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Liu Y, Zhang Q, Liu Z, Wang X, Tian H, Shi L, Shi T. Novel assaying method for the accurate and rapid analysis of antioxidant total capacity based on hexachloroiridate(IV). Food Chem 2024; 451:139492. [PMID: 38692243 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
We introduce a novel method, namely IrRAC, for assessing total antioxidant capacity utilizing the single electron oxidant hexachloroiridate(IV). This method leverages the 488 nm absorption band of [IrCl6]2- largely reducing interferences from antioxidants and their oxidation products. [IrCl6]2- is stable 6 h in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) ensuring consistent and reproducible absorbance readings and rendering spectrophotometric determinations under physiological neutrality. Individual assessments of 23 antioxidants reveal a linear correlation between decreasing absorbance and increasing antioxidant concentration. When the IrRAC assay was compared with several established water-based methods, strong correlations were found. Importantly, [IrCl6]2- shows a minimal oxidation of non-antioxidative substances. Moreover, IrRAC performs well with synthetic antioxidant mixtures and real samples, highlighting that the nature of antioxidants dominates the assay without much disturbance. Commercial availability of K2[IrCl6] eliminates the need of pretreatment of the oxidant. Undoubtedly, the new method confers a compelling and cost-effective alternative to the existing electron transfer-based methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang 277160, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Qiaoxia Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang 277160, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhong Liu
- National Engineering Technology Center of Chirality Pharmaceuticals, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Linyi 276006, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiyi Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang 277160, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hongwu Tian
- National Engineering Technology Center of Chirality Pharmaceuticals, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Linyi 276006, Shandong Province, China
| | - Liliang Shi
- National Engineering Technology Center of Chirality Pharmaceuticals, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Linyi 276006, Shandong Province, China
| | - Tiesheng Shi
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang 277160, Shandong Province, China.
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Jain D, Meena M, Janmeda P, Seth CS, Arora J. Analysis of Quantitative Phytochemical Content and Antioxidant Activity of Leaf, Stem, and Bark of Gymnosporia senegalensis (Lam.) Loes. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1425. [PMID: 38891234 PMCID: PMC11174610 DOI: 10.3390/plants13111425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
To the best of our knowledge, there was no prior report providing valuable preliminary data through a demonstration of the quantitative phytochemical and antioxidant activity of Gymnosporia senegalensis. The total contents of phenols, flavonoid, flavanol, tannin, and saponin were evaluated from different fractions extracted from the leaf, stem, and bark of G. senegalensis by using standards such as gallic acid, quercetin, rutin, tannic acid, and saponin quillaja. The antioxidant potential was measured by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydrogen peroxide scavenging (H2O2), superoxide anion radical scavenging, metal chelating ferrous ion, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Data were subjected to half-inhibitory concentration (IC50) and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) at p < 0.05 as a significant value. The total phenol content was found to be highest in the chloroform extract of stem at 97.7 ± 0.02 mg GAE/g. The total flavonoid and flavonol contents in the aqueous extract were 97.1 ± 0.03 mg QE/g and 96.7 ± 0.07 mg RE/g, respectively. The total tannin content in the ethyl acetate extract of leaf was 97.5 ± 0.01 mg TAE/g, and the total saponin content in the methanol extract of stem was 79.1 ± 0.06 mg SQE/g. The antioxidant analysis indicated that IC50 and percentage (%) inhibition were dose-dependent and showed the highest antioxidant activity (40.9 ± 0.9 µg/mL) in methanol extract of leaf for DPPH, (88.8 ± 1.12 µg/mL) in the chloroform extract of stem for H2O2, (43.9 ± 0.15 µg/mL) in the aqueous extract of bark for superoxide anion radical scavenging activity, (26.9 ± 0.11 µg/mL) in the chloroform extract of leaf for the metal chelating ferrous ion activity, (7.55 ± 0.10 mg/mL) in the benzene extract of leaf for FRAP, and (2.97 ± 0.01 mg/mL) in the methanol extract of bark for TAC. These results show that G. senegalensis has great potential in antioxidant activities. The isolation and characterization of specific bioactive compounds and the in vivo applicability of such activity await further extensive studies for drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Jain
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Tonk 304022, Rajasthan, India;
- Department of Microbiology, School of Applied and Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Mukesh Meena
- Laboratory of Phytopathology and Microbial Biotechnology, Department of Botany, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur 313001, Rajasthan, India;
| | - Pracheta Janmeda
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Tonk 304022, Rajasthan, India;
| | | | - Jaya Arora
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Technology, Department of Botany, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur 313001, Rajasthan, India;
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Iacopetta D, Ceramella J, Scumaci D, Catalano A, Sinicropi MS, Tundis R, Alcaro S, Borges F. An Update on Recent Studies Focusing on the Antioxidant Properties of Salvia Species. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:2106. [PMID: 38136225 PMCID: PMC10740915 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12122106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutrition has crucial effects and a significant role in disease prevention. Recently, nutraceuticals have attracted much attention in scientific research due to their pleiotropic effects and relatively non-toxic behavior. Among the biological effects displayed by plants belonging to the Lamiaceae family, such as antibacterial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and anticholinesterase, sage is well known for its antioxidant properties and is a rich source of numerous compounds that are biologically active, amongst them polyphenols, with more than 160 types identified. In this review we summarized some of the significant studies published in the last decade reporting the most employed extraction methods and the different assays that are useful for establishing the antioxidant properties of some sage species. Even though the scientific literature contains plenty of data regarding the antioxidant properties of many sage species, further studies are needed in order to gain a deeper understanding of the mechanism of action and the compounds responsible for their antioxidant activity. Finally, it should be taken into account that the data on the antioxidant properties of sage extracts are often difficult to compare with each other, since a series of variables in the extraction procedures, the type of assay used, and standardization may affect the final result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Iacopetta
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (D.I.); (J.C.); (R.T.)
| | - Jessica Ceramella
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (D.I.); (J.C.); (R.T.)
| | - Domenica Scumaci
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, “S Venuta” Campus, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
- Research Center on Advanced Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, “S Venuta” Campus, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Alessia Catalano
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Stefania Sinicropi
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (D.I.); (J.C.); (R.T.)
| | - Rosa Tundis
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (D.I.); (J.C.); (R.T.)
| | - Stefano Alcaro
- Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
- Net4Science SRL, Academic Spinoff, Università “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Associazione CRISEA-Centro di Ricerca e Servizi Avanzati per l’Innovazione Rurale, Loc. Condoleo, 88055 Belcastro, Italy
| | - Fernanda Borges
- CIQUP-IMS/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal;
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Leo CH, Ong ES. Recent advances in the combination of organic solvent-free extraction, chemical standardization, antioxidant assay, and cell culture metabolomics for functional food and its by-product. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-15. [PMID: 37574586 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2245040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Functional foods and their by-products contain a wide range of bioactive components with an array of health benefits and were proposed to improve public health, well-being, and others. To achieve a circular economy, the processing and extraction of flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and others from functional food and agri-food wastes will require the use of environmentally friendly, sustainable, and a low-cost solution. Extraction methods that can eliminate the use of organic solvents, suitable for use in the laboratory and production of extracts will be covered. This will include subcritical water extraction (SBE), pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), and others. Based on the selected analytical methods, the determination of the marker or bioactive compounds and chemical fingerprints will provide the control measures to identify the batch-to-batch variation of the composition of the functional food products obtained. The combination of chemical standardization with antioxidant assay, such as DPPH and ABTS+ will provide further information on the quality of the extracts. Lastly, to ascertain the biological and physiological relevance of the antioxidant properties of the target sample, treatment of the antioxidant compounds or extracts was carried out using cellular models, and validated using other experimental endpoints, such as metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Huei Leo
- Department of Science, Math & Technology, Singapore University of Technology & Design, Singapore, Singapore
- Center for Healthcare Education, Entrepreneurship and Research (CHEERS), Singapore University of Technology & Design, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eng Shi Ong
- Department of Science, Math & Technology, Singapore University of Technology & Design, Singapore, Singapore
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DEVECİ ÖZKAN A, YÜKSEL B. Poly I:C'nin İndüklediği TLR3 Aktivasyonunun Prostat Kanseri Hücreleri Olan PC-3 (Hormona Duyarsız) ve LNCaP'ın (Hormona Duyarlı) Oksidatif Stres Düzeyine Etkileri. KOCAELI ÜNIVERSITESI SAĞLIK BILIMLERI DERGISI 2022. [DOI: 10.30934/kusbed.915511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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6
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Demirci-Çekiç S, Özkan G, Avan AN, Uzunboy S, Çapanoğlu E, Apak R. Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 209:114477. [PMID: 34920302 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A number of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are produced during normal metabolism in human body. These species can be both radical and non-radical and have varying degrees of reactivity. Although they have some important functions in the human body, such as contributing to signal transmission and the immune system, their presence must be balanced by the antioxidant defense system. The human body has an excellent intrinsic enzymatic antioxidant system in addition to different non-enzymatic antioxidants having small molecular masses. An extrinsic source of antioxidants are foodstuffs such as fruits, vegetables, herbs and spices, mostly rich in polyphenols. When the delicate biochemical balance between oxidants and antioxidants is disturbed in favor of oxidants, "oxidative stress" conditions emerge, under which reactive species can cause oxidative damage to biomacromolecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and DNA. This oxidative damage is often associated with cancer, aging, and neurodegenerative disorders. Because reactive species are extremely short-lived, it is almost impossible to measure their concentrations directly. Although there are certain methods such as ESR / EPR that serve this purpose, they have some disadvantages and are quite costly systems. Therefore, products generated from oxidative damage of proteins, lipids and DNA are often used to quantify the extent of oxidative damage rather than direct measurement of reactive species. These oxidative damage products are usually known as biomarkers. Determination of the concentrations of these biomarkers and changes in the concentration of protective antioxidants can provide useful information for avoiding certain diseases and keep healthy conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sema Demirci-Çekiç
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Avcilar, 34320 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gülay Özkan
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical Uviversity, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aslı Neslihan Avan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Avcilar, 34320 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seda Uzunboy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Avcilar, 34320 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esra Çapanoğlu
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical Uviversity, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Reşat Apak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Avcilar, 34320 Istanbul, Turkey; Turkish Academy of Sciences (TUBA), Vedat Dalokay St. No. 112, Cankaya, 06670 Ankara, Turkey.
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Astaxanthin Relieves Busulfan-Induced Oxidative Apoptosis in Cultured Human Spermatogonial Stem Cells by Activating the Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway. Reprod Sci 2021; 29:374-394. [PMID: 34129218 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-021-00651-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Many child cancer patients endure anticancer therapy containing alkylating agents before sexual maturity. Busulfan (BU), as an alkylating agent, is a chemotherapy drug, causing DNA damage and cytotoxicity in germ cells. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the protective effect of astaxanthin (AST), as a potent antioxidant and powerful reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger, on BU-induced toxicity in human spermatogonial stem cells. For this purpose, testes were obtained from four brain-dead donors. After tissue enzymatic digestions, testicular cells were cultured for 3 weeks for spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) isolation and purification. K562 cell line was cultured to survey the effect of AST on cancer treatment. The cultured SSCs and K562 cell line were finally treated with AST (10μM), BU (0.1nM), and AST+BU. The expression of NRF-2, HO-1, SOD2, SOD3, TP53, and apoptotic genes, including CASP9, CASP3, BCL2, and BAX, were assayed using real-time PCR. Moreover, ROS level in different groups and malondialdehyde level and total antioxidant capacity in cell contraction of SSCs were measured using ELISA. Data showed that AST significantly upregulated the expression of NRF-2 gene (P<0.001) and protein (P<0.005) and also significantly decreased the production of BU-induced ROS (P<0.001). AST activated the NRF-2/HO-1 pathway that could remarkably restrain BU-induced apoptosis in SSCs. Interestingly, AST upregulated the expression level of apoptosis genes in the K562 cell line. The results of this study indicated that AST reduces the side effects of BU on SSCs without interference with its chemotherapy effect on cancerous cells through modulation of the NRF-2/HO-1 and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis pathways.
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8
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Analytical Methods Used in Determining Antioxidant Activity: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073380. [PMID: 33806141 PMCID: PMC8037236 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 464] [Impact Index Per Article: 154.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of antioxidants and their implications in various fields, from food engineering to medicine and pharmacy, is of major interest to the scientific community. The present paper is a critical presentation of the most important tests used to determine the antioxidant activity, detection mechanism, applicability, advantages and disadvantages of these methods. Out of the tests based on the transfer of a hydrogen atom, the following were presented: the Oxygen Radical Absorption Capacity (ORAC) test, the Hydroxyl Radical Antioxidant Capacity (HORAC) test, the Total Peroxyl Radical Trapping Antioxidant Parameter (TRAP) test, and the Total Oxyradical Scavenging Capacity (TOSC) test. The tests based on the transfer of one electron include the Cupric Reducing Antioxidant Power (CUPRAC) test, the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) test, the Folin-Ciocalteu test. Mixed tests, including the transfer of both a hydrogen atom and an electron, include the 2,2'-Azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) test, and the [2,2-di(4-tert-octylphenyl)-1-picrylhydrazyl] (DPPH) test. All these assays are based on chemical reactions and assessing the kinetics or reaching the equilibrium state relies on spectrophotometry, presupposing the occurrence of characteristic colours or the discolouration of the solutions to be analysed, which are processes monitored by specific wavelength adsorption. These assays were successfully applied in antioxidant analysis or the determination of the antioxidant capacity of complex samples. As a complementary method in such studies, one may use methods based on electrochemical (bio)sensors, requiring stages of calibration and validation. The use of chemical methods together with electrochemical methods may result in clarification of the operating mechanisms and kinetics of the processes involving several antioxidants.
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CUPRAC-Reactive Advanced Glycation End Products as Prognostic Markers of Human Acute Myocardial Infarction. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10030434. [PMID: 33799852 PMCID: PMC7999086 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disorders, especially acute coronary syndromes, are among the leading causes of mortality worldwide, and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are associated with cardiovascular disease and serve as biomarkers for diagnosis and prediction. In this study, we investigated the utility of AGEs as prognostic biomarkers for acute myocardial infarction (AMI). We measured AGEs in serum samples of AMI patients (N = 27) using the cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) method on days 0, 2, 14, 30, and 90 after AMI, and the correlation of serum AGE concentration and post-AMI duration was determined using Spearman's correlation analysis. Compared to total serum protein, the level of CUPRAC reactive AGEs was increased from 0.9 to 2.1 times between 0-90 days after AMI incident. Furthermore, the glycation pattern and Spearman's correlation analysis revealed four dominant patterns of AGE concentration changes in AMI patients: stable AGE levels (straight line with no peak), continuous increase, single peak pattern, and multimodal pattern (two or more peaks). In conclusion, CUPRAC-reactive AGEs can be developed as a potential prognostic biomarker for AMI through long-term clinical studies.
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Zhao W, Xiang Y, Xu J, He X, Zhao P. The reversible surface redox of polymer dots for the assay of total antioxidant capacity in food samples. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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11
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Chandel C, Sharma VK, Rana PS, Dabral M, Aggrawal S, Saklani P. Assessment of antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of cytoplasmic male sterile lines of pepper. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-2902-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Ahmed Amar SA, Eryilmaz R, Demir H, Aykan S, Demir C. Determination of oxidative stress levels and some antioxidant enzyme activities in prostate cancer. Aging Male 2019; 22:198-206. [PMID: 30322333 DOI: 10.1080/13685538.2018.1488955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the antioxidant enzyme activities such as (SOD, GSH, and CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) level which is the end product of lipid peroxidation, were determined from the serum samples taken from patients diagnosed with prostate cancer Van Yuzuncu Yıl University Medical Faculty of Educational Research and Training Hospital and İstanbul Bagcilar Education Research Hospital. The SOD, GSH, and CAT activity of patient groups was found significantly lower than the healthy control group in patients with prostate cancer (p < .05). Serum MDA level is found significantly high when compared to control groups. MDA levels increased in patients that suffer prostate cancer disorder. Whereas, firstly antioxidant enzymes activity of SOD, GSH and CAT have been decreased in control groups. Thus, we concluded that the cause of development of prostate cancer may be the result of an imbalance between the antioxidants and oxidative stress. As a result, SOD, CAT, GSH, and MDA may play an important role in the etiopathogenesis of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Recep Eryilmaz
- b Department of Urology , Van YuzuncuYil University, School of Medicine , Van , Turkey
| | - Halit Demir
- a Department of Biochemistry , Van YuzuncuYil University , Van , Turkey
| | - Serdar Aykan
- c Department of Urology , Bağcılar Region Training and Research Hospital , İstanbul , Turkey
| | - Canan Demir
- d VanYuzuncuYil University , Vocational School of High of Health Services , Van , Turkey
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Abstract
The rationale and scope of the main issues of antioxidant measurement are presented, with basic definitions and terms in antioxidant research (such as reactive species and related antioxidative defenses, oxidative stress, and antioxidant activity and capacity) in a historical background. An overview of technical problems and expectations is given in terms of interpretation of results, precision and comparability of methods, capability of simulating physical reality, and analytical performance (sensitivity, selectivity, etc.). Current analytical methods for measuring antioxidant and antiradical activity are classified from various viewpoints. Reaction kinetics and thermodynamics of current analytical methods are discussed, describing physicochemical aspects of antioxidant action and measurement. Controversies and limitations of the widely used antioxidant assays are elaborated in detail. Emerging techniques in antioxidant testing (e.g., nanotechnology, sensors, electrochemistry, chemometry, and hyphenated methods) are broadly introduced. Finally, hints for the selection of suitable assays (i.e., preferable for a specific purpose) and future prospects are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reşat Apak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering , Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa , Avcilar, 34320 Istanbul , Turkey
- Turkish Academy of Sciences (TUBA) , Piyade Street 27 , Cankaya, 06690 Ankara , Turkey
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14
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Uzunboy S, Demirci Çekiç S, Apak R. Determination of Cobalt(II)-Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced DNA Oxidative Damage and Preventive Antioxidant Activity by CUPRAC Colorimetry. ANAL LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2019.1587448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seda Uzunboy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sema Demirci Çekiç
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Reşat Apak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
- Turkish Academy of Sciences (TUBA), Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey
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15
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Fang L, Ren D, Wang Z, Liu C, Wang J, Min W. Protective role of hazelnut peptides on oxidative stress injury in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. J Food Biochem 2018; 43:e12722. [PMID: 31353565 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The crude protein hydrolysates of wild hazel have good immunoregulation and antioxidation effects. However, the components responsible for their antioxidation effect remain unknown. In this study, six antioxidative peptides (EW, DWDPK, ADGF, SGAF, ETTL, and AGGF) were tested for their protective effects on oxidative stress injury in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The results demonstrated that the six peptides are nontoxic and have a protective effect on oxidative stress injury induced by Ang II. Three peptides (EW, ADGF, and DWDPK) inhibited the morphological changes, downregulated the content of lactate dehydrogenase and malondialdehyde, upregulated the activity of antioxidant enzymes catalase, total superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, and scavenged reactive oxygen species (ROS) in HUVECs. Quantitative reverse transcriptive polymerase chain reaction and western blot assays indicated that these three peptides regulated NADPH oxidase activity and ROS production by reducing NOX4 and p22phox levels. Overall, they have a significant protective effect against oxidative stress injury and have potential application in developing new functional foods. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Corylus heterophylla Fisch is a good quality wild hazel distributed in Northeast China. Wild hazelnut of the species C. heterophylla Fisch was selected as experimental object and has high nutritive values and have abundant proteins (20%-30%), fats (40%-50%), carbohydrates (13%-24%), dietary fibers (8.2%-9.6%), vitamins, and micronutrients. Our results indicate that hazelnut peptides (EW, ADGF, and DWDPK) can ensure normal growth of cells by protecting important antioxidant enzyme systems, by enhancing antioxidant defense, by directly affecting nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase activity, and by reducing intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in HUVECs, indicating that the three antioxidative peptides have a protective effect against Ang II-induced oxidative stress injury. Therefore, the antioxidative peptides from C. heterophylla Fisch may be a promising candidate for functional food ingredients and/or pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Fang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,National Engineering Laboratory on Wheat and Corn Further Processing, Changchun, China
| | - Dayong Ren
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,National Engineering Laboratory on Wheat and Corn Further Processing, Changchun, China
| | - Zuhao Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,National Engineering Laboratory on Wheat and Corn Further Processing, Changchun, China
| | - Chunlei Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,National Engineering Laboratory on Wheat and Corn Further Processing, Changchun, China
| | - Ji Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,National Engineering Laboratory on Wheat and Corn Further Processing, Changchun, China
| | - Weihong Min
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,National Engineering Laboratory on Wheat and Corn Further Processing, Changchun, China
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Bayarsaikhan G, Dondurmacioglu F, Avan AN, Cekic SD, Apak R. Novel Colorimetric Assay of 2,3-Dihydroxybenzoate among Other Isomers as a Selective Indicator of Hydroxyl Radical Damage and Related Antioxidant Activity. ANAL LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2017.1328689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ferda Dondurmacioglu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Asli Neslihan Avan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sema Demirci Cekic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Resat Apak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Turkish Academy of Sciences (TUBA), Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey
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17
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Ivanova AV, Gerasimova EL, Brainina KZ. Potentiometric study of antioxidant activity: development and prospects. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2016; 45:311-22. [PMID: 25830410 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2014.910443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The increasing interest in the study of the antioxidant activity of different objects is caused by an unbalance between the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the performance of the antioxidant system in humans under certain conditions, which leads to oxidative stress and pathological states of the organism. This article presents a brief critical review of the methods that are used to measure integrated antioxidant activity (AOA). It is shown that the most promising methods for measuring AOA are electrochemical ones, particularly potentiometry, as it best fits the nature of the processes causing oxidative stress. The article gives the theoretical rational for requirements that an oxidizer of antioxidants (AO) should meet. The work presents the thermodynamic grounds for the use of an earlier proposed mediator system, kinetics of chemical reactions between AO and the mediator system. In order to confirm reliability and accuracy of the results, numerous correlation studies were conducted, aiming to compare the data obtained with the use the proposed method and independent analytical methods. The article presents the results of the potentiometric study of AOA for a variety of objects, including individual antioxidant → nutritional supplements → food → blood and blood fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Ivanova
- a Ural Federal University , Ekaterinburg , Russia
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18
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Apak R, Özyürek M, Güçlü K, Çapanoğlu E. Antioxidant Activity/Capacity Measurement. 3. Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species (ROS/RNS) Scavenging Assays, Oxidative Stress Biomarkers, and Chromatographic/Chemometric Assays. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:1046-1070. [PMID: 26689748 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b04744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
There are many studies in which the antioxidant potential of different foods have been analyzed. However, there are still conflicting results and lack of information as a result of unstandardized assay techniques and differences between the principles of the methods applied. The measurement of antioxidant activity, especially in the case of mixtures, multifunctional or complex multiphase systems, cannot be evaluated satisfactorily using a simple antioxidant test due to the many variables influencing the results. In the literature, there are many antioxidant assays that are used to measure the total antioxidant activity/capacity of food materials. In this review, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) scavenging assays are evaluated with respect to their mechanism, advantages, disadvantages, and potential use in food systems. On the other hand, in vivo antioxidant activity (AOA) assays including oxidative stress biomarkers and cellular-based assays are covered within the scope of this review. Finally, chromatographic and chemometric assays are reviewed, focusing on their benefits especially with respect to their time saving, cost-effective, and sensitive nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reşat Apak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University , Avcilar, 34320 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Özyürek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University , Avcilar, 34320 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kubilay Güçlü
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University , Avcilar, 34320 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esra Çapanoğlu
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University , Maslak, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey
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19
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Apak R, Özyürek M, Güçlü K, Çapanoğlu E. Antioxidant Activity/Capacity Measurement. 1. Classification, Physicochemical Principles, Mechanisms, and Electron Transfer (ET)-Based Assays. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:997-1027. [PMID: 26728425 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b04739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Because there is no widely adopted "total antioxidant parameter" as a nutritional index for labeling food and biological fluids, it is desirable to establish and standardize methods that can measure the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) level directly from plant-based food extracts and biological fluids. In this review, we (i) present and classify the widely used analytical approaches (e.g., in vitro and in vivo, enzymatic and nonenzymatic, electron transfer (ET)- and hydrogen atom transfer (HAT)-based, direct and indirect assays) for evaluating antioxidant capacity/activity; (ii) discuss total antioxidant capacity/activity assays in terms of chemical kinetics and thermodynamics, reaction mechanisms, and analytical performance characteristics, together with advantages and drawbacks; and (iii) critically evaluate ET-based methods for analytical, food chemical, biomedical/clinical, and environmental scientific communities so that they can effectively use these assays in the correct places to meet their needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reşat Apak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University , Avcilar, 34320 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Özyürek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University , Avcilar, 34320 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kubilay Güçlü
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University , Avcilar, 34320 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esra Çapanoğlu
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University , Maslak, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey
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20
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Dong JW, Cai L, Xing Y, Yu J, Ding ZT. Re-evaluation of ABTS•+ Assay for Total Antioxidant Capacity of Natural Products. Nat Prod Commun 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1501001239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt radical cation (ABTS•+) is a stable free radical frequently used for estimating the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of natural products. The existing methods for ABTS•+ radical-scavenging activity assays are diverse in pre-diluting solvents and reaction time, which lead to errors in the TAC estimations. To develop an effective and universal method for estimating the ABTS•+ capacity accurately and reasonably, five pre-dilution solvents [methanol, ethanol, phosphate buffer (Na2HPO4-NaH2PO4, 200 mM, pH = 7.4), PBS buffer (Na2HPO4-NaH2PO4-NaCl, 200 mM, pH = 7.4), and distilled water] and different reaction times were investigated in ABTS•+ assays of five typical antioxidants. The results showed that the solvent effects were very significant. When using different pre-diluting solvents, different detection wavelengths should be selected. ABTS-+ assay could be measured within 2–10 min to obtain a rough result, which was mostly 6 min in the literature. However, full and accurate evaluation of antioxidant reactivity rather than capacity requires recording ABTS•+ loss continuously during the whole reaction period. The present study makes a recommendation for estimating the ABTS•+ capacity accurately and reasonably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Wei Dong
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P.R. China
| | - Le Cai
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P.R. China
| | - Yun Xing
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P.R. China
| | - Jing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P.R. China
| | - Zhong-Tao Ding
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P.R. China
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21
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Cao H, Xie Y, Chen X. Type 2 diabetes diminishes the benefits of dietary antioxidants: Evidence from the different free radical scavenging potential. Food Chem 2015; 186:106-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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22
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Kasangana PB, Haddad PS, Stevanovic T. Study of Polyphenol Content and Antioxidant Capacity of Myrianthus Arboreus (Cecropiaceae) Root Bark Extracts. Antioxidants (Basel) 2015; 4:410-26. [PMID: 26783713 PMCID: PMC4665471 DOI: 10.3390/antiox4020410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to evaluate the therapeutic potential of polyphenolic extracts from root bark of M. arboreus, we have determined the content of various polyphenols in aqueous and ethanol (EtOH) extract as well as two sub-fractions of the latter: ethyl acetate (EAc) and hexane (Hex). The total phenols, flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids and proanthocyanidins have been determined for all studied extracts/fractions by spectrophotometric methods. Both TP content (331.5 ± 2.5 mg GAE/g) and HCA content (201 ± 1.5 mg CAE/g) were determined to be the highest in EAc fraction of EtOH extract. All studied extracts were however determined to have a low content in flavonoids. The determination of antioxidant capacities of the studied extracts has also been performed by the following in vitro antioxidant tests: DPPH scavenging, phosphomolybdenum method and oxygen radical absorbance (ORACFl and ORACPRG) assay. The results of the DPPH free radical and ORACFl assays showed that there is no significant difference between the EAc fraction and Oligopin(®), but the EAc fraction exhibited the highest antioxidant capacity as determined by the phosphomolybdenium method. In addition, the EtOH extract was determined to have the same antioxidant efficiency as the synthetic antioxidant BHT or commercial extract Oligopin(®) by phosphomolybdenum method. On the other hand, a positive correlation (r < 0.6) was found between different classes of polyphenols and the results of the phosphomolybdenum method, ORACFl as well as ORACPRG, except for the DPPH assay, for which a negative correlation was indicated (r < 0.62). Interestingly, it seems that the content in hydroxycinnamic acids played a big role in all assays with r < 0.9. According to the present study, EAc fraction and EtOH extract should be further studied for the potential use in the pharmaceutical and food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Betu Kasangana
- Sciences du Bois et de la Forêt, Faculté de Foresterie, de Géographie et de Géomantique, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
- Pharmacologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada.
- Institut sur la Nutrition et des Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Pierre Selim Haddad
- Pharmacologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada.
- Institut sur la Nutrition et des Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Tatjana Stevanovic
- Sciences du Bois et de la Forêt, Faculté de Foresterie, de Géographie et de Géomantique, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
- Institut sur la Nutrition et des Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
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A colourimetric sensor for the simultaneous determination of oxidative status and antioxidant activity on the same membrane: N,N-Dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine (DMPD) on Nafion. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 865:60-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Dyer JM, Deb-Choudhury S, Cornellison CD, Krsinic G, Dobbie P, Rosenvold K, Clerens S. Spatial and temporal mass spectrometric profiling and imaging of lipid degradation in bovine M. longissimus dorsi lumborum. J Food Compost Anal 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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