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Kaneko K, Taniguchi E, Funatsu Y, Nakamura Y, Iwakura H, Ohinata K. Human milk-specific fat components enhance the secretion of ghrelin by MGN3-1 cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2024; 88:671-678. [PMID: 38453432 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbae028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Triacylglycerols (TAGs) are a major fat component in human milk. Since gastric lipase produces 1,2-diacylglycerol from TAGs, we focused on the bioactivity of human milk-derived diacylglycerols in stomach cells. Ghrelin is produced in the stomach and acts as an important regulator of growth hormone secretion and energy homeostasis. In this study, we showed that 1-oleoyl-2-palmitoylglycerol (OP) increased ghrelin secretion, whereas 1,3-dioleoyl-2-palmitoylglycerol (OPO), a major component of human milk TAGs, did not increase ghrelin secretion in the ghrelin-secreting cell line, MGN3-1. Therefore, diacylglycerol OP may directly contribute to the regulation of ghrelin secretion. We also found that 2-palmitoylglycerol and 1- and 2-oleoylglycerol increased ghrelin secretion. Finally, we demonstrated that intracellular cAMP levels and preproghrelin and ghrelin O-acyl transferase expression levels were enhanced by OP treatment in MGN3-1 cells. This may represent an example of a novel mother-infant interaction mediated by fat components derived from human breast milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Kaneko
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Eriko Taniguchi
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yui Funatsu
- Food Microbiology and Function Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd., Hachiouji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Nakamura
- Food Microbiology and Function Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd., Hachiouji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Iwakura
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Kousaku Ohinata
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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2
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Analysis of milk with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry: a review. Eur Food Res Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-022-04197-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
AbstractAs a widely consumed foodstuff, milk and dairy products are increasingly studied over the years. At the present time, milk profiling is used as a benchmark to assess the properties of milk. Modern biomolecular mass spectrometers have become invaluable to fully characterize the milk composition. This review reports the analysis of milk and its components using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC–MS). LC–MS analysis as a whole will be discussed subdivided into the major constituents of milk, namely, lipids, proteins, sugars and the mineral fraction.
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3
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Wu D, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Shi J, Tan CP, Zheng Z, Liu Y. Lipid Profiles of Human Milk and Infant Formulas: A Comparative Lipidomics Study. Foods 2023; 12:foods12030600. [PMID: 36766129 PMCID: PMC9914114 DOI: 10.3390/foods12030600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Infant formulas (IFs) are prevalent alternatives for human milk (HM), although their comparative lipid profiles have not been fully investigated. We adopted lipidomics to analyze and compare in-depth the lipid patterns of HM and IFs. The results indicated that the distribution of fatty acids (FAs) and the structure of triacylglycerols varied substantially in the analyzed samples. A total number of 425 species were identified during the analysis. HM was abundant in triacylglycerols that contained unsaturated and long-chain FAs (>C13), while triacylglycerols in IFs were mainly comprised of saturated and medium-chain FAs (C8-C13). Higher levels of sphingomyelin were observed in HM. Furthermore, HM and IF1 contained 67 significantly differential lipids (SDLs), and 73 were identified between HM and IF2. These SDLs were closely associated with nine metabolic pathways, of which the most significant was the glycerophospholipid metabolism. The results shed light on the differences between the lipid profiles of human and infant formula milks, and provide support for designing Chinese infant formula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danjie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Le Zhang
- Department of Neonatology, The Affiliated Wuxi Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214023, China
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jiachen Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Chin Ping Tan
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Zhaojun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yuanfa Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (Y.L.)
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4
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A comparative study of human milk fat substitute from Rhodococcus opacus and plant-oil based commercial products. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.102031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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5
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Huang Z, Liu K, Chen Y, Huang Y, Wang X, Wang X. Lipid characteristics of Carassius auratus oil from seven origins in China and their potential used as human milk fat substitutes. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.105063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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6
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Yuan T, Wang L, Jin J, Mi L, Pang J, Liu Z, Gong J, Sun C, Li J, Wei W, Jin Q, Wang X. Role Medium-Chain Fatty Acids in the Lipid Metabolism of Infants. Front Nutr 2022; 9:804880. [PMID: 35757267 PMCID: PMC9218682 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.804880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human breastmilk, the ideal food for healthy infants, naturally contains a high concentration of medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs, about 15% of total fatty acids). MCFAs are an important energy source for infants due to their unique digestive and metabolic properties. MCFA-enriched oils are widely used in an infant formula, especially the formula produced for preterm infants. Recently, there has been a growing interest in the triglyceride structure of MCFAs in human milk, their metabolism, and their effects on infant health. This study summarized the MCFA composition and structure in both human milk and infant formula. Recent studies on the nutritional effects of MCFAs on infant gut microbiota have been reviewed. Special attention was given to the MCFAs digestion and metabolism in the infants. This paper aims to provide insights into the optimization of formulations to fulfill infant nutritional requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinglan Yuan
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Biological and Chemical Processing Technologies of Farm Product, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jun Jin
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Lijuan Mi
- Inner Mongolia Mengniu Dairy (Group) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Jinzhu Pang
- Inner Mongolia Mengniu Dairy (Group) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Zhengdong Liu
- Yashili International Group Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinyan Gong
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Biological and Chemical Processing Technologies of Farm Product, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cong Sun
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jufang Li
- Inner Mongolia Mengniu Dairy (Group) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Qingzhe Jin
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xingguo Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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7
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Korma SA, Li L, Wei W, Liu P, Zhang X, Bakry IA, An P, Abdrabo KAE, Manzoor MF, Umair M, Cacciotti I, Lorenzo JM, Conte-Junior CA. A Comparative Study of Milk Fat Extracted from the Milk of Different Goat Breeds in China: Fatty Acids, Triacylglycerols and Thermal and Spectroscopic Characterization. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12050730. [PMID: 35625657 PMCID: PMC9138446 DOI: 10.3390/biom12050730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Goat milk (GM) is an excellent alternative to cow milk and has recently been used in commercial infant formula preparation due to its superior fat composition. Here, the fatty acid (FA) composition, triacylglycerol (TAG) molecular species, thermal behavior and infrared spectra of extracted milk fat from the milk of the two main breeds of dairy goat bred in China (Guanzhong GM (GZG) and Xinong Saanen GM (XSG)) are investigated. Gas chromatography, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and ultra-performance convergence chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry are applied. The obtained results evidence significant fat compositional differences based on the breed that produced the considered GM. The major FAs in both GM fats were capric (C10:0), myristic (C14:0), palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0) and oleic (C18:1 n-9c). GZG presented a higher content of medium-chain saturated FAs, while XSG had higher unsaturated FAs with higher ratios of L/Ln and n-6/n-3. A total of 339 and 359 TAGs were detected and quantified in GZG and XSG, and the major TAGs were those of m/z 740.6712 (14.10 ± 0.27%) and m/z 684.6094 (10.94 ± 0.02%), respectively. Milk TAGs of GZG and XSG showed 24–54 and 26–54 total acyl carbon numbers with a 0–4 and 0–5 double bond number at 68 and 72 various retention times, respectively. Thermal analysis showed that all GM fat samples melted below normal body temperature. Infrared spectra revealed higher absorption values of GZG milk fat. This study provides valuable information to the dairy industry sector about GM fat produced in China, assessing the appropriateness of Chinese GM fat to be applied in Chinese infant formula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameh A. Korma
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China; (S.A.K.); (P.L.); (P.A.); (K.A.E.A.); (M.F.M.)
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Li Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China; (S.A.K.); (P.L.); (P.A.); (K.A.E.A.); (M.F.M.)
- Sino-Singapore International Joint Research Institute, Guangzhou 510000, China
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (W.W.); Tel.: +86-208-711-4262 (L.L.); +86-510-858-767-99 (W.W.)
| | - Wei Wei
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (W.W.); Tel.: +86-208-711-4262 (L.L.); +86-510-858-767-99 (W.W.)
| | - Pengzhan Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China; (S.A.K.); (P.L.); (P.A.); (K.A.E.A.); (M.F.M.)
| | - Xinghe Zhang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
| | - Ibrahim A. Bakry
- Department of Food and Dairy Technology, Faculty of Technology and Development, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
| | - Peipei An
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China; (S.A.K.); (P.L.); (P.A.); (K.A.E.A.); (M.F.M.)
| | - Khaled A. E. Abdrabo
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China; (S.A.K.); (P.L.); (P.A.); (K.A.E.A.); (M.F.M.)
| | - Muhammad Faisal Manzoor
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China; (S.A.K.); (P.L.); (P.A.); (K.A.E.A.); (M.F.M.)
| | - Muhammad Umair
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China;
| | - Ilaria Cacciotti
- Department of Engineering, INSTM RU, University of Rome “Niccolò Cusano”, 00166 Roma, Italy;
| | - José M. Lorenzo
- Centro Tecnológico de La Carne de Galicia, Avd. Galicia N° 4, Parque Tecnológico de Galicia, San Cibrao das Viñas, 32900 Ourense, Spain;
- Facultad de Ciencias de Ourense, Área de Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidade de Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Carlos Adam Conte-Junior
- Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, Brazil;
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8
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Preparation of Human Milk Fat Substitutes: A Review. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12020187. [PMID: 35207476 PMCID: PMC8874823 DOI: 10.3390/life12020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk is generally regarded as the best choice for infant feeding. Human milk fat (HMF) is one of the most complex natural lipids, with a unique fatty acid composition and distribution and complex lipid composition. Lipid intake in infants not only affects their energy intake but also affects their metabolic mode and overall development. Infant formula is the best substitute for human milk when breastfeeding is not possible. As the main energy source in infant formula, human milk fat substitutes (HMFSs) should have a composition similar to that of HMF in order to meet the nutritional needs of infant growth and development. At present, HMFS preparation mainly focuses on the simulation of fatty acid composition, the application of structured lipids and the addition of milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) supplements. This paper first reviews the composition and structure of HMF, and then the preparation development of structured lipids and MFGM supplements are summarized. Additionally, the evaluation and regulation of HMFSs in infant formula are also presented.
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9
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Zhang X, Wei W, Tao G, Jin Q, Wang X. Identification and Quantification of Triacylglycerols Using Ultraperformance Supercritical Fluid Chromatography and Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry: Comparison of Human Milk, Infant Formula, Other Mammalian Milk, and Plant Oil. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:8991-9003. [PMID: 33755452 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Triacylglycerol (TAG) components in human milk during different lactation periods, infant formulas with different fat sources, other mammalian milk (cow, goat, donkey, and yak milk), and plant oil (sunflower, rapeseed, corn, soybean, palm, palm kernel, and coconut oil) were analyzed and compared using ultraperformance supercritical fluid chromatography and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPSFC-Q-TOF-MS). We identified 191 TAGs (86, 102, 101, and 54 TAGs in human milk, infant formula, mammalian milk, and plant oil, respectively). TAGs esterified with palmitic acid (16:0) were major TAG structures in human milk (59.08% of total TAGs) and contained 30 TAG types. The sn-O/P/O regioisomer constituted more than 80% of the O/P/O content of human milk, whereas the sn-O/O/P levels were higher in other samples. The carbon number (CN) 52 content was higher than the CN 54 content in human milk, with the opposite observed in infant formula. TAGs with CN < 40 content were abundant in cow, goat, and yak milk; donkey milk was rich in CN 52 content. TAGs composed of medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) and long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) were rich in human milk, while TAGs with three MCFAs were rich in infant formula. The TAG characteristics of infant formula were directly related to its fat resource. TAGs with fewer double bonds were abundant in the plant oil formula; however, highly unsaturated TAGs were prominent in the cow and goat milk formulas, similar to plant oil and mammalian milk. Significant differences in the TAG distribution were observed among the different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghe Zhang
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Guanjun Tao
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Qingzhe Jin
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xingguo Wang
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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10
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Analysis of Triacylglycerols in Sumac (Rhus typhina L.) Seed Oil from Different Origins by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-021-02082-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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11
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Liu Z, Rochfort S. Bovine Milk Triacylglycerol Regioisomer Ratio Shows Remarkable Inter-Breed and Inter-Cow Variation. Molecules 2021; 26:3938. [PMID: 34203276 PMCID: PMC8271425 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Regioisomers (or positional isomers) of triacylglycerols (TAGs) of milk are known to show differential outcome in relation to human absorption. Quantitation of TAG regioisomers remains a big challenge due to the lack of facile chromatographic separation technique. The feasibility of using fragment ion intensity ratio to determine the ratio of co-eluting AAB/ABA-type regioisomer pairs was confirmed in this study. The ability of C30 stationary phase in resolving interfering TAG isomers was demonstrated for the first time. This allowed us to reveal the complexity of using fragment ion intensity to quantify 1,2-olein-3-palmitin (OOP), 1,3-olein-2-palmitin (OPO), 1,2-olein-3-stearin (OOS), and 1,3-olein-2-stearin (OSO) regioisomers in milk samples. A novel algorithm was proposed to consider the contribution of OPO/OOP and OSO/OOS double bond (DB)-isomers and to eliminate the interference of isobaric ions from other isomers, an aspect overlooked in previous studies. This liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method that requires no pre-fractioning and a moderate chromatographic separation time of 36 min is simple and, thus, suitable for screening a large number of samples for genetic analysis of this trait. Preliminary results using a small cohort of animals showed that OPO/OOP ratio differs significantly between Jersey and Holstein cows, and a large variation was also observed across individual Holstein cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqian Liu
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia;
| | - Simone Rochfort
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia;
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
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12
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Ghide MK, Yan Y. 1,3-Dioleoyl-2-palmitoyl glycerol (OPO)-Enzymatic synthesis and use as an important supplement in infant formulas. J Food Biochem 2021; 45:e13799. [PMID: 34080206 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
1,3-dioleolyl-2-palmitate (OPO) is an important component of the human milk fat. Its unique fatty acid composition and distribution play an important role in proper infant growth and development. Owing to this, it has been attracting researchers and manufacturers to synthesize and commercialize OPO as an important human milk fat substitute added to infant formulas. In this review, the role of OPO in human milk, the benefits of OPO (sn-2 palmitate)-supplemented infant formulas over the conventional infant formulas on infant growth, and lipase-catalyzed synthesis of OPO are discussed. Over the last 20 years of research on the benefits of OPO (sn2 palmitate)-supplemented infant formulas are summarized. Similarly, studies carried out on lipase catalyzed production of OPO for the last 21 years (1999-2019) are also done focusing on the raw materials, sn1,3-regiospecific lipases, immobilization materials, and solvents used in the laboratory-scale experiments. In addition, OPO-based products currently in the market and future research trends are briefly covered in this review. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This work focuses on lipase-catalyzed synthesis of 1,3-dioleoyl-2-palmitoylglycerol (the most abundant triacyl glycerol in human milk fat) and its benefits to infants when it is added in infant formulas. Over the last 20 years of published research from the literature are summarized and future research trends for efficient OPO synthesis are also covered. This will provide current and future researchers on the field with the necessary background information on OPO synthesis and design their research plans accordingly for cost-effective production of OPO and OPO-supplemented infant formulas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kidane Ghide
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunjun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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13
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Pacheco-Pappenheim S, Yener S, Heck JML, Dijkstra J, van Valenberg HJF. Seasonal variation in fatty acid and triacylglycerol composition of bovine milk fat. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:8479-8492. [PMID: 34024603 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the effects of seasonal variation on the changes of the fatty acid (FA) and triacylglycerol (TAG) composition of bovine milk fat (MF) in a nonseasonal milking system. Weekly milk samples were collected from 14 dairy factories and pooled per week as representative samples of the average Dutch bovine milk. The sample collection started in May 2017 and finished in April 2018, resulting in a total of 52 samples, corresponding to each week of the year. The samples were analyzed for MF content (%) and FA and TAG composition using gas chromatography with flame-ionization detection. The increased intake of C18:3 cis-9,12,15 through grass feeding in spring and summer was associated with major changes in MF FA composition, including reduced proportions of de novo synthesized FA and presence of several rumen biohydrogenation products and conjugated linoleic acid isomers in MF. These changes in seasonal FA composition had an effect on TAG seasonal variation. The TAG seasonal variation showed that all TAG groups were significantly different between months. The low molecular weight and the medium molecular weight TAG groups increased in winter and decreased in summer, whereas the high molecular weight TAG groups increased in summer and decreased in winter. Based on pooled monthly samples, MALDI-TOF-mass spectrometry allowed the analysis of even- and odd-chain TAG species in MF based on their total carbon number and number of double bonds. These analyses indicated saturated TAG species to be greatest in winter, whereas monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, and odd-chain TAG species were greatest in summer. Our study showed that TAG seasonal variation in a nonseasonal milking system is influenced by the variation in FA composition throughout the seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Pacheco-Pappenheim
- Dairy Science and Technology Group, Food Quality and Design, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Sine Yener
- Dairy Science and Technology Group, Food Quality and Design, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen M L Heck
- FrieslandCampina, PO Box 1551, 3800 BN, Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Dijkstra
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hein J F van Valenberg
- Dairy Science and Technology Group, Food Quality and Design, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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14
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Wang X, Huang Z, Hua L, Zou F, Cheng X, Wang X. Preparation of human milk fat substitutes similar to human milk fat by enzymatic acidolysis and physical blending. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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15
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Zhu B, Zheng S, Lin K, Xu X, Lv L, Zhao Z, Shao J. Effects of Infant Formula Supplemented With Prebiotics and OPO on Infancy Fecal Microbiota: A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:650407. [PMID: 33854983 PMCID: PMC8039316 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.650407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Several lines of evidence suggest that the intestinal microbiota plays crucial roles in infant development, and that it is highly influenced by extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Prebiotic-containing infant formula may increase gastrointestinal tolerance and improve commensal microbiota composition. However, it remains unknown whether supplementation of milk-formulas with prebiotics and 1,3-olein-2-palmitin (OPO) can achieve feeding outcomes similar to those of breastfeeding. In the present study, we investigated the effects of two kinds of infant formula with different additives on the overall diversity and composition of the fecal microbiota, to determine which was closer to breastfeeding. A total of 108 infants were enrolled, including breastfeeding (n=59) and formula feeding group (n=49). The formula feeding infants were prospectively randomly divided into a standard formula group (n=18), and a supplemented formula group(n=31). The fecal samples were collected at 4 months after intervention. Fecal microbiota analysis targeting the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was performed using MiSeq sequencing. The overall bacterial diversity and composition, key functional bacteria, and predictive functional profiles in the two different formula groups were compared with breastfeeding group. We found that the alpha diversity of the gut microbiota was not significantly different between the OPO and breastfeeding groups with Chaos 1 index (p=0.346). The relative abundances of Enhydrobacter and Akkermansia in the OPO group were more similar to those of the breastfeeding group than to those of the standard formula group. The gut microbiota metabolism function prediction analysis showed that the supplemented formula group was similar to the breastfeeding group in terms of ureolysis (p=0.297). These findings suggest that, when formula supplemented with prebiotics and OPO was given, the overall bacterial diversity and parts of the composition of the fecal microbiota would be similar to that of breastfeeding infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingquan Zhu
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuangshuang Zheng
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kexin Lin
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lina Lv
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhengyan Zhao
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Shao
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
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16
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Nguyen MTT, Kim J, Seo N, Lee AH, Kim YK, Jung JA, Li D, To XHM, Huynh KTN, Van Le T, Israr B, Nazir A, Seo JA, Lee D, An HJ, Kim J. Comprehensive analysis of fatty acids in human milk of four Asian countries. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:6496-6507. [PMID: 33685684 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Human milk lipids provide not only energy but also indispensable bioactive components such as essential fatty acids. To establish the recommended daily intake value and guidelines for infant formula, a reference library of fatty acid composition has been generated from 4 Asian countries (South Korea, China, Vietnam, and Pakistan). Regardless of country, palmitic acid (C16:0), linoleic acid (C18:1), and linolenic acid (C18:2) were the 3 most abundant fatty acids in human milk and account for more than 75% of total fatty acids (total FA). However, there were several considerable differences between fatty acids, particularly n-3 and n-6 (omega-3 and omega-6) groups. Chinese mothers' milk had a high concentration of linoleic acid at 24.38 ± 10.02% of total FA, which may be due to maternal diet. Among the 4 countries, Pakistani mothers' milk contained a high amount of saturated fatty acid (56.83 ± 5.96% of total FA), and consequently, polyunsaturated fatty acids, including n-3 and n-6, were significantly lower than in other countries. It is noteworthy that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in Pakistani mothers' milk was 44.8 ± 33.3 mg/L, which is only 25 to 30% of the levels in the other 3 countries, suggesting the need for DHA supplementation for infants in Pakistan. Moreover, the ratio of n-6 to n-3 was also remarkably high in Pakistani mothers' milk (15.21 ± 4.96), being 1.4- to 1.7-fold higher than in other countries. The average DHA:ARA ratio in Asian human milk was 1.01 ± 0.79. Korean mothers' milk showed a high DHA:ARA ratio, with a value of 1.30 ± 0.98, but Pakistani mothers' milk had a significantly lower value (0.42 ± 0.12). The fatty acid compositions and anthropometric data of mother (body mass index, age) did not show any correlation. The obtained data might provide information about human milk compositions in the Asian region that could benefit from setting up recommended nutrient intake and infant formula for Asian babies.
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Affiliation(s)
- My Tuyen T Nguyen
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; College of Agriculture, Can Tho University, Can Tho, 900000, Vietnam
| | - Jieun Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Nari Seo
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - A Hyun Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Yong-Ki Kim
- Maeil Asia Human Milk Research Center, Maeil Dairies Co. Ltd., 63 Jinwiseo-ro, Jinwi-myeon, Pyeongtaek, Gyeonggi-do 17706, Korea
| | - Ji A Jung
- Maeil Asia Human Milk Research Center, Maeil Dairies Co. Ltd., 63 Jinwiseo-ro, Jinwi-myeon, Pyeongtaek, Gyeonggi-do 17706, Korea
| | - Dan Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Xuan Hong M To
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Khanh Trang N Huynh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Thanh Van Le
- Faculty of Nursing and Medical Technology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Beenish Israr
- Faculty of Food, Nutrition, and Home Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Anum Nazir
- Faculty of Food, Nutrition, and Home Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Jung-A Seo
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Daum Lee
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Hyun Joo An
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Jaehan Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea.
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17
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Shen L, Huang W, Xu X, Wang L, Wang Q, Li S, Yuan X. Stool Saponified Fatty Acid, Behavior, Growth, and Stool Characteristics in Infants Fed a High-OPO Formula: A Randomized, Double-Blind Clinical Trial. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:712201. [PMID: 34738000 PMCID: PMC8561952 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.712201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: 1,3-Dioleoyl-2-palmitoylglycerol (OPO) is an ideal structured triglyceride for infant formula, with a similar structure to human milk fat. We conducted this randomized, double-blind controlled, single-center trial to evaluate the effects of an OPO formula in infants. Study Design: One hundred seventy-four healthy term infants <14 days old were assigned to the standard formula-fed group (n = 55), high sn-2 palmitic acid (OPO) formula-fed infants (n = 58), and breastfed (BF) group (n = 61). The primary endpoint was the total saponified fatty acid content in feces at week 6 and week 12. Results: Infants from the OPO group had lower concentrations of fecal saponified fatty acids than those from the standard formula group (p < 0.0001) at week 6 and week 12. The frequencies of crying per day and per night of infants in the OPO group were significantly less than those of infants in the standard formula group (p < 0.0001). After 12 weeks of feeding, the length of infants was significantly higher in the OPO group than in the other two groups (p = 0.002). Infants in the OPO group had a significantly lower stool calcium concentration and a higher stool frequency per day than infants in the standard formula group. Conclusion: In summary, a high concentration of OPO in formula is beneficial to the growth and development of infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Shen
- Department of Pediatrics, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Weihua Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Xuebing Xu
- Wilmar (Shanghai) Biotechnology Research & Development Center Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Wang
- Beidahuang Wondersun Dairy Company Limited, Harbin, China
| | - Qingyun Wang
- Beidahuang Wondersun Dairy Company Limited, Harbin, China
| | - Shengqi Li
- Wilmar (Shanghai) Biotechnology Research & Development Center Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuewei Yuan
- Department of Pediatrics, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China
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18
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Lecithin alleviates protein flocculation and enhances fat digestion in a model of infant formula emulsion. Food Chem 2020; 346:128918. [PMID: 33385913 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates whether lecithin could fasten lipolysis through the alleviation of protein aggregation in an infant formula emulsion model. Our previous study reported low intestinal digestion of infant formula could be due to the aggregation of proteins that slow lipid digestion. The emulsion contained lipids droplets simulating the fatty acid composition in breast milk, different levels of lecithin and milk protein. The interphase proteins were replaced with lecithin in a dose-dependent manner. The results showed the addition of 5% and 7% lecithin improves the physical stability, narrows the range of particle size, reduces the mean particle size and increases the zeta potential. The 5% lecithin emulsion showed the highest rate and extent of lipid and protein digestion. These positive effects were caused by lecithin through stabilizing the emulsion and suppressing droplet flocculation after digestion. Lecithin promotes lipid digestion and may improve the "insufficient fat supply" in infant formula.
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19
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Zeng J, Chen X, Huang X, Zou Q, Chen L, Xiao T, Zhang H, Liu B, Ye W, Deng Z, Li J. Evaluation of fat substitute mimicking Chinese human milk by its physicochemical properties and oxidative stability. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junpeng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Nanchang University Nanchang P. R. China
| | - Xiaolu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Nanchang University Nanchang P. R. China
| | - Xiaowan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Nanchang University Nanchang P. R. China
| | - Qian Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Nanchang University Nanchang P. R. China
| | - Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Nanchang University Nanchang P. R. China
| | - Ting Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Nanchang University Nanchang P. R. China
| | - Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Nanchang University Nanchang P. R. China
| | - Biao Liu
- Yili Group Milk Powder Division Research and Development Hohhot P. R. China
| | - Wenhui Ye
- Yili Group Milk Powder Division Research and Development Hohhot P. R. China
| | - Ze‐Yuan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Nanchang University Nanchang P. R. China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Nanchang University Nanchang P. R. China
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20
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Application of the similarity index to evaluate fat composition and structure in infant formulas. Int Dairy J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2020.104834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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21
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Bukowski MR, Picklo MJ. Simple, Rapid Lipidomic Analysis of Triacylglycerols in Bovine Milk by Infusion-Electrospray Mass Spectrometry. Lipids 2020; 56:243-255. [PMID: 33169389 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Bovine milk is a complex mixture of lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and other factors of which lipids comprise 3-5% of the total mass. Rapid analysis and characterization of the triacylglycerols (TAG) that comprise about 95% of the total lipid is daunting given the numerous TAG species. In the attached methods paper, we demonstrate an improved method for identifying and quantifying TAG species by infusion-based "shotgun" lipidomics. Because of the broad range of TAG species in milk, a single internal standard was insufficient for the analysis and required sectioning the spectrum into three portions based upon mass range to provide accurate quantitation of TAG species. Isobaric phospholipid interferences were removed using a simple dispersive solid-phase extraction step. Using this method, > 100 TAG species were quantitated by acyl carbon number and desaturation level in a sample of commercially purchased bovine milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Bukowski
- USDA-ARS Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND, 58203, USA
| | - Matthew J Picklo
- USDA-ARS Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND, 58203, USA
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22
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Korma SA, Li L, Abdrabo KAE, Ali AH, Rahaman A, Abed SM, Bakry IA, Wei W, Wang X. A comparative study of lipid composition and powder quality among powdered infant formula with novel functional structured lipids and commercial infant formulas. Eur Food Res Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-020-03597-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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Viriato RLS, Queirós MDS, Macedo GA, Ribeiro APB, Gigante ML. Design of new lipids from bovine milk fat for baby nutrition. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:145-159. [PMID: 32876475 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1813073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The lipid phase of infant formulas is generally composed of plant-based lipids structured with a high concentration of palmitic acid (C16:0) esterified at the sn-2 position of triacylglycerol since this structure favors the absorption and metabolism of fatty acids. Palm oil is commonly used to make up the lipid phase of infant formulas due to its high concentration of palmitic acid and solids profile and melting point similar to human milk fat. However, the addition of palm oil to infant formulas has been associated with the presence of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) esters, a group of glycerol-derived chemical contaminants (1,2,3-propanotriol), potentially toxic, formed during the refining process of vegetable oil. Bovine milk fat obtained from the complex biosynthesis in the mammary gland has potential as a technological alternative to replace palm oil and its fractions for the production of structured lipids to be used in infant formulas. Its application as a substitute is due to its composition and structure, which resembles breast milk fat, and essentially to the preferential distribution pattern of palmitic acids (C16:0) with approximately 85% distributed at the sn-1 and sn-2 position of triacylglycerol. This review will address the relationship between the chemical composition and structure of lipids in infant nutrition, as well as the potential of bovine milk fat as a basis for the production of structured lipids in substitution for the lipid phase of vegetable origin currently used in infant formulas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Lázaro Soares Viriato
- Department of Food Technology, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mayara de Souza Queirós
- Department of Food Technology, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Alves Macedo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Badan Ribeiro
- Department of Food Technology, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mirna Lúcia Gigante
- Department of Food Technology, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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24
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Zhang LS, Chu MY, Zong MH, Yang JG, Lou WY. Facile and Green Production of Human Milk Fat Substitute through Rhodococcus opacus Fermentation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:9368-9376. [PMID: 32700528 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c03185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Human milk fat substitute (HMFS) is a class of structured lipids widely used in infant formulas. Herein, HMFS was prepared by Rhodococcus opacus fermentation. The substrate oils suitable for HMFS production were coconut oil (66.1-57.5%), soybean oil (17.5-26.5%), high oleic acid sunflower oil (5.4-4.5%), Antarctic krill oil (9-9.5%), and fungal oil (2%). Six HMFSs were prepared, among which HMFS V and VI were similar to human milk fat from Chinese in terms of fatty acid composition and triacylglycerol species. The sn-2 position of HMFS was occupied by palmitic acid (49.31 and 43.48% in HMFS V and VI, respectively). The major triacylglycerols were OPL, OPO, and LPL, accounting for 15.90, 9.49, and 6.84 and 17.52, 8.44, and 8.55% in HMFS V and VI, respectively. This study is the first to prepare structured lipids intended for infant formula through fermentation, providing a novel strategy for the edible oil industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Shang Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Mei-Yun Chu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Min-Hua Zong
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Ji-Guo Yang
- South China Institute of Collaborative Innovation, Xincheng Road, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Wen-Yong Lou
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China
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25
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Zhang LS, Chu MY, Zong MH, Yang JG, Lou WY. Carbon source modify lipids composition of Rhodococcus opacus intended for infant formula. J Biotechnol 2020; 319:8-14. [PMID: 32470464 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Human milk fat substitutes (HMFSs) are the structured lipids intended for infant formula. It provides energy and essential fatty acid for infant. HMFSs are mainly prepared by enzymatic method. In this study, we aim to explore the potential for producing HMFSs by fermentation using R. opacus. The results indicated that different compounds with chain length from 12 to 18, used as carbon source, could be incorporated into triacylglycerols directly. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in term of ARA, EPA, DHA could enter the kennedy pathway directly and involved in the biosynthesis of triacylglycerols. GC, UPLC-MS and 13C-NMR analysis demonstrated that typical structured lipids β-OPL (40.09%) was synthesized in R. opacus. Transcriptome analysis revealed that β-oxidation, fatty acid elongation and kennedy pathways existed in R. opacus. It was concluded that fatty acid supplied as carbon source could enter the kennedy pathways directly or via the de novo fatty acid biosynthesis pathway depending on the chain length, thus, affect the triacylglycerol species formed in the Rhodococcus opacus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Shang Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Mei-Yun Chu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Min-Hua Zong
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Ji-Guo Yang
- South China Institute of Collaborative Innovation, Xincheng Road, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Wen-Yong Lou
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China.
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26
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Zhang L, Chu M, Zong M, Yang J, Lou W. Efficient Production of 1,3‐Dioleoyl‐2‐Palmitoylglycerol through
Rhodococcus opacus
Fermentation. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin‐Shang Zhang
- School of Food Science and EngineeringSouth China University of Technology Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641 China
| | - Mei‐Yun Chu
- School of Food Science and EngineeringSouth China University of Technology Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641 China
| | - Min‐Hua Zong
- School of Food Science and EngineeringSouth China University of Technology Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641 China
| | - Ji‐Guo Yang
- School of Food Science and EngineeringSouth China University of Technology Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641 China
- South China Institute of Collaborative Innovation Xincheng Road, Dongguan 523808 China
| | - Wen‐Yong Lou
- School of Food Science and EngineeringSouth China University of Technology Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641 China
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27
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Mohan MS, O'Callaghan TF, Kelly P, Hogan SA. Milk fat: opportunities, challenges and innovation. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:2411-2443. [PMID: 32649226 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1778631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Milk fat is a high-value milk component that is processed mainly as butter, cheese, cream and whole milk powder. It is projected that approximately 35 million tonnes of milk fat will be produced globally by 2025. This surplus, enhances the need for diversification of milk fat products and the milk pool in general. Infant milk formula producers, for instance, have incorporated enzyme modified ("humanised") milk fat and fat globule phospholipids to better mimic human milk fat structures. Minor components like mono- and di-glycerides from milk fat are increasingly utilized as emulsifiers, replacing palm esters in premium-priced food products. This review examines the chemistry of milk fat and the technologies employed for its modification, fractionation and enrichment. Emerging processing technologies such as ultrasound, high pressure processing, supercritical fluid extraction and fractionation, can be employed to improve the nutritional and functional attributes of milk fat. The potential of recent developments in biological intervention, through dietary manipulation of milk fatty acid profiles in cattle also offers significant promise. Finally, this review provides evidence to help redress the imbalance in reported associations between milk fat consumption and human health, and elucidates the health benefits associated with consumption of milk fat and dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maneesha S Mohan
- Food Chemistry and Technology Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Tom F O'Callaghan
- Food Chemistry and Technology Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Phil Kelly
- Food Chemistry and Technology Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Sean A Hogan
- Food Chemistry and Technology Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
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28
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Zhang Y, Zheng Z, Liu C, Liu Y. Lipid Profiling and Microstructure Characteristics of Goat Milk Fat from Different Stages of Lactation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:7204-7213. [PMID: 32551578 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c02234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Goat milk at different lactations show varied lipids distributions, which are potentially dietary influencing factors for the health of human consumers. Herein, the effects of lactation stages (colostral, transitional, and mature stages) on lipid profiling and microstructure of goat milk fat (GMF) were investigated. A total of 359 species of triacylglycerols (TAGs), 27 species of diacylglycerols (DAGs), and 10 classes of phospholipids (PLs) were identified using high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (HR-MS/MS). Of importance, goat transitional milk presented the highest levels of MUFA (29.51%) and lyso-phospholipids (7.95% of total PLs) among these three different lactations. A lactation-dependent attenuation was found at the level of PUFA in goat milk, particularly long-chain PUFA ω-6. Similar behavior was observed in the total proportions of POO (16:0/18:1/18:1) and PSL (16:0/18:0/18:2), presenting a decrease from 3.70% to 3.23% as the proceeding period from colostrum to mature. The relative contents of sphingomyelin and cholesterol in goat colostrum were approximately twice and three times that in mature milk, respectively. Unlikely, both PMCy+MCaM (16:0/14:0/8:0 + 14:0/10:0/14:0) and BuPO (4:0/16:0/18:1) TAGs, the foremost saturated and monounsaturated TAGs in goat colostrum, respectively, showed upward trends over the period from colostrum to mature. Interestingly, no significant variation in milk fat globule morphology was monitored at different lactation periods. Therefore, all our results demonstrated that the main influences of lactation stages on GMF were the lipid profiling, providing a theoretical guidance for rational implement of lipids in goat milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaojun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunhuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanfa Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
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29
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Chen YJ, Zhou XH, Han B, Yu Z, Yi HX, Jiang SL, Li YY, Pan JC, Zhang LW. Regioisomeric and enantiomeric analysis of primary triglycerides in human milk by silver ion and chiral HPLC atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-MS. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:7761-7774. [PMID: 32622592 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Triglycerides (TG) not only provide energy for infants but have important physiological functions. Understanding the composition and structure of TG in human milk is conducive to the development of infant formulas. In this study, TG species in human milk from 3 provincial capitals (Zhengzhou, Wuhan, and Harbin) in different regions of China were determined through C18 HPLC electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (MS). The results showed that in human milk from these 3 regions, oleoyl-palmitoyl-linoleoylglycerol (OPL; 16.55, 19.20, and 18.67%, respectively) was more abundant than oleoyl-palmitoyl-oleoylglycerol (OPO; 10.08, 10.22, and 12.03%, respectively). Subsequently, regioisomeric and enantiomeric analysis of main TG in the human milk were performed on silver ion and chiral HPLC atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (APCI)-MS, respectively. The results showed that rac-OPL (above 85%), rac-OPO (above 85%), rac-palmitoyl-oleoyl-oleoylglycerol (PPO; above 90%), and rac-OLaO (above 70%) were the main regioisomers of OPL, OPO, PPO, and lauroyl-oleoyl-oleoylglycerol (LaOO), respectively. The relative ratios of enantiomer pairs of rac-OPL (rac-OPL1 and rac-OPL2) were about 37 and 63%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y J Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China 266003
| | - X H Zhou
- Qingdao Central Hospital, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - B Han
- Key Laboratory for Marine Bioactive Substances and Modern Analytical Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Zhuang Yu
- Health Management Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China 266000
| | - H X Yi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China 266003
| | - S L Jiang
- Heilongjiang Feihe Dairy Co. Ltd., Beijing 100015, China
| | - Y Y Li
- Heilongjiang Feihe Dairy Co. Ltd., Beijing 100015, China
| | - J C Pan
- Heilongjiang Feihe Dairy Co. Ltd., Beijing 100015, China
| | - L W Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China 266003.
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30
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Pham AC, Peng KY, Salim M, Ramirez G, Hawley A, Clulow AJ, Boyd BJ. Correlating Digestion-Driven Self-Assembly in Milk and Infant Formulas with Changes in Lipid Composition. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:3087-3098. [PMID: 32455340 PMCID: PMC7241073 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Lipids in mammalian
milks such as bovine milk and human breast
milk have been shown to self-assemble into various liquid crystalline
materials during digestion. In this study, the direct correlation
between the composition of the lipids from three types of mammalian
milk, three brands of infant formulas (IFs), and soy milk and the
liquid crystalline structures that form during their digestion was
investigated to link the material properties to the composition. The
self-assembly behavior was assessed using in vitro digestion coupled with in situ small-angle X-ray
scattering (SAXS). Lipid composition was determined during in vitro digestion using ex situ liquid
chromatography–mass spectrometry. All tested milks self-assembled
into ordered structures during digestion, with the majority of milks
displaying nonlamellar phases. Milks that released mostly long-chain
fatty acids (>95 mol % of the top 10 fatty acids released) with
more
than 47 mol % unsaturation predominantly formed a micellar cubic phase
during digestion. Other milks released relatively more medium-chain
fatty acids and medium-chain monoglycerides and produced a range of
ordered liquid crystalline structures including the micellar cubic
phase, the hexagonal phase, and the bicontinuous cubic phase. One
infant formula did not form liquid crystalline structures at all as
a consequence of differences in fatty acid distributions. The self-assembly
phenomenon provides a powerful discriminator between different classes
of nutrition and a roadmap for the design of human milklike systems
and is anticipated to have important implications for nutrient transport
and the delivery of bioactives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Pham
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Kang-Yu Peng
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Malinda Salim
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Gisela Ramirez
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Adrian Hawley
- SAXS/WAXS Beamline, Australian Synchrotron, ANSTO, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Andrew J Clulow
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Ben J Boyd
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
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31
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Wang L, Li X, Liu L, da Zhang H, Zhang Y, Hao Chang Y, Zhu QP. Comparative lipidomics analysis of human, bovine and caprine milk by UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS. Food Chem 2020; 310:125865. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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32
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Triacylglycerol containing medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA-TAG): The gap between human milk and infant formulas. Int Dairy J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2019.104545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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33
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Jia CH, Shin JA, Lee KT. Evaluation model for cocoa butter equivalents based on fatty acid compositions and triacylglycerol patterns. Food Sci Biotechnol 2019; 28:1649-1658. [PMID: 31807337 PMCID: PMC6859180 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-019-00630-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
An effective evaluation model was established to digitize the quality of cocoa butter equivalents (CBEs) based on determinations of total and sn-2 fatty acid compositions and triacylglycerol (TAG) profiles and the "deducting score" principle. Similarity scores for selected fats and oils calculated from the model revealed differences between them and parallel cocoa butter compositions. For CBE1 and CBE2, total similarity scores were 90.6 and 90.0, whereas those of mango (76.3), dhupa (84.1), sal fat (84.7), kokum (78.3), palm mid fractions (PMF, 77.9), shea butter (64.0), illipe butter (89.7) and Pentadesma butyracea butter (67.2), respectively. Similarity scores were found to agree with physical properties, including polymorphism, crystal morphology, crystallization or melting behaviors, and solid fat content. The present study provides an accurate means of assessing CBE quality and hopefully will contribute to the development of commercial CBEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Hua Jia
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Ministry of Education), College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134 Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Ah Shin
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134 Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Teak Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134 Republic of Korea
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34
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Tarvainen M, Kallio H, Yang B. Regiospecific Analysis of Triacylglycerols by Ultrahigh-Performance-Liquid Chromatography–Electrospray Ionization–Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2019; 91:13695-13702. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marko Tarvainen
- Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Turku Turun yliopisto FI-20014 Finland
| | - Heikki Kallio
- Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Turku Turun yliopisto FI-20014 Finland
| | - Baoru Yang
- Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Turku Turun yliopisto FI-20014 Finland
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35
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Mohammadi T, Farmani J, Piravi‐Vanak Z. Formulation and Characterization of Human Milk Fat Substitutes Made from Blends of Refined Palm Olein, and Soybean, Olive, Fish, and Virgin Coconut Oils. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teimoor Mohammadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural EngineeringSari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, PO Box: 578 Sari Iran
| | - Jamshid Farmani
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural EngineeringSari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, PO Box: 578 Sari Iran
| | - Zahra Piravi‐Vanak
- Faculty of Food Industry and Agriculture, Standards Research InstituteIranian National Standards Organization, PO Box: 31585‐163 Karaj Iran
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36
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Zhang X, Qi C, Zhang Y, Wei W, Jin Q, Xu Z, Tao G, Wang X. Identification and quantification of triacylglycerols in human milk fat using ultra-performance convergence chromatography and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometery with supercritical carbon dioxide as a mobile phase. Food Chem 2019; 275:712-720. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.09.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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37
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Yuan T, Qi C, Dai X, Xia Y, Sun C, Sun J, Yu R, Zhou Q, Jin Q, Wei W, Wang X. Triacylglycerol Composition of Breast Milk during Different Lactation Stages. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:2272-2278. [PMID: 30706708 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Triacylglycerol (TAG) composition of breast milk plays an important role in improving digestion, absorption, and metabolism when consumed by infants. This study characterized the TAG profile of human colostrum, transitional, and mature milk samples from 103 women. Significant differences in the TAGs composition of breast milk fat from three lactation stages were observed. The TAGs with high molecular weight and unsaturated fatty acid (such as 1,3-olein-2-palmitin (OPO) and 1(3)-olein-2-palmitin-3(1)-linolein (OPL)) were enriched in colostrum, while the TAGs containing medium-chain fatty acids were more abundant in transitional and mature milk than that in colostrum. Of note, OPL was the most common TAG in breast milk of Chinese women while the most common TAG in breast milk of Western women was OPO. This data will promote the development of infant formulas in terms of the TAG composition more suitable for infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinglan Yuan
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , P. R. China
| | - Ce Qi
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , P. R. China
| | - Xinyue Dai
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , P. R. China
| | - Yuan Xia
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , P. R. China
| | - Cong Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , P. R. China
- College of Food Science and Technology , Henan University of Technology , Lianhua Street 100 , Zhengzhou 450001 , P. R. China
| | - Jin Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , P. R. China
| | - Renqiang Yu
- Department of Newborn , Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University , Wuxi 214002 , P. R. China
| | - Qin Zhou
- Department of Newborn , Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University , Wuxi 214002 , P. R. China
| | - Qingzhe Jin
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , P. R. China
| | - Wei Wei
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , P. R. China
| | - Xingguo Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , P. R. China
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38
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Giuffrida F, Marmet C, Tavazzi I, Fontannaz P, Sauser J, Lee LY, Destaillats F. Quantification of 1,3-olein-2-palmitin (OPO) and Palmitic Acid in sn-2 Position of Triacylglycerols in Human Milk by Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2018; 24:molecules24010022. [PMID: 30577597 PMCID: PMC6337272 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study describes the identification and quantification of fatty acids in the sn-2 position of triacylglycerols (TAG) and of the most abundant TAG regioisomers in human milk by liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-HRMS). Over 300 individual TAG species were observed and 1,3-olein-2-palmitin (OPO) was identified as the most abundant TAG regioisomer. Validation of the HPLC-HRMS method showed repeatability and intermediate reproducibility values ranging from 3.1 to 16.6% and 4.0 to 20.7%, respectively, and accuracy ranging from 75 to 97%. Results obtained by the HPLC-HRMS method were comparable to results from the ISO 6800 method for the quantification of palmitic acid in the sn-2 position of TAG (81.4 and 81.8 g 100 g−1 total palmitic acid, respectively). Processing the data obtained with the HPLC-HRMS method is extremely time consuming and, therefore, a targeted method suitable for the quantification of OPO in human milk samples by ultra-performance (UP) LC coupled with triple quadrupole (QQQ) MS was developed and validated. OPO identification and quantification by UPLC-QQQ were based on nominal mass and a fragmentation pattern obtained by multiple reaction monitoring experiments. The method was validated in terms of accuracy and precision by analyzing different aliquots of the same human milk sample over time and comparing the results with values obtained by HPLC-HRMS. Intermediate reproducibility was <15% and trueness comparable to HPLC-HRMS. Quantification of OPO in human milk samples collected at 30, 60 and 120 days postpartum showed that OPO content varies between 333 ± 11.8 and 383 ± 18.0 mg 100mL−1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cynthia Marmet
- Nestlé Research, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland.
| | - Isabelle Tavazzi
- Nestlé Research, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland.
| | - Patric Fontannaz
- Nestlé Research, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland.
| | - Julien Sauser
- Nestlé Research, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland.
| | - Le Ye Lee
- The Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
- Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
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39
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Cheong LZ, Jiang C, He X, Song S, Lai OM. Lipid Profiling, Particle Size Determination, and in Vitro Simulated Gastrointestinal Lipolysis of Mature Human Milk and Infant Formula. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:12042-12050. [PMID: 30362342 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Dairy technologists has attempted to produce "improved" infant formulas mimicking human milk by supplementation with bovine MFGM and/or phospholipids-enriched materials. The present study investigated and compared the lipid profile and particle sizes of mature human milk and infant formula fat globules (IF 1, IF 2, IF 3, and IF 4) and elucidated the relationship between physicochemical properties and in vitro simulated gastrointestinal lipolysis rate of the different milk samples. Despite having larger micron-sized fat globules, mature human milk demonstrated the highest gastrointestinal lipolysis rate with higher release of medium- and long-chain saturated fatty acids. In comparison, IF 3, which contained the lowest phospholipids content, demonstrated the lowest gastrointestinal lipolysis rate. Higher gastrointestinal lipolysis rate of mature human milk fat as compared to infant formula fats might be due to the presence of MFGM interfacial layer (phospholipids) surrounding the fat droplets which govern lipase activity on lipid droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Zhi Cheong
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Ningbo University , Ningbo 315211 , China
| | - Chenyu Jiang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Ningbo University , Ningbo 315211 , China
| | - Xiaoqian He
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Ningbo University , Ningbo 315211 , China
| | - Shuang Song
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health , Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing 100050 , China
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40
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Liu Z, Rochfort S, Cocks B. Milk lipidomics: What we know and what we don't. Prog Lipid Res 2018; 71:70-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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41
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Sun C, Wei W, Zou X, Huang J, Jin Q, Wang X. Evaluation of triacylglycerol composition in commercial infant formulas on the Chinese market: A comparative study based on fat source and stage. Food Chem 2018; 252:154-162. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.01.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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42
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Zou X, Ali AH, Abed SM, Guo Z. Current knowledge of lipids in human milk and recent innovations in infant formulas. Curr Opin Food Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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43
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Şahin-Yeşilçubuk N, Akoh CC. Biotechnological and Novel Approaches for Designing Structured Lipids Intended for Infant Nutrition. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-017-3013-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neşe Şahin-Yeşilçubuk
- ; Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering; Istanbul Technical University; Maslak Istanbul 34469 Turkey
| | - Casimir C. Akoh
- ; Department of Food Science and Technology; The University of Georgia; Athens 30602-2610 Georgia
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44
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Liu Z, Wang J, Cocks BG, Rochfort S. Seasonal Variation of Triacylglycerol Profile of Bovine Milk. Metabolites 2017; 7:metabo7020024. [PMID: 28574443 PMCID: PMC5487995 DOI: 10.3390/metabo7020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk contains 3–6% of fat, of which the dominant component is triacylglycerol (TAG). Over 100 TAG groups can be readily detected in any non-enriched milk sample by LC-MS; most TAG groups contain several isomers (TAG molecules with different fatty acid composition), which cannot be fully resolved chromatographically by any single stationary phase. TAG profile of mature milk from 19 cows was surveyed in this study for eight consecutive months using RP-LC-Orbitrap MS. It was found that TAG profile of milk was not constant throughout the milking season and the seasonal pattern varied with TAG groups. The overall unsaturation level of TAG was stable from October 2013 to January 2014, decreased in February/March 2014 and then increased from April and peaked in May 2014. In addition to the seasonal fluctuation in TAG profile, the proportion of different isomeric species within a TAG group also changed substantially across seasons. However, the proportion of different positional isomers within a given TAG group does not seem to vary during the milking season. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the seasonal change of milk lipid at the TAG group and isomer level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqian Liu
- Biosciences Research, Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.
| | - Jianghui Wang
- Biosciences Research, Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.
| | - Benjamin G Cocks
- Biosciences Research, Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.
| | - Simone Rochfort
- Biosciences Research, Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.
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45
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Preparation and Characterization of Human Milk Fat Substitutes Based on Triacylglycerol Profiles. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-016-2816-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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46
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Yao Y, Zhao G, Xiang J, Zou X, Jin Q, Wang X. Lipid composition and structural characteristics of bovine, caprine and human milk fat globules. Int Dairy J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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47
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Zou X, Jin Q, Guo Z, Xu X, Wang X. Preparation of human milk fat substitutes from basa catfish oil: Combination of enzymatic acidolysis and modeled blending. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201500591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Qingzhe Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Zheng Guo
- Department of Engineering; Aarhus University; Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Xuebing Xu
- Department of Engineering; Aarhus University; Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Xingguo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu P. R. China
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48
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Liu Z, Cocks BG, Rochfort S. Comparison of Molecular Species Distribution of DHA-Containing Triacylglycerols in Milk and Different Infant Formulas by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:2134-2144. [PMID: 26902881 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) are an important nutritional lipid and have potential in being able to promote human health. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6ω3) is often added in infant formulas to meet the nutritional requirement of formula-fed infants. A comprehensive survey on DHA-containing triacylglycerol (DHA-TAG) molecular species has been conducted for seven infant formulas (IFs) sourced from Australia, Europe, and the USA as well as bovine milk and human milk. Using LC-triple quadrupole MS and LC-LTQ-orbitrap MS we were able to identify and quantify 56 DHA-TAG species in these samples; the fatty acid structure of these species was assigned using their MS(2) spectra. The species composition of DHA-TAG was found to be different between bovine milk, human milk, and IFs and also between different brands of IFs. Bovine milk and human milk contain DHA-TAG of smaller molecular size (728-952 Da), whereas five out of the seven IF samples contain species of broader mass range (from 728 to 1035 Da). Our study indicates that two types of DHA were used in the seven IF products surveyed and that there is very large difference in molecular species distribution in different IF products that may influence the fine nutritional profile and biological functions of IF products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqian Liu
- Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Biosciences Research, AgriBio , 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Benjamin G Cocks
- Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Biosciences Research, AgriBio , 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University , Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Simone Rochfort
- Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Biosciences Research, AgriBio , 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University , Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
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49
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Zou L, Pande G, Akoh CC. Infant Formula Fat Analogs and Human Milk Fat: New Focus on Infant Developmental Needs. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2016; 7:139-65. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-041715-033120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Long Zou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602; , ,
- Bunge Ingredient Innovation Center, Bradley, Illinois 60915
| | - Garima Pande
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602; , ,
| | - Casimir C. Akoh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602; , ,
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50
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Wang Q, Jiang J, Li J, Qiu M, Lin C, Shi X, Cao P, Liu Y. High quality lard with low cholesterol content produced by aqueous enzymatic extraction and β‐cyclodextrin treatment. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201400662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing‐Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan UniversityWuxiJiangsuP. R. China
| | - Jiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan UniversityWuxiJiangsuP. R. China
| | - Jin‐Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan UniversityWuxiJiangsuP. R. China
| | - Mei‐Bin Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan UniversityWuxiJiangsuP. R. China
| | - Chuan‐Zhou Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan UniversityWuxiJiangsuP. R. China
| | - Xu‐Hao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan UniversityWuxiJiangsuP. R. China
| | - Pei‐Rang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan UniversityWuxiJiangsuP. R. China
| | - Yuan‐Fa Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan UniversityWuxiJiangsuP. R. China
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