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Valverde-Som L, Herrero A, Reguera C, Sarabia LA, Ortiz MC, Sánchez MS. Model inversion and three-way decompositions in the analytical quality by design strategy for the determination of phthalates BY HS-SPME-GC-MS. Talanta 2024; 267:125265. [PMID: 37826997 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
In this work, strategies within Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD) with tools of the Process Analytical Technology (PAT) were used in the development of a head space-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) procedure for the multiresidue analysis of four phthalic acid esters, benzyl butyl phthalate, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, dibutyl phthalate and diethyl phthalate (regulated by Commission Regulation (EU) No 10/2011). The approach is based on the fact that the intended quality of the resulting chromatograms is defined in terms of the loadings on the sample mode of a Parallel Factor Analysis (PARAFAC2) decomposition. These loadings are the ones used for the inversion of a Partial Least Squares (PLS2) prediction model that has been previously fitted. The inversion gives the experimental conditions that represent a compromise solution in terms of the desired or target values of the responses (Critical Quality Attributes, CQAs), while guaranteeing that these experimental conditions are inside the experimental domain of the Control Method Parameters (CMPs). This strategy results in experimental conditions of extraction time and temperature that lead to a chromatogram of predefined quality for the four analytes together, with the subsquent saving of time and energy. The experimental conditions achieved have been experimentally verified and figures of merit of the analytical method have been determined. The method has been applied to a case study, bottled natural and flavoured mineral water. Concentrations around 0.3 μg L-1 of dibutyl phthalate have been found in 5 of the 22 bottles of water analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Valverde-Som
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos Spain
| | - Ana Herrero
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos Spain
| | - Celia Reguera
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos Spain
| | - Luis Antonio Sarabia
- Department of Mathematics and Computation, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos Spain
| | - María Cruz Ortiz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos Spain.
| | - María Sagrario Sánchez
- Department of Mathematics and Computation, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos Spain
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Holler M, Alberdi-Cedeño J, Auñon-Lopez A, Pointner T, Martínez-Yusta A, König J, Pignitter M. Polylactic acid as a promising sustainable plastic packaging for edible oils. Food Packag Shelf Life 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2023.101051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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Wen J, Lu Y, Shi L, Yang Y. A novel cloud point extraction based on fatty acid deep eutectic solvent combined with high-performance liquid chromatography for determination of ultraviolet absorbent in food packaging bags. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Yang F, Li X, Meng D, Yang Y. Determination of Ultraviolet Absorbers and Light Stabilizers in Food Packaging Bags by Magnetic Solid Phase Extraction Followed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-017-0896-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Bouhlel J, Ratel J, Abouelkaram S, Mercier F, Travel A, Baéza E, Jondreville C, Dervilly-Pinel G, Marchand P, Le Bizec B, Dubreil E, Mompelat S, Verdon E, Inthavong C, Guérin T, Rutledge DN, Engel E. Solid-phase microextraction set-up for the analysis of liver volatolome to detect livestock exposure to micropollutants. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1497:9-18. [PMID: 28366563 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Starting from a critical analysis of a first "proof of concept" study on the utility of the liver volatolome for detecting livestock exposure to environmental micropollutants (Berge et al., 2011), the primary aim of this paper is to improve extraction conditions so as to obtain more representative extracts by using an extraction temperature closer to livestock physiological conditions while minimizing analytical variability and maximizing Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) abundancies. Levers related to extraction conditions and sample preparation were assessed in the light of both abundance and coefficient of variation of 22 candidate VOC markers identified in earlier volatolomic studies. Starting with a CAR/PDMS fiber and a 30min extraction, the reduction of SPME temperature to 40°C resulted in a significant decrease in the area of 14 candidate VOC markers (p<0.05), mainly carbonyls and alcohols but also a reduction in the coefficient of variation for 17 of them. In order to restore VOC abundances and to minimize variability, two approaches dealing with sample preparation were investigated. By increasing sample defrosting time at 4°C from 0 to 24h yielded higher abundances and lower variabilities for 15 and 13 compounds, respectively. Lastly, by using additives favouring the release of VOCs (1.2g of NaCl) the sensitivity of the analysis was improved with a significant increase in VOC abundances of more than 50% for 13 out of the 22 candidate markers. The modified SPME parameters significantly enhanced the abundances while decreasing the analytical variability for most candidate VOC markers. The second step was to validate the ability of the revised SPME protocol to discriminate intentionally contaminated broiler chickens from controls, under case/control animal testing conditions. After verification of the contamination levels of the animals by national reference laboratories, data analysis by a multivariate chemometric method (Common Components and Specific Weights Analysis - ComDim) showed that the liver volatolome could reveal dietary exposure of broilers to a group of environmental pollutants (PCBs), a veterinary treatment (monensin), and a pesticide (deltamethrin), thus confirming the usefulness of this analytical set-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihéne Bouhlel
- INRA, UR370 QuaPA, MASS laboratory, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France; INRA, UMR GENIAL, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Massy, France
| | - Jérémy Ratel
- INRA, UR370 QuaPA, MASS laboratory, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Said Abouelkaram
- INRA, UR370 QuaPA, MASS laboratory, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Frédéric Mercier
- INRA, UR370 QuaPA, MASS laboratory, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Estelle Dubreil
- ANSES, Reference laboratory for veterinary drug residues in food, Fougères, France
| | - Sophie Mompelat
- ANSES, Reference laboratory for veterinary drug residues in food, Fougères, France
| | - Eric Verdon
- ANSES, Reference laboratory for veterinary drug residues in food, Fougères, France
| | | | - Thierry Guérin
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Erwan Engel
- INRA, UR370 QuaPA, MASS laboratory, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France.
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Wang H, Yuan J. Identification and quantification of unknown antioxidants in plastic materials by ultrasonic extraction and ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2016; 22:19-29. [PMID: 26863072 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry has been applied to the targeted analysis of commonly used additives (such as Irganox 1010, Irganox 1076, Irgafos 168, etc.) in plastic materials, but a fast and straightforward method for the non-targeted identification and quantification of unusual or potentially new antioxidant additives is still unavailable. In this study, a novel and simple method for the identification and quantification of unknown antioxidant additives in plastic food packaging using ultrasonic extraction and ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry has been developed. A method for the Irganox series analyzed here has not been reported previously. Unknown antioxidant additives have been identified by accurate m/z determination, MS(2) fragments and comparison with synthesized standards. The mass fragmentation patterns and structural assignments of these antioxidants have been studied. Parameters affecting the efficiency of the process, such as extraction solvents, extraction volume, extraction time and chromatographic conditions, have been studied and optimized. Ultrasonic extraction of plastic materials (40 mg) with dichloromethane (0.5 mL) at 25 °C was applied as optimal. Limits of detection of the target additives ranged from 0.5 ng g(-1) to 1.5 ng g(-1), and the detection was linear over the range studied (0.01-1.5 µg mg(-1), r(2)>0.99). The accuracy of the method has been tested by relative recovery experiments with spiked samples, with results ranging from 94.3% to 104.8%, and the precision (relative standard deviation) was within 11.0% (n=3). Finally, the method has been successfully applied to the determination of antioxidants in several real plastic samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Wang
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road 800, Shanghai 200240, PR China..
| | - Jiaojian Yuan
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road 800, Shanghai 200240, PR China..
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Li B, Wang ZW, Lin QB, Hu CY, Su QZ, Wu YM. Determination of Polymer Additives-Antioxidants, Ultraviolet Stabilizers, Plasticizers and Photoinitiators in Plastic Food Package by Accelerated Solvent Extraction Coupled with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. J Chromatogr Sci 2014; 53:1026-35. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmu159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Kassouf A, Maalouly J, Rutledge DN, Chebib H, Ducruet V. Rapid discrimination of plastic packaging materials using MIR spectroscopy coupled with independent components analysis (ICA). WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2014; 34:2131-2138. [PMID: 25027228 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2014.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Plastic packaging wastes increased considerably in recent decades, raising a major and serious public concern on political, economical and environmental levels. Dealing with this kind of problems is generally done by landfilling and energy recovery. However, these two methods are becoming more and more expensive, hazardous to the public health and the environment. Therefore, recycling is gaining worldwide consideration as a solution to decrease the growing volume of plastic packaging wastes and simultaneously reduce the consumption of oil required to produce virgin resin. Nevertheless, a major shortage is encountered in recycling which is related to the sorting of plastic wastes. In this paper, a feasibility study was performed in order to test the potential of an innovative approach combining mid infrared (MIR) spectroscopy with independent components analysis (ICA), as a simple and fast approach which could achieve high separation rates. This approach (MIR-ICA) gave 100% discrimination rates in the separation of all studied plastics: polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS) and polylactide (PLA). In addition, some more specific discriminations were obtained separating plastic materials belonging to the same polymer family e.g. high density polyethylene (HDPE) from low density polyethylene (LDPE). High discrimination rates were obtained despite the heterogeneity among samples especially differences in colors, thicknesses and surface textures. The reproducibility of the proposed approach was also tested using two spectrometers with considerable differences in their sensitivities. Discrimination rates were not affected proving that the developed approach could be extrapolated to different spectrometers. MIR combined with ICA is a promising tool for plastic waste separation that can help improve performance in this field; however further technological improvements and developments are required before it can be applied at an industrial level given that all tests presented here were performed under laboratory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amine Kassouf
- ER004 "Lebanese Food Packaging", Faculty of Sciences II, Lebanese University, 90656 Jdeideth El Matn, Fanar, Lebanon; INRA, UMR1145 Ingénierie Procédés Aliments, 1 Avenue des Olympiades, 91300 Massy, France; AgroParisTech, UMR1145 Ingénierie Procédés Aliments, 16 rue Claude Bernard, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Jacqueline Maalouly
- ER004 "Lebanese Food Packaging", Faculty of Sciences II, Lebanese University, 90656 Jdeideth El Matn, Fanar, Lebanon.
| | - Douglas N Rutledge
- INRA, UMR1145 Ingénierie Procédés Aliments, 1 Avenue des Olympiades, 91300 Massy, France; AgroParisTech, UMR1145 Ingénierie Procédés Aliments, 16 rue Claude Bernard, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Hanna Chebib
- ER004 "Lebanese Food Packaging", Faculty of Sciences II, Lebanese University, 90656 Jdeideth El Matn, Fanar, Lebanon.
| | - Violette Ducruet
- INRA, UMR1145 Ingénierie Procédés Aliments, 1 Avenue des Olympiades, 91300 Massy, France; AgroParisTech, UMR1145 Ingénierie Procédés Aliments, 16 rue Claude Bernard, 75005 Paris, France.
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Kassouf A, El Rakwe M, Chebib H, Ducruet V, Rutledge DN, Maalouly J. Independent components analysis coupled with 3D-front-face fluorescence spectroscopy to study the interaction between plastic food packaging and olive oil. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 839:14-25. [PMID: 25066714 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Olive oil is one of the most valued sources of fats in the Mediterranean diet. Its storage was generally done using glass or metallic packaging materials. Nowadays, plastic packaging has gained worldwide spread for the storage of olive oil. However, plastics are not inert and interaction phenomena may occur between packaging materials and olive oil. In this study, extra virgin olive oil samples were submitted to accelerated interaction conditions, in contact with polypropylene (PP) and polylactide (PLA) plastic packaging materials. 3D-front-face fluorescence spectroscopy, being a simple, fast and non destructive analytical technique, was used to study this interaction. Independent components analysis (ICA) was used to analyze raw 3D-front-face fluorescence spectra of olive oil. ICA was able to highlight a probable effect of a migration of substances with antioxidant activity. The signals extracted by ICA corresponded to natural olive oil fluorophores (tocopherols and polyphenols) as well as newly formed ones which were tentatively identified as fluorescent oxidation products. Based on the extracted fluorescent signals, olive oil in contact with plastics had slower aging rates in comparison with reference oils. Peroxide and free acidity values validated the results obtained by ICA, related to olive oil oxidation rates. Sorbed olive oil in plastic was also quantified given that this sorption could induce a swelling of the polymer thus promoting migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amine Kassouf
- ER004 "Lebanese Food Packaging", Faculty of Sciences II, Lebanese University, Jdeideth El Matn 90656, Fanar, Lebanon; INRA, UMR1145 Ingénierie Procédés Aliments, 1 Avenue des Olympiades, Massy 91300, France; AgroParisTech, UMR1145 Ingénierie Procédés Aliments, 16 rue Claude Bernard, Paris 75005, France.
| | - Maria El Rakwe
- ER004 "Lebanese Food Packaging", Faculty of Sciences II, Lebanese University, Jdeideth El Matn 90656, Fanar, Lebanon; AgroParisTech, UMR1145 Ingénierie Procédés Aliments, 16 rue Claude Bernard, Paris 75005, France.
| | - Hanna Chebib
- ER004 "Lebanese Food Packaging", Faculty of Sciences II, Lebanese University, Jdeideth El Matn 90656, Fanar, Lebanon.
| | - Violette Ducruet
- INRA, UMR1145 Ingénierie Procédés Aliments, 1 Avenue des Olympiades, Massy 91300, France; AgroParisTech, UMR1145 Ingénierie Procédés Aliments, 16 rue Claude Bernard, Paris 75005, France.
| | - Douglas N Rutledge
- INRA, UMR1145 Ingénierie Procédés Aliments, 1 Avenue des Olympiades, Massy 91300, France; AgroParisTech, UMR1145 Ingénierie Procédés Aliments, 16 rue Claude Bernard, Paris 75005, France.
| | - Jacqueline Maalouly
- ER004 "Lebanese Food Packaging", Faculty of Sciences II, Lebanese University, Jdeideth El Matn 90656, Fanar, Lebanon.
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