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Datta S, Paul S, Ballabh L, Mitra A. Histochemical and molecular analyses reveal an insight into the scent volatiles synthesis and emission in ephemeral flowers of Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack. PLANTA 2024; 260:119. [PMID: 39422757 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04552-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 10/10/2024] [Indexed: 10/19/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Temporal histolocalization of floral volatiles in the petal epidermis of Murraya paniculata was found to be linked with the coordinated expression of candidate genes and successive accumulation of an internal pool of volatiles. Murraya paniculata (Rutaceae) is known for its highly fragrant ephemeral flowers that emit volatiles to attract nocturnal pollinators. To unfold the patterns of volatile emission in relation to floral life-span, we studied time-course accumulation and emission rate of scent volatiles at six timepoints of floral maturation, at an interval of 4 h starting from the bud stage to the senescence stage on the next day. This study revealed the maximum emission rate of scent volatiles at the anthesis stage at 18:00 h. This finding correlates well with the maximum accumulation of volatiles in the internal pool of the flowers at this stage. The key volatiles detected in both emitted and internal pools were benzaldehyde, benzeneacetaldehyde, linalool, caryophyllene, germacrene-D and α-farnesene. In addition, the internal pool also contained substantial amounts of indole, scopoletin, caffeine and osthole. To histochemically localize the temporal accumulation of major volatile groups in the epidermal cells, petal cross sections were stained with NaDi and ferric chloride to visualize terpenes and phenolics, respectively, under light microscope. Histolocalization studies showed a higher accumulation of terpenes at 14:00 h and 18:00 h, which subsequently was reduced as senescence approached. Significant phenolics in the abaxial and adaxial layers of the petal epidermis accumulated at 18:00 h and at the early senescence (06:00 h) stages. Furthermore, temporal localization of active shikimate dehydrogenase (SKDH) protein through in-gel activity assay demonstrated higher enzymatic activities at anthesis (18:00 h) and fully bloomed (02:00 h) stages, supporting the findings of higher accumulation of phenolic volatiles at 18:00 h and 06:00 h stages. Expression analysis of major candidate genes of floral scent volatiles pathway supported the hypothesis that the emission rate of floral fragrance reached its maximum at the anthesis (18:00 h) stage. In contrast, biosynthesis of scent compounds started at the bud (14:00 h) stage itself as indicated by the RT-PCR semi-quantitative estimation. As flowers of M. paniculata attract multiple pollinator species, this study could also serve as a springboard for pollination biology in Rutaceae, which includes important fruit crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinjini Datta
- Natural Product Biotechnology Group, Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721 302, India
| | - Shobhon Paul
- Natural Product Biotechnology Group, Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721 302, India
| | - Lopamudra Ballabh
- Natural Product Biotechnology Group, Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721 302, India
| | - Adinpunya Mitra
- Natural Product Biotechnology Group, Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721 302, India.
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Yang G, Qin Y, Jia Y, Xie X, Li D, Jiang B, Wang Q, Feng S, Wu Y. Transcriptomic and metabolomic data reveal key genes that are involved in the phenylpropanoid pathway and regulate the floral fragrance of Rhododendron fortunei. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:8. [PMID: 36600207 PMCID: PMC9814181 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-04016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To reveal the key genes involved in the phenylpropanoid pathway, which ultimately governs the fragrance of Rhododendron fortunei, we performed a comprehensive transcriptome and metabolomic analysis of the petals of two different varieties of two alpine rhododendrons: the scented R. fortunei and the unscented Rhododendron 'Nova Zembla'. RESULTS Our transcriptomic and qRT-PCR data showed that nine candidate genes were highly expressed in R. fortunei but were downregulated in Rhododendron 'Nova Zembla'. Among these genes, EGS expression was significantly positively correlated with various volatile benzene/phenylpropanoid compounds and significantly negatively correlated with the contents of various nonvolatile compounds, whereas CCoAOMT, PAL, C4H, and BALDH expression was significantly negatively correlated with the contents of various volatile benzene/phenylpropanoid compounds and significantly positively correlated with the contents of various nonvolatile compounds. CCR, CAD, 4CL, and SAMT expression was significantly negatively correlated with the contents of various benzene/phenylpropanoid compounds. The validation of RfSAMT showed that the RfSAMT gene regulates the synthesis of aromatic metabolites in R. fortunei. CONCLUSION The findings of this study indicated that key candidate genes and metabolites involved in the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway may govern the fragrance of R. fortunei. This lays a foundation for further research on the molecular mechanism underlying fragrance in the genus Rhododendron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxia Yang
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Qin
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yonghong Jia
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaohong Xie
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dongbin Li
- Ningbo Forest Farm, Ningbo, 315100, Zhejiang, China
| | - Baoxin Jiang
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qu Wang
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100, Zhejiang, China
| | - Siyu Feng
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yueyan Wu
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100, Zhejiang, China.
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Liang F, Hu J, Liu B, Li L, Yang X, Bai C, Tan X. New Evidence of Semi-Mangrove Plant Barringtonia racemosa in Soil Clean-Up: Tolerance and Absorption of Lead and Cadmium. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12947. [PMID: 36232247 PMCID: PMC9566725 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Mangrove plants play an important role in the remediation of heavy-metal-contaminated estuarine and coastal areas; Barringtonia racemosa is a typical semi-mangrove plant. However, the effect of heavy metal stress on this plant has not been explored. In this study, tolerance characteristics and the accumulation profile of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in B. racemosa were evaluated. The results indicated that B. racemosa exhibited a high tolerance in single Cd/Pb and Cd + Pb stress, with a significant increase in biomass yield in all treatment groups, a significant increase in plant height, leaf area, chlorophyll and carotenoid content in most treatment groups and without significant reduction of SOD, POD, MDA, proline content, Chl a, Chl b, Chl a + b, Car, ratio of Chl a:b and ratio of Car:Chl (a + b). Cd and Pb mainly accumulated in the root (≥93.43%) and the content of Cd and Pb in B. racemosa was root > stem > leaf. Pb showed antagonistic effects on the Cd accumulation in the roots and Cd showed antagonistic or synergistic effects on the Pb accumulation in the roots, which depended on the concentration of Cd and Pb. There was a significant synergistic effect of Cd and Pb enrichment under a low Cd and Pb concentration treatment. Thus, phytoremediation could potentially use B. racemosa for Cd and Pb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liang
- College of Biology and Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University, Yulin 537000, China
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Bio-Resources, Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Yulin Normal University, Yulin 537000, China
| | - Ju Hu
- College of Biology and Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University, Yulin 537000, China
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Bio-Resources, Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Yulin Normal University, Yulin 537000, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Forestry of College, Guangxi University, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Lin Li
- College of Biology and Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University, Yulin 537000, China
| | - Xiuling Yang
- College of Biology and Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University, Yulin 537000, China
| | - Caihong Bai
- College of Biology and Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University, Yulin 537000, China
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Bio-Resources, Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Yulin Normal University, Yulin 537000, China
| | - Xiaohui Tan
- Guangxi Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530001, China
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Yeh CW, Zhong HQ, Ho YF, Tian ZH, Yeh KW. The diurnal emission of floral scent in Oncidium hybrid orchid is controlled by CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED 1 (CCA1) through the direct regulation on terpene synthase. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:472. [PMID: 36195835 PMCID: PMC9531428 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03850-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To adapt the periodic fluctuation of environmental factors, plants are subtle to monitor the natural variation for the growth and development. The daily activities and physiological functions in coordination with the natural variation are regulated by circadian clock genes. The circadian emission of floral scents is one of the rhythmic physiological activities controlled by circadian clock genes. Here, we study the molecular mechanism of circadian emission pattern of ocimene and linalool compounds in Oncidium Sharry Baby (Onc. SB) orchid. RESULTS GC-Mass analysis revealed that Onc. SB periodically emitted ocimene and linalool during 6 to 14 o'clock daily. Terpene synthase, one of the key gene in the terpenoid biosynthetic pathway is expressed in coordination with scent emission. The promoter structure of terpene synthase revealed a circadian binding sequence (CBS), 5'-AGATTTTT-3' for CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED1 (CCA1) transcription factor. EMSA data confirms the binding affinity of CCA1. Transactivation assay further verified that TPS expression is regulated by CCA1. It suggests that the emission of floral scents is controlled by CCA1. CONCLUSIONS The work validates that the mechanism of circadian emission of floral scents in Onc. Sharry Baby is controlled by the oscillator gene, CCA1(CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED 1) under light condition. CCA1 transcription factor up-regulates terpene synthase (TPS) by binding on CBS motif, 5'-AGATTTTT-3' of promoter region to affect the circadian emission of floral scents in Onc. SB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Wei Yeh
- Institute of Plant Biology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, No 1, Sect. 4, Roosevelt Road, 106, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Qin Zhong
- Fujian Engineering Research Center for Characteristic Floriculture, Crop Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yung-Feng Ho
- Institute of Plant Biology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, No 1, Sect. 4, Roosevelt Road, 106, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Zhi-Hong Tian
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland, College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Kai-Wun Yeh
- Institute of Plant Biology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, No 1, Sect. 4, Roosevelt Road, 106, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Center for Weather Climate and Disaster Research, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
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Seasonal and diel variations in scent composition of ephemeral Murraya paniculata (Linn.) Jack flowers are contributed by separate volatile components. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2020.104004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kong KW, Mat Junit S, Aminudin N, Abdul Aziz A. Phytochemicals in Barringtonia species: Linking their traditional uses as food and medicine with current research. J Herb Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2019.100299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Paul I, Chatterjee A, Maiti S, Bhadoria PBS, Mitra A. Dynamic trajectories of volatile and non-volatile specialised metabolites in 'overnight' fragrant flowers of Murraya paniculata. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2019; 21:899-910. [PMID: 30866144 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ephemeral flowers, especially nocturnal ones, usually emit characteristic scent profiles within their post-anthesis lifespans of a few hours. Whether these flowers exhibit temporal variability in the composition and profile of volatile and non-volatile specialised metabolites has received little attention. Flowers of Murraya paniculata bloom in the evenings during the summer and monsoon, and their sweet, intense fragrance enhances the plant's value as an ornamental. We aimed to investigate profiles of both volatile and non-volatile endogenous specialised metabolites (ESM) in nocturnal ephemeral flowers of M. paniculata to examine whether any biochemically diverse groups of ESM follow distinct patterns of accumulation while maintaining synchrony with defensive physiological functions. Targeted ESM contents of M. paniculata flowers were profiled at ten time points at 2-h intervals, starting from late bud stage (afternoon) up to the start of petal senescence (mid-morning). Emitted volatiles were monitored continuously within the whole 20-h period using headspace sampling. The ESM contents were mapped by time point to obtain a highly dynamic and biochemically diverse profile. Relative temporal patterns of ESM accumulation indicated that the active fragrance-emitting period might be divided into 'early bloom', 'mid-bloom' and 'late bloom' phases. Early and late bloom phases were characterised by high free radical generation, with immediate enhancement of antioxidant enzymes and phenolic compounds. The mid-bloom phase was relatively stable and dedicated to maximum fragrance emission, with provision for strong terpenoid-mediated defence against herbivores. The late bloom phase merged into senescence with the start of daylight; however, even the senescent petals continued to emit fragrance to attract diurnal pollinators. Our study suggests that dynamic relations between the different ESM groups regulate the short-term requirements of floral advertisement and phytochemical defence in this ephemeral flower. This study also provided fundamental information on the temporal occurrence of emitted volatiles and internal pools of specialised metabolites in M. paniculata flowers, which could serve as an important model for pollination biology of Rutaceae, which includes many important fruit crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Paul
- Natural Product Biotechnology Group, Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
- Soil Science and Plant Nutrition Laboratory, Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - A Chatterjee
- Soil Science and Plant Nutrition Laboratory, Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - S Maiti
- Natural Product Biotechnology Group, Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - P B S Bhadoria
- Soil Science and Plant Nutrition Laboratory, Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - A Mitra
- Natural Product Biotechnology Group, Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
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Leggio A, Leotta V, Belsito EL, Di Gioia ML, Romio E, Santoro I, Taverna D, Sindona G, Liguori A. Aromatherapy: composition of the gaseous phase at equilibrium with liquid bergamot essential oil. Chem Cent J 2017; 11:111. [PMID: 29098462 PMCID: PMC5668225 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-017-0340-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This work compares the composition at different temperatures of gaseous phase of bergamot essential oil at equilibrium with the liquid phase. A new GC-MS methodology to determine quantitatively the volatile aroma compounds was developed. The adopted methodology involved the direct injection of headspace gas into injection port of GC-MS system and of known amounts of the corresponding authentic volatile compounds. The methodology was validated. This study showed that gaseous phase composition is different from that of the liquid phase at equilibrium with it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Leggio
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Scienze della Salute e della Nutrizione, Università della Calabria, Edificio Polifunzionale, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Vanessa Leotta
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Scienze della Salute e della Nutrizione, Università della Calabria, Edificio Polifunzionale, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Emilia Lucia Belsito
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Scienze della Salute e della Nutrizione, Università della Calabria, Edificio Polifunzionale, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Di Gioia
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Scienze della Salute e della Nutrizione, Università della Calabria, Edificio Polifunzionale, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Emanuela Romio
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Scienze della Salute e della Nutrizione, Università della Calabria, Edificio Polifunzionale, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Ilaria Santoro
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Domenico Taverna
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Giovanni Sindona
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Angelo Liguori
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Scienze della Salute e della Nutrizione, Università della Calabria, Edificio Polifunzionale, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy.
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The Emission of the Floral Scent of Four Osmanthus fragrans Cultivars in Response to Different Temperatures. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22030430. [PMID: 28282901 PMCID: PMC6155510 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22030430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Floral scent is an important part of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from plants, and is influenced by many environmental and endogenous factors. To investigate the influence of temperature on the emission of the floral scent of Osmanthus fragrans, the number of chemical compounds and their relative release amounts from four cultivars of O. fragrans under different temperature treatments, were identified using the solid-phase microextraction (SPME) technique and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in this study. Results revealed that the numbers and release amounts of floral scent components were significantly influenced by different temperatures, and depend on different cultivars and different types of compounds. Overall, most cultivars had the largest number of chemical compounds in 19 °C and the numbers of chemical compounds decreased with the increase or decrease in the temperature. Alcohols and ketones were the two main kinds of compounds responding to temperature change. The response of a specific chemical compound to temperature change was different in four cultivars. Generally, linalool, α-ionone, β-ionone, and γ-decalactone accounted for the highest proportion in the nine main compounds, and changes of these four chemical compounds to different temperatures had obvious contributions to the floral scent of O. fragrans. The results obtained provide evidence that temperatures can greatly influence the emission of floral scent.
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