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Agunbiade OJ, Adewale IO. Studies on latent and soluble polyphenol oxidase from Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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2
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Effects of wilting and ensiling with or without additive on protein quality and fermentation of a lucerne-white clover mixture. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.114301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Huang C, Zhang J, Zhang X, Yu Y, Bian W, Zeng Z, Sun X, Li X. Two New Polyphenol Oxidase Genes of Tea Plant ( Camellia sinensis) Respond Differentially to the Regurgitant of Tea Geometrid, Ectropis obliqua. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082414. [PMID: 30115844 PMCID: PMC6121673 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) have been reported to play an important role in protecting plants from attacks by herbivores. Though PPO genes in other plants have been extensively studied, research on PPO genes in the tea plant (Camellia sinensis) is lacking. In particular, which members of the PPO gene family elicit the defense response of the tea plant are as yet unknown. Here, two new PPO genes, CsPPO1 and CsPPO2, both of which had high identity with PPOs from other plants, were obtained from tea leaves. The full length of CsPPO1 contained an open reading frame (ORF) of 1740 bp that encoded a protein of 579 amino acids, while CsPPO2 contained an ORF of 1788 bp that encoded a protein of 595 amino acids. The deduced CsPPO1 and CsPPO2 proteins had calculated molecular masses of 64.6 and 65.9 kDa; the isoelectric points were 6.94 and 6.48, respectively. The expression products of recombinant CsPPO1 and CsPPO2 in Escherichia coli were about 91 and 92 kDa, respectively, but the recombinant proteins existed in the form of an inclusion body. Whereas CsPPO1 is highly expressed in stems, CsPPO2 is highly expressed in roots. Further results showed that the expression of CsPPO1 and CsPPO2 was wound- and Ectropis obliqua-induced, and that regurgitant, unlike treatment with wounding plus deionized water, significantly upregulated the transcriptional expression of CsPPO2 but not of CsPPO1. The difference between regurgitant and wounding indicates that CsPPO2 may play a more meaningful defensive role against E. obliqua than CsPPO1. Meanwhile, we found the active component(s) of the regurgitant elicited by the expression of CsPPO may contain small molecules (under 3-kDa molecular weight). These conclusions advance the understanding of the biological function of two new PPO genes and show that one of these, CsPPO2, may be a promising gene for engineering tea plants that are resistant to E. obliqua.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Huang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China.
- Tea Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Jin Zhang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China.
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Xin Zhang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China.
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Yongchen Yu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Wenbo Bian
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China.
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Zhongping Zeng
- Tea Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Xiaoling Sun
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China.
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Xinghui Li
- Tea Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Liu F, Han Q, Ni Y. Comparison of biochemical properties and thermal inactivation of membrane-bound polyphenol oxidase from three apple cultivars (Malus domestica
Borkh). Int J Food Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.13676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Northwest A & F University; Yang Ling Shaanxi 712100 China
| | - Qianyun Han
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering; China Agricultural University; No. 17 Qinghua East Road Beijing 100083 China
| | - Yuanying Ni
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering; China Agricultural University; No. 17 Qinghua East Road Beijing 100083 China
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Rojas-Garbanzo C, Gleichenhagen M, Heller A, Esquivel P, Schulze-Kaysers N, Schieber A. Carotenoid Profile, Antioxidant Capacity, and Chromoplasts of Pink Guava (Psidium guajava L. Cv. 'Criolla') during Fruit Ripening. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:3737-3747. [PMID: 28301727 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Pigments of pericarp and pulp of pink guava (Psidium guajava L. cv. 'Criolla') were investigated to elucidate the profile and the accumulation of main carotenoids during four stages of fruit ripening by using HPLC-DAD and APCI-MS/MS analysis. Seventeen carotenoids were identified, and changes in their profile during fruit ripening were observed. The carotenoids all-trans-β-carotene, 15-cis-lycopene, and all-trans-lycopene were present in all ripening stages, but all-trans-lycopene was found to be predominant (from 63% to 92% of total carotenoids) and responsible for the high lipophilic antioxidant capacity determined by spectrophotometric assays. By using light and transmission electron microscopy, the development of chromoplasts in pericarp and pulp was demonstrated. The accumulation of all-trans-lycopene and all-trans-β-carotene coincided with the development of large crystals; the chromoplasts of pink guava belong, therefore, to the crystalline type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Rojas-Garbanzo
- Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, Molecular Food Technology, University of Bonn , Römerstraße 164, D-53117 Bonn, Germany
- National Center for Food Science and Technology (CITA), University of Costa Rica , 11501-2060 San José, Costa Rica
| | - Maike Gleichenhagen
- Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, Molecular Food Technology, University of Bonn , Römerstraße 164, D-53117 Bonn, Germany
| | - Annerose Heller
- Institute of Botany (210), University of Hohenheim , Garbenstraße 30, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Patricia Esquivel
- School of Food Technology, University of Costa Rica , 11501-2060 San José, Costa Rica
| | - Nadine Schulze-Kaysers
- Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, Molecular Food Technology, University of Bonn , Römerstraße 164, D-53117 Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Schieber
- Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, Molecular Food Technology, University of Bonn , Römerstraße 164, D-53117 Bonn, Germany
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Boeckx T, Winters A, Webb KJ, Kingston-Smith AH. Detection of Potential Chloroplastic Substrates for Polyphenol Oxidase Suggests a Role in Undamaged Leaves. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:237. [PMID: 28316605 PMCID: PMC5334603 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) have a recognized role during pathogen and arthropod attack. As an immediate consequence of such wounding, cellular compartmentation is destroyed allowing the chloroplastic PPO enzyme to interact with vacuolar substrates catalyzing the oxidation of monophenols and/or o-diphenols to o-diquinones. This ultimately results in a reduction in the nutritional value of wounded tissue through the formation of non-digestible secondary melanin pigments. However, the chloroplastic location of PPO enzyme could indicate a role for PPO in undamaged tissues. In this study, a wild-type red clover population exhibiting high leaf PPO activity had significantly higher yield than a low leaf PPO mutant population while leaf isoflavonoids and hydroxycinnammates (PPO substrates) accumulated at similar levels in these plants. These data suggest that the presence of leaf PPO activity affects plant vigor. Understanding how this advantage is conferred requires knowledge of the cellular mechanism, including intra-organellar substrates. Here we present evidence of candidate PPO substrates within chloroplasts of wild-type red clover, including the monophenolic acid, coumaroyl malate, and low levels of the diphenolic acid, phaselic acid (caffeoyl malate). Interestingly, chloroplastic phaselic acid concentration increased significantly under certain growth conditions. We discuss the implications of this in regard to a potential role for chloroplastic PPO in undamaged leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alison H. Kingston-Smith
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth UniversityAberystwyth, UK
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Kawaharada Y, James EK, Kelly S, Sandal N, Stougaard J. The Ethylene Responsive Factor Required for Nodulation 1 (ERN1) Transcription Factor Is Required for Infection-Thread Formation in Lotus japonicus. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2017; 30:194-204. [PMID: 28068194 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-16-0237-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Several hundred genes are transcriptionally regulated during infection-thread formation and development of nitrogen-fixing root nodules. We have characterized a set of Lotus japonicus mutants impaired in root-nodule formation and found that the causative gene, Ern1, encodes a protein with a characteristic APETALA2/Ethylene Responsive Factor (AP2/ERF) transcription-factor domain. Phenotypic characterization of four ern1 alleles shows that infection pockets are formed but root-hair infection threads are absent. Formation of root-nodule primordia is delayed and no normal transcellular infection threads are found in the infected nodules. Corroborating the role of ERN1 (ERF Required for Nodulation1) in nodule organogenesis, spontaneous nodulation induced by an autoactive CCaMK and cytokinin-induced nodule primordia were not observed in ern1 mutants. Expression of Ern1 is induced in the susceptible zone by Nod factor treatment or rhizobial inoculation. At the cellular level, the pErn1:GUS reporter is highly expressed in root epidermal cells of the susceptible zone and in the cortical cells that form nodule primordia. The genetic regulation of this cellular expression pattern was further investigated in symbiotic mutants. Nod factor induction of Ern1 in epidermal cells was found to depend on Nfr1, Cyclops, and Nsp2 but was independent of Nin and Nf-ya1. These results suggest that ERN1 functions as a transcriptional regulator involved in the formation of infection threads and development of nodule primordia and may coordinate these two processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Kawaharada
- 1 Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; and
| | - Euan K James
- 2 The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, U.K
| | - Simon Kelly
- 1 Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; and
| | - Niels Sandal
- 1 Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; and
| | - Jens Stougaard
- 1 Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; and
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Hart EH, Onime LA, Davies TE, Morphew RM, Kingston-Smith AH. The effects of PPO activity on the proteome of ingested red clover and implications for improving the nutrition of grazing cattle. J Proteomics 2016; 141:67-76. [PMID: 27109346 PMCID: PMC4881418 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Increasing the rumen-stable protein content of feed would lead to improved nitrogen utilisation in cattle, and less nitrogenous waste. Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) is a high protein ruminant feed containing high polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity. PPO mediated protein-quinone binding has been linked to protecting plant proteins from proteolysis. To explore the mechanism underlying the effect of PPO on protein protection in fresh forage feeds, proteomic components of feed down-boli produced from wild-type red clover and a low PPO mutant, at point of ingestion and after 4h in vitro incubation with rumen inoculum were analysed. Significant differences in proteomic profiles between wild-type and mutant red clover were determined after 4h incubation, with over 50% less spots in mutant than wild-type proteomes, indicating decreased proteolysis in the latter. Protein identifications revealed preferentially retained proteins localised within the chloroplast, suggesting that PPO mediated protection in the wild-type operates due to the proximity of target proteins to the enzyme and substrates, either diffusing into this compartment from the vacuole or are present in the chloroplast. This increased understanding of protein targets of PPO indicates that wider exploitation of the trait could contribute to increased protein use efficiency in grazing cattle. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE One of the main challenges for sustainable livestock farming is improving capture of dietary nitrogen by ruminants. Typically up to 70% of ingested protein-N is excreted representing a loss of productivity potential and a serious environmental problem in terms of nitrogenous pollution of lands and water. Identification of key characteristics of rumen-protected protein will deliver target traits for selection in forage breeding programmes. The chloroplastic enzyme PPO catalyzes the oxidation of phenols to quinones, which react with protein. Little is currently known about the intracellular protein targets of the products of PPO activity or the mechanism underlying protein complexing, including whether there is any specificity to the reaction. Here we have determined significant differences in the proteomes of freshly ingested down boli corresponding to the presence or absence of active PPO. These results show that in the presence of PPO the forage protein is less amenable to proteolysis and provide the novel information that the protected proteins are putatively chloroplastically located. These data also contribute to a growing evidence base that a chloroplastic PPO substrate exists in red clover in addition to the currently known vacuolar substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- E H Hart
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Penglais, Aberystwyth SY23 3FG, UK
| | - L A Onime
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Penglais, Aberystwyth SY23 3FG, UK
| | - T E Davies
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Penglais, Aberystwyth SY23 3FG, UK
| | - R M Morphew
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Penglais, Aberystwyth SY23 3FG, UK
| | - A H Kingston-Smith
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Penglais, Aberystwyth SY23 3FG, UK.
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Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) draft genome provides a platform for trait improvement. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17394. [PMID: 26617401 PMCID: PMC4663792 DOI: 10.1038/srep17394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) is a globally significant forage legume in pastoral livestock farming systems. It is an attractive component of grassland farming, because of its high yield and protein content, nutritional value and ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen. Enhancing its role further in sustainable agriculture requires genetic improvement of persistency, disease resistance, and tolerance to grazing. To help address these challenges, we have assembled a chromosome-scale reference genome for red clover. We observed large blocks of conserved synteny with Medicago truncatula and estimated that the two species diverged ~23 million years ago. Among the 40,868 annotated genes, we identified gene clusters involved in biochemical pathways of importance for forage quality and livestock nutrition. Genotyping by sequencing of a synthetic population of 86 genotypes show that the number of markers required for genomics-based breeding approaches is tractable, making red clover a suitable candidate for association studies and genomic selection.
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10
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Boeckx T, Webster R, Winters AL, Webb KJ, Gay A, Kingston-Smith AH. Polyphenol oxidase-mediated protection against oxidative stress is not associated with enhanced photosynthetic efficiency. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2015; 116:529-40. [PMID: 26041733 PMCID: PMC4577998 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) catalyse the oxidation of monophenols and/or o-diphenols to highly reactive o-quinones, which in turn interact with oxygen and proteins to form reactive oxygen species (ROS) and typical brown-pigmented complexes. Hence PPOs can affect local levels of oxygen and ROS. Although the currently known substrates are located in the vacuole, the enzyme is targeted to the thylakoid lumen, suggesting a role for PPOs in photosynthesis. The current study was designed to investigate the potential involvement of PPOs in the photosynthetic response to oxidative stress. METHODS Photosynthesis (A, Fv/Fm, ΦPSII, qN, qP, NPQ) was measured in leaves of a wild-type and a low-PPO mutant of red clover (Trifolium pratense 'Milvus') under control conditions and under a stress treatment designed to induce photooxidative stress: cold/high light (2 °C/580 µmol m(2 )s(-1)) or 0-10 µm methyl viologen. Foliar protein content and oxidation state were also determined. KEY RESULTS Photosynthetic performance, and chlorophyll and protein content during 4 d of cold/high light stress and 3 d of subsequent recovery under control growth conditions showed similar susceptibility to stress in both lines. However, more extensive oxidative damage to protein in mutants than wild-types was observed after treatment of attached leaves with methyl viologen. In addition, PPO activity could be associated with an increased capacity to dissipate excess energy, but only at relatively low methyl viologen doses. CONCLUSIONS The presence of PPO activity in leaves did not correspond to a direct role for the enzyme in the regulation or protection of photosynthesis under cold stress. However, an indication that PPO could be involved in cellular protection against low-level oxidative stress requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinne Boeckx
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 3FG, UK
| | - Richard Webster
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 3FG, UK
| | - Ana L Winters
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 3FG, UK
| | - K Judith Webb
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 3FG, UK
| | - Alan Gay
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 3FG, UK
| | - Alison H Kingston-Smith
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 3FG, UK
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11
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Boeckx T, Winters AL, Webb KJ, Kingston-Smith AH. Polyphenol oxidase in leaves: is there any significance to the chloroplastic localization? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:3571-9. [PMID: 25873687 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) catalyses the oxidation of monophenols and/or o-diphenols to o-quinones with the concomitant reduction of oxygen to water which results in protein complexing and the formation of brown melanin pigments. The most frequently suggested role for PPO in plants has been in defence against herbivores and pathogens, based on the physical separation of the chloroplast-localized enzyme from the vacuole-localized substrates. The o-quinone-protein complexes, formed as a consequence of cell damage, may reduce the nutritional value of the tissue and thereby reduce predation but can also participate in the formation of structural barriers against invading pathogens. However, since a sufficient level of compartmentation-based regulation could be accomplished if PPO was targeted to the cytosol, the benefit derived by some plant species in having PPO present in the chloroplast lumen remains an intriguing question. So is there more to the chloroplastic location of PPO? An interaction between PPO activity and photosynthesis has been proposed on more than one occasion but, to date, evidence either for or against direct involvement has been equivocal, and the lack of identified chloroplastic substrates remains an issue. Similarly, PPO has been suggested to have both pro- and anti-oxidant functions. Nevertheless, several independent lines of evidence suggest that PPO responds to environmental conditions and could be involved in the response of plants to abiotic stress. This review highlights our current understanding of the in vivo functions of PPO and considers the potential opportunities it presents for exploitation to increase stress tolerance in food crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinne Boeckx
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Penglais Campus, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3FG, UK
| | - Ana L Winters
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Penglais Campus, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3FG, UK
| | - K Judith Webb
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Penglais Campus, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3FG, UK
| | - Alison H Kingston-Smith
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Penglais Campus, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3FG, UK
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Huang S, Zhang CP, Li GQ, Sun YY, Wang K, Hu FL. Identification of catechol as a new marker for detecting propolis adulteration. Molecules 2014; 19:10208-17. [PMID: 25025150 PMCID: PMC6271646 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190710208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Adulteration of propolis with poplar extract is a serious issue in the bee products market. The aim of this study was to identify marker compounds in adulterated propolis, and examine the transformation of chemical components from poplar buds to propolis. The chemical profiles of poplar extracts and propolis were compared, and a new marker compound, catechol, was isolated and identified from the extracts of poplar buds. The polyphenol oxidase, catechol oxidase, responsible for catalyzing oxidation of catechol was detected in poplar buds and propolis. The results indicate catechol can be used as a marker to detect propolis adulterated with poplar extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Huang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Cui-Ping Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - George Q Li
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Yue-Yi Sun
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Kai Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Fu-Liang Hu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Webb KJ, Cookson A, Allison G, Sullivan ML, Winters AL. Polyphenol oxidase affects normal nodule development in red clover (Trifolium pratense L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:700. [PMID: 25566275 PMCID: PMC4269121 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) may have multiple functions in tissues depending on its cellular or tissue localization. Here we use PPO RNAi transformants of red clover (Trifolium pratense) to determine the role PPO plays in normal development of plants, and especially in N2-fixing nodules. In red clover, PPO was not essential for either growth or nodule production, or for nodule function in plants grown under optimal, N-free conditions. However, absence of PPO resulted in a more reduced environment in all tissues, as measured by redox potential, and caused subtle developmental changes in nodules. Leaves and, to a lesser extent nodules, lacking PPO tended to accumulate phenolic compounds. A comparison of nodules of two representative contrasting clones by microscopy revealed that nodules lacking PPO were morphologically and anatomically subtly altered, and that phenolics accumulated in different cells and tissues. Developing nodules lacking PPO were longer, and there were more cell layers within the squashed cell layer (SCL), but the walls of these cells were less thickened and the cells were less squashed. Within the N2-fixing zone, bacteroids appeared more granular and were less tightly packed together, and were similar to developmentally compromised bacteroids elicited by catalase mutant rhizobia reported elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Judith Webb
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth UniversityAberystwyth, UK
- *Correspondence: K. Judith Webb, Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Gogerddan, Ceredigion SY23 3EE, UK e-mail:
| | - Alan Cookson
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth UniversityAberystwyth, UK
| | - Gordon Allison
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth UniversityAberystwyth, UK
| | - Michael L. Sullivan
- US Dairy Forage Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of AgricultureMadison, WI, USA
| | - Ana L. Winters
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth UniversityAberystwyth, UK
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