Siyi Pan
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chang Zheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Gang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Renz M, Rohn S, Hanschen FS. Thermal degradation and oxidation of glucosinolates in model systems and Brassica vegetable broth is mediated by redox-active compounds. Food Chem 2024; 431:137108. [PMID: 37595380 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates (GLSs) are secondary plant metabolites with health-promoting effects found in Brassica vegetables. Recently, next to non-enzymatic degradation yielding nitriles, 4-(methylthio)butyl GLS (4MTB-GLS) was shown to undergo side chain oxidation during thermal treatment, forming 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl GLS (4MSOB-GLS). Here, we investigated natural plant components and artificial analogs on their capability of altering the thermal reactivity of 4MTB-GLS in vegetable broths and model systems using buffers. Addition of ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid caused varying effects: in broth samples, it increased nitrile formation, while in buffer, 4MSOB-GLS was formed. In further experiments, the antioxidant compounds quercetin and Trolox triggered the side chain oxidation of 4MTB-GLS, while H2S terminated its degradation. A synergistic effect of ascorbic acid and Fe2+ was observed, degrading 98% of 4MTB-GLS to the nitrile after 60 min of boiling. Deepening the understanding of factors that influence the non-enzymatic degradation of GLSs will help to preserve their health-promoting effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Renz
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ) e. V., Plant Quality and Food Security, Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979 Grossbeeren, Germany; Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Sascha Rohn
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska S Hanschen
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ) e. V., Plant Quality and Food Security, Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979 Grossbeeren, Germany.
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6
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Ortega-Hernández E, Camero-Maldonado AV, Acevedo-Pacheco L, Jacobo-Velázquez DA, Antunes-Ricardo M. Immunomodulatory and Antioxidant Effects of Spray-Dried Encapsulated Kale Sprouts after In Vitro Gastrointestinal Digestion. Foods 2023; 12:foods12112149. [PMID: 37297394 DOI: 10.3390/foods12112149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The health-related compounds present in kale are vulnerable to the digestive process or storage conditions. Encapsulation has become an alternative for their protection and takes advantage of their biological activity. In this study, 7-day-old Red Russian kale sprouts grown in the presence of selenium (Se) and sulfur (S) were spray-dried with maltodextrin to assess their capacity to protect kale sprout phytochemicals from degradation during the digestion process. Analyses were conducted on the encapsulation efficiency, particle morphology, and storage stability. Mouse macrophages (Raw 264.7) and human intestinal cells (Caco-2) were used to assess the effect of the intestinal-digested fraction of the encapsulated kale sprout extracts on the cellular antioxidant capacity, the production of nitric oxide (NOx), and the concentrations of different cytokines as indicators of the immunological response. The highest encapsulation efficiency was observed in capsules with a 50:50 proportion of the hydroalcoholic extract of kale and maltodextrin. Gastrointestinal digestion affected compounds' content in encapsulated and non-encapsulated kale sprouts. Spray-dried encapsulation reduced the phytochemicals' degradation during storage, and the kale sprouts germinated with S and Se showed less degradation of lutein (35.6%, 28.2%), glucosinolates (15.4%, 18.9%), and phenolic compounds (20.3%, 25.7%), compared to non-encapsulated ones, respectively. S-encapsulates exerted the highest cellular antioxidant activity (94.2%) and immunomodulatory activity by stimulating IL-10 production (88.9%) and COX-2 (84.1%) and NOx (92.2%) inhibition. Thus, encapsulation is an effective method to improve kale sprout phytochemicals' stability and bioactivity during storage and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Ortega-Hernández
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute for Obesity Research, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
| | - Ana Victoria Camero-Maldonado
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Av. Ignacio Morones Prieto 3000, Monterrey 64710, Mexico
| | - Laura Acevedo-Pacheco
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
| | - Daniel A Jacobo-Velázquez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Ave. General Ramón Corona 2514, Zapopan 45201, Mexico
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute for Obesity Research, Ave. General Ramón Corona 2514, Zapopan 45201, Mexico
| | - Marilena Antunes-Ricardo
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute for Obesity Research, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
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7
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Sathasivam R, Park SU, Kim JK, Park YJ, Kim MC, Nguyen BV, Lee SY. Metabolic Profiling of Primary and Secondary Metabolites in Kohlrabi ( Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes) Sprouts Exposed to Different Light-Emitting Diodes. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12061296. [PMID: 36986982 PMCID: PMC10057582 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Light-emitting diode (LED) technology is one of the most important light sources in the plant industry for enhancing growth and specific metabolites in plants. In this study, we analyzed the growth, primary and secondary metabolites of 10 days old kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes) sprouts exposed to different LED light conditions. The results showed that the highest fresh weight was achieved under red LED light, whereas the highest shoot and root lengths were recorded below the blue LED light. Furthermore, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis revealed the presence of 13 phenylpropanoid compounds, 8 glucosinolates (GSLs), and 5 different carotenoids. The phenylpropanoid and GSL contents were highest under blue LED light. In contrast, the carotenoid content was found to be maximum beneath white LED light. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) of the 71 identified metabolites using HPLC and gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS) showed a clear separation, indicating that different LEDs exhibited variation in the accumulation of primary and secondary metabolites. A heat map and hierarchical clustering analysis revealed that blue LED light accumulated the highest amount of primary and secondary metabolites. Overall, our results demonstrate that exposure of kohlrabi sprouts to blue LED light is the most suitable condition for the highest growth and is effective in increasing the phenylpropanoid and GSL content, whereas white light might be used to enhance carotenoid compounds in kohlrabi sprouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramaraj Sathasivam
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Un Park
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
- Department of Smart Agriculture Systems, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kwang Kim
- Division of Life Sciences and Convergence Research Center for Insect Vectors, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jin Park
- Division of Life Sciences and Convergence Research Center for Insect Vectors, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Cheol Kim
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Bao Van Nguyen
- Department of Smart Agriculture Systems, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Sook Young Lee
- Marine Bio Research Center, Chosun University, 61-220 Myeongsasimni, Sinji-myeon, Wando-gun 59146, Republic of Korea
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Renz M, Dekker M, Rohn S, Hanschen FS. Plant matrix concentration and redox status influence thermal glucosinolate stability and formation of nitriles in selected Brassica vegetable broths. Food Chem 2023; 404:134594. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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9
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Marcinkowska M, Frank S, Steinhaus M, Jeleń HH. Key Odorants of Raw and Cooked Green Kohlrabi ( Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes L.). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:12270-12277. [PMID: 34609877 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c04339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Volatile compounds of raw and cooked green kohlrabi were investigated using a sensomics approach. A total of 55 odor-active compounds were detected and identified in raw and cooked green kohlrabi using GC-O. Twenty-eight odor-active compounds with high flavor dilution (FD) factors ranging from 64 to 1024 were quantitated, and odor activity values (OAVs) were determined. Eight compounds showed high OAVs in raw and cooked kohlrabi: five sulfur compounds (dimethyl trisulfide, methyl 2-methyl-3-furyl disulfide, and three isothiocyanates (1-isothiocyanato-3-(methylsulfanyl)propane, benzyl isothiocyanate, and 1-isothiocyanato-4-(methylsulfanyl)butane)), two lipid oxidation products (1-octen-3-one and trans-4,5-epoxy-(2E)-dec-2-enal), and 2-isopropyl-3-methoxypyrazine. Among these, the sulfur compounds contributed most to the overall smell of the raw and cooked vegetables. The quantitation analysis indicates that the eight odorants are the backbone compounds for raw and cooked kohlrabi. The OAVs for the backbone compounds and also for minor odorants are clearly higher in raw kohlrabi than in the cooked one. Differences can be explained by the influence of the cooking process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Marcinkowska
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624 Poznań, Poland
| | - Stephanie Frank
- Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Martin Steinhaus
- Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Henryk H Jeleń
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624 Poznań, Poland
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10
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Shao D, Ma Y, Li X, Ga S, Ren Y. The sequence structure and phylogenetic analysis by complete mitochondrial genome of kohlrabi ( Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes L.). Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2021; 6:2714-2716. [PMID: 34435131 PMCID: PMC8382015 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2021.1966341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dengkui Shao
- Qinghai University (Qinghai Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences), Xining, PR China
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Vegetable Genetics and Physiology, Xining, PR China
| | - Yidong Ma
- Qinghai University (Qinghai Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences), Xining, PR China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Qinghai University (Qinghai Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences), Xining, PR China
| | - Sang Ga
- Comprehensive Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Service Center of Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Yushu, PR China
| | - Yanjing Ren
- Qinghai University (Qinghai Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences), Xining, PR China
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Vegetable Genetics and Physiology, Xining, PR China
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11
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Estimation of Glucosinolates and Anthocyanins in Kale Leaves Grown in a Plant Factory Using Spectral Reflectance. HORTICULTURAE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae7030056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The spectral reflectance technique for the quantification of the functional components was applied in different studies for different crops, but related research on kale leaves is limited. This study was conducted to estimate the glucosinolate and anthocyanin components of kale leaves cultivated in a plant factory based on diffuse reflectance spectroscopy through regression methods. Kale was grown in a plant factory under different treatments. After specific periods of transplantation, leaf samples were collected, and reflectance spectra were measured immediately from nine different points on each leaf. The same leaf samples were freeze-dried and stored for analysis of the functional components. Regression procedures, such as principal component regression (PCR), partial least squares regression (PLSR), and stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR), were applied to relate the functional components with the spectral data. In the laboratory analysis, progoitrin and glucobrassicin, as well as cyanidin and malvidin, were found to be dominating components in glucosinolates and anthocyanins, respectively. From the overall analysis, the SMLR model showed better performance, and the identified wavelengths for estimating the glucosinolates and anthocyanins were in the early near-infrared (NIR) region. Specifically, reflectance at 742, 761, 787, 796, 805, 833, 855, 932, 947, and 1000 nm showed a strong correlation.
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12
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Tomas M, Zhang L, Zengin G, Rocchetti G, Capanoglu E, Lucini L. Metabolomic insight into the profile, in vitro bioaccessibility and bioactive properties of polyphenols and glucosinolates from four Brassicaceae microgreens. Food Res Int 2021; 140:110039. [PMID: 33648265 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.110039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, four Brassicaceae microgreens species, namely kale, red cabbage, kohlrabi, and radish, were evaluated for their phytochemical compositions using spectrophotometric assays and untargeted metabolomics before and after in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. According to the in vitro spectrophotometric results, significant amounts of phenolics could be detected in each studied species, thus supporting the total antioxidant capacities recorded. Overall, metabolomics allowed annotating a total of 470 phytochemicals across the four Brassicaceae microgreens, either fresh or digested. Among polyphenols, flavonoids were the most represented class (180 compounds, including anthocyanins, flavones, flavonols, and other flavonoids), followed by phenolic acids (68 compounds, mainly hydroxycinnamic and hydroxybenzoic acids), non-flavonoid or phenolic acid-based structures (i.e., alkyl- and alkylmethoxy-phenols and tyrosol derivatives), and lignans. Also, 22 glucosinolates were annotated, including gluconapin glucoraphanin, glucobrassicin, and 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin. Noteworthy, significant differences could be observed in terms of bioaccessibility as a function of the phenolic class and the species considered. Overall, lignans exhibited the highest bioaccessibility values (14%), followed by tyrosol derivatives and flavonoids (on average, 9% and 8%, respectively). However, differences could be evidenced as a function of the species, with red cabbage having comparatively lower bioaccessibility values irrespective of the chemical class of bioactive considered. Similarly, bioaccessibility of glucosinolates significantly differed across species, ranging from 2% in kale to 43% in kohlrabi microgreens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Tomas
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, 34303 Halkali, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Leilei Zhang
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Campus Konya, Turkey
| | - Gabriele Rocchetti
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Esra Capanoglu
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Luigi Lucini
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
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13
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Paśko P, Galanty A, Tyszka-Czochara M, Żmudzki P, Zagrodzki P, Gdula-Argasińska J, Prochownik E, Gorinstein S. Health Promoting vs Anti-nutritive Aspects of Kohlrabi Sprouts, a Promising Candidate for Novel Functional Food. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 76:76-82. [PMID: 33492585 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-020-00877-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Kohlrabi sprouts are just gaining popularity as the new example of functional food. The study was focused on the influence of germination time and light conditions on glucosinolates, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and fatty acids content in kohlrabi sprouts, in comparison to the bulbs. The effect of kohlrabi products on SW480, HepG2 and BJ cells was also determined. The length of sprouting time and light availability significantly influenced the concentrations of the phenolic compounds. Significant differences in progoitrin concentrations were observed between the sprouts harvested in light and in the darkness, with significantly lower content for darkness conditions. Erucic acid was the dominant fatty acid found in sprouts (14.5-34.5%). Sprouts and bulbs were less toxic to normal than to cancer cells. The sprouts stimulated necrosis (56.4%) more than apoptosis (34.1%) in SW480 cells, while the latter effect was predominant for the bulbs. Both sprouts and bulbs caused rather necrosis (45.5 and 63.9%) than apoptosis (32 and 32.5%) in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Paśko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Galanty
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Tyszka-Czochara
- Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Paweł Żmudzki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Paweł Zagrodzki
- Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Gdula-Argasińska
- Department of Radioligands, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewelina Prochownik
- Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Shela Gorinstein
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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14
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Comparison of Secondary Metabolite Contents and Metabolic Profiles of Six Lycoris Species. HORTICULTURAE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae7010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative HPLC analysis was performed on six different species of Lycoris herbs to investigate variation in phytochemical content, especially galantamine and phenylpropanoid-derived compounds. The contents of these compounds differed widely among the Lycoris species, with L. radiata and L. chinensis containing the lowest and highest galantamine contents, respectively. Specifically, the galantamine content of L. radiata was 62.5% higher than that of L. chinensis. Following L. radiata, L. sanguinea contained the next highest galantamine content, which was 59.1% higher than that of L. chinensis. Furthermore, a total of 12 phenylpropanoid-derived compounds were found in the different Lycoris species, where L. sanguinea, L. squamigera, and L. uydoensis had the largest accumulation of these compounds. The total phenylpropanoid content of L. sanguinea was the highest, while that of L. radiata was the lowest. Seven of the phenylpropanoid-derived compounds, rutin, quercetin, catechin, epicatechin gallate, chlorogenic acid, benzoic acid, and kaempferol, were dominant. L. sanguinea, L. uydoensis, and L. squamigera showed amounts of these seven compounds that were 5–6 times greater than those of the other species in the study. To the best of our knowledge, our results provide the most detailed phytochemical information on these species to date, which is valuable for future applications using these medicinal plants.
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15
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Improvement of Phenylpropanoid Production with Elicitor Treatments in Pimpinella brachycarpa Nakai. HORTICULTURAE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae6040108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pimpinella brachycarpa Nakai, known as cham-na-mul in Korea, is a popular edible herb and vegetable. Phenolic compounds are recognized as a vital group of plant secondary metabolites that provide innumerable, valuable therapeutic properties. Elicitors are biofactors or chemicals from diverse sources that can trigger morphological and physiological responses in the target organism. This study examined the effect of methyl jasmonate (MeJA), salicylic acid (SA), and chitosan treatment on the accretion of phenolic compounds in P. brachycarpa Nakai. This plant was harvested under different concentration of elicitor treatment for time course. Eight phenolic compounds including were detected in response to elicitor using HPLC. While the untreated controls showed the lowest phenolic content, treatment with 0.3% chitosan, 0.1 mM SA, and 0.1 mM MeJA resulted in 1.43-, 1.39-, and 1.35-fold increase in the phenolic content, respectively. The highest content of most of the individual phenolic compounds followed a similar trend according to treatment type, with chitosan treatment showing the highest content, followed by SA and then MeJA treatments. Thus, we demonstrate that the treatment with optimal concentrations of these elicitors for an optimal period of time increases the production of phenolic compounds in P. brachycarpa Nakai.
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16
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Zhang N, Jing P. Anthocyanins in Brassicaceae: composition, stability, bioavailability, and potential health benefits. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:2205-2220. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1852170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- Shanghai Food Safety and Engineering Technology Research Center, Key Lab of Urban Agriculture Ministry of Agriculture, Bor S. Luh Food Safety Research Center, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pu Jing
- Shanghai Food Safety and Engineering Technology Research Center, Key Lab of Urban Agriculture Ministry of Agriculture, Bor S. Luh Food Safety Research Center, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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17
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Ramirez D, Abellán-Victorio A, Beretta V, Camargo A, Moreno DA. Functional Ingredients From Brassicaceae Species: Overview and Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1998. [PMID: 32183429 PMCID: PMC7139885 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21061998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Brassicaceae vegetables are important crops consumed worldwide due to their unique flavor, and for their broadly recognized functional properties, which are directly related to their phytochemical composition. Isothiocyanates (ITC) are the most characteristic compounds, considered responsible for their pungent taste. Besides ITC, these vegetables are also rich in carotenoids, phenolics, minerals, and vitamins. Consequently, Brassica's phytochemical profile makes them an ideal natural source for improving the nutritional quality of manufactured foods. In this sense, the inclusion of functional ingredients into food matrices are of growing interest. In the present work, Brassicaceae ingredients, functionality, and future perspectives are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ramirez
- Laboratorio de Cromatografía para Agroalimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, UNCuyo, Mendoza 54 261, Argentina; (D.R.); (V.B.); (A.C.)
- Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza, CONICET Mendoza 54 261, Argentina
| | - Angel Abellán-Victorio
- Phytochemistry and Healthy Foods Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, Spanish National Research Council for Scientific Research (CEBAS-CSIC), Murcia 30100, Spain;
| | - Vanesa Beretta
- Laboratorio de Cromatografía para Agroalimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, UNCuyo, Mendoza 54 261, Argentina; (D.R.); (V.B.); (A.C.)
| | - Alejandra Camargo
- Laboratorio de Cromatografía para Agroalimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, UNCuyo, Mendoza 54 261, Argentina; (D.R.); (V.B.); (A.C.)
- Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza, CONICET Mendoza 54 261, Argentina
| | - Diego A. Moreno
- Phytochemistry and Healthy Foods Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, Spanish National Research Council for Scientific Research (CEBAS-CSIC), Murcia 30100, Spain;
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18
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Llorent-Martínez E, Ortega-Vidal J, Ruiz-Riaguas A, Ortega-Barrales P, Fernández-de Córdova M. Comparative study of the phytochemical and mineral composition of fresh and cooked broccolini. Food Res Int 2020; 129:108798. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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19
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Variation in biochemical profile and health beneficial compounds and biological activities of Brassica oleracea var gongylodes L. morphological parts. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-019-00368-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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20
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Grown to be Blue-Antioxidant Properties and Health Effects of Colored Vegetables. Part I: Root Vegetables. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8120617. [PMID: 31817206 PMCID: PMC6943509 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8120617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last few decades, the food and beverage industry faced increasing demand for the design of new functional food products free of synthetic compounds and artificial additives. Anthocyanins are widely used as natural colorants in various food products to replenish blue color losses during processing and to add blue color to colorless products, while other compounds such as carotenoids and betalains are considered as good sources of other shades. Root vegetables are well known for their broad palette of colors, and some species, such as black carrot and beet root, are already widely used as sources of natural colorants in the food and drug industry. Ongoing research aims at identifying alternative vegetable sources with diverse functional and structural features imparting beneficial effects onto human health. The current review provides a systematic description of colored root vegetables based on their belowground edible parts, and it highlights species and/or cultivars that present atypical colors, especially those containing pigment compounds responsible for hues of blue color. Finally, the main health effects and antioxidant properties associated with the presence of coloring compounds are presented, as well as the effects that processing treatments may have on chemical composition and coloring compounds in particular.
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21
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Zhang L, Ma C, Chao H, Long Y, Wu J, Li Z, Ge X, Xia H, Yin Y, Batley J, Li M. Integration of metabolome and transcriptome reveals flavonoid accumulation in the intergeneric hybrid between Brassica rapa and Raphanus sativus. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18368. [PMID: 31797999 PMCID: PMC6893016 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54889-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Brassica rapa and Raphanus sativus are two important edible vegetables that contain numerous nutritional ingredients. However, the agronomic traits and nutritional components of the intergeneric hybrid of B. rapa and R. sativus remain poorly understood. In this study, we used a stably inherited intergeneric hybrid of B. rapa and R. sativus as a model to study its metabolome and transcriptome profiles. Morphological and cytological analysis showed the intergeneric hybrid had the expected chromosome number and normal meiosis behavior. Moreover, the metabolome analysis showed multiple important secondary metabolites, including flavonoids and glucosinolates, were significantly upregulated in the hybrid. Furthermore, transcriptome data revealed that the expression level of the important genes involved in phenylpropanoid and flavonoid pathways was significantly upregulated in the hybrid. Ultimately, our data indicate the intergeneric hybrid will be a valuable bioengineering resource and promise to become a new-type hybrid vegetable with great medicinal value in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libin Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chuang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Hongbo Chao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Long
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangsheng Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zaiyun Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xianhong Ge
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Heng Xia
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongtai Yin
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jacqueline Batley
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Maoteng Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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22
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Janosik T, Rannug A, Rannug U, Wahlström N, Slätt J, Bergman J. Chemistry and Properties of Indolocarbazoles. Chem Rev 2018; 118:9058-9128. [PMID: 30191712 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The indolocarbazoles are an important class of nitrogen heterocycles which has evolved significantly in recent years, with numerous studies focusing on their diverse biological effects, or targeting new materials with potential applications in organic electronics. This review aims at providing a broad survey of the chemistry and properties of indolocarbazoles from an interdisciplinary point of view, with particular emphasis on practical synthetic aspects, as well as certain topics which have not been previously accounted for in detail, such as the occurrence, formation, biological activities, and metabolism of indolo[3,2- b]carbazoles. The literature of the past decade forms the basis of the text, which is further supplemented with older key references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Janosik
- Research Institutes of Sweden , Bioscience and Materials, RISE Surface, Process and Formulation , SE-151 36 Södertälje , Sweden
| | - Agneta Rannug
- Institute of Environmental Medicine , Karolinska Institutet , SE-171 77 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Ulf Rannug
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute , Stockholm University , SE-106 91 Stockholm , Sweden
| | | | - Johnny Slätt
- Department of Chemistry, Applied Physical Chemistry , KTH Royal Institute of Technology , SE-100 44 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Jan Bergman
- Karolinska Institutet , Department of Biosciences and Nutrition , SE-141 83 Huddinge , Sweden
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23
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Tian M, Xu X, Liu F, Fan X, Pan S. Untargeted metabolomics reveals predominant alterations in primary metabolites of broccoli sprouts in response to pre-harvest selenium treatment. Food Res Int 2018; 111:205-211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Comparative Metabolic Profiling of Green and Purple Pakchoi ( Brassica Rapa Subsp. Chinensis). Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071613. [PMID: 30004452 PMCID: PMC6099486 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pakchoi (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis) is cultivated for its nutritional value, particularly with regard to vitamins, minerals and dietary fibers. However, limited metabolic information is available on the phyto-nutritional traits of pakchoi. Our GC-TOF MS analysis showed that green pakchoi has higher contents of carbon metabolism-associated metabolites such as sugars, sugar derivatives and inositol, while purple pakchoi has higher levels of nitrogen metabolism-associated metabolites such as amino acids and amino acid derivatives. To compare the content and composition of secondary metabolites in green and purple pakchoi, we analyzed phenylpropanoid-derived compounds and anthocyanins in mature leaves using an HPLC-UV system. This analysis identified 9 phenylpropanoid-derived compounds and 12 anthocyanins in the mature leaves of green and purple pakchoi. The level of rutin was significantly higher in purple pakchoi compared with green pakchoi, consistent with the expression of phenylpropanoid biosynthetic genes in the two pakchoi cultivars. The data obtained from this comprehensive metabolic profiling would be helpful to improve our understanding of the nutritional values of pakchoi cultivars as food sources.
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Singh J, Jayaprakasha GK, Patil BS. Rapid and Efficient Desulfonation Method for the Analysis of Glucosinolates by High-Resolution Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:11100-11108. [PMID: 29161816 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The goal of our present research was to develop a simple and rapid method for the quantitation of desulfoglucosinolates (desulfoGLS) without using column chromatography. The proposed method involves extraction, concentration, incubation of glucosinolates with a sulfatase enzyme, and HPLC analysis. Identification of desulfoGLS in green kohlrabi was performed by LC-HR-ESI-QTOF-MS in positive-ionization mode. A total of 11 desulfoGLS were identified with neoglucobrassicin (3.32 ± 0.05 μmol/g DW) as the predominant indolyl, whereas progoitrin and sinigrin were the major aliphatic desulfoGLS. The levels of the aliphatic desulfoGLS glucoiberin, progoitrin, and glucoerucin at 7 h were found to be 3.6-, 1.9-, and 1.6-fold higher, respectively, than those produced through the conventional method. This technique was successfully applied in the identification of desulfoGLS from cabbage. The developed method has fewer unit operations, has maximum recovery, and is reproducible in the determination of desulfoGLS in a large number of Brassicaceae samples in a short time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jashbir Singh
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University , 1500 Research Parkway, Suite A120, College Station, Texas 77845, United States
| | - Guddadarangavvanahally K Jayaprakasha
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University , 1500 Research Parkway, Suite A120, College Station, Texas 77845, United States
| | - Bhimanagouda S Patil
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University , 1500 Research Parkway, Suite A120, College Station, Texas 77845, United States
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26
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Identification and Characterization of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis-Related Genes in Kohlrabi. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 184:1120-1141. [PMID: 28965308 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2613-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes L.) is an important vegetable of the Brassicaceae family. The main edible part of kohlrabi is the swollen stem. The purple cultivars make anthocyanin mainly in the peel of the swollen stem, while in the leaf, it is limited to the midrib, but green cultivars do not. Anthocyanins are advantageous for both plants as well as humans. Two anthocyanin compounds were detected by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) only in the peel of the purple kohlrabi cultivar. Three MYBs, three bHLHs, and one WD40 TF were identified as the candidate regulatory genes in kohlrabi. There was an abundance of transcript levels for the late biosynthetic genes more specifically for BoF3'H, BoDFR, BoLDOX, and BoGST in the purple peel while scarcely detectable in other tissues for both cultivars. The expression of BoPAP2 and BoTT8 was higher in the peel of the purple cultivar than the green cultivar. The expression of BoMYBL2.2 orthologue of Arabidopsis MYBL2, a negative regulator of anthocyanins, was dramatically decreased in the purple peel. The expression of BoACO1, a key gene for ethylene biosynthesis, and BoNCED3, an important gene of the ABA pathway, was down- and upregulated, respectively, in the peel of purple kohlrabi.
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Transcriptome analysis and metabolic profiling of green and red kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) seedlings. Food Chem 2017; 241:7-13. [PMID: 28958560 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) is a rich source of numerous health-benefiting compounds, including vitamins, glucosinolates, phenolic compounds, and carotenoids. However, the genetic resources for exploiting the phyto-nutritional traits of kales are limited. To acquire precise information on secondary metabolites in kales, we performed a comprehensive analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome of green and red kale seedlings. Kale transcriptome datasets revealed 37,149 annotated genes and several secondary metabolite biosynthetic genes. HPLC analysis revealed 14 glucosinolates, 20 anthocyanins, 3 phenylpropanoids, and 6 carotenoids in the kale seedlings that were examined. Red kale contained more glucosinolates, anthocyanins, and phenylpropanoids than green kale, whereas the carotenoid contents were much higher in green kale than in red kale. Ultimately, our data will be a valuable resource for future research on kale bio-engineering and will provide basic information to define gene-to-metabolite networks in kale.
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28
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Petropoulos S, Di Gioia F, Ntatsi G. Vegetable Organosulfur Compounds and their Health Promoting Effects. Curr Pharm Des 2017; 23:2850-2875. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612823666170111100531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Spyridon Petropoulos
- University of Thessaly, School of Agricultural Sciences, Fytokou Street, 38446, N. Ionia, Magnissia, Greece
| | - Francesco Di Gioia
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, South West Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Immokalee, Florida
| | - Georgia Ntatsi
- Faculty of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Pan JH, Abernathy B, Kim YJ, Lee JH, Kim JH, Shin EC, Kim JK. Cruciferous vegetables and colorectal cancer prevention through microRNA regulation: A review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:2026-2038. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1300134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hoon Pan
- School of Human Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Breann Abernathy
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Young Jun Kim
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hyup Lee
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Ho Kim
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui Cheol Shin
- Department of Food Science, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kyeom Kim
- School of Human Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
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Possenti M, Baima S, Raffo A, Durazzo A, Giusti AM, Natella F. Glucosinolates in Food. REFERENCE SERIES IN PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-25462-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of bZIP Transcription Factors in Brassica oleracea under Cold Stress. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:4376598. [PMID: 27314020 PMCID: PMC4893578 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4376598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cabbages (Brassica oleracea L.) are an important vegetable crop around world, and cold temperature is among the most significant abiotic stresses causing agricultural losses, especially in cabbage crops. Plant bZIP transcription factors play diverse roles in biotic/abiotic stress responses. In this study, 119 putative BolbZIP transcription factors were identified using amino acid sequences from several bZIP domain consensus sequences. The BolbZIP members were classified into 63 categories based on amino acid sequence similarity and were also compared with BrbZIP and AtbZIP transcription factors. Based on this BolbZIP identification and classification, cold stress-responsive BolbZIP genes were screened in inbred lines, BN106 and BN107, using RNA sequencing data and qRT-PCR. The expression level of the 3 genes, Bol008071, Bol033132, and Bol042729, was significantly increased in BN107 under cold conditions and was unchanged in BN106. The upregulation of these genes in BN107, a cold-susceptible inbred line, suggests that they might be significant components in the cold response. Among three identified genes, Bol033132 has 97% sequence similarity to Bra020735, which was identified in a screen for cold-related genes in B. rapa and a protein containing N-rich regions in LCRs. The results obtained in this study provide valuable information for understanding the potential function of BolbZIP transcription factors in cold stress responses.
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Mageney V, Baldermann S, Albach DC. Intraspecific Variation in Carotenoids of Brassica oleracea var. sabellica. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:3251-3257. [PMID: 27045759 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are best known as a source of natural antioxidants. Physiologically, carotenoids are part of the photoprotection in plants as they act as scavengers of reactive oxygen species (ROS). An important source of carotenoids in European food is Brassica oleracea. Focusing on the most abundant carotenoids, we estimated the contents of ß-carotene, (9Z)-neoxanthin, zeaxanthin, and lutein as well as those of chlorophylls a and b to assess their variability in Brassica oleracea var. sabellica. Our analyses included more than 30 cultivars categorized in five distinct sets grouped according to morphological characteristics or geographical origin. Our results demonstrated specific carotenoid patterns characteristic for American, Italian, and red-colored kale cultivars. Moreover, we demonstrated a tendency of high zeaxanthin proportions under traditional harvest conditions, which accord to low-temperature regimes. We also compared the carotenoid patterns of self-generated hybrid lines. Corresponding findings indicated that crossbreeding has a high potential for carotenoid content optimization in kale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Mageney
- Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University , Oldenburg Carl von Ossietzky Str. 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Baldermann
- Leibniz-Institute of Vegetables and Ornamental Crops Grossbeeren/Erfurt e. V. , Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979 Grossbeeren, Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam , Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Dirk C Albach
- Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University , Oldenburg Carl von Ossietzky Str. 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
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Chun JH, Kim NH, Seo MS, Jin M, Park SU, Arasu MV, Kim SJ, Al-Dhabi NA. Molecular characterization of glucosinolates and carotenoid biosynthetic genes in Chinese cabbage ( Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis). Saudi J Biol Sci 2016; 25:71-82. [PMID: 29379360 PMCID: PMC5775089 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the contents of glucosinolates (GSLs) and carotenoids in eleven varieties of Chinese cabbage in relation to the expression level of the important transcription factors. MS and HPLC analysis identified the presence of 13 GSLs (progoitrin, sinigrin, glucoalyssin, gluconapoleiferin, gluconapin, glucocochlearin, glucobrassicanapin, glucoerucin, 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin, glucobrassicin, 4-methoxyglucobrassicin, neoglucobrassicin and gluconasturtiin) and four carotenoids (lutein, zeaxanthin, α-carotene and β-carotene). GSL contents were varied among the different cabbage varieties. The total GSL content ranged from 2.7 to 57.88 μmol/g DW. The proportion of gluconapin (54%) and glucobrassicanapin (22%) was higher in all the varieties, respectively. Results documented the variation in total and individual carotenoid contents that have also been observed among different varieties; however, the total carotenoid contents ranged from 289.12 to 1001.41 mg kg−1 DW (mean 467.66). Interestingly, the proportion of lutein (66.5) and β-carotene (25.9) were higher than α-carotene (5.1) and zeaxanthin (2.5%). Consequently, the expression level of the regulatory gene, MYB28 was higher in ‘K0648’ and was directly proportional to GSL content. Similarly, the expression levels of 1-PSY were higher in ‘K0112’; however, the expression levels of 2-ZDS, 3-LCYB, 4-LCYE, 5-CHXB and 7-NCED genes showed no significant difference. In addition, the correlation between GSL and carotenoid contents and gene expression level showed moderate significant difference in each Chinese cabbage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hyuk Chun
- Department of Bio-Environmental Chemistry, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Hyung Kim
- Food and Drug Research Institute, Uiduk University, 261 Donghaedaero, Gyeongju 38004, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Suk Seo
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, 235 Geumpyeong-ri, Iseo-myeon, Jeonju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Mina Jin
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, 235 Geumpyeong-ri, Iseo-myeon, Jeonju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Un Park
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Mariadhas Valan Arasu
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sun-Ju Kim
- Department of Bio-Environmental Chemistry, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Maldini M, Natella F, Baima S, Morelli G, Scaccini C, Langridge J, Astarita G. Untargeted Metabolomics Reveals Predominant Alterations in Lipid Metabolism Following Light Exposure in Broccoli Sprouts. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:13678-91. [PMID: 26084047 PMCID: PMC4490517 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160613678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The consumption of vegetables belonging to the family Brassicaceae (e.g., broccoli and cauliflower) is linked to a reduced incidence of cancer and cardiovascular diseases. The molecular composition of such plants is strongly affected by growing conditions. Here we developed an unbiased metabolomics approach to investigate the effect of light and dark exposure on the metabolome of broccoli sprouts and we applied such an approach to provide a bird’s-eye view of the overall metabolic response after light exposure. Broccoli seeds were germinated and grown hydroponically for five days in total darkness or with a light/dark photoperiod (16 h light/8 h dark cycle). We used an ultra-performance liquid-chromatography system coupled to an ion-mobility, time-of-flight mass spectrometer to profile the large array of metabolites present in the sprouts. Differences at the metabolite level between groups were analyzed using multivariate statistical analyses, including principal component analysis and correlation analysis. Altered metabolites were identified by searching publicly available and in-house databases. Metabolite pathway analyses were used to support the identification of subtle but significant changes among groups of related metabolites that may have gone unnoticed with conventional approaches. Besides the chlorophyll pathway, light exposure activated the biosynthesis and metabolism of sterol lipids, prenol lipids, and polyunsaturated lipids, which are essential for the photosynthetic machinery. Our results also revealed that light exposure increased the levels of polyketides, including flavonoids, and oxylipins, which play essential roles in the plant’s developmental processes and defense mechanism against herbivores. This study highlights the significant contribution of light exposure to the ultimate metabolic phenotype, which might affect the cellular physiology and nutritional value of broccoli sprouts. Furthermore, this study highlights the potential of an unbiased omics approach for the comprehensive study of the metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariateresa Maldini
- Food and Nutrition Research Centre, Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (CRA), 00184 Roma, Italy.
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Fausta Natella
- Food and Nutrition Research Centre, Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (CRA), 00184 Roma, Italy.
| | - Simona Baima
- Food and Nutrition Research Centre, Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (CRA), 00184 Roma, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Morelli
- Food and Nutrition Research Centre, Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (CRA), 00184 Roma, Italy.
| | - Cristina Scaccini
- Food and Nutrition Research Centre, Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (CRA), 00184 Roma, Italy.
| | - James Langridge
- Waters Corporation, Health Sciences, Milford, MA 01757, USA.
| | - Giuseppe Astarita
- Waters Corporation, Health Sciences, Milford, MA 01757, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
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Zhang Y, Hu Z, Zhu M, Zhu Z, Wang Z, Tian S, Chen G. Anthocyanin Accumulation and Molecular Analysis of Correlated Genes in Purple Kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes L.). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:4160-9. [PMID: 25853486 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b00473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes L.) is an important dietary vegetable cultivated and consumed widely for the round swollen stem. Purple kohlrabi shows abundant anthocyanin accumulation in the leaf and swollen stem. Here, different kinds of anthocyanins were separated and identified from the purple kohlrabi cultivar (Kolibri) by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. In order to study the molecular mechanism of anthocyanin biosynthesis in purple kohlrabi, the expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes and regulatory genes in purple kohlrabi and a green cultivar (Winner) was examined by quantitative PCR. In comparison with the colorless parts in the two cultivars, most of the anthocyanin biosynthetic genes and two transcription factors were drastically upregulated in the purple tissues. To study the effects of light shed on the anthocyanin accumulation of kohlrabi, total anthocyanin contents and transcripts of associated genes were analyzed in sprouts of both cultivars grown under light and dark conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Zhang
- †Bioengineering College, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Campus B, Room 515, 174 Shapingba Main Street, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongli Hu
- †Bioengineering College, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Campus B, Room 515, 174 Shapingba Main Street, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingku Zhu
- †Bioengineering College, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Campus B, Room 515, 174 Shapingba Main Street, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiguo Zhu
- †Bioengineering College, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Campus B, Room 515, 174 Shapingba Main Street, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijin Wang
- ‡The Institute of Vegetable Research, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 401329 Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shibing Tian
- ‡The Institute of Vegetable Research, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 401329 Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoping Chen
- †Bioengineering College, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Campus B, Room 515, 174 Shapingba Main Street, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
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Pak WM, Kim KBWR, Kim MJ, Kang BK, Bark SW, Kim BR, Ahn NK, Choi YU, Yoon SR, Ahn DH. Antioxidative Effect of Extracts from Different Parts of Kohlrabi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.3839/jabc.2014.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Jung HA, Karki S, Ehom NY, Yoon MH, Kim EJ, Choi JS. Anti-Diabetic and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Green and Red Kohlrabi Cultivars (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes). Prev Nutr Food Sci 2014; 19:281-90. [PMID: 25580392 PMCID: PMC4287320 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2014.19.4.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant potential, and total phenolic content (TPC) of green and red kohlrabi cultivars. Anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated via protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP1B) and rat lens aldose reductase inhibitory assays and cell-based lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory assays in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. In addition, scavenging assays using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) radical, and peroxynitrite (ONOO−) were used to evaluate antioxidant potential and TPC was selected to assess phytochemical characteristics. Between the two kohlrabi cultivars, red kohlrabi (RK) had two times more TPC than green kohlrabi (GK) and showed significant antioxidant effects in DPPH, ABTS, and ONOO− scavenging assays. Likewise, methanol (MeOH) extracts of RK and GK inhibited LPS-induced NO production in a dose dependent manner that was further clarified by suppression of iNOS and COX-2 protein production. The MeOH extracts of RK and GK exhibited potent inhibitory activities against PTP1B with the corresponding IC50 values of 207±3.48 and 287±3.22 μg/mL, respectively. Interestingly, the RK MeOH extract exhibited significantly stronger anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and antioxidant effects than that of GK MeOH extract. As a result, our study establishes that RK extract with a higher TPC might be useful as a potent anti-diabetic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ah Jung
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Chonbuk National University, Jeonbuk 561-756, Korea
| | - Subash Karki
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Korea
| | - Na-Yeon Ehom
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Korea
| | - Mi-Hee Yoon
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Korea
| | - Eon Ji Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Korea
| | - Jae Sue Choi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Korea
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Accumulation of kaempferitrin and expression of phenyl-propanoid biosynthetic genes in kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus). Molecules 2014; 19:16987-97. [PMID: 25342553 PMCID: PMC6270828 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191016987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) is cultivated worldwide for its fiber; however, the medicinal properties of this plant are currently attracting increasing attention. In this study, we investigated the expression levels of genes involved in the biosynthesis of kaempferitrin, a compound with many biological functions, in different kenaf organs. We found that phenylalanine ammonia lyase (HcPAL) was more highly expressed in stems than in other organs. Expression levels of cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (HcC4H) and 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (Hc4CL) were highest in mature leaves, followed by stems and young leaves, and lowest in roots and mature flowers. The expression of chalcone synthase (HcCHS), chalcone isomerase (HcCHI), and flavone 3-hydroxylase (HcF3H) was highest in young flowers, whereas that of flavone synthase (HcFLS) was highest in leaves. An analysis of kaempferitrin accumulation in the different organs of kenaf revealed that the accumulation of this compound was considerably higher (>10-fold) in leaves than in other organs. On the basis of a comparison of kaempferitrin contents with the expression levels of different genes in different organs, we speculate that HcFLS plays an important regulatory role in the kaempferitrin biosynthetic pathway in kenaf.
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Lee JW, Lee DY, Baek DR, Jeong RH, Lee DS, Kim YC, Kim GS, Baek NI, Lee YH. Phenylpropanoids from red kohlrabi sprouts inhibits nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Food Sci Biotechnol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-014-0130-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Sun J, Xiao Z, Lin LZ, Lester GE, Wang Q, Harnly JM, Chen P. Profiling polyphenols in five Brassica species microgreens by UHPLC-PDA-ESI/HRMS(n.). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:10960-70. [PMID: 24144328 PMCID: PMC3915300 DOI: 10.1021/jf401802n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Brassica vegetables are known to contain relatively high concentrations of bioactive compounds associated with human health. A comprehensive profiling of polyphenols from five Brassica species microgreens was conducted using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography photodiode array high-resolution multistage mass spectrometry (UHPLC-PDA-ESI/HRMS(n)). A total of 164 polyphenols including 30 anthocyanins, 105 flavonol glycosides, and 29 hydroxycinnamic acid and hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives were putatively identified.The putative identifications were based on UHPLC-HRMS(n) analysis using retention times, elution orders, UV-vis and high-resolution mass spectra, and an in-house polyphenol database as well as literature comparisons. This study showed that these five Brassica species microgreens could be considered as good sources of food polyphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghao Sun
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Zhenlei Xiao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Long-ze Lin
- Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
| | - Gene E. Lester
- Food Quality Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - James M. Harnly
- Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
| | - Pei Chen
- Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
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Song MY, Lee JJ, Cha SS, Chung CS. Effects of Kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var. Gongylodes) on Proliferation and Differentiation of Pig Preadipocytes and3T3-L1Cells. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.5187/jast.2013.55.1.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Cha SS, Lee MY, Lee JJ. Comparison of Physicochemical Composition of Kohlrabi Flesh and Peel. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.11002/kjfp.2013.20.1.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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