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Iobbi V, Parisi V, Bernabè G, De Tommasi N, Bisio A, Brun P. Anti-Biofilm Activity of Carnosic Acid from Salvia rosmarinus against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3679. [PMID: 37960038 PMCID: PMC10647425 DOI: 10.3390/plants12213679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The Salvia rosmarinus "Eretto Liguria" ecotype was studied as a source of valuable bioactive compounds. LC-MS analysis of the methanolic extract underlined the presence of diterpenoids, triterpenoids, polyphenolic acids, and flavonoids. The anti-virulence activity of carnosic acid along with the other most abundant compounds against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was evaluated. Only carnosic acid induced a significant reduction in the expression of agrA and rnaIII genes, which encode the key components of quorum sensing (QS), an intracellular signaling mechanism controlling the virulence of MRSA. At a concentration of 0.05 mg/mL, carnosic acid inhibited biofilm formation by MRSA and the expression of genes involved in toxin production and made MRSA more susceptible to intracellular killing, with no toxic effects on eukaryotic cells. Carnosic acid did not affect biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a human pathogen that often coexists with MRSA in complex infections. The selected ecotype showed a carnosic acid content of 94.3 ± 4.3 mg/g. In silico analysis highlighted that carnosic acid potentially interacts with the S. aureus AgrA response regulator. Our findings suggest that carnosic acid could be an anti-virulence agent against MRSA infections endowed with a species-specific activity useful in multi-microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Iobbi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy;
| | - Valentina Parisi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Salerno, Italy; (V.P.); (N.D.T.)
| | - Giulia Bernabè
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Gabelli 63, 35121 Padova, Italy; (G.B.); (P.B.)
| | - Nunziatina De Tommasi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Salerno, Italy; (V.P.); (N.D.T.)
| | - Angela Bisio
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy;
| | - Paola Brun
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Gabelli 63, 35121 Padova, Italy; (G.B.); (P.B.)
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Xu M, Meng P, Wang H, Liu J, Guo T, Zhu Z, Bi Y. Synthesis, Characterization and Evaluation of a Novel Tetraphenolic Compound as a Potential Antioxidant. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1473. [PMID: 37508011 PMCID: PMC10376215 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel antioxidant containing four hydroxyl groups, namely 2,2'-(2-methylpropane-1,3-diyl)bis(hydroquinone) (MPBHQ), was synthesized using hydroquinone and methylallyl alcohol as the raw materials, phosphoric acid as the catalyst, and toluene as the solvent system. The structure of MPBHQ was characterized by mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance, ultraviolet spectroscopy, and infrared spectroscopy. The results showed that MPBHQ has a good radical scavenging effect, as measured by the ORAC assay, DPPH radical scavenging assay, ABST radical scavenging assay, and Rancimat test. In fatty acid methyl ester and lard without exogenous antioxidants, MPBHQ showed better antioxidant performance than butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), hydroquinone (HQ), tert-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ), and propyl gallate (PG), meeting the need for a new antioxidant with better properties to ensure the oxidative stability of lipids and biodiesel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Xu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luohe 462300, China
| | - Pengcheng Meng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jun Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Tao Guo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhenjie Zhu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luohe 462300, China
| | - Yanlan Bi
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luohe 462300, China
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Zhu C, Fan Y, Wu H. The Selective Separation of Carnosic Acid and Rosmarinic Acid by Solid-Phase Extraction and Liquid-Liquid Extraction: A Comparative Study. Molecules 2023; 28:5493. [PMID: 37513364 PMCID: PMC10386460 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Rosmarinus officinalis leaves (ROLs) are widely used in the food and cosmetics industries due to their high antioxidant activity and fascinating flavor properties. Carnosic acid (CA) and rosmarinic acid (RA) are regarded as the characteristic antioxidant components of ROLs, and the selective separation of CA and RA remains a significant challenge. In this work, the feasibility of achieving the selective separation of CA and RA from ROLs by solid-phase extraction (SPE) and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) was studied and compared. The experiments suggested that SPE with CAD-40 macroporous resin as the adsorbent was a good choice for selectively isolating CA from the extracts of ROLs and could produce raw CA with purity levels as high as 76.5%. The LLE with ethyl acetate (EA) as the extraction solvent was more suitable for extracting RA from the diluted extracts of ROLs and could produce raw RA with a purity level of 56.3%. Compared with the reported column chromatography and LLE techniques, the developed SPE-LLE method not only exhibited higher extraction efficiency for CA and RA, but can also produce CA and RA with higher purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China
| | - Yunchang Fan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China
| | - Hongwei Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
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Miljanović A, Dent M, Grbin D, Pedisić S, Zorić Z, Marijanović Z, Jerković I, Bielen A. Sage, Rosemary, and Bay Laurel Hydrodistillation By-Products as a Source of Bioactive Compounds. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2394. [PMID: 37446955 DOI: 10.3390/plants12132394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Essential oils from Mediterranean wild plants are widely used, but the hydrodistillation residues produced in parallel with these essential oils are significantly understudied and underexploited. Since there are only fragmentary data in the literature, we have, for the first time, systematically analyzed the chemical composition of the by-products obtained after hydrodistillation of sage, bay laurel, and rosemary leaves, i.e., hydrolates, water residues, and solid residues. The chemical composition of the hydrolates changed compared to their respective essential oils towards the dominance of more hydrophilic, oxygenated compounds, such as camphor in sage, 1,8-cineole in bay laurel, and berbenone in rosemary. However, some compounds, mostly sesquiterpenes, which were present in considerable amounts in essential oils, were absent or only present in very small amounts in the hydrolates. Furthermore, both the water and the solid residues were rich in polyphenols, such as procyanidins in bay laurel and rosmarinic acid in rosemary and sage. In conclusion, we demonstrate the valuable chemical composition of sage, rosemary, and bay laurel hydrodistillation by-products and discuss a wide range of their possible applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anđela Miljanović
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Dent
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dorotea Grbin
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sandra Pedisić
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zoran Zorić
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zvonimir Marijanović
- Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21 000 Split, Croatia
| | - Igor Jerković
- Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21 000 Split, Croatia
| | - Ana Bielen
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Ghanadian M, Afshar RJ, Fakhim H, Yousefi H, Matkowski A, Khodadadi M, Gharibi S. Bioassay-guided isolation in Salvia abrotanoides Karel. stem based on its anti-fungal and anti-trichomonas activity. Res Pharm Sci 2023; 18:317-325. [PMID: 37593167 PMCID: PMC10427786 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.371587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose Salvia abrotanoides is considered a medicinal plant and has a broad distribution in Iran. In Iran's traditional medicine, it is also used to treat leishmaniasis, malaria, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, and as a disinfectant. This research aimed to determine the anti-Candida component from S. abratonoides and anti-Trichomonas natural compounds from the stems of this plant. Experimental approach The plant shoots were collected, dried, and after removing the leaves, grounded. Dried plant material was extracted in a maceration tank, concentrated by a Rotavap, degreased, and fractionated by normal column chromatography. Based on anti-fungal screening against Candida species, Fr. 4, with more anti-fungal activity, was selected for phytochemical analysis, by different chromatographic methods on the silica gel column and Sephadex LH-20. Isolated compounds were elucidated by NMR analysis, mass spectrum, and ultraviolet spectroscopy. Anti-fungal effects were investigated using the fungal suspension, incubation, and parasite-counting methods on purified compounds. Antibacterial effects were assessed using the Broth dilution test and reported according to the MIC parameter. Findings/Results Two diterpenoid compounds named carnosol (compound 1), 11-hydroxy-12-methoxy-20-norabiata-8, 11, 13-trien (compound 2), and a flavonoid: 6,7-dimethoxy-5, 4'-dihydroxyflavone (compound 3) were isolated and identified. Compound 1 had selective anti-fungal effects against C. albicans, C. glabrata, and C. parapsilosis, but weak toxicity against Trichomonas vaginalis with IC50 of 675.8 μg/mL, less than metronidazole with an IC50 of 13.2 μg/mL. Conclusion and implications Carnosol as the main component was assayed against Candida, Aspergillus, Rhizopus, and Trichomanas species. The results confirmed its effect on Candida compared to standard drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Ghanadian
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Rasoul Jahanshahi Afshar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Hamed Fakhim
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Hosseinail Yousefi
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Adam Matkowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Botany, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Mohammad Khodadadi
- Core Research Facilities, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Shima Gharibi
- Core Research Facilities, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
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Phenolic Content, Antioxidant, Antibacterial, Antihyperglycemic, and α-Amylase Inhibitory Activities of Aqueous Extract of Salvia lavandulifolia Vahl. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16030395. [PMID: 36986494 PMCID: PMC10051605 DOI: 10.3390/ph16030395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Salvia lavandulifolia Vahl essential oil is becoming more popular as a cognitive enhancer and treatment for memory loss. It is high in natural antioxidants and has spasmolytic, antiseptic, analgesic, sedative, and anti-inflammatory properties. Its aqueous extract has hypoglycemic activity and is used to treat diabetic hyperglycemia, but few studies have focused on it. The objective of this work is to evaluate the various biological and pharmacological powers of Salvia lavandulifolia Vahl leaf aqueous extract. Quality control of the plant material was first carried out. Followed by a phytochemical study on the aqueous extract of S. lavandulifolia leaves, namely phytochemical screening and determination of total polyphenols, flavonoids, and condensed tannins contents. Then, the biological activities were undertaken, in particular the antioxidant activity (total antioxidant activity and trapping of the DPPH° radical) and the antimicrobial activity. The chemical composition of this extract was also determined by HPLC-MS-ESI. Finally, the inhibitory effect of the α-amylase enzyme as well as the antihyperglycaemic effect was evaluated in vivo in normal rats overloaded with starch or D-glucose. The aqueous extract obtained by use of the decoction of leaves of S. lavandulifolia contains 246.51 ± 1.69 mg EQ of gallic acid/g DE, 23.80 ± 0.12 mg EQ quercetin/g DE, and 2.46 ± 0.08 mg EQ catechin /g DE. Its total antioxidant capacity is around 527.03 ± 5.95 mg EQ of ascorbic acid/g DE. At a concentration of 5.81 ± 0.23 µg/mL, our extract was able to inhibit 50% of DPPH° radicals. Moreover, it showed bactericidal effect against Proteus mirabilis, fungicidal against Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and fungistatic against Candida krusei. A marked antihyperglycemic activity (AUC = 54.84 ± 4.88 g/L/h), as well as a significant inhibitory effect of α-amylase in vitro (IC50 = 0.99 ± 0.00 mg/mL) and in vivo (AUC = 51.94 ± 1.29 g/L/h), is recorded in our extract. Furthermore, its chemical composition reveals the presence of 37.03% rosmarinic acid, 7.84% quercetin rhamnose, 5.57% diosmetin-rutinoside, 5.51% catechin dimer, and 4.57% gallocatechin as major compounds. The antihyperglycemic and α-amylase inhibitory activities, associated with the antioxidant properties of S. lavandulifolia, justify its use in the treatment of diabetes in traditional medicine and highlight its potential introduction into antidiabetic drugs.
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Metabolite Profiling and Bioassay-Guided Fractionation of Zataria multiflora Boiss. Hydroethanolic Leaf Extracts for Identification of Broad-Spectrum Pre and Postharvest Antifungal Agents. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248903. [PMID: 36558036 PMCID: PMC9785509 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hydroethanolic leaf extracts of 14 Iranian Zataria multiflora Boiss. populations were screened for their antifungal activity against five plant pathogenic fungi and metabolically profiled using a non-targeted workflow based on UHPLC/ESI-QTOFMS. Detailed tandem mass-spectrometric analyses of one of the most active hydroethanolic leaf extracts led to the annotation of 68 non-volatile semi-polar secondary metabolites, including 33 flavonoids, 9 hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, 14 terpenoids, and 12 other metabolites. Rank correlation analyses using the abundances of the annotated metabolites in crude leaf extracts and their antifungal activity revealed four O-methylated flavones, two flavanones, two dihydroflavonols, five thymohydroquinone glycoconjugates, and five putative phenolic diterpenoids as putative antifungal metabolites. After bioassay-guided fractionation, a number of mono-, di- and tri-O-methylated flavones, as well as three of unidentified phenolic diterpenoids, were found in the most active subfractions. These metabolites are promising candidates for the development of new natural fungicides for the protection of agro-food crops.
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Polyphenolic Profile of Tunisian Thyme ( Thymbra capitata L.) Post-Distilled Residues: Evaluation of Total Phenolic Content and Phenolic Compounds and Their Contribution to Antioxidant Activity. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27248791. [PMID: 36557924 PMCID: PMC9780846 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last decade there has been growing interest in the formulation of new cosmetic, food and pharmaceutical products containing natural compounds with antioxidant activity and other beneficial properties. Aromatic and medicinal plants have always been the major source of bioactive compounds, especially, wild thyme (Thymbra capitata L.), which has been used since ancient times for its valuable health benefits that could be attributed to the richness of polyphenolic compounds. This study was undertaken with the following aims: to estimate the total polyphenolic content (TPC); to evaluate the antioxidant activity; to identify and quantify the phenolic compounds of post-distilled residues of Tunisian thyme, and their contribution to the antioxidant activity. The TPC, as determined by the Folin−Ciocalteu method, was found to reach the values of 126.7 and 107.84 mg gallic acid equivalent/g plant dry weight (mg GAE/g PDW). The antioxidant activity, which is assessed by DPPH and FRAP assays, reached the values of 42.97−45.64 μg/mL and 42.22−50.21 mMFe2+/mg PDW, respectively. HPLC analysis revealed the presence of fourteen polyphenolic compounds, of which diosmin and rosmarinic acid were found to be the most abundant (24.26 to 33.80 and 22.0.1 to 26.29 mg/g PDW, respectively). An important correlation was found between the antioxidant activity and several identified phenolic compounds (p < 0.05). The findings revealed that thyme post-distilled residues have an effective natural antioxidant potential due to their high concentration of bioactive molecules, and they appear to be useful in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries, with beneficial effects on human health. Therefore, supplementing a balanced diet with herbs may have beneficial health effects.
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Protective Effects of Carnosol on Renal Interstitial Fibrosis in a Murine Model of Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122341. [PMID: 36552549 PMCID: PMC9774539 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is a common feature of chronic kidney disease and is a promising therapeutic target. However, there is still limited treatment for renal fibrosis, so the development of new anti-fibrotic agents is urgently needed. Accumulating evidence suggest that oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress play a critical role in renal fibrosis. Carnosol (CS) is a bioactive diterpene compound present in rosemary plants and has potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we investigated the potential effects of CS on renal injury and fibrosis in a murine model of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). Male C57BL/6J mice underwent sham or UUO surgery and received intraperitoneal injections of CS (50 mg/kg) daily for 8 consecutive days. CS improved renal function and ameliorated renal tubular injury and interstitial fibrosis in UUO mice. It suppressed oxidative injury by inhibiting pro-oxidant enzymes and activating antioxidant enzymes. Activation of ER stress was also attenuated by CS. In addition, CS inhibited apoptotic and necroptotic cell death in kidneys of UUO mice. Furthermore, cytokine production and immune cell infiltration were alleviated by CS. Taken together, these findings indicate that CS can attenuate renal injury and fibrosis in the UUO model.
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Chaitanya MVNL, Ramanunny AK, Babu MR, Gulati M, Vishwas S, Singh TG, Chellappan DK, Adams J, Dua K, Singh SK. Journey of Rosmarinic Acid as Biomedicine to Nano-Biomedicine for Treating Cancer: Current Strategies and Future Perspectives. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2401. [PMID: 36365218 PMCID: PMC9696899 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a polyphenolic metabolite found in various culinary, dietary sources, and medicinal plants like Coleus scutellarioides (Linn) Benth., Lavandula angustifolia Linn., Mellisa officinalis Linn., Origanum vulgare Linn., Rosmarinus officinalis Linn., Zataria multiflora Boiss. and Zhumeria majdae Rech. F. Apart from its dietary and therapeutic values, RA is an important anticancer phytochemical owing to its multi-targeting anticancer mechanism. These properties provide a scope for RA's therapeutic uses beyond its traditional use as a dietary source. However, its oral bioavailability is limited due to its poor solubility and permeability. This impedes its efficacy in treating cancer. Indeed, in recent years, tremendous efforts have been put towards the development of nanoformulations of RA for treating cancer. However, this research is in its initial stage as bringing a nanoparticle into the market itself is associated with many issues such as stability, toxicity, and scale-up issues. Considering these pitfalls during formulation development and overcoming them would surely provide a new face to RA as a nanomedicine to treat cancer. A literature search was conducted to systematically review the various biological sources, extraction techniques, and anticancer mechanisms through which RA showed multiple therapeutic effects. Various nanocarriers of RA pertaining to its anticancer activity are also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Malakapogu Ravindra Babu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Monica Gulati
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Sukriti Vishwas
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Thakur Gurjeet Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Jon Adams
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
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Untargeted Metabolomics by Using UHPLC–ESI–MS/MS of an Extract Obtained with Ethyl Lactate Green Solvent from Salvia rosmarinus. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9110327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salvia rosmarinus (Lamiaceae), previously known as Rosmarinus officinalis, is a plant cultivated worldwide, native to the Mediterranean region. Its leaves are traditionally used for cooking. This species possesses numerous biological activities, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective properties. These biological properties are due to the presence of phenolic compounds, including rosmarinic acid and phenolic diterpenoids, such as carnosic acid and carnosol. In this study, we investigated the chemical composition of a green extract obtained by maceration with ethyl lactate for the first time. Seventy-five compounds were tentatively identified by UHPLC–ESI–MS/MS, including six organic acids, six cinnamic acid derivatives, five fatty acids, eighteen flavonoids, and thirty-eight terpenoids. Thus, abietane-type diterpenoids from the ethyl lactate extract were the predominant diterpenoids in the Chilean S. rosmarinus species, in contrast to the Chinese species, in which labdane and isopimarane-type diterpenoids were found for the first time. Finally, our study confirms that the extraction of S. rosmarinus with green ethyl lactate as a solvent is efficient and sustainable for the identification of flavonoids, phenols, and terpenoids from leaves.
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Eco-Friendly Solution Based on Rosmarinus officinalis Hydro-Alcoholic Extract to Prevent Biodeterioration of Cultural Heritage Objects and Buildings. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911463. [PMID: 36232763 PMCID: PMC9569761 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodeterioration of cultural heritage is caused by different organisms capable of inducing complex alteration processes. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of Rosmarinus officinalis hydro-alcoholic extract to inhibit the growth of deteriogenic microbial strains. For this, the physico-chemical characterization of the vegetal extract by UHPLC–MS/MS, its antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity on a representative number of biodeteriogenic microbial strains, as well as the antioxidant activity determined by DPPH, CUPRAC, FRAP, TEAC methods, were performed. The extract had a total phenol content of 15.62 ± 0.97 mg GAE/mL of which approximately 8.53% were flavonoids. The polyphenolic profile included carnosic acid, carnosol, rosmarinic acid and hesperidin as major components. The extract exhibited good and wide spectrum antimicrobial activity, with low MIC (minimal inhibitory concentration) values against fungal strains such as Aspergillus clavatus (MIC = 1.2 mg/mL) and bacterial strains such as Arthrobacter globiformis (MIC = 0.78 mg/mL) or Bacillus cereus (MIC = 1.56 mg/mL). The rosemary extract inhibited the adherence capacity to the inert substrate of Penicillium chrysogenum strains isolated from wooden objects or textiles and B. thuringiensis strains. A potential mechanism of R. officinalis antimicrobial activity could be represented by the release of nitric oxide (NO), a universal signalling molecule for stress management. Moreover, the treatment of microbial cultures with subinhibitory concentrations has modulated the production of microbial enzymes and organic acids involved in biodeterioration, with the effect depending on the studied microbial strain, isolation source and the tested soluble factor. This paper reports for the first time the potential of R. officinalis hydro-alcoholic extract for the development of eco-friendly solutions dedicated to the conservation/safeguarding of tangible cultural heritage.
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Cytotoxic Effect of Rosmarinus officinalis Extract on Glioblastoma and Rhabdomyosarcoma Cell Lines. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196348. [PMID: 36234882 PMCID: PMC9573533 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rosmarinus officinalis is a well-studied plant, known for its therapeutic properties. However, its biological activity against several diseases is not known in detail. The aim of this study is to present new data regarding the cytotoxic activity of a hydroethanolic extract of Rosmarinus officinalis on glioblastoma (A172) and rhabdomyosarcoma (TE671) cancer cell lines. The chemical composition of the extract is evaluated using liquid chromatography combined with time-of-flight mass spectrometry, alongside its total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. The extract showed a promising time- and dose-dependent cytotoxic activity against both cell lines. The lowest IC50 values for both cell lines were calculated at 72 h after treatment and correspond to 0.249 ± 1.09 mg/mL for TE671 cell line and 0.577 ± 0.98 mg/mL for A172 cell line. The extract presented high phenolic content, equal to 35.65 ± 0.03 mg GAE/g of dry material as well as a strong antioxidant activity. The IC50 values for the antioxidant assays were estimated at 12.8 ± 2.7 μg/mL (DPPH assay) and 6.98 ± 1.9 μg/mL (ABTS assay). The compound detected in abundance was carnosol, a phenolic diterpene, followed by the polyphenol rosmarinic acid, while the presence of phenolic compounds such as rhamnetin glucoside, hesperidin, cirsimaritin was notable. These preliminary results suggest that R. officinalis is a potential, alternative source of bioactive compounds to further examine for abilities against glioblastoma and rhabdomyosarcoma.
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Natural Compounds for SIRT1-Mediated Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation in Stroke: A Potential Therapeutic Target in the Future. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:1949718. [PMID: 36105479 PMCID: PMC9467755 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1949718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a fatal cerebral vascular disease with a high mortality rate and substantial economic and social costs. ROS production and neuroinflammation have been implicated in both hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke and have the most critical effects on subsequent brain injury. SIRT1, a member of the sirtuin family, plays a crucial role in modulating a wide range of physiological processes, including apoptosis, DNA repair, inflammatory response, and oxidative stress. Targeting SIRT1 to reduce ROS and neuroinflammation might represent an emerging therapeutic target for stroke. Therefore, we conducted the present review to summarize the mechanisms of SIRT1-mediated oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in stroke. In addition, we provide a comprehensive introduction to the effect of compounds and natural drugs on SIRT1 signaling related to oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in stroke. We believe that our work will be helpful to further understand the critical role of the SIRT1 signaling pathway and will provide novel therapeutic potential for stroke treatment.
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15
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Beyond aroma: A review on advanced extraction processes from rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) and sage (Salvia officinalis) to produce phenolic acids and diterpenes. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Lim Ah Tock M, Combrinck S, Kamatou G, Chen W, Van Vuuren S, Viljoen A. Antibacterial Screening, Biochemometric and Bioautographic Evaluation of the Non-Volatile Bioactive Components of Three Indigenous South African Salvia Species. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11070901. [PMID: 35884155 PMCID: PMC9312202 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11070901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Salvia africana-lutea L., S. lanceolata L., and S. chamelaeagnea L. are used in South Africa as traditional medicines to treat infections. This paper describes an in-depth investigation into their antibacterial activities to identify bioactive compounds. Methanol extracts from 81 samples were screened against seven bacterial pathogens, using the microdilution assay. Biochemometric models were constructed using data derived from minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry data. Active molecules in selected extracts were tentatively identified using high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC), combined with bioautography, and finally, by analysis of active zone eluates by mass spectrometry (MS) via a dedicated interface. Salvia chamelaeagnea displayed notable activity towards all seven pathogens, and the activity, reflected by MICs, was superior to that of the other two species, as confirmed through ANOVA. Biochemometric models highlighted potentially bioactive compounds, including rosmanol methyl ether, epiisorosmanol methyl ether and carnosic acid. Bioautography assays revealed inhibition zones against A. baumannii, an increasingly multidrug-resistant pathogen. Mass spectral data of the eluted zones correlated to those revealed through biochemometric analysis. The study demonstrates the application of a biochemometric approach, bioautography, and direct MS analysis as useful tools for the rapid identification of bioactive constituents in plant extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Lim Ah Tock
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (M.L.A.T.); (S.C.); (G.K.); (W.C.)
| | - Sandra Combrinck
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (M.L.A.T.); (S.C.); (G.K.); (W.C.)
| | - Guy Kamatou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (M.L.A.T.); (S.C.); (G.K.); (W.C.)
| | - Weiyang Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (M.L.A.T.); (S.C.); (G.K.); (W.C.)
| | - Sandy Van Vuuren
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa;
| | - Alvaro Viljoen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (M.L.A.T.); (S.C.); (G.K.); (W.C.)
- SAMRC Herbal Drugs Research Unit, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- Correspondence:
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Wei P, Zhang C, Bian X, Lu W. Metabolic Engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for Heterologous Carnosic Acid Production. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:916605. [PMID: 35721856 PMCID: PMC9201568 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.916605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Carnosic acid (CA), a phenolic tricyclic diterpene, has many biological effects, including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiobesity, and antidiabetic activities. In this study, an efficient biosynthetic pathway was constructed to produce CA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. First, the CA precursor miltiradiene was synthesized, after which the CA production strain was constructed by integrating the genes encoding cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s) and cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) SmCPR. The CA titer was further increased by the coexpression of CYP76AH1 and SmCPR ∼t28SpCytb5 fusion proteins and the overexpression of different catalases to detoxify the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Finally, engineering of the endoplasmic reticulum and cofactor supply increased the CA titer to 24.65 mg/L in shake flasks and 75.18 mg/L in 5 L fed-batch fermentation. This study demonstrates that the ability of engineered yeast cells to synthesize CA can be improved through metabolic engineering and synthetic biology strategies, providing a theoretical basis for microbial synthesis of other diterpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Wei
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chuanbo Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xueke Bian
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenyu Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Wenyu Lu,
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Cedeño-Pinos C, Martínez-Tomé M, Mercatante D, Rodríguez-Estrada MT, Bañón S. Assessment of a Diterpene-Rich Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) Extract as a Natural Antioxidant for Salmon Pâté Formulated with Linseed. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11061057. [PMID: 35739954 PMCID: PMC9219763 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of natural plant extracts with standardised antioxidant properties is a growing strategy to stabilise food products. The use of a rosemary lipophilic extract (RLE), obtained from the by-product of high-yield selected plants and rich in polyphenols (334 mg/g, with diterpenes such as carnosic acid and carnosol as main compounds), is here proposed. Four RLE doses (0, 0.21, 0.42 and 0.63 g/kg) were tested in a salmon pâté formulated with sunflower oil and linseed, which was pasteurised (70 °C for 30 min) and subjected to storage at 4 °C and 600 lux for 42 days. Rosemary diterpenes resisted pasteurisation without degrading and showed antioxidant activities during the shelf-life of pasteurised pâté. RLE addition led to increased peroxide value (from 3.9 to 5.4 meq O2/kg), but inhibited formation of secondary oxidised lipids such as malondialdehyde (from 1.55 to 0.89 mg/g) and cholesterol oxidation products (from 286 to 102 µg/100 g) and avoided discolouration (slight brownness) in the refrigerated pâté. However, this did not entail relevant changes in fatty acid content or in the abundance of volatile organic compounds from oxidised lipids. Increasing the RLE dose only improved its antioxidant efficacy for some oxidation indexes. Thus, the oxidative deterioration of these types of fish emulsion can be naturally controlled with rosemary extracts rich in diterpenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Cedeño-Pinos
- Department of Food Technology and Science and Nutrition, Veterinary Faculty, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (C.C.-P.); (M.M.-T.)
| | - Magdalena Martínez-Tomé
- Department of Food Technology and Science and Nutrition, Veterinary Faculty, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (C.C.-P.); (M.M.-T.)
- CIBER: CB12/03/30038 Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition, CIBERobn, Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), 28013 Madrid, Spain
| | - Dario Mercatante
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (D.M.); (M.T.R.-E.)
| | - María Teresa Rodríguez-Estrada
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (D.M.); (M.T.R.-E.)
| | - Sancho Bañón
- Department of Food Technology and Science and Nutrition, Veterinary Faculty, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (C.C.-P.); (M.M.-T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-868-888-265
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Nagy MM, Wang S, Farag MA. Quality analysis and authentication of nutraceuticals using near IR (NIR) spectroscopy: A comprehensive review of novel trends and applications. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Phytocompounds as an Alternative Antimicrobial Approach in Aquaculture. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11040469. [PMID: 35453220 PMCID: PMC9031819 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11040469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite culturing the fastest-growing animal in animal husbandry, fish farmers are often adversely economically affected by pathogenic disease outbreaks across the world. Although there are available solutions such as the application of antibiotics to mitigate this phenomenon, the excessive and injudicious use of antibiotics has brought with it major concerns to the community at large, mainly due to the rapid development of resistant bacteria. At present, the use of natural compounds such as phytocompounds that can be an alternative to antibiotics is being explored to address the issue of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). These phytocompounds are bioactive agents that can be found in many species of plants and hold much potential. In this review, we will discuss phytocompounds extracted from plants that have been evidenced to contain antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral and antiparasitic activities. Further, it has also been found that compounds such as terpenes, phenolics, saponins and alkaloids can be beneficial to the aquaculture industry when applied. This review will focus mainly on compounds that have been identified between 2000 and 2021. It is hoped this review will shed light on promising phytocompounds that can potentially and effectively mitigate AMR.
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Carnosol attenuates bleomycin-induced lung damage via suppressing fibrosis, oxidative stress and inflammation in rats. Life Sci 2021; 287:120059. [PMID: 34728227 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Bleomycin, an important toxic anti-cancer agent, induces pulmonary fibrosis. The significance of oxidative stress and inflammation in promoting of bleomycin-induced idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) has been reported. Thus, we evaluated the protective effects of carnosol as a robust natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent for bleomycin-related IPF in rats. MAIN METHODS Male Wistar rats (n = 40) were randomly assigned to five groups. Group 1 was administrated with saline (intratracheally) on day 7 and oral gavage of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, 0.05%) from day 1 to day 28. Group 2 received a single dose of bleomycin (intratracheally, 7.5 UI/kg) on day 7 and oral gavage of saline for 28 days. Groups 3, 4 and 5 were administrated with bleomycin (single dose) on day 7, along with oral administration of carnosol (at doses 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg, respectively) from day 1 to day 28. The lungs were isolated to measure the histopathological and biochemical and inflammatory markers. KEY FINDINGS Carnosol treatment significantly reduced malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, protein carbonyl, tumor necrosis factor- α, interleukin-6 levels and myeloperoxidase activity in the lungs of rats exposed to bleomycin. Also, lung glutathione content, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities significantly increased in the carnosol/bleomycin-treated group than the bleomycin group. Lung index, hydroxyproline content, fibrosis and histopathological changes, also significantly decreased by carnosol therapy. SIGNIFICANCE Treatment with carnosol can modulate biochemical and histological alterations caused by bleomycin. Thus, it can be regarded as an appropriate therapeutic approach for IPF.
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22
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Hcini K, Lozano-Pérez AA, Luis Cenis J, Quílez M, José Jordán M. Extraction and Encapsulation of Phenolic Compounds of Tunisian Rosemary ( Rosmarinus officinalis L.) Extracts in Silk Fibroin Nanoparticles. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10112312. [PMID: 34834676 PMCID: PMC8618009 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) is known to be an effective potential source of natural antioxidants which confer benefits to human health. Their bioactive properties are mainly due to phenolic compounds but these molecules are highly vulnerable to oxidants, light, heat, pH, water and enzymatic activities. Therefore, the stability and shelf life of phenolic compounds should be increased by being protected from chemical and physical damage by means of encapsulation prior to application. Encapsulation is becoming increasingly important in the pharmaceutical, food, cosmetics, textile, personal care, chemical, biotechnology, and medicinal industries due to its potential for stabilization and delivery of delicate and precious bioactive compounds. The aim of the present work was to describe the polyphenolic profile of Tunisian Rosemary, collected from two different bioclimatic areas, and further loading in silk fibroin nanoparticles. The loaded nanoparticles were characterized in terms of morphology, size, polydispersity, Z-potential, secondary structure of the protein, encapsulation efficiency, loading content, and antioxidant activity. On one hand, HPLC analysis revealed the presence of 18 polyphenolic compounds of whichcarnosic acid and carnosol were found to be the most abundant compounds (46.3 to 76.4 and 22.4 to 43.5 mg of compound per gram of dry plant weight (mg/g DPW) respectively), Total phenolic content (TPC) ranged from 85.8 to 137.3 mg of gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g DPW in post-distilled rosemary extracts andantioxidant activity reached the values of 5.9 to 8.3 µmol of ascorbic acid equivalent (AAE)/g DPW). On the other hand loaded nanoparticles were almost spherical and presented nanometric size and negative Z-potential. Although the encapsulation efficiency in silk fibroin nanoparticles and the drug loading content were low in the conditions of the assay, the encapsulated polyphenols retained near 85% of the radical scavenging activity against DPPH· after 24 h. of incubation at 37 °C. The results showed that post-distilled rosemary residues had an effective potential as natural antioxidants due to their significant antioxidant activity and seemed to be useful in both pharmaceutical and food industries with beneficial properties that might confer benefits to human health and these silk fibroin nanoparticles loaded with rosemary extracts are thus a promising combination for several applications in food technology or nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kheiria Hcini
- Biodiversity, Biotechnology and Climate Change Laboratory (LR11ES09), Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, University Campus Sidi Ahmed Zarroug, University of Gafsa, Gafsa 2112, Tunisia
- Correspondence:
| | - Antonio A. Lozano-Pérez
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Genómica y Mejora Vegetal, Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Medioambiental (IMIDA), La Alberca, 30150 Murcia, Spain; (A.A.L.-P.); (J.L.C.)
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB)-Arrixaca, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - José Luis Cenis
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Genómica y Mejora Vegetal, Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Medioambiental (IMIDA), La Alberca, 30150 Murcia, Spain; (A.A.L.-P.); (J.L.C.)
| | - María Quílez
- Departamento de Desarrollo Rural, Enología y Agricultura Sostenible, Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Medioambiental (IMIDA), La Alberca, 30150 Murcia, Spain; (M.Q.); (M.J.J.)
| | - Maria José Jordán
- Departamento de Desarrollo Rural, Enología y Agricultura Sostenible, Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Medioambiental (IMIDA), La Alberca, 30150 Murcia, Spain; (M.Q.); (M.J.J.)
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Villegas-Sánchez E, Macías-Alonso M, Osegueda-Robles S, Herrera-Isidrón L, Nuñez-Palenius H, González-Marrero J. In Vitro Culture of Rosmarinus officinalis L. in a Temporary Immersion System: Influence of Two Phytohormones on Plant Growth and Carnosol Production. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14080747. [PMID: 34451844 PMCID: PMC8398425 DOI: 10.3390/ph14080747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases have become a major global problem with public health and economic consequences. It is an urgent need to develop new anti-infective therapies. The natural diterpene carnosol exhibit a wide variety of interesting antibacterial and antiviral properties, and it is considered a theoretical inhibitor of COVID-19 Mpro. However, this compound is present in the family Lamiaceae in low quantities. To obtain carnosol in concentrations high enough to develop pharmacological studies, we evaluated the efficiency of a micropropagation protocol of Rosmarinus officinalis using a solid medium and a temporary immersion system (TIS), as well as the effect of 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BAP) and α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) on the growth of shoots. Moreover, we developed and validated an analytical method to quantify carnosol using the H-point standard additions method in the high-performance liquid chromatography diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). After 30 days of culture, TIS produced the maximum number of shoots per explant (24.33 ± 1.15) on a liquid medium supplemented with 6-BAP at 5.0 mg L−1. Next, we also evaluated the effect of immersion time and frequency for TIS. After 72 days of culture, the best results were obtained with an immersion cycle of 1 min every 12 h, yielding 170.33 ± 29.40 shoots. The quantification of carnosol on the samples was performed at a flow rate of 1.2 mL min−1 using binary isocratic mobile phase system 60:40 (v/v) 10 mM formic acid (pH 3.0) (A) and acetonitrile (B) on a reverse-phase column. The content of carnosol in the in vitro cultures was around 8-fold higher than in the wild plant. The present study represents an efficient alternative method to obtain carnosol for its pre-clinical and clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eder Villegas-Sánchez
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, UPIIG, Av. Mineral de Valenciana, No. 200, Col. Fracc, Industrial Puerto Interior, Silao 36275, Mexico; (E.V.-S.); (M.M.-A.); (S.O.-R.); (L.H.-I.)
| | - Mariana Macías-Alonso
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, UPIIG, Av. Mineral de Valenciana, No. 200, Col. Fracc, Industrial Puerto Interior, Silao 36275, Mexico; (E.V.-S.); (M.M.-A.); (S.O.-R.); (L.H.-I.)
| | - Soraya Osegueda-Robles
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, UPIIG, Av. Mineral de Valenciana, No. 200, Col. Fracc, Industrial Puerto Interior, Silao 36275, Mexico; (E.V.-S.); (M.M.-A.); (S.O.-R.); (L.H.-I.)
| | - Lisset Herrera-Isidrón
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, UPIIG, Av. Mineral de Valenciana, No. 200, Col. Fracc, Industrial Puerto Interior, Silao 36275, Mexico; (E.V.-S.); (M.M.-A.); (S.O.-R.); (L.H.-I.)
| | - Hector Nuñez-Palenius
- División de Ciencias de la Vida, Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Universidad de Guanajuato, Ex-Hacienda El Copal. Km. 9 Carr. Irapuato-Silao, Irapuato 36824, Mexico;
| | - Joaquín González-Marrero
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, UPIIG, Av. Mineral de Valenciana, No. 200, Col. Fracc, Industrial Puerto Interior, Silao 36275, Mexico; (E.V.-S.); (M.M.-A.); (S.O.-R.); (L.H.-I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-55-5729-6000
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Zheng H, Li J, Ning F, Wijaya W, Chen Y, Xiao J, Cao Y, Huang Q. Improving in vitro bioaccessibility and bioactivity of carnosic acid using a lecithin-based nanoemulsion system. Food Funct 2021; 12:1558-1568. [PMID: 33459742 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02636k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
As a phenolic terpenoid, carnosic acid (CA) mainly exists in rosemary, which can be effectively used for the treatment of degenerative and chronic diseases by taking advantage of its health-promoting bioactivities. However, the low solubility and dissolution of CA in aqueous solutions at ambient and body temperatures result in low stability and bioaccessibility during the digestion process, which limits its application scope in the functional foods industry. In this regard, a lecithin based nanoemulsion system (CA-NE) is employed in the present work to enhance the bioaccessibility and bioactivities of CA. It is revealed that the CA-NE under investigation exhibits high loading capacity (2.80 ± 0.15%), small particle size (172.0 ± 3.5 nm) with homogeneous particle distribution (polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.231± 0.025) and high repulsive force (zeta potential = -57.2 ± 0.24 mV). More importantly, the bioaccessibility of CA-NE is improved by 2.8-fold compared to that of CA in MCT oil. In addition, the cellular antioxidant assay (CAA) and cellular uptake study of the CA-NE in HepG2 cell models demonstrate a longer endocytosis process, suggesting the well-controlled release of CA from CA-NE. Furthermore, an improved anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated via the inhibition of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide (NO) and TNF-α production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. The results clearly demonstrated a promising application of CA-NE as a functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Zheng
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA.
| | - Jun Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, P.R. China
| | - Fangjian Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, College of Food Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, P. R. China
| | - Wahyu Wijaya
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads Building 221, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Yunjiao Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, P.R. China
| | - Jie Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, P.R. China
| | - Yong Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, P.R. China
| | - Qingrong Huang
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA.
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Efficacy of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) powder and extracts in the protection of refined and stripped hazelnut oil. RENDICONTI LINCEI. SCIENZE FISICHE E NATURALI 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12210-021-01002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Hu Z, Liu X, Tian M, Ma Y, Jin B, Gao W, Cui G, Guo J, Huang L. Recent progress and new perspectives for diterpenoid biosynthesis in medicinal plants. Med Res Rev 2021; 41:2971-2997. [PMID: 33938025 DOI: 10.1002/med.21816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Diterpenoids, including more than 18,000 compounds, represent an important class of metabolites that encompass both phytohormones and some industrially relevant compounds. These molecules with complex, diverse structures and physiological activities, have high value in the pharmaceutical industry. Most medicinal diterpenoids are extracted from plants. Major advances in understanding the biosynthetic pathways of these active compounds are providing unprecedented opportunities for the industrial production of diterpenoids by metabolic engineering and synthetic biology. Here, we summarize recent developments in the field of diterpenoid biosynthesis from medicinal herbs. An overview of the pathways and known biosynthetic enzymes is presented. In particular, we look at the main findings from the past decade and review recent progress in the biosynthesis of different groups of ringed compounds. We also discuss diterpenoid production using synthetic biology and metabolic engineering strategies, and draw on new technologies and discoveries to bring together many components into a useful framework for diterpenoid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Mei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baolong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical, Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guanghong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Antioxidant and anticholinesterase effects of rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus) extract: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aimed.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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28
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Promising Preserving Agents from Sage and Basil: A Case Study with Yogurts. Foods 2021; 10:foods10030676. [PMID: 33810113 PMCID: PMC8004741 DOI: 10.3390/foods10030676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present work, sage (Salvia officinalis L.) and basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) were exploited for their preservative purposes, as viable alternatives to artificial ones. The ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of bioactive compounds was pre-optimized using factorial screening analysis, prior to applying response surface methodology (RSM). The obtained extracts were characterized in terms of phenolic compounds by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to photodiode array detector and mass spectrometer HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS and bioactivities, namely the antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic potential. In addition, the most promising extracts were incorporated into yogurts, that were further screened for nutritional and physico-chemical properties and microbial load, over a shelf life of 14 days. According to the obtained results, the solvent percentage is the most relevant factor for obtaining rosmarinic acid-rich extract, followed by the extraction time and ultrasonic power. For the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, sage showed the best result for both analysis and none of the two plant extracts were hepatotoxic. Finally, both extracts did not show changes in the physicochemical and nutritional characteristics of the yogurts and did not interfere with the growth of lactic acid bacteria, an important microorganism during yogurt fermentation. These results highlight the high potential of sage and basil as natural preservatives.
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Morlock GE, Heil J, Bardot V, Lenoir L, Cotte C, Dubourdeaux M. Effect-Directed Profiling of 17 Different Fortified Plant Extracts by High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography Combined with Six Planar Assays and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2021; 26:1468. [PMID: 33800407 PMCID: PMC7962818 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
An effect-directed profiling method was developed to investigate 17 different fortified plant extracts for potential benefits. Six planar effect-directed assays were piezoelectrically sprayed on the samples separated side-by-side by high-performance thin-layer chromatography. Multipotent compounds with antibacterial, α-glucosidase, β-glucosidase, AChE, tyrosinase and/or β-glucuronidase-inhibiting effects were detected in most fortified plant extracts. A comparatively high level of antimicrobial activity was observed for Eleutherococcus, hops, grape pomace, passiflora, rosemary and Eschscholzia. Except in red vine, black radish and horse tail, strong enzyme inhibiting compounds were also detected. Most plants with anti-α-glucosidase activity also inhibited β-glucosidase. Green tea, lemon balm and rosemary were identified as multipotent plants. Their multipotent compound zones were characterized by high-resolution mass spectrometry to be catechins, rosmarinic acid, chlorogenic acid and gallic acid. The results pointed to antibacterial and enzymatic effects that were not yet known for plants such as Eleutherococcus and for compounds such as cynaratriol and caffeine. The nontarget effect-directed profiling with multi-imaging is of high benefit for routine inspections, as it provides comprehensive information on the quality and safety of the plant extracts with respect to the global production chain. In this study, it not only confirmed what was expected, but also identified multipotent plants and compounds, and revealed new bioactivity effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gertrud E. Morlock
- TransMIT Center for Effect-Directed Analysis, and Chair of Food Science, Institute of Nutritional Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26–32, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Julia Heil
- TransMIT Center for Effect-Directed Analysis, and Chair of Food Science, Institute of Nutritional Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26–32, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Valérie Bardot
- PiLeJe Industrie, Naturopôle Nutrition Santé, Les Tiolans, 03800 Saint-Bonnet-de-Rochefort, France; (V.B.); (L.L.); (C.C.); (M.D.)
| | - Loïc Lenoir
- PiLeJe Industrie, Naturopôle Nutrition Santé, Les Tiolans, 03800 Saint-Bonnet-de-Rochefort, France; (V.B.); (L.L.); (C.C.); (M.D.)
| | - César Cotte
- PiLeJe Industrie, Naturopôle Nutrition Santé, Les Tiolans, 03800 Saint-Bonnet-de-Rochefort, France; (V.B.); (L.L.); (C.C.); (M.D.)
| | - Michel Dubourdeaux
- PiLeJe Industrie, Naturopôle Nutrition Santé, Les Tiolans, 03800 Saint-Bonnet-de-Rochefort, France; (V.B.); (L.L.); (C.C.); (M.D.)
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30
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Wojeicchowski JP, Marques C, Igarashi-Mafra L, Coutinho JA, Mafra MR. Extraction of phenolic compounds from rosemary using choline chloride – based Deep Eutectic Solvents. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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31
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Chassagne F, Samarakoon T, Porras G, Lyles JT, Dettweiler M, Marquez L, Salam AM, Shabih S, Farrokhi DR, Quave CL. A Systematic Review of Plants With Antibacterial Activities: A Taxonomic and Phylogenetic Perspective. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:586548. [PMID: 33488385 PMCID: PMC7821031 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.586548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Antimicrobial resistance represents a serious threat to human health across the globe. The cost of bringing a new antibiotic from discovery to market is high and return on investment is low. Furthermore, the development of new antibiotics has slowed dramatically since the 1950s’ golden age of discovery. Plants produce a variety of bioactive secondary metabolites that could be used to fuel the future discovery pipeline. While many studies have focused on specific aspects of plants and plant natural products with antibacterial properties, a comprehensive review of the antibacterial potential of plants has never before been attempted. Objectives: This systematic review aims to evaluate reports on plants with significant antibacterial activities. Methods: Following the PRISMA model, we searched three electronic databases: Web of Science, PubMed and SciFinder by using specific keywords: “plant,” “antibacterial,” “inhibitory concentration.” Results: We identified a total of 6,083 articles published between 1946 and 2019 and then reviewed 66% of these (4,024) focusing on articles published between 2012 and 2019. A rigorous selection process was implemented using clear inclusion and exclusion criteria, yielding data on 958 plant species derived from 483 scientific articles. Antibacterial activity is found in 51 of 79 vascular plant orders throughout the phylogenetic tree. Most are reported within eudicots, with the bulk of species being asterids. Antibacterial activity is not prominent in monocotyledons. Phylogenetic distribution strongly supports the concept of chemical evolution across plant clades, especially in more derived eudicot families. The Lamiaceae, Fabaceae and Asteraceae were the most represented plant families, while Cinnamomum verum, Rosmarinus vulgaris and Thymus vulgaris were the most studied species. South Africa was the most represented site of plant collection. Crude extraction in methanol was the most represented type of extraction and leaves were the main plant tissue investigated. Finally, Staphylococcus aureus was the most targeted pathogenic bacteria in these studies. We closely examine 70 prominent medicinal plant species from the 15 families most studied in the literature. Conclusion: This review depicts the current state of knowledge regarding antibacterials from plants and provides powerful recommendations for future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Chassagne
- Center for the Study of Human Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | - Gina Porras
- Center for the Study of Human Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - James T Lyles
- Center for the Study of Human Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Micah Dettweiler
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Lewis Marquez
- Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Akram M Salam
- Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Sarah Shabih
- Center for the Study of Human Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | - Cassandra L Quave
- Center for the Study of Human Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Emory University Herbarium, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Dermatology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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32
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Assessment of Rosemary ( Rosmarinus officinalis L.) Extract as Antioxidant in Jelly Candies Made with Fructan Fibres and Stevia. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9121289. [PMID: 33339389 PMCID: PMC7767232 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Enrichment with rosemary antioxidants is proposed as a possible strategy to obtain healthier jelly candies. Two aqueous rosemary extracts (RE) containing 73.9 (RE74) and 145.6 (RE146) mg polyphenols per g fresh weight were assessed as antioxidants in jelly candies based on fructooligosaccharides, inulin and stevia. Up to 15 phenolic acids, flavonoids and diterpenes were determined in the extracts, with rosmarinic acid as the main active compound. Sensory tolerance, physical properties, rosmarinic acid recovery, polyphenol content, and antioxidant capacity were determined in jelly candies. The threshold of sensory detection was established at 0.26 g RE146/kg of raw candy, below which rosemary off-flavours were avoided without altering pH, brix, texture, CIELab colour, and consumer acceptance. Adding 0.26 g RE146 per kg increased (p < 0.001) polyphenol content from 197 to 411 µg GAE/g and the antioxidant capacity from 1.77 to 4.14 μmol Trolox/g. Rosemary polyphenols resulted in being resistant to cooking, acted as secondary antioxidants and showed good interaction with the other jelly ingredients. Aqueous extracts from rosemary distillation by-products can be incorporated at acceptable levels to jelly candy formulations leading to higher oxidative stability and an increased content of dietary polyphenols.
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33
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Cheng J, Xu T, Xun C, Guo H, Cao R, Gao S, Sheng W. Carnosic acid protects against ferroptosis in PC12 cells exposed to erastin through activation of Nrf2 pathway. Life Sci 2020; 266:118905. [PMID: 33333051 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Ferroptosis is involved in the pathogenesis of spinal cord injury (SCI). Carnosic acid (CA) is a natural phenolic diterpene, which possesses diversiform activities. However, whether the protective effect of CA on SCI is partly due to inhibition of ferroptosis was seldom investigated. Therefore, the objective of this study aimed to investigate the role of CA on ferroptosis in PC12 cells and the underlying mechanisms. MAIN METHODS Cell viability, malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, glutathione (GSH) levels, and iron levels were detected to identify the construction of ferroptosis model in PC12 cell induced by erastin. The safe concentrations of CA on PC12 cells were measured via cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assays. Then, cellular MDA contents, GSH levels, iron levels, reactive species (RS) generation, and mitochondrial morphology were tested to determine the influence of CA on ferroptosis in erastin-treated PC12 cells. In addition, Western blot and RT-qPCR were utilized to detecteddetect the ferroptosis-related genes and proteins expression levels. KEY FINDINGS Our study indicated that treatment with CA could reversed the increased MDA, iron, and RS levels, as well as the decreased GSH levels in erastin-treated PC12 cells. The protective effect of CA could be blocked by ML385. The inhibitory effect of CA on ferroptosis probably was partially governed by activation of Nrf2 to regulate the GSH synthesis and metabolism and cellular iron homeostasis. SIGNIFICANCE CA can inhibit ferroptosis in PC12 cells induced by erastin via activating Nrf2 pathway, indicating that CA could lead to neuroprotective effect by restraining the occurrence of ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cheng
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xinjiang Medical University Affiliated First Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xinjiang Medical University Affiliated First Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, China
| | - Chuanhui Xun
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xinjiang Medical University Affiliated First Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, China
| | - Hailong Guo
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xinjiang Medical University Affiliated First Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, China
| | - Rui Cao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xinjiang Medical University Affiliated First Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, China
| | - Shutao Gao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xinjiang Medical University Affiliated First Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, China
| | - Weibin Sheng
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xinjiang Medical University Affiliated First Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, China.
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Chen Y, Lu J, Li S, Zhang C, Yang Q, Hu B, Zhou C, Hong J, Jiang G, Yan S. Carnosol attenuates RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis in vitro and LPS-induced bone loss. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 89:106978. [PMID: 33039968 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Osteolysis is characterized by the imbalance of bone remodeling triggered by excessive activation of osteoclasts, which ultimately leads to pathological bone destruction. Diseases caused by overactive osteoclasts, such as osteolysis around the prosthesis, periodontitis and osteoporosis, are clinically common but lack effective treatment. Therefore, exploring regimens that could specifically impair the formation and function of osteoclasts has become a breakthrough in the treatment of these diseases. Carnosol is a natural phenolic diterpene with anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-tumor and antioxidant properties. In this study, we found that carnosol can impede RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis via modulating the activation of NF-κb and JNK signaling pathways in vitro. Additionally, we confirmed that carnosol could alleviate bone loss in amurine model of LPS-induced inflammatory bone erosion in vivo. Thence, these findings demonstrate that carnosol may be a potentially effective regent for the treatment of osteoclast-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhou Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, China; Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Jinwei Lu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, China; Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Sihao Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, China; Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Caihua Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, China; Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Quanming Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, China; Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, China; Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Chenhe Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, China; Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Jianqiao Hong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, China; Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Guangyao Jiang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, China; Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Shigui Yan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, China; Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, China.
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Babaei M, Borja Zamfir GM, Chen X, Christensen HB, Kristensen M, Nielsen J, Borodina I. Metabolic Engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for Rosmarinic Acid Production. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:1978-1988. [PMID: 32589831 PMCID: PMC8961883 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Rosmarinic acid is a hydroxycinnamic acid ester commonly found in the Boraginaceae and Lamiaceae plant families. It exhibits various biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiallergic, and antiviral properties. Rosmarinic acid is used as a food and cosmetic ingredient, and several pharmaceutical applications have been suggested as well. Rosmarinic acid is currently produced by extraction from plants or chemical synthesis; however, due to limited availability of the plant sources and the complexity of the chemical synthesis method, there is an increasing interest in producing this compound by microbial fermentation. In this study, we aimed to produce rosmarinic acid by engineered baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Multiple biosynthetic pathway variants, carrying only plant genes or a combination of plant and Escherichia coli genes, were implemented using a full factorial design of experiment. Through analysis of variances, the effect of each enzyme variant (factors), together with possible interactions between these factors, was assessed. The best pathway variant produced 2.95 ± 0.08 mg/L rosmarinic acid in mineral medium with glucose as the sole carbon source. Increasing the copy number of rosmarinic acid biosynthetic genes increased the titer to 5.93 ± 0.06 mg/L. The study shows the feasibility of producing rosmarinic acid by yeast fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Babaei
- The
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 220, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Gheorghe M. Borja Zamfir
- The
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 220, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Xiao Chen
- The
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 220, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Hanne Bjerre Christensen
- The
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 220, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mette Kristensen
- The
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 220, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jens Nielsen
- The
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 220, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Department
of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
- BioInnovation
Institute, Ole Måløes
Vej 3, 2200, Copenhagen
N, Denmark
| | - Irina Borodina
- The
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 220, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Wang Z, Zhao Y, Zhao H, Zhou J, Feng D, Tang F, Li Y, Lv L, Chen Z, Ma X, Tian X, Yao J. Inhibition of p66Shc Oxidative Signaling via CA-Induced Upregulation of miR-203a-3p Alleviates Liver Fibrosis Progression. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 21:751-763. [PMID: 32781430 PMCID: PMC7417942 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We previously found that inhibition of p66Shc confers protection against hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation during liver fibrosis. However, the effect of p66Shc on HSC proliferation, as well as the mechanism by which p66Shc is modulated, remains unknown. Here, we elucidated the effect of p66Shc on HSC proliferation and evaluated microRNA (miRNA)-p66Shc-mediated reactive oxidative species (ROS) generation in liver fibrosis. An in vivo model of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver fibrosis in rats and an LX-2 cell model were developed. p66Shc expression was significantly upregulated in rats with CCl4-induced liver fibrosis and in human fibrotic livers. Additionally, p66Shc knockdown in vitro attenuated mitochondrial ROS generation and HSC proliferation. Interestingly, p66Shc promoted HSC proliferation via β-catenin dephosphorylation in vitro. MicroRNA (miR)-203a-3p, which was identified by microarray and bioinformatics analyses, directly inhibited p66Shc translation and attenuated HSC proliferation in vitro. Importantly, p66Shc was found to play an indispensable role in the protective effect of miR-203a-3p. Furthermore, carnosic acid (CA), the major antioxidant compound extracted from rosemary leaves, protected against CCl4-induced liver fibrosis through the miR-203a-3p/p66Shc axis. Collectively, these results suggest that p66Shc, which is directly suppressed by miR-203a-3p, is a key regulator of liver fibrosis. This finding may lead to the development of therapeutic targets for liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhecheng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Huanyu Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Junjun Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Dongcheng Feng
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Fan Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Li Lv
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Zhao Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xiaodong Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Xiaofeng Tian
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Jihong Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
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Corveloni AC, Semprebon SC, Baranoski A, Biazi BI, Zanetti TA, Mantovani MS. Carnosic acid exhibits antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects in tumoral NCI-H460 and nontumoral IMR-90 lung cells. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2020; 83:412-421. [PMID: 32456600 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2020.1767741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Carnosic acid (CA) is a phenolic diterpene with many important biological activities including antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory properties, and anti-proliferative properties. The aim of the present study was to investigate cytotoxic activity, cell cycle, apoptotic, and molecular effects attributed to CA in non-tumoral IMR-90 (human fetal lung fibroblasts), as well as tumoral NCI-H460 (human non-small-cell lung cancer) cell lines. Cell proliferation was evaluated by Real-Time Cell Analysis system, while apoptosis and cell cycle were assessed using flow cytometry. RT-qPCR was used to estimate the relative expression of genes involved in cell cycle regulation, DNA damage and repair, and apoptosis induction. CA inhibited proliferation of IMR-90 and NCI-H460 cells via cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 and G2/M phases, according to the treatment concentration. The mRNA levels of genes encoding cyclins A2, B1, and B2 were downregulated in response to CA treatment of IMR-90 cells. Apoptosis was induced and proapoptotic gene PUMA was upregulated in both cell lines. mRNA levels of genes ATR, CCND1, CHK1, CHK2, MYC, GADD45A, H2AFX, MTOR, TP53, and BCL2, CASP3 were not markedly changed following CA treatments. Although CA exerted antiproliferative activity against NCI-H460 tumor cells, this phytochemical induced toxic effects in non-tumoral cells, and thus needs to be considered carefully prior to pharmacological use therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Cristina Corveloni
- Department of General Biology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University - UEL , Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Simone Cristine Semprebon
- Department of General Biology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University - UEL , Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Adrivanio Baranoski
- Department of General Biology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University - UEL , Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Bruna Isabela Biazi
- Department of General Biology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University - UEL , Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Thalita Alves Zanetti
- Department of General Biology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University - UEL , Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Mário Sérgio Mantovani
- Department of General Biology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University - UEL , Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
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Biofilm Eradication Activity of Herb and Spice Extracts Alone and in Combination Against Oral and Food-Borne Pathogenic Bacteria. Curr Microbiol 2020; 77:2486-2495. [PMID: 32394095 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-02017-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to select herbs and spices with potent biofilm eradication activities. Further, the combined effects of herb and spice extracts against pathogenic biofilms were evaluated. The biofilm eradication activities of ethanol extracts of 104 herbs and spices were measured by combining a colorimetric microbial viability assay with a biofilm formation technique. Ethanol extract of clove had potent biofilm eradication activities against Escherichia coli, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Streptococcus mutans. Ethanol extracts of eucalyptus and rosemary had potent biofilm eradication activities against P. gingivalis, Staphylococcus aureus and S. mutans. The combination of extracts of clove with eucalyptus or rosemary showed synergistic or additive effects, or both, on biofilm eradication activities. The main biofilm inhibitors in the ethanol extracts of clove, eucalyptus and rosemary were eugenol, macrocarpals and carnosic acid, respectively. The combinations of extracts of clove with eucalyptus or rosemary had potent biofilm eradication activities against oral and food-borne pathogenic bacteria. The findings of the present study reveal that specific combinations of herb and spice extracts may prevent and control biofilm-related oral diseases, food spoilage, and food poisoning.
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Carnosol inhibits inflammasome activation by directly targeting HSP90 to treat inflammasome-mediated diseases. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:252. [PMID: 32312957 PMCID: PMC7170921 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2460-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant activation of inflammasomes, a group of protein complexes, is pathogenic in a variety of metabolic and inflammation-related diseases. Here, we report that carnosol inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation by directly targeting heat-shock protein 90 (HSP90), which is essential for NLRP3 inflammasome activity, thereby treating inflammasome-mediated diseases. Our data demonstrate that carnosol inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation in primary mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), THP-1 cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMCs). Mechanistically, carnosol inhibits inflammasome activation by binding to HSP90 and then inhibiting its ATPase activity. In vivo, our results show that carnosol has remarkable therapeutic effects in mouse models of NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated diseases, including endotoxemia and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Our data also suggest that intraperitoneal administration of carnosol (120 mg/kg) once daily for two weeks is well tolerated in mice. Thus, our study reveals the inhibitory effect of carnosol on inflammasome activation and demonstrates that carnosol is a safe and effective candidate for the treatment of inflammasome-mediated diseases.
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Comparative study of rosemary extracts and several synthetic and natural food antioxidants. Relevance of carnosic acid/carnosol ratio. Food Chem 2020; 309:125688. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Cin B, Ciloglu NS, Omar S, Kaya Terzi N. Effect of Rosmarinic Acid and Alcohol on Fat Graft Survival in Rat Model. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2020; 44:177-185. [PMID: 31637505 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-019-01519-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autologous fat grafting is a common procedure performed for cosmetic and reconstructive purposes. Unpredictable graft survival is a major drawback, and a variety of improvements on technique such as using antioxidants have been reported to increase retention. The authors examined whether a natural rosemary plant extract known with antioxidant properties, rosmarinic acid, could improve the survival of the adipose tissue. METHODS Inguinal fat pads were harvested from 24 Sprague Dawley rats and implanted to the parascapular area. Rats were divided into three groups: rosmarinic acid and ethanol as solvent (RA), ethanol (E), and serum physiologic (C). These substances were administered intraperitoneally daily for 1 week and once a week for 7 weeks. Volume and weight measurements, blood specimens, weight and volume records, and histopathologic examinations were performed and analyzed. RESULTS The RA group demonstrated lower TOS, TGF-beta, TNF-alpha, and MDA values compared to E and C groups. TGF-beta increase was statistically insignificant, but TOS, TNF-alpha, MDA decrease was found statistically significant. Weight and volume losses were lower in the RA and E groups compared to the C group. The difference between the RA and E groups in terms of weight and volume loss was statistically insignificant. Histopathologically fat necrosis, inflammation, and fibrosis were less in the RA group compared to the E and C groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Rosmarinic acid increased the fat graft volume retained and decreased cyst formation and abscess formation in the rat model. Further studies can be undertaken to investigate rosmarinic acid's local application as a tumescent and safety in humans. NO LEVEL ASSIGNED This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each submission to which Evidence-Based Medicine rankings are applicable. This excludes Review Articles, Book Reviews, and manuscripts that concern Basic Science, Animal Studies, Cadaver Studies, and Experimental Studies. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baris Cin
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Haydarpasa Numune Research and Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
- Edirne Sultan 1. Murat Devlet Hastanesi Plastik, Rekonstrüktif ve Estetik Cerrahi Kliniği, Hadmağa Mevkii, Helvacısakaoğlu Sokak, 22030, Edirne Merkez, Edirne, Turkey.
| | - Nesibe Sinem Ciloglu
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Haydarpasa Numune Research and Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Shahruk Omar
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Haydarpasa Numune Research and Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Neslihan Kaya Terzi
- Department of Pathology, Sultan Abdulhamit Han Research and Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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Zheng H, Wijaya W, Zhang H, Feng K, Liu Q, Zheng T, Yin Z, Cao Y, Huang Q. Improving the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of carnosic acid using a lecithin-based nanoemulsion: complementary in vitro and in vivo studies. Food Funct 2020; 11:8141-8149. [DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01098g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Nanoemulsion with good physical stability can enhance the oral bioaccessibility and bioavailability of carnosic acid demonstrated by in vitro digestion models and in vivo pharmacokinetic studies using an animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Zheng
- Department of Food Science
- Rutgers University
- New Brunswick
- USA
- Department of Food Science
| | - Wahyu Wijaya
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine
- Technical University of Denmark
- Lyngby
- Denmark
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Department of Food Science
- Rutgers University
- New Brunswick
- USA
| | - Konglong Feng
- College of Food Science
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Qianru Liu
- Department of Food Science
- Rutgers University
- New Brunswick
- USA
| | - Ting Zheng
- Department of Food Science
- Rutgers University
- New Brunswick
- USA
| | - Zhiya Yin
- Department of Food Science
- Rutgers University
- New Brunswick
- USA
| | - Yong Cao
- College of Food Science
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Qingrong Huang
- Department of Food Science
- Rutgers University
- New Brunswick
- USA
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Bathe U, Frolov A, Porzel A, Tissier A. CYP76 Oxidation Network of Abietane Diterpenes in Lamiaceae Reconstituted in Yeast. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:13437-13450. [PMID: 30994346 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Rosemary and sage species from Lamiaceae contain high amounts of structurally related but diverse abietane diterpenes. A number of substances from this compound family have potential pharmacological activities and are used in the food and cosmetic industry. This has raised interest in their biosynthesis. Investigations in Rosmarinus officinalis and some sage species have uncovered two main groups of cytochrome P450 oxygenases that are involved in the oxidation of the precursor abietatriene. CYP76AHs produce ferruginol and 11-hydroxyferruginol, while CYP76AKs catalyze oxidations at the C20 position. Using a modular Golden-Gate-compatible assembly system for yeast expression, these enzymes were systematically tested either alone or in combination. A total of 14 abietane diterpenes could be detected, 8 of which have not been reported thus far. We demonstrate here that yeast is a valid system for engineering and reconstituting the abietane diterpene network, allowing for the discovery of novel compounds with potential bioactivity.
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Chabán MF, Karagianni C, Joray MB, Toumpa D, Sola C, Crespo MI, Palacios SM, Athanassopoulos CM, Carpinella MC. Antibacterial effects of extracts obtained from plants of Argentina: Bioguided isolation of compounds from the anti-infectious medicinal plant Lepechinia meyenii. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 239:111930. [PMID: 31059749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.111930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The mostly native species from Argentina are used in traditional medicine generally for the treatment of pain and inflammation, respiratory, gastro-intestinal and urinary disorders and as antiseptics. AIM OF THE STUDY Since these ailments may be associated with bacterial infections and that it is necessary to discover alternative compounds with antibacterial activity, 69 extracts from these plants were screened for their activity against pathogenic bacteria. The most effective extract was then submitted to bioguided isolation to obtain the compounds responsible for this activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Extracts and fractions were screened using agar dilution, and compounds using microbroth dilution methods. A large panel of pathogenic bacteria was used, especially methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Bioguided fractionation was performed using successive chromatographic techniques, while the chemical structures of the isolated compounds were determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Additionally, a series of derivatives of the most active compound were prepared in order to study the chemical features required for achieving the antibacterial effect. RESULTS Lepechinia meyenii (Walp.) Epling (Lamiaceae) extract showed itself the most effective, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Gram positive and negative bacteria ranging from 62.5 to 500 μg/mL, and showing better activity on MRSA than on MSSA. Activity-guided fractionation yielded the abietanes carnosol (1), rosmanol (2) and carnosic acid (3) as active principles, with MICs ranging from 15.6-31.2, 15.6-62.5 and 7.8-15.6 μg/mL, respectively against 15 MRSA strains, and 15.6-31.2, 31.2-62.5 and 7.8-15.6 μg/mL, respectively against 11 MSSA strains, maintaining higher activity against the resistant bacteria, as does the extract. In addition, Enterococcus faecalis was sensitive to 1-3 with MICs of 15.6-62.5 μg/mL. The structure activity analysis showed that 12-OH is necessary for remarkable activity, but methylation in C-20 significantly increased this, as observed with 20-methyl carnosate (5) displaying the greatest effect, even more so than 3, with MICs of 3.9 μg/mL against all the tested MRSA and 3.9-7.8 μg/mL against the MSSA. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study contribute to validate the traditional antibacterial use of species native to Argentina, particularly of L. meyenii. The chemical structures of the compounds obtained may aid the design of antibacterial agents, especially those effective against MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena Funes Chabán
- IRNASUS CONICET and Fine Chemical and Natural Products Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Catholic University of Córdoba, Avda. Armada Argentina 3555, X5016DHK, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Catherine Karagianni
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, GR-26504, Patras, Greece
| | - Mariana Belén Joray
- IRNASUS CONICET and Fine Chemical and Natural Products Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Catholic University of Córdoba, Avda. Armada Argentina 3555, X5016DHK, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Dimitra Toumpa
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, GR-26504, Patras, Greece
| | - Claudia Sola
- CIBICI CONICET and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Science, National University of Córdoba, Haya de la Torre and Medina Allende, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Inés Crespo
- IRNASUS CONICET and Fine Chemical and Natural Products Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Catholic University of Córdoba, Avda. Armada Argentina 3555, X5016DHK, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Sara María Palacios
- IRNASUS CONICET and Fine Chemical and Natural Products Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Catholic University of Córdoba, Avda. Armada Argentina 3555, X5016DHK, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | - María Cecilia Carpinella
- IRNASUS CONICET and Fine Chemical and Natural Products Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Catholic University of Córdoba, Avda. Armada Argentina 3555, X5016DHK, Córdoba, Argentina.
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Carnosol Improved Lifespan and Healthspan by Promoting Antioxidant Capacity in Caenorhabditis elegans. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:5958043. [PMID: 31341531 PMCID: PMC6612998 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5958043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Carnosol, a phenolic diterpene, is one of the main constituents of Rosmarinus. It is known to possess a range of bioactivities, including antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. Nevertheless, the antiaging effects of carnosol have received little attention. This study first indicated that carnosol increased the healthspan of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). First, compared with the control condition, carnosol treatment effectively decreased ROS accumulation under normal or oxidative stress condition, significantly increased several key antioxidant enzyme activities, and significantly decreased MDA content. Second, carnosol effectively prolonged lifespan under normal and stress conditions and slowed aging-related declines, including mobility, age pigmentation, and neurodegenerative disease, but had no effect on fertility and fat deposition. Finally, carnosol-mediated longevity required the upregulated expression of sod-3, sod-5, hsf-1, hsp-16.1, and hsp-16.2 and was dependent on the hsf-1 gene. Increased DAF-16 translocation was observed, but daf-16 was independent of the effects on lifespan induced by carnosol. These results suggested that carnosol might serve as a good source of natural antioxidants, and in particular, carnosol could be explored as a potential dietary supplement to slow aging.
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Yeddes W, Chalghoum A, Aidi-Wannes W, Ksouri R, Saidani Tounsi M. Effect of bioclimatic area and season on phenolics and antioxidant activities of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) leaves. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2019.1577305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Walid Yeddes
- Laboratory of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Borj Cedria Biotechnology Center, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
- Faculty of Science of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Carthage, Tunisia
| | - Abdelkader Chalghoum
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Farhat HACHED Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
- Valorization and Research Support Space, Center of Biotechnology, Borj Cedria, Tunisia
| | - Wissem Aidi-Wannes
- Laboratory of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Borj Cedria Biotechnology Center, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Riadh Ksouri
- Laboratory of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Borj Cedria Biotechnology Center, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Moufida Saidani Tounsi
- Laboratory of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Borj Cedria Biotechnology Center, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
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Teng L, Fan L, Peng Y, He X, Chen H, Duan H, Yang F, Lin D, Lin Z, Li H, Shao B. Carnosic Acid Mitigates Early Brain Injury After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Possible Involvement of the SIRT1/p66shc Signaling Pathway. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:26. [PMID: 30890904 PMCID: PMC6411796 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Carnosic acid (CA) has been reported to exhibit a variety of bioactivities including antioxidation, neuroprotection, and anti-inflammation; however, the impact of CA on subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) has never been elucidated. The current study was undertaken to explore the role of CA in early brain injury (EBI) secondary to SAH and the underlying mechanisms. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were perforated to mimic a clinical aneurysm with SAH. CA or vehicle was administered intravenously immediately after the SAH occurred. Mortality, SAH grade, neurologic function scores, brain water content, Evans blue extravasation, and the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in the ipsilateral cortex were determined 24 h after the SAH occurred. Western blot, immunofluorescence, Fluoro-Jade C (FJC) and TUNEL staining were also performed. Our results showed that CA decreased ROS levels, alleviated brain edema and blood-brain barrier permeability, reduced neuronal cell death, and promoted neurologic function improvement. To probe into the potential mechanisms. We showed that CA increased SIRT1, MnSOD, and Bcl-2 expression, as well as decreased p66shc, Bax, and cleaved caspase-3 expression. Interestingly, sirtinol, a selective inhibitor of SIRT1, abolished the anti-apoptotic effects of CA. Taken together, these data revealed that CA has a neuroprotective role in EBI secondary to SAH. The potential mechanism may involve suppression of neuronal apoptosis through the SIRT1/p66shc signaling pathway. CA may provide a promising therapeutic regimen for management of SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfang Teng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Wenling, Wenling, China
| | - Linfeng Fan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Yujiang Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Wenling, Wenling, China
| | - Xijun He
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Wenling, Wenling, China
| | - Huihui Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Wenling, Wenling, China
| | - Hongyu Duan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Wenling, Wenling, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Wenling, Wenling, China
| | - Da Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Wenling, Wenling, China
| | - Zheng Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Wenling, Wenling, China
| | - Huiyong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Wenling, Wenling, China
| | - Bo Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Wenling, Wenling, China
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Pavić V, Jakovljević M, Molnar M, Jokić S. Extraction of Carnosic Acid and Carnosol from Sage (Salvia officinalis L.) Leaves by Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Their Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8010016. [PMID: 30634542 PMCID: PMC6359053 DOI: 10.3390/plants8010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Sage (Salvia officinalis L.) is a good source of antioxidant compounds, carnosic acid and carnosol being the prominent ones. Both are soluble in CO2, and our goal was to investigate the application of supercritical CO2 extraction to obtain sage extracts rich in these compounds. The effect of pressure, temperature, and CO2 flow rate on the carnosic acid and carnosol yield was studied. These variables were optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). The pressure significantly affected carnosol extraction, while the extraction of carnosic acid was affected by the pressure, temperature, and CO2 flow rate. Carnosic acid content varied from 0.29–120.0 µg mg−1, and carnosol content from 0.46–65.5 µg mg−1. The optimal conditions according to RSM were a pressure of 29.5 MPa, a temperature of 49.1 °C, and a CO2 flow rate of 3 kg h−1, and the sage extract yield was calculated to be 6.54%, carnosic acid content 105 µg mg−1, and carnosol content 56.3 µg mg−1. The antioxidant activities of the sage extracts were evaluated by the scavenging activities of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Sage extract obtained at 30 MPa and 40 °C with 2 kg h−1 CO2 flow rate with a carnosic acid content of 72 µg mg−1 and carnosol content of 55 µg mg−1 exhibited the highest antioxidant activity (80.0 ± 0.68%) amongst the investigated supercritical fluid extracts at 25 µg mL−1 concentration. The antimicrobial properties of extracts were tested on four bacterial strains: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus. The extract with a carnosic acid content of 116 µg mg−1 and a carnosol content of 60.6 µg mg−1 was found to be the most potent agent against B. subtilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Pavić
- Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 8/A, 31000 Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Martina Jakovljević
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 20, 31000 Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Maja Molnar
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 20, 31000 Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Stela Jokić
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 20, 31000 Osijek, Croatia.
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Kerkoub N, Panda SK, Yang MR, Lu JG, Jiang ZH, Nasri H, Luyten W. Bioassay-Guided Isolation of Anti-Candida Biofilm Compounds From Methanol Extracts of the Aerial Parts of Salvia officinalis (Annaba, Algeria). Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1418. [PMID: 30618736 PMCID: PMC6295571 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Salvia officinalis is frequently used in traditional Algerian medicine to treat diverse microbial infections, including oral and vaginal candidiasis. The aerial parts of S. officinalis collected in Annaba, Algeria were extracted in parallel by maceration with four solvents viz. hexane, acetone, methanol and water. All the extracts were tested in vitro against several Candida species: C. albicans, C. glabrata, and C. parapsilosis. Furthermore, the activity against biofilm-forming C. albicans was investigated using bioassay-guided fractionation. A large-scale extract was prepared via maceration in methanol, followed by fractionation on a silica gel column using increasingly polar mixtures of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and acetic acid as mobile phase, to yield a total of 150 fractions. Two major active fractions (F-31 and F-39), were further separated by HPLC, resulting in several active chromatographic peaks. Carnosol and 12-methoxy-trans-carnosic acid were isolated as two major active compounds, and identified by a combination of NMR and mass spectrometry. The biofilm inhibitory concentration showed that 12-methoxy-trans-carnosic acid is more effective than carnosol with BIC50 values of 94 μM (95% confidence interval, 78.9–112.1 μM) and 314 μM (95% confidence interval, 200.7–491.2 μM), respectively. The present study supports the traditional use of sage in the treatment of various fungal infections caused by Candida. Further studies of the bioactive compounds in an in vivo Candida biofilm model are required to validate their clinical potential as antifungals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neila Kerkoub
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Pollution of Ecosystems, Department of Biology, University Chadli Bendjedid, El Tarf, Algeria
| | | | - Ming-Rong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, China
| | - Jing-Guang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, China
| | - Hichem Nasri
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Pollution of Ecosystems, Department of Biology, University Chadli Bendjedid, El Tarf, Algeria
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Cytotoxic Tolerance of Healthy and Cancerous Bone Cells to Anti-microbial Phenolic Compounds Depend on Culture Conditions. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 188:514-526. [PMID: 30536030 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-018-02934-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Carnosol and carnosic acid are polyphenolic compounds found in rosemary and sage with known anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-microbial properties. Here, we addressed the potential use of carnosol and carnosic acid for in vitro bone tissue engineering applications, specifically depending on their cytotoxic effects on bone marrow stromal and stem cells, and osteosarcoma cells in monolayer and 3D cultures. Carnosol and carnosic acid displayed a bacteriostatic effect on Gram-positive bacteria, especially on S. aureus. The viability results indicated that bone marrow stromal cells and bone marrow stem cells were more tolerant to the presence of carnosol compared to osteosarcoma cells. 3D culture conditions increased this tolerance further for healthy cells, while not affecting the cytotoxic potential of carnosol for osteosarcoma cells. Carnosic acid was found to be more cytotoxic for all cell types used in the study. Results suggest that phenolic compounds might have potential use as anti-microbial and anti-carcinogenic agents for bone tissue engineering with further optimization for controlled release.
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