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Wan X, Jin X, Wu X, Dong D, Yang H, Tan R, Sun Y, Liu X, Sun K, Wu W, Chen C. Ginsenoside Rd reduces cell proliferation of non-small cell lung cancer cells by p53-mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32483. [PMID: 38933967 PMCID: PMC11201117 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rd is a tetracyclic triterpenoid derivative, widely existing in Panax ginseng, Panax notoginseng and other traditional Chinese medicines. Many studies have proved that ginsenoside Rd have a variety of significant biological activities on certain types of cancer. However, the mechanism of ginsenoside Rd remains unclear in lung cancer. The findings of this study reveal that GS-Rd inhibits the proliferation of NSCLC cells, induces apoptosis, and suppresses migration and invasion. The results showed Ginsenoside Rd inhibited the cell proliferation (∼99.52 %) by S phase arrest in cell cycle and promoted the apoptosis (∼54.85 %) of NSCLC cells. It also inhibited the migration and invasion of cells (p < 0.001). The expression levels of related mitochondrial apoptosis proteins (Bax/Bcl-2/Cytochrome C) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2/-9) were significantly changed. The results showed that ginsenoside Rd inhibited the proliferation of tumor cells by activating p53/bax-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis and the expression of key enzymes for cell apoptosis caspase-3/cleaved-caspase-3 were significantly increased. This research contributes to a better understanding of the anti-tumor effects and molecular mechanisms of GS-Rd, paving the way for its potential development and clinical application in NSCLC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xilin Wan
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Xin Jin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Xinmin Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Dan Dong
- Gynaecology and Obstetrics Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Hongmei Yang
- The Public Experimental Center, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Renbo Tan
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 116023, Dalian, China
| | - Xinze Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Kaijing Sun
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Changbao Chen
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
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Liu J, Jiang J, Xu Q, Xu Y, Guo M, Hu Y, Wang Y, Wang Y. Xuanfu Daizhe Tang alleviates reflux esophagitis in rats by inhibiting the STAT1/TREM-1 pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 326:117903. [PMID: 38342154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.117903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Reflux esophagitis (RE) is a common chronic inflammatory disease of the esophageal mucosa with a high prevalence and recurrence rate, for which a satisfactory therapeutic strategy is still lacking. Chinese medicine has its characteristics and advantages in treating RE, and the clinical application of Xuanfu Daizhe Tang (XDT) in treating RE has achieved sound therapeutic effects. However, there needs to be more research on its mechanism of action. AIM OF THE STUDY The present work aimed to investigate the mechanism of XDT action in RE through the Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 1 (STAT1)/Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) pathway. MATERIALS AND METHODS The main active components of XDT were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS). The effect of XDT on RE was evaluated in a rat model of RE induced by "Cardioplasty + pyloric ligation + Roux-en-Y esophagojejunostomy". Each administration group was treated by gavage. The degree of damage to the esophageal mucosa was evaluated by visual observation, and the Potential of Hydrogen (PH) method and Hematoxylin-eosin staining (HE) staining were performed. Serum levels of Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α), and Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS) were measured by ELISA. Quantitative Real-time PCR (qPCR), Western Blot (WB), and Immunofluorescence (IF) methods were used to detect Claudin-4, Claudin-5, TREM-1, and p-STAT1 in esophageal tissues for studying the mechanism of action and signaling pathway of XDT. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis was used to detect the expression of TREM-1 and CD68 in esophageal tissues. Flow Cytometry (FC) was used to detect the polarization of macrophages in the blood. After conducting preliminary experiments to verify our hypothesis, we performed molecular docking between the active component of XDT and STAT1 derived from rats and parallel experiments with STAT1 inhibitor. The selective increaser of STAT1 transcription (2-NP) group was used to validate the mechanism by which XDT acts. RESULTS XDT alleviated esophageal injury and attenuated histopathological changes in RE rats. XDT also inhibited the inflammatory response and decreased serum IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and iNOS levels in RE rats. qPCR and WB results revealed that XDT inhibited the expression of Claudin-4, Claudin-5, TREM-1, and STAT1 in the esophageal mucosa of RE rats. IHC and FC results showed that XDT reduced TREM-1 levels in esophageal tissues and polarized macrophages toward M2. The molecular docking results showed that rat-derived STAT1 can strongly bind to Isochronogenic acid A in XDT. The parallel experimental results of STAT1 inhibitor showed that XDT has anti-inflammatory effects similar to STAT1 inhibitors. The 2-NP group confirmed that XDT exerts its therapeutic effect on reflux esophagitis through the STAT1/TREM-1 pathway, with STAT1 as the upstream protein. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that XDT may treat reflux esophagitis by modulating the STAT1/TREM-1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Liu
- Office of Science and Technology Administration, Kunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunshan, China
| | - Jiaxin Jiang
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qianfei Xu
- Department of Spleen, Stomach and Hepatobiliary, Kunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunshan, China
| | - Yunyan Xu
- Preventive Treatment Department, Kunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunshan, China
| | - Manman Guo
- Pharmaceutical Department, Kunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunshan, China
| | - Yun Hu
- Department of Spleen, Stomach and Hepatobiliary, Kunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunshan, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Yi Wang
- Pharmaceutical Department, Kunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunshan, China.
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3
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Yang P, Lei H, Fu Y, Chen C, Tang L, Xia S, Guo Y, Chen G, Xie M, Yang J, Li F, Li L. Exosomal miR-151-3p in saliva: A potential non-invasive marker for gastric cancer diagnosis and prognosis modulated by Sijunzi decoction (SJZD) in mice. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29169. [PMID: 38633631 PMCID: PMC11021977 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most prominent malignancies that originate in the epithelial cells of the gastric mucosa and is one of the main causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide. New circulating biomarkers of exosomal RNA might have great potential for non-invasive early prognosis of GC. Sijunzi Decoction (SJZD) is a typical representative formula of the method of benefiting Qi and strengthening the spleen in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). However, the effects and mechanism of SJZD in treating GC remain unclear. This study looked for biomarkers of exosomal RNA for early prognosis of GC, and explored the mechanism of SJZD in treating GC. A gastric cancer model with spleen deficiency syndrome was established in nude mice, and the curative effects of SJZD were investigated. Differentially expressed miRNAs in plasma and saliva exosomes were sequenced and analyzed. Potential target genes of these miRNAs were predicted and applied for Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) signaling pathway enrichment annotation. Overlapping miRNAs in saliva and plasma samples were analyzed, and qRT-PCR was performed for verification. miR-151a-3p was selected, and qRT-PCR further determined that miR-151a-3p was downregulated in saliva and plasma exosomes from the SJZD group. The intersected miR-151a-3p target genes were predicted and enriched in the extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathways. SJZD significantly ameliorates gastric cancer with spleen deficiency syndrome in mouse models, and exosomal miRNAs, particularly miR-151-3p, might be modulated by SJZD in plasma and saliva. The exosomal miR-151-3p in saliva may serve as a non-invasive potential marker for gastric cancer diagnosis and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yang
- Department of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine, Hunan Brain Hospital, Clinical Medical School of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Biomedical Informatics & Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Huijun Lei
- Department of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine, Hunan Brain Hospital, Clinical Medical School of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM Diagnostics, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China
- Key Laboratory of TCM Heart and Lung Syndrome Differentiation & Medicated Diet and Dietotherapy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China
| | - Yue Fu
- Department of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine, Hunan Brain Hospital, Clinical Medical School of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM Diagnostics, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China
- Key Laboratory of TCM Heart and Lung Syndrome Differentiation & Medicated Diet and Dietotherapy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine, Hunan Brain Hospital, Clinical Medical School of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM Diagnostics, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China
- Key Laboratory of TCM Heart and Lung Syndrome Differentiation & Medicated Diet and Dietotherapy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China
| | - Li Tang
- Department of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine, Hunan Brain Hospital, Clinical Medical School of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China
| | - Shuaishuai Xia
- Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM Diagnostics, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China
- Key Laboratory of TCM Heart and Lung Syndrome Differentiation & Medicated Diet and Dietotherapy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China
| | - Yan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Biomedical Informatics & Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Guangyu Chen
- Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM Diagnostics, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China
- Key Laboratory of TCM Heart and Lung Syndrome Differentiation & Medicated Diet and Dietotherapy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China
| | - Mengzhou Xie
- Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM Diagnostics, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China
- Key Laboratory of TCM Heart and Lung Syndrome Differentiation & Medicated Diet and Dietotherapy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China
| | - Jingjing Yang
- Community Health Service Center of Dongtang Street, Yuhua District, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, China
| | - Feng Li
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA90095, United States
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine, Hunan Brain Hospital, Clinical Medical School of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM Diagnostics, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China
- Key Laboratory of TCM Heart and Lung Syndrome Differentiation & Medicated Diet and Dietotherapy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China
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Lee SY, Song SY, Lee SH, Kim GY, Park JW, Bae CS, Park DH, Cho SS. Ginseng Berry Juice (GBJ) Regulates the Inflammation in Acute Ulcerative Mouse Models and the Major Bioactive Substances Are Ginsenosides Rb3, Rc, Rd, and Re. Nutrients 2024; 16:1031. [PMID: 38613064 PMCID: PMC11013427 DOI: 10.3390/nu16071031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng fruit is known to have various biological effects owing to its large amount of saponins such as ginsenosides. In the present study, ginseng berry juice was confirmed to be effective against acute inflammation. Ginseng berry juice was used for analysis of active constituents, antioxidant efficacy, and in vivo inflammation. A high-performance liquid chromatography method was used for analysis of ginsenosides. In an HCl/ethanol-induced acute gastric injury model, microscopic, immunofluorescent, and immunohistochemical techniques were used for analysis of inhibition of gastric injury and mechanism study. In a mouse model of acute gastritis induced with HCl/ethanol, ginseng berry juice (GBJ, 250 mg/kg) showed similar gastric injury inhibitory effects as cabbage water extract (CB, 500 mg/kg, P.O). GBJ dose-dependently modulated the pro-inflammatory cytokines such as Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), and Interleukin-13 (IL-13). GBJ inhibited the activation of Nuclear Factor kappa bB (NF-κB) and suppressed the expressions of cyclooxigenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin 2 (PGE2). The anti-inflammatory effect of GBJ is attributed to ginsenosides which have anti-inflammatory effects. Productivity as an effective food source for acute gastritis was analyzed and showed that GBJ was superior to CB. In addition, as a functional food for suppressing acute ulcerative symptoms, it was thought that the efficacy of gastric protection products would be higher if GBJ were produced in the form of juice rather than through various extraction methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Young Lee
- College of Oriental Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju-si 58245, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yub Song
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun 58554, Republic of Korea (J.-W.P.)
- Biomedicine, Health and Life Convergence Sciences, BK21 Four, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun 58554, Republic of Korea (J.-W.P.)
- Biomedicine, Health and Life Convergence Sciences, BK21 Four, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Gye-Yeop Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, Dongshin University, Naju-si 58245, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Park
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun 58554, Republic of Korea (J.-W.P.)
- Biomedicine, Health and Life Convergence Sciences, BK21 Four, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun-Sik Bae
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-Ro, Buk-Gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea;
| | - Dae-Hun Park
- College of Oriental Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju-si 58245, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Sik Cho
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun 58554, Republic of Korea (J.-W.P.)
- Biomedicine, Health and Life Convergence Sciences, BK21 Four, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun 58554, Republic of Korea
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5
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Fan W, Fan L, Wang Z, Mei Y, Liu L, Li L, Yang L, Wang Z. Rare ginsenosides: A unique perspective of ginseng research. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00003-1. [PMID: 38195040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rare ginsenosides (Rg3, Rh2, C-K, etc.) refer to a group of dammarane triterpenoids that exist in low natural abundance, mostly produced by deglycosylation or side chain modification via physicochemical processing or metabolic transformation in gut, and last but not least, exhibited potent biological activity comparing to the primary ginsenosides, which lead to a high concern in both the research and development of ginseng and ginsenoside-related nutraceutical and natural products. Nevertheless, a comprehensive review on these promising compounds is not available yet. AIM OF REVIEW In this review, recent advances of Rare ginsenosides (RGs) were summarized dealing with the structurally diverse characteristics, traditional usage, drug discovery situation, clinical application, pharmacological effects and the underlying mechanisms, structure-activity relationship, toxicity, the stereochemistry properties, and production strategies. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW A total of 144 RGs with diverse skeletons and bioactivities were isolated from Panax species. RGs acted as natural ligands on some specific receptors, such as bile acid receptors, steroid hormone receptors, and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptors. The RGs showed promising bioactivities including immunoregulatory and adaptogen-like effect, anti-aging effect, anti-tumor effect, as well as their effects on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular system, central nervous system, obesity and diabetes, and interaction with gut microbiota. Clinical trials indicated the potential of RGs, while high quality data remains inadequate, and no obvious side effects was found. The stereochemistry properties induced by deglycosylation at C (20) were also addressed including pharmacodynamics behaviors, together with the state-of-art analytical strategies for the identification of saponin stereoisomers. Finally, the batch preparation of targeted RGs by designated strategies including heating or acid/ alkaline-assisted processes, and enzymatic biotransformation and biosynthesis were discussed. Hopefully, the present review can provide more clues for the extensive understanding and future in-depth research and development of RGs, originated from the worldwide well recognized ginseng plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiang Fan
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Linhong Fan
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ziying Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yuqi Mei
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Longchan Liu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Linnan Li
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Li Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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6
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Ni B, Song X, Shi B, Wang J, Sun Q, Wang X, Xu M, Cao L, Zhu G, Li J. Research progress of ginseng in the treatment of gastrointestinal cancers. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1036498. [PMID: 36313365 PMCID: PMC9603756 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1036498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer has become one of the major causes of human death. Several anticancer drugs are available; howeve their use and efficacy are limited by the toxic side effects and drug resistance caused by their continuous application. Many natural products have antitumor effects with low toxicity and fewer adverse effects. Moreover, they play an important role in enhancing the cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutic agents, reducing toxic side effects, and reversing chemoresistance. Consequently, natural drugs are being applied as potential therapeutic options in the field of antitumor treatment. As natural medicinal plants, some components of ginseng have been shown to have excellent efficacy and a good safety profile for cancer treatment. The pharmacological activities and possible mechanisms of action of ginseng have been identified. Its broad range of pharmacological activities includes antitumor, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-stress, anti-fibrotic, central nervous system modulating, cardioprotective, and immune-enhancing effects. Numerous studies have also shown that throuth multiple pathways, ginseng and its active ingredients exert antitumor effects on gastrointestinal (GI) tract tumors, such as esophageal, gastric, colorectal, liver, and pancreatic cancers. Herein, we introduced the main components of ginseng, including ginsenosides, polysaccharides, and sterols, etc., and reviewed the mechanism of action and research progress of ginseng in the treatment of various GI tumors. Futhermore, the pathways of action of the main components of ginseng are discussed in depth to promote the clinical development and application of ginseng in the field of anti-GI tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyi Ni
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaotong Song
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bolun Shi
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Hongqi Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Qianhui Sun
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinmiao Wang
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Manman Xu
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Luchang Cao
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Jie Li
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jie Li,
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7
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Zeng M, Zhang R, Yang Q, Guo L, Zhang X, Yu B, Gan J, Yang Z, Li H, Wang Y, Jiang X, Lu B. Pharmacological therapy to cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury: Focus on saponins. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 155:113696. [PMID: 36116247 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary insult from cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI) is a major risk factor for poor prognosis of cerebral ischemia. Saponins are steroid or triterpenoid glycosides with various pharmacological activities that are effective in treating CIRI. By browsing the literature from 2001 to 2021, 55 references involving 24 kinds of saponins were included. Saponins were shown to relieve CIRI by inhibiting oxidation stress, neuroinflammation, and apoptosis, restoring BBB integrity, and promoting neurogenesis and angiogenesis. This review summarizes and classifies several common saponins and their mechanisms in relieving CIRI. Information provided in this review will benefit researchers to design, research and develop new medicines to treat CIRI-related conditions with saponins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Zeng
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Ruifeng Zhang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Qiuyue Yang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Lin Guo
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xiaolu Zhang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Bin Yu
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Jiali Gan
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Huhu Li
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xijuan Jiang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Bin Lu
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
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Liu S, Ju AQ, Duan AY, Zhan CL, Gao LP, Ma X, Yang SB. Presence of Ginsenoside Re during in vitro maturation protects porcine oocytes from heat stress. Reprod Domest Anim 2022; 57:1572-1583. [PMID: 36001037 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) affects the development of porcine gametes and embryos negatively, induces the decrease of reproductive ability significantly, threatens global pig production. Ginsenoside Re (GRe), is a main bioactive component of ginseng, shows very specific anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. To investigate the alleviating effect of GRe on the in vitro maturation of porcine oocyte under the HS, the polar body extrusion rate, intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione (GSH), ATP content, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were assessed. For the current study, porcine cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) randomly divided into four groups: the control, GRe, HS and HS+GRe group. The results showed that HS inhibited the cumulus cell expansion and polar body extrusion rate, the levels of GSH and MMP, the ATP content, the gene expression of Nrf2 of porcine oocytes and the parthenogenetic activation (PA) embryo development competence, but GRe treatment could partly neutralize these adverse effects. Moreover, HS increased the ROS formation and percentage of apoptosis, the gene expression of HSP90, CASP3 and CytoC of porcine oocytes, but GRe could weaken the effect on Cyto C and BAX expression induced by HS. Taken together, these results showed that the presence of GRe during in vitro maturation protects porcine oocytes from HS. These findings lay a foundation for GRe may be used as a potential protective drug to protect porcine oocytes against HS damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Jilin, China
| | - An-Qi Ju
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Jilin, China
| | - Ao-Yi Duan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Jilin, China
| | - Cheng-Lin Zhan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Jilin, China
| | - Le-Peng Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Jilin, China
| | - Xin Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Jilin, China
| | - Shu-Bao Yang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
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9
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Cai J, Huang K, Han S, Chen R, Li Z, Chen Y, Chen B, Li S, Xinhua L, Yao H. A comprehensive system review of pharmacological effects and relative mechanisms of Ginsenoside Re: Recent advances and future perspectives. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 102:154119. [PMID: 35617888 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ginsenoside Re (Re) belongs to protopanaxatriol saponins and exists in Panax ginseng, Panax quinquefolium, Panax notoginseng, and other plants in the Araliaceae family. Re has recently become a research focus owing to its pharmacological activities and benefits to human bodies. PURPOSE To summarize recent findings regarding the pharmacological effects and mechanisms of Re and highlight and predict the potential therapeutic effects and systematic mechanism of Re. METHODS Recent studies (2011-2021) on the pharmacological effects and mechanisms of Re were retrieved from Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Embase up to December 2021 using relevant keywords. Network pharmacology and bioinformatics analysis were used to predict the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of Re against potential diseases. RESULTS Re presented a wide range of therapeutic and biological activities, including neuroprotective, cardiovascular, antidepressant, antitumorigenic, and others effects. The related pharmacological mechanisms of Re include the regulation of cholinergic and antioxidant systems in the brain; the induction of tumor cell apoptosis; the inhibition of tau protein hyperphosphorylation and oxidative stress; the activation of p38MAPK, ERK1/2, and JNK signals; the improvement of lipid metabolism; and the reduction of endothelial cell dysfunction. CONCLUSION This paper summarizes comprehensively the current research progress of Re and provides new research insights into the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of Re against potential diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiasong Cai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Kunlong Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Shengnan Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Ruichan Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Zhijun Li
- Center of Chemistry Experiment, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Shaoguang Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China.
| | - Lin Xinhua
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Hong Yao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional Research, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China; Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China.
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10
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Xu XY, Yi ES, Kang CH, Liu Y, Lee YG, Choi HS, Jang HB, Huo Y, Baek NI, Yang DC, Kim YJ. Whitening and inhibiting NF-κB-mediated inflammation properties of the biotransformed green ginseng berry of new cultivar K1, ginsenoside Rg2 enriched, on B16 and LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. J Ginseng Res 2021; 45:631-641. [PMID: 34764718 PMCID: PMC8569260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Main bioactive constituents and pharmacological functions of ripened red ginseng berry (Panax ginseng Meyer) have been frequently reported. Yet, the research gap targeting the beneficial activities of transformed green ginseng berries has not reported elsewhere. Methods Ginsenosides of new green berry cultivar K-1 (GK-1) were identified by HPLC-QTOF/MS. Ginsenosides bioconversion in GK-1 by bgp1 enzyme was confirmed with HPLC and TLC. Then, mechanisms of GK-1 and β-glucosidase (bgp1) biotransformed GK-1 (BGK-1) were determined by Quantitative Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction and Western blot. Results GK-1 possesses highest ginsenosides especially ginsenoside-Re amongst seven ginseng cultivars including (Chunpoong, Huangsuk, Kumpoong, K-1, Honkaejong, Gopoong, and Yunpoong). Ginseng root’s biomass is not affected with the harvest of GK-1 at 3 weeks after flowering period. Then, Re is bio-converted into a promising pharmaceutical effect of Rg2 via bgp1. According to the results of cell assays, BGK-1 shows decrease of tyrosinase and melanin content in α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone challenged-murine melanoma B16 cells. BGK-1 which is comparatively more effective than GK-1 extract shows significant suppression of the nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation and inflammatory target genes, in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Conclusion These results reported effective whitening and anti-inflammatory of BGK-1 as compared to GK-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Yue Xu
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, and College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Seob Yi
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, and College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Ho Kang
- Division of Applied Life Science and PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ying Liu
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, and College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong-Geun Lee
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, and College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Sol Choi
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, and College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Bin Jang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, and College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yue Huo
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, and College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-In Baek
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, and College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok Chun Yang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, and College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Ju Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, and College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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11
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Wang H, Zheng Y, Sun Q, Zhang Z, Zhao M, Peng C, Shi S. Ginsenosides emerging as both bifunctional drugs and nanocarriers for enhanced antitumor therapies. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:322. [PMID: 34654430 PMCID: PMC8518152 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-01062-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenosides, the main components isolated from Panax ginseng, can play a therapeutic role by inducing tumor cell apoptosis and reducing proliferation, invasion, metastasis; by enhancing immune regulation; and by reversing tumor cell multidrug resistance. However, clinical applications have been limited because of ginsenosides' physical and chemical properties such as low solubility and poor stability, as well as their short half-life, easy elimination, degradation, and other pharmacokinetic properties in vivo. In recent years, developing a ginsenoside delivery system for bifunctional drugs or carriers has attracted much attention from researchers. To create a precise treatment strategy for cancer, a variety of nano delivery systems and preparation technologies based on ginsenosides have been conducted (e.g., polymer nanoparticles [NPs], liposomes, micelles, microemulsions, protein NPs, metals and inorganic NPs, biomimetic NPs). It is desirable to design a targeted delivery system to achieve antitumor efficacy that can not only cross various barriers but also can enhance immune regulation, eventually converting to a clinical application. Therefore, this review focused on the latest research about delivery systems encapsulated or modified with ginsenosides, and unification of medicines and excipients based on ginsenosides for improving drug bioavailability and targeting ability. In addition, challenges and new treatment methods were discussed to support the development of these new tumor therapeutic agents for use in clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Mengnan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Sanjun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
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12
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Xu J, Pan Y, Liu Y, Na S, Zhou H, Li L, Chen F, Song H. A review of anti-tumour effects of ginsenoside in gastrointestinal cancer. J Pharm Pharmacol 2021; 73:1292-1301. [PMID: 33836068 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgab048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Gastrointestinal cancer, one of the major causes of cancer-related deaths in the world, refers to malignant conditions of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and other organs. Although conventional therapy has been successful to some extent in cancer treatment, drug resistance and cancer recurrence still limit the therapeutic efficacy. There is increasing evidence indicating that ginsenoside, as a kind of high nutritional value and widely used traditional Chinese medicine, could contribute to the promotion of treatment in GI cancer, which deserves further investigation. KEY FINDINGS Based on previous studies, the possible mechanisms mainly include regulation of autophagy, apoptosis, proliferation, migration and angiogenesis. However, no studies recently have conducted a more in-depth review of the anti-cancer effects of ginsenoside in GI cancer. SUMMARY Therefore, this review will summarise and analyse the latest developments in the anti-tumour effects of ginsenosides in GI cancer, thus may promote further research of the anti-tumour efficacy of ginsenoside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yunxia Pan
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yanyan Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Institute of Integrative Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Sha Na
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Institute of Integrative Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Institute of Integrative Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Lu Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Institute of Integrative Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Fengyuan Chen
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Institute of Integrative Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Hang Song
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Institute of Integrative Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
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13
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Aidi injection, a traditional Chinese medicine extract, reverses Gefitinib resistance in non-small cell lung cancer cells. Eur J Integr Med 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eujim.2021.101368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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14
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Gao D, Kim JH, Vinh LB, Seo EY, Yang SY, Cho CW, Kim YH, Kim KT, Sim J, Kang JS. Effect of citric acid and heat treatment on the content of less-polar ginsenosides in flower buds of Panax ginseng. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 52:144-153. [PMID: 33950798 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2021.1920036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Ginseng flower bud (GFB), as an inexpensive part of Panax ginseng, attracted significant attention as a beneficial functional food with medicinal potentials due to its high content of ginsenosides. A few studies focused on the utilization of heat treatment and citric acid treatment to process ginseng flowers, converting its polar ginsenosides into rare ginsenosides to improve its biological activities. Thus, in this study, we compared the changes of ginsenosides in GFB after citric acid and heat treatment by HPLC method. The results revealed that less-polar ginsenoside, Rg6 and F4, increased to 1.01 and 0.27% by heat treatment, respectively. Further, ginsenoside F2 increased to 1.13% with 1 M citric acid treatment. Furthermore, based on the combination of these two processing methods for the first time, the conversion rate of less-polar ginsenosides surged to 80%. The content of ginsenoside Rg3(s) and Rg5 increased to 1.509 and 1.871%, respectively, by simultaneous heat and citric acid treatment. Therefore, a processing approach that simultaneously performs heat and citric acid treatments has been proposed, and this considerably inexpensive and convenient processing method could be applied to the processing of GFBs and produce less-polar ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hyeok Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Le Ba Vinh
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Marine Biochemistry (IMBC), Vietnam Academic of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Eun-Young Seo
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Young Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sangji University, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong Woon Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Tae Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Dong-Eui University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehoon Sim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Seong Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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15
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Kang Z, Zhonga Y, Wu T, Huang J, Zhao H, Liu D. Ginsenoside from ginseng: a promising treatment for inflammatory bowel disease. Pharmacol Rep 2021; 73:700-711. [PMID: 33462754 PMCID: PMC8180475 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-020-00213-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an autoimmune disease mediated by immune disorder and termed as one of the most refractory diseases by the Word Health Organization. Its morbidity has increased steadily over the past half century worldwide. Environmental, genetic, infectious, and immune factors are integral to the pathogenesis of IBD. Commonly known as the king of herbs, ginseng has been consumed in many countries for the past 2000 years. Its active ingredient ginsenosides, as the most prominent saponins of ginseng, have a wide range of pharmacological effects. Recent studies have confirmed that the active components of Panax ginseng have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects on IBD, including regulating the balance of immune cells, inhibiting the expression of cytokines, as well as activating Toll-like receptor 4, Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor (NLRP), mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, and so on. Accumulated evidence indicates that ginsenosides may serve as a potential novel therapeutic drug or health product additive in IBD prevention and treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengping Kang
- Graduate School, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, Jiangxi, China
| | - Youbao Zhonga
- Graduate School, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, Jiangxi, China.,Experimental Animal Science and Technology Center, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, Jiangxi, China
| | - Tiantian Wu
- Graduate School, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jiaqi Huang
- Graduate School, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, Jiangxi, China
| | - Haimei Zhao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang, 330004, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Duanyong Liu
- Science and Technology College, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1689 Meiling Road, Nanchang, 330004, Jiangxi, China.
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16
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Zhang H, Li X, Huang A, Yan Z, Chen Y, Bie Z. PEI-assisted boronate affinity magnetic nanoparticle-based SELEX for efficient in vitro evolution of saponin-binding aptamers. RSC Adv 2021; 11:8775-8781. [PMID: 35423405 PMCID: PMC8695300 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00889g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Branched polyethyleneimine assisted boronate affinity magnetic nanoparticle-based aptamer evolution platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Bengbu Medical University
- Bengbu 233000
- China
| | - Xue Li
- School of Pharmacy
- Bengbu Medical University
- Bengbu 233000
- China
| | - Ailan Huang
- Department of Chemistry
- Bengbu Medical University
- Bengbu 233000
- China
| | - Zhifeng Yan
- Department of Chemistry
- Bengbu Medical University
- Bengbu 233000
- China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Chemistry
- Bengbu Medical University
- Bengbu 233000
- China
- School of Pharmacy
| | - Zijun Bie
- Department of Chemistry
- Bengbu Medical University
- Bengbu 233000
- China
- School of Pharmacy
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17
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Chen H, Sheng H, Zhao Y, Zhu G. Piperine Inhibits Cell Proliferation and Induces Apoptosis of Human Gastric Cancer Cells by Downregulating Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase (PI3K)/Akt Pathway. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e928403. [PMID: 33382670 PMCID: PMC7784594 DOI: 10.12659/msm.928403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Piperine has been reported to inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis in various cancer cells. This study aimed to explore the efficacy and underlying mechanism of piperine in human gastric cancer. Material/Methods MTT assay was performed to examine the effect of piperine (concentrations of 0–300 μM) on the proliferation of human gastric cancer SNU-16 cells and normal human gastric epithelial GES-1 cells. Flow cytometry and Western blot were used to determine cell apoptosis and the expression level of protein (Cyto C, cleaved PARP, cleaved caspase-3, Bax, Bcl-2, Bad, Bcl-xl, PI3K, pPI3K, Akt, and pAkt), respectively. To further investigate the anti-tumor mechanism of piperine in SNU-16 cells, we used a small-molecule Akt activator SC79 in this study. The in vivo mechanism of piperine against gastric cancer was evaluated using a xenograft tumor model. Results The results showed that piperine inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis of SNU-16 cells. Piperine upregulated the protein expression of Bax, Bad, Cyto C, cleaved PARP, and cleaved caspase-3, but downregulated the protein expression of Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, pPI3k, and pAkt. However, SC79 reversed the function of piperine on the apoptosis-related proteins. An in vivo study revealed that, compared with the control group, the tumor volume of mice treated with piperine was significantly reduced. Piperine enhanced cleaved caspase-3 expression but decreased Ki-67 expression in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the nontoxicity effect of piperine was confirmed by H&E staining analysis in kidney and heart tissues of mice. Conclusions Our findings suggest that piperine inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of human gastric cancer cells through inhibition of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Hongqing Sheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Yushuo Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Guanghui Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
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18
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Liu L, Xu FR, Wang YZ. Traditional uses, chemical diversity and biological activities of Panax L. (Araliaceae): A review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 263:112792. [PMID: 32311488 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Panax L. (Araliaceae) is globally-recognized plant resource suitable for the globalization of traditional Chinese medicines. It has traditionally been used as tonic agents in various ethnomedicinal systems of East Asia, especially in China. It is often used to regulate bodily functions and considered as adjuvant therapy for tumor, resuscitation of traumatic hemorrhagic shock, etc. AIM OF THIS REVIEW: This review systematically summarized the information on distributions, botanical characteristics, traditional uses, chemical components and biological activities of the genus Panax, in order to explore and exploit the therapeutic potential of this plant. MATERIALS AND METHODS The available information about genus Panax was collected via the online search on Web of Science, Google Scholar, PubMed, Baidu Scholar, Science Direct, China National Knowledge Infrastructure and Springer search. The keywords used include Panax, saponin, secondary metabolites, chemical components, biological activity, pharmacology, traditional medicinal uses, safety and other related words. The Plant List (www.theplantlist.org) and Catalogue of Life: 2019 Annual Checklist (www.catalogueoflife.org/col/) databases were used to provide the scientific names, subspecies classification and distribution information of Panax. RESULTS Panax is widely assessed concerning its phytochemistry and biological activities. To date, at least 748 chemical compounds from genus Panax were isolated, including saponins, flavonoids, polysaccharides, steroids and phenols. Among them, triterpenoid saponins and polysaccharides were the representative active ingredients of Panax plants, which have been widely investigated. Modern pharmacological studies showed that these compounds exhibited a wide range of biological activities in vitro and in vivo including antineoplastic, anti-inflammatory, hepatorenal protective, neuroprotective, immunoregulatory, cardioprotective and antidiabetic activities. Many studies also confirmed that the mechanisms of organ-protective were closely related to molecular signaling pathways, the expression of related proteins and antioxidant reactions. To sum up, genus Panax has high medicinal and social value, deserving further investigation. CONCLUSIONS The genus Panax is very promising to be fully utilized in the development of nutraceutical and pharmaceutical products. However, there is a lack of in-depth studies on ethnomedicinal uses of Panax plants. In addition, further studies of single chemical component should be performed based on the diversity of chemical structure, significant biological activities and clinical application. If the bioactive molecules and multicomponent interactions are discovered, it will be of great significance to the clinical application of Panax plants. It is an urgent requirement to carry out detailed phytochemical, pharmacology and clinical research on Panax classical prescriptions for the establishment of modern medication guidelines. Exploring the molecular basis of herbal synergistic actions may provide a new understanding of the complex disease mechanisms and accelerate the process of pharmaceutical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China; College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Fu-Rong Xu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China.
| | - Yuan-Zhong Wang
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China.
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19
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Liu A, Zhang W, Wang S, Wang Y, Hong J. HMGB-1/RAGE signaling inhibition by dioscin attenuates hippocampal neuron damage induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:231. [PMID: 33149785 PMCID: PMC7604738 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia is one of the most common clinical diseases characterized by high morbidity and mortality. Neurocyte apoptosis and a cascade of inflammatory signals following cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) may contribute to secondary brain damage, resulting in severe neurological damage. It has been reported that dioscin, a natural steroid saponin, exerts anti-inflammatory properties against different diseases. The present study aimed to investigate the role of dioscin in oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) induction in hippocampal cells in vitro and in vivo. For the in vitro study, hippocampal cells were collected from rat embryos of gestational age of E18. The oxygen-glucose deprivation model in primary hippocampal neurons was used to mimic cerebral IRI in vitro. To select the optimum dioscin concentration and acting time, cell viability was evaluated by a Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Neurons subjected to OGD/R were treated with dioscin and the inflammatory cytokines, high mobility group box chromosomal protein 1 (HMGB-1)/receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) signaling molecules and apoptosis-associated genes were determined. The intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was detected. Furthermore, the effects of dioscin on the antioxidant defense mechanisms were evaluated by measuring the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and the glutathione (GSH)/glutathione disulphide (GSSG) ratio. In addition, OGD/R-induced cells were transfected with pcDNA3.1-HMGB-1 and treated with dioscin, and the neuronal cell apoptosis rate was determined using a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated 2-deoxyuridine 5-triphosphate-biotin nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay. The mRNA and protein expression levels of the inflammatory factors were measured using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blot analysis, respectively. For the in vivo investigation, the oxidation and anti-oxidation system in rat hippocampal tissue was evaluated by detecting the expression of the aforementioned oxidative stress-associated proteins, 3-NT as well as 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). In the hippocampal region, the apoptotic rate was determined using a TUNEL assay. The results demonstrated that dioscin at a dose of 400 ng/ml significantly reversed the increase in the expression levels of the inflammatory factors and attenuated those of apoptotic cytokines induced by OGD/R. Additionally, dioscin notably reversed the OGD/R-mediated activation of the HMGB-1/RAGE signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo. Cell treatment with dioscin significantly attenuated ROS production and increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Additionally, increasing the expression of HMGB-1 inhibited the protective effects of dioscin on cell apoptosis in the OGD/R-induced neurons. Furthermore, HMGB-1 overexpression reversed the antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects of dioscin on neurons. The results of the present study indicated that dioscin exerted anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic and antioxidant effects via the HMGB-1/RAGE signaling pathway. These results suggest a novel perspective of the protective effects of dioscin as a prospective remedial factor for IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijun Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, P.R. China.,Department of Brain Trauma, Hebei Institute of Head Trauma, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, P.R. China
| | - Wenqian Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, P.R. China.,Department of Brain Trauma, Hebei Institute of Head Trauma, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, P.R. China
| | - Shuwei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, P.R. China.,Department of Brain Trauma, Hebei Institute of Head Trauma, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, P.R. China.,Department of Brain Trauma, Hebei Institute of Head Trauma, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, P.R. China
| | - Jun Hong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, P.R. China.,Department of Brain Trauma, Hebei Institute of Head Trauma, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, P.R. China
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Standardized Saponin Extract from Baiye No.1 Tea ( Camellia sinensis) Flowers Induced S Phase Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis via AKT-MDM2-p53 Signaling Pathway in Ovarian Cancer Cells. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25153515. [PMID: 32752095 PMCID: PMC7435957 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is considered to be one of the most serious malignant tumors in women. Natural compounds have been considered as important sources in the search for new anti-cancer agents. Saponins are characteristic components of tea (Camellia sinensis) flower and have various biological activities, including anti-tumor effects. In this study, a high purity standardized saponin extract, namely Baiye No.1 tea flower saponin (BTFS), which contained Floratheasaponin A and Floratheasaponin D, were isolated from tea (Camellia sinensis cv. Baiye 1) flowers by macroporous resin and preparative liquid chromatography. Then, the component and purity were detected by UPLC-Q-TOF/MS/MS. This high purity BTFS inhibited the proliferation of A2780/CP70 cancer cells dose-dependently, which is evidenced by the inhibition of cell viability, reduction of colony formation ability, and suppression of PCNA protein expression. Further research found BTFS induced S phase cell cycle arrest by up-regulating p21 proteins expression and down-regulating Cyclin A2, CDK2, and Cdc25A protein expression. Furthermore, BTFS caused DNA damage and activated the ATM-Chk2 signaling pathway to block cell cycle progression. Moreover, BTFS trigged both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis—BTFS up-regulated the expression of death receptor pathway-related proteins DR5, Fas, and FADD and increased the ratio of pro-apoptotic/anti-apoptotic proteins of the Bcl-2 family. BTFS-induced apoptosis seems to be related to the AKT-MDM2-p53 signaling pathway. In summary, our results demonstrate that BTFS has the potential to be used as a nutraceutical for the prevention and treatment of ovarian cancer.
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21
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Chen H, Yang H, Fan D, Deng J. The Anticancer Activity and Mechanisms of Ginsenosides: An Updated Review. EFOOD 2020. [DOI: 10.2991/efood.k.200512.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Hepatoprotective effect of ultrasonicated ginseng berry extract on a rat mild bile duct ligation model. J Ginseng Res 2019; 43:606-617. [PMID: 31695567 PMCID: PMC6823758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Panax ginseng berry extract (GBE) is well known to have an antidiabetic effect. The aim of this study is to evaluate and investigate the protective effect of ultrasonication-processed P. ginseng berry extract (UGBE) compared with GBE on liver fibrosis induced by mild bile duct ligation (MBDL) model in rats. After ultrasonication process, the composition ratio of ginsenoside in GBE was changed. The component ratio of ginsenosides Rh1, Rh4, Rg2, Rg3, Rk1, Rk3, and F4 in the extract was elevated. Methods In this study, the protective effect of the newly developed UGBE was evaluated on hepatotoxicity and neuronal damage in MBDL model. Silymarin (150 mg/kg) was used for positive control. UGBE (100 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg), GBE (250 mg/kg), and silymarin (150 mg/kg) were orally administered for 6 weeks after MBDL surgery. Results The MBDL surgery induced severe hepatotoxicity that leads to liver inflammation in rats. Also, the serum ammonia level was increased by MBDL surgery. However, the liver dysfunction of MBDL surgery–operated rats was attenuated by UGBE treatment via myeloid differentiation factor 88-dependent Toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathways. Conclusion UGBE has a protective effect on liver fibrosis induced by MBDL in rats through inhibition of the TLR4 signaling pathway in liver.
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Therapeutic Potential of Pien-Tze-Huang: A Review on Its Chemical Composition, Pharmacology, and Clinical Application. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24183274. [PMID: 31505740 PMCID: PMC6767116 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24183274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pien-Tze-Huang (PTH) is a famous and commonly used traditional Chinese medicine formula in China. It was first formulated by a royal physician of the Ming Dynasty (around 1555 AD). Recently, PTH has attracted attention worldwide due to its beneficial effects against various diseases, especially cancer. This paper systematically reviewed the up-to-date information on its chemical composition, pharmacology, and clinical application. A range of chemical compounds, mainly ginsenosides and bile acids, have been identified and quantified from PTH. Pharmacological studies indicated that PTH has beneficial effects against various cancers, hepatopathy, and ischemic stroke. Furthermore, PTH has been used clinically to treat various diseases in China, such as colorectal cancer, liver cancer, and hepatitis. In summary, PTH is a potential agent with extensive therapeutic effects for the treatment of various diseases. However, the lack of information on the side effects and toxicity of PTH is a non-negligible issue, which needs to be seriously studied in the future.
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Comparative Analysis of Panax ginseng Berries from Seven Cultivars Using UPLC-QTOF/MS and NMR-Based Metabolic Profiling. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9090424. [PMID: 31466413 PMCID: PMC6770912 DOI: 10.3390/biom9090424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The commercial use of Panax ginseng berries is increasing as P. ginseng berries are known to contain large amounts of ginsenosides, and many pharmacological activities have been reported for the various ginsenosides. For the proper use of P. ginseng berries, it is necessary to study efficient and accurate quality control and the profiling of the overall composition of each cultivar. Ginseng berry samples from seven cultivars (Eumseung, Chung-buk Province, Republic of Korea) were analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF/MS) for profiling of the ginsenosides, and high-resolution magic-angle-spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (HR-MAS NMR) spectroscopy for profiling of the primary metabolites. Comparing twenty-six ginsenoside profiles between the variant representatives and between the violet-stem variant, Kumpoong and Sunwon were classified. In the case of primary metabolites, the cultivars Kumpoong and Gopoong were classified. As a result of correlation analyses of the primary and secondary metabolites, in the Gopoong cultivar, the metabolism was found to lean toward energy metabolism rather than ginsenoside synthesis, and accumulation of osmolytes was low. The Gopoong cultivar had higher levels of most of the amino acids, such as arginine, phenylalanine, isoleucine, threonine, and valine, and it contained the highest level of choline and the lowest level of myo-inositol. Except for these, there were no significant differences of primary metabolites. In the Kumpoong cultivar, the protopanaxatriol (PPT)-type ginsenosides, ginsenoside Re and ginsenoside Rg2, were much lower than in the other cultivars, while the other PPT-type ginsenosides were inversely found in much higher amounts than in other cultivars. The Sunwon cultivar showed that variations of PPT-type ginsenosides were significantly different between samples. However, the median values of PPT-type ginsenosides of Sunwon showed similar levels to those of Kumpoong. The difference in primary metabolites used for metabolism for survival was found to be small in our results. Our data demonstrated the characteristics of each cultivar using profiling data of the primary and secondary metabolites, especially for Gopoong, Kumpoong, and Sunwon. These profiling data provided important information for further research and commercial use.
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Metabolomic Study on Nude Mice Models of Gastric Cancer Treated with Modified Si Jun Zi Tang via HILIC UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS Analysis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:3817879. [PMID: 31341492 PMCID: PMC6612382 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3817879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, metabolomic methods have been used to explore the complex pathogenesis of cancer and the mechanism of action of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulae. In this study, first, modified Si Jun Zi Tang (MSJZT) was prepared with strict quality control using the instrument method of ultra performance liquid chromatography and photodiode array detector (UPLC-PDA). Subsequently, in vivo experiments with tumour-bearing nude mice demonstrated that MSJZT exerted good antitumour effects. MSJZT not only significantly increased mouse body weight but also shrank the tumour volume. Then, the HILIC UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS-based metabolomics approach was used for exploring the pathogenesis of gastric cancer and the molecular mechanism of MSJZT. A total of 59 potential biomarkers in plasma were identified, and 6 pathways were found to be disturbed in gastric cancer. In contrast, after 3 weeks of MSJZT intervention, 32 potential biomarkers were identified, and 4 altered pathways were detected. The changes in glycolytic, amino acid, and lipid metabolisms could be partially regulated by MSJZT through decreasing the content of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), glutamine synthetase (GS), phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (PCYT2) mRNA, and protein level. In conclusion, we established a HILIC UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS metabolomic analysis method to demonstrate a complex metabolic profile of gastric cancer. The disordered metabolism could be partially regulated by MSJZT. These findings not only establish a solid foundation for TCM to treat gastric cancer but also provide a basis for further exploration of the precise mechanism of MSJZT activity.
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Kim DH, Kim DW, Jung BH, Lee JH, Lee H, Hwang GS, Kang KS, Lee JW. Ginsenoside Rb2 suppresses the glutamate-mediated oxidative stress and neuronal cell death in HT22 cells. J Ginseng Res 2018; 43:326-334. [PMID: 30976171 PMCID: PMC6437470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The objective of our study was to analyze the neuroprotective effects of ginsenoside derivatives Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Rg1, and Rg3 against glutamate-mediated neurotoxicity in HT22 hippocampal mouse neuron cells. Methods The neuroprotective effect of ginsenosides were evaluated by measuring cell viability. Protein expressions of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), Bcl2, Bax, and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) were determined by Western blot analysis. The occurrence of apoptotic and death cells was determined by flow cytometry. Cellular level of Ca2+ and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were evaluated by image analysis using the fluorescent probes Fluor-3 and 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate, respectively. In vivo efficacy of neuroprotection was evaluated using the Mongolian gerbil of ischemic brain injury model. Result Reduction of cell viability by glutamate (5 mM) was significantly suppressed by treatment with ginsenoside Rb2. Phosphorylation of MAPKs, Bax, and nuclear AIF was gradually increased by treatment with 5 mM of glutamate and decreased by co-treatment with Rb2. The occurrence of apoptotic cells was decreased by treatment with Rb2 (25.7 μM). Cellular Ca2+ and ROS levels were decreased in the presence of Rb2, and in vivo data indicated that Rb2 treatment (10 mg/kg) significantly diminished the number of degenerated neurons. Conclusion Our results suggest that Rb2 possesses neuroprotective properties that suppress glutamate-induced neurotoxicity. The molecular mechanism of Rb2 is by suppressing the MAPKs activity and AIF translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hoi Kim
- Convergence Research Center for Dementia, KIST, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Dentistry, Gangneung Wonju National University, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Hyun Jung
- Department of Oral Anatomy, College of Dentistry, Gangneung Wonju National University, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hun Lee
- Department of Oral Anatomy, College of Dentistry, Gangneung Wonju National University, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
| | - Heesu Lee
- Department of Oral Anatomy, College of Dentistry, Gangneung Wonju National University, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwi Seo Hwang
- College of Korean Medicine, Gacheun University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Sung Kang
- College of Korean Medicine, Gacheun University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Wook Lee
- Convergence Research Center for Dementia, KIST, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Natural Constituent Research Center, KIST, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
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Yao H, Li J, Song Y, Zhao H, Wei Z, Li X, Jin Y, Yang B, Jiang J. Synthesis of ginsenoside Re-based carbon dots applied for bioimaging and effective inhibition of cancer cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:6249-6264. [PMID: 30349248 PMCID: PMC6188153 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s176176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fluorescent carbon-based nanomaterials have promising properties such as biosensing, cell imaging, tracing and drug delivery. However, carbon dots (CDs) with specific inherent biological functions have not been investigated. Ginsenosides are the components with multiple bioactivities found in plants of the genus Panax, which have attracted a lot of attention for their anticancer effect. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we prepared a kind of novel photoluminescent CDs from ginsenoside Re by one-step hydrothermal synthesis method. The conventional methods including transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, HPLC and fluorescence spectrum were used for characterization of CDs. In vitro anticancer effect was investigated by cytotoxicity assay, flow cytometry and Western blot analysis. RESULTS The as-prepared Re-CDs had an average diameter of 4.6±0.6 nm and excellent luminescent properties. Cellular uptake of Re-CDs was facilitated by their tiny nanosize, with evidence of their bright excitation-dependent fluorescent images. Compared with ginsenoside Re, the Re-CDs showed greater inhibition efficiency of cancer cell proliferation, with lower toxicity to the normal cells. The anticancer activity of Re-CDs was suggested to be associated with the generation of large amount of ROS and the caspase-3 related cell apoptosis. CONCLUSION Hopefully, the dual functional Re-CDs, which could both exhibit bioimaging and anticancer effect, are expected to have great potential in future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yao
- Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P. R. China,
| | - Jing Li
- Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P. R. China,
| | - Yubin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P. R. China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P. R. China,
| | - Zhenhong Wei
- Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P. R. China,
| | - Xiuying Li
- Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P. R. China,
| | - Yongri Jin
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P. R. China
| | - Bai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P. R. China
| | - Jinlan Jiang
- Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P. R. China,
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Lee JW, Ji SH, Choi BR, Choi DJ, Lee YG, Kim HG, Kim GS, Kim K, Lee YH, Baek NI, Lee DY. UPLC-QTOF/MS-Based Metabolomics Applied for the Quality Evaluation of Four Processed Panax ginseng Products. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23082062. [PMID: 30126124 PMCID: PMC6222836 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23082062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the food industry and herbal markets, it is critical to control the quality of processed Panax ginseng products. In this study, ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF/MS)-based metabolomics was applied for the quality evaluation of white ginseng (WG), tae-geuk ginseng (TG), red ginseng (RG), and black ginseng (BG). Diverse metabolites including ginsenosides were profiled by UPLC-QTOF/MS, and the datasets of WG, TG, RG, and BG were then subjected to multivariate analyses. In principal component analysis (PCA), four processed ginseng products were well-differentiated, and several ginsenosides were identified as major components of each product. S-plot also characterized the metabolic changes between two processed ginseng products, and the major ginsenosides of each product were found as follows: WG (M-Rb1, M-Rb2, M-Rc, Re, Rg1), TG (Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rg1), RG (Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rg1), and BG (Rd, Rk1, Rg5, Rg3). Furthermore, the quantitative contents of ginsenosides were evaluated from the four processed ginseng products. Finally, it was indicated that the proposed metabolomics approach was useful for the quality evaluation and control of processed ginseng products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Won Lee
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 27709, Korea.
| | - Seung-Heon Ji
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 27709, Korea.
| | - Bo-Ram Choi
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 27709, Korea.
| | - Doo Jin Choi
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 27709, Korea.
| | - Yeong-Geun Lee
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea.
| | - Hyoung-Geun Kim
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea.
| | - Geum-Soog Kim
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 27709, Korea.
| | - Kyuil Kim
- Institute of JinAn Red Ginseng, JinAn 55442, Korea.
| | - Youn-Hyung Lee
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea.
| | - Nam-In Baek
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea.
| | - Dae Young Lee
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 27709, Korea.
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Jung EB, Trinh TA, Lee TK, Yamabe N, Kang KS, Song JH, Choi S, Lee S, Jang TS, Kim KH, Hwang GS. Curcuzedoalide contributes to the cytotoxicity of Curcuma zedoaria rhizomes against human gastric cancer AGS cells through induction of apoptosis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 213:48-55. [PMID: 29102767 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Curcuma zedoaria Roscoe (Zingiberaceae), also known as white turmeric or zedoaria, has been used in Ayurveda and traditional Chinese medicine to treat various cancers, and it possesses several sesquiterpenoid compounds. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of a methanolic (MeOH) extract of C. zedoaria rhizomes, as well as its active constituents, against gastric cancer, which is a frequently diagnosed cancer in South Korea. MATERIALS AND METHODS Repeated column chromatography, together with semi-preparative HPLC purification, was used to separate the bioactive constituents from the C. zedoaria MeOH extract. The cytotoxic effects of the C. zedoaria MeOH extract and its active compounds were measured in human gastric cancer AGS cells. Expression of proteins related to apoptosis was evaluated using Western blotting analysis. RESULTS The MeOH extract of C. zedoaria rhizomes exerted a cytotoxic effect on AGS cells (IC50: 96.60 ± 4.87μg/mL). Based on the bioactivity-guided fractionation for antiproliferative activity, a chemical investigation of the MeOH extract led to the isolation of five sesquiterpenes including isoprocurcumenol (1), germacrone (2), curzerenone (3), curcumenol (4), and curcuzedoalide (5). Among these, curcuzedoalide demonstrated the strongest effect in suppressing gastric cancer cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 125.11±2.77μM. Western blotting analysis showed that curcuzedoalide inhibited AGS human gastric cancer cell viability by activating caspase-8, caspase-9, caspase-3, and PARP, which contributed to apoptotic cell death in AGS human gastric cancer cells. CONCLUSION These data indicate that curcuzedoalide contributed to the cytotoxicity of C. zedoaria by activating the cleavage of caspases and PARP, which are representative markers for apoptosis. Therefore, curcuzedoalide is a positive candidate for the development of novel chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Bee Jung
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, South Korea.
| | - Tuy An Trinh
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, South Korea.
| | - Tae Kyoung Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
| | - Noriko Yamabe
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, South Korea.
| | - Ki Sung Kang
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, South Korea.
| | - Ji Hoon Song
- Department of Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, South Korea.
| | - Sungyoul Choi
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, South Korea.
| | - Sanghyun Lee
- Department of Integrative Plant Science, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, South Korea.
| | - Tae Su Jang
- Institute of Green Bio Science & Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeong Chang 232-916, South Korea.
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
| | - Gwi Seo Hwang
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, South Korea.
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Zhao H, Han Z, Li G, Zhang S, Luo Y. Therapeutic Potential and Cellular Mechanisms of Panax Notoginseng on Prevention of Aging and Cell Senescence-Associated Diseases. Aging Dis 2017; 8:721-739. [PMID: 29344413 PMCID: PMC5758348 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2017.0724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to a dramatic increase in average life expectancy, most countries in the world are rapidly entering an aging society. Therefore, extending health span with pharmacological agents targeting aging-related pathological changes, are now in the spotlight of gerosciences. Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen, a species of the genus Panax, has been called the "Miracle Root for the Preservation of Life," and has long been used as a Chinese herb with magical medicinal value. Panax notoginseng has been extensively employed in China to treat microcirculatory disturbances, inflammation, trauma, internal and external bleeding due to injury, and as a tonic. In recent years, with the deepening of the research pharmacologically, many new functions have been discovered. This review will introduce its pharmacological function on lifespan extension, anti-vascular aging, anti-brain aging, and anti-cancer properties, aiming to lay the ground for fully elucidating the potential mechanisms of Panax notoginseng's anti-aging effect to promote its clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiping Zhao
- Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ziping Han
- Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guangwen Li
- Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Sijia Zhang
- Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yumin Luo
- Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
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Wan YM, Li YH, Xu ZY, Wu HM, Xu Y, Yang M, Wu XN. The Effect of Transarterial Chemoembolization in Combination With Kang'ai Injection on Patients With Intermediate Stage Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Prospective Study. Integr Cancer Ther 2017; 17:477-485. [PMID: 29108428 PMCID: PMC6041935 DOI: 10.1177/1534735417734913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The outcome of patients with intermediate stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treated by transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) remains poor. Search for a more effective therapy is still necessary. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of combining TACE with Kang’ai (KA) injection for treating patients with intermediate stage HCC. Methods: A total of 89 patients with intermediate stage HCC were enrolled and divided into TACE +KA group (n = 48) receiving repeated TACE plus KA injection, and TACE group (n = 41) receiving repeated TACE alone. All patients were prospectively studied. Primary endpoints were overall survival (OS) and time to radiologic progression (TTP). Results: The TACE + KA group had significantly longer median OS (27.0 vs 21.0 months, P = .038) and TTP (12.0 vs 10.0 months, P = .028) than TACE group. The 1-, 2-, and 3-year OS rates in the TACE + KA group were markedly higher than in TACE group (88.5%, 58.8%, and 20.8% vs 81.3%, 44.9%, and 6.7%, respectively, P = .038), while the 1- and 2-year TTP rates in the TACE + KA group were significantly lower than in TACE group (49.3% and 86.9% vs 75.3% and 100%, P = .028). TACE + KA group displayed significantly lower incidences of intrahepatic and extrahepatic metastases, as well as postembolization syndrome than TACE group (P < .05). Multivariate analyses revealed group (P = .023), maximum tumor size (P = .019), and tumor number (P = .034) as significant predictors for OS, and group (P = .046), maximum tumor size (P = .002) and α-fetoprotein level (P = .020) as significant predictors for TTP. Both TACE and KA injection were well tolerated. Conclusion: TACE plus KA injection is more effective than TACE alone for treating patients with intermediate stage HCC in this nonrandomized study. Further research is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Meng Wan
- 1 Public Health Institute of Kunming Medical University, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, China.,2 Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Yu-Hua Li
- 2 Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Xu
- 2 Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Hua-Mei Wu
- 2 Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Ying Xu
- 2 Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Mei Yang
- 3 Hospital of Kunming Medical University or Yunnan Tumor Hospital, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Xi-Nan Wu
- 1 Public Health Institute of Kunming Medical University, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, China
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Jo IH, Lee J, Hong CE, Lee DJ, Bae W, Park SG, Ahn YJ, Kim YC, Kim JU, Lee JW, Hyun DY, Rhee SK, Hong CP, Bang KH, Ryu H. Isoform Sequencing Provides a More Comprehensive View of the Panax ginseng Transcriptome. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:E228. [PMID: 28914759 PMCID: PMC5615361 DOI: 10.3390/genes8090228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) has been widely used for medicinal purposes and contains potent plant secondary metabolites, including ginsenosides. To obtain transcriptomic data that offers a more comprehensive view of functional genomics in P. ginseng, we generated genome-wide transcriptome data from four different P. ginseng tissues using PacBio isoform sequencing (Iso-Seq) technology. A total of 135,317 assembled transcripts were generated with an average length of 3.2 kb and high assembly completeness. Of those unigenes, 67.5% were predicted to be complete full-length (FL) open reading frames (ORFs) and exhibited a high gene annotation rate. Furthermore, we successfully identified unique full-length genes involved in triterpenoid saponin synthesis and plant hormonal signaling pathways, including auxin and cytokinin. Studies on the functional genomics of P. ginseng seedlings have confirmed the rapid upregulation of negative feed-back loops by auxin and cytokinin signaling cues. The conserved evolutionary mechanisms in the auxin and cytokinin canonical signaling pathways of P. ginseng are more complex than those in Arabidopsis thaliana. Our analysis also revealed a more detailed view of transcriptome-wide alternative isoforms for 88 genes. Finally, transposable elements (TEs) were also identified, suggesting transcriptional activity of TEs in P. ginseng. In conclusion, our results suggest that long-read, full-length or partial-unigene data with high-quality assemblies are invaluable resources as transcriptomic references in P. ginseng and can be used for comparative analyses in closely related medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ick-Hyun Jo
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science (NIHHS), Rural development administration (RDA), Eumseong 27709, Korea.
| | - Jinsu Lee
- Department of Biology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea.
| | - Chi Eun Hong
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science (NIHHS), Rural development administration (RDA), Eumseong 27709, Korea.
| | | | - Wonsil Bae
- Department of Biology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea.
| | - Sin-Gi Park
- TheragenEtex Bio Institute, Suwon 16229, Korea.
| | - Yong Ju Ahn
- TheragenEtex Bio Institute, Suwon 16229, Korea.
| | - Young Chang Kim
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science (NIHHS), Rural development administration (RDA), Eumseong 27709, Korea.
| | - Jang Uk Kim
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science (NIHHS), Rural development administration (RDA), Eumseong 27709, Korea.
| | - Jung Woo Lee
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science (NIHHS), Rural development administration (RDA), Eumseong 27709, Korea.
| | - Dong Yun Hyun
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science (NIHHS), Rural development administration (RDA), Eumseong 27709, Korea.
| | - Sung-Keun Rhee
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea.
| | | | - Kyong Hwan Bang
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science (NIHHS), Rural development administration (RDA), Eumseong 27709, Korea.
| | - Hojin Ryu
- Department of Biology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea.
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Protective effect of ultrasonication-processed ginseng berry extract on the D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide-induced liver injury model in rats. J Ginseng Res 2017; 42:540-548. [PMID: 30337815 PMCID: PMC6190499 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute hepatic failure is a life-threatening critical condition associated with rapid deterioration of liver function and liver transplantation. Several studies have shown that Panax ginseng Mayer has antidiabetic and hepatoprotective effects. However, the hepatoprotective effect of ginseng berry is still unveiled. In this study, we evaluated the hepatoprotective effects of ultrasonication-processed ginseng berry extract (UGBE) on acute hepatic failure model in rats. Methods Ginseng berry extract (GBE) was ultrasonically processed. The GBE, silymarin, and UGBE were orally administered to male Sprague-Dawley rats for 4 wk. Twenty-four h after the last administration, rats were challenged with D-galactosamine (D-GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Results After ultrasonication, the component ratio of ginsenosides Rg2, Rg3, Rh1, Rh4, Rk1, Rk3, and F4 in GBE had been elevated. Administration of UGBE significantly increased the survival rate of D-GalN/LPS-challenged rats. Pretreatment with UGBE significantly decreased serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and total bilirubin levels in D-GalN/LPS-challenged rats in a dose-dependent manner. The levels of enzymatic markers for oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and glutathione) were increased by UGBE treatment in a dose-dependent manner. Tumor necrosis factor alphalevel, inducible nitric oxide synthase activities, and nitric oxide productions were reduced by UGBE treatment. In addition, hemeoxygenase-1 levels in liver were also significantly increased in the UGBE-treated group. The protein expression of toll-like receptor 4 was decreased by UGBE administration. Hematoxylin and eosin staining results also supported the results of this study showing normal appearance of liver histopathology in the UGBE-treated group. Conclusion UGBE showed a great hepatoprotective effect on D-GalN/LPS-challenged rats via the toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway.
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Effect of polysaccharides from a Korean ginseng berry on the immunosenescence of aged mice. J Ginseng Res 2017; 42:447-454. [PMID: 30337804 PMCID: PMC6187098 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Korean ginseng has been widely evaluated to treat human diseases; however, most studies on Korean ginseng have focused on its root. In this study, polysaccharides [acidic-polysaccharide-linked glycopeptide (APGP) extracted with 90% ethanol and hot water] were prepared from Korean ginseng berries, and their effect on immunosenescence was explored. Methods The effect of APGP on thymic involution was evaluated by measuring the size of thymi dissected from aged mice. The effect of APGP on populations of immune cells, including natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells, age-correlated CD11c-positive B cells, and several subtypes of T cells [CD4-positive, CD8-positive, and regulatory (Treg) T cells] in the thymi and spleens of aged mice was analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis. Serum levels of interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-6 were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis. Profiles of APGP components were evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Results APGP suppressed thymic involution by increasing the weight and areas of thymi in aged mice. APGP increased the population of NK cells, but showed no effect on the population of dendritic cells in the thymi and spleens of aged mice. APGP decreased the population of age-correlated CD11c-positive B cells in the spleens of aged mice. APGP showed no effect on the populations of CD4- and CD8-positive T cells in the thymi of aged mice, whereas it increased the population of Treg cells in the spleens of aged mice. APGP further decreased the reduced serum levels of IL-2 in aged mice, but serum levels of IL-6 were not statistically changed by APGP in aged mice. Finally, HPLC analysis showed that APGP had one major peak at 15 min (a main type of polysaccharide) and a long tail up to 35 min (a mixture of a variety of types of polysaccharides). Conclusion These results suggested that APGP exerted an anti-immunosenescent effect by suppressing thymic involution and modulating several types of immune cells.
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Lee D, Lee DS, Jung K, Hwang GS, Lee HL, Yamabe N, Lee HJ, Eom DW, Kim KH, Kang KS. Protective effect of ginsenoside Rb1 against tacrolimus-induced apoptosis in renal proximal tubular LLC-PK1 cells. J Ginseng Res 2017; 42:75-80. [PMID: 29348725 PMCID: PMC5766699 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2016.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential protective effects of six ginsenosides (Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Rg1, and Rg3) isolated from Panax ginseng against tacrolimus (FK506)-induced apoptosis in renal proximal tubular LLC-PK1 cells. Methods LLC-PK1 cells were treated with FK506 and ginsenosides, and cell viability was measured. Protein expressions of mitogen-activated protein kinases, caspase-3, and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) were evaluated by Western blotting analyses. The number of apoptotic cells was measured using an image-based cytometric assay. Results Reduction in cell viability by 60μM FK506 was ameliorated significantly by cotreatment with ginsenosides Rg1 and Rb1. The phosphorylation of p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinases, and KIM-1, and cleavage of caspase-3, increased markedly in LLC-PK1 cells treated with FK506 and significantly decreased after cotreatment with ginsenoside Rb1. The number of apoptotic cells decreased by 6.0% after cotreatment with ginsenoside Rb1 (10μM and 50μM). Conclusion The antiapoptotic effects of ginsenoside Rb1 on FK506-induced apoptosis were mediated by the inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinases and caspase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahae Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Soo Lee
- Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiwon Jung
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Pocheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwi Seo Hwang
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Lim Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Noriko Yamabe
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Jeong Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Gachon University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Woon Eom
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Sung Kang
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Drug resistance of gastric cancer cells is one of the main reasons that lead to failure of chemotherapy in gastric cancer. Gastric cancer cells can be resistant to chemotherapeutic drugs and targeted drugs, which leads to poor therapeutic effects. Although the mechanisms of drug resistance of gastric cancer cells have long been investigated, no effective drug that can reverse the drug resistance of gastric cancer cells has been found. Therefore, it is important to reverse the drug resistance of gastric cancer cells to improve the prognosis of gastric cancer. In this paper, we review the mechanisms of drug resistance of gastric cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs and targeted drugs, summarize current situation for research of drug resistance of gastric cancer cells, and discuss the future development direction in this field.
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AL Shabanah OA, Alotaibi MR, Al Rejaie SS, Alhoshani AR, Almutairi MM, Alshammari MA, Hafez MM. Inhibitory Effect of Ginseng on Breast Cancer Cell Line Growth Via Up-Regulation of Cyclin Dependent Kinase Inhibitor, p21 and p53. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 17:4965-4971. [PMID: 28032724 PMCID: PMC5454704 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2016.17.11.4965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Breast cancer is global female health problem worldwide. Most of the currently used agents for breast cancer treatment have toxic side-effects. Ginseng root, an oriental medicine, has many health benefits and may exhibit direct anti-cancer properties. This study was performed to assess the effects of ginseng on breast cancer cell lines. Materials and Methods: Cytotoxicity of ginseng extract was measured by MTT assay after exposure of MDA-MB-231, MCF-10A and MCF-7 breast cancer cells to concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5 mg/well. Expression levels of p21WAF, p16INK4A, Bcl-2, Bax and P53 genes were analyzed by quantitative real time PCR. Results: The treatment resulted in inhibition of cell proliferation in a dose-and time-dependent manner. p53, p21WAF1and p16INK4A expression levels were up-regulated in ginseng treated MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cancer cells compared to untreated controls and in MCF-10A cells. The expression levels of Bcl2 in the MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells were down-regulated. In contrast, that of Bax was significantly up-regulated. Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that ginseng may inhibit breast cancer cell growth by activation of the apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Othman A AL Shabanah
- College of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Kind Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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Xu XH, Li T, Fong CMV, Chen X, Chen XJ, Wang YT, Huang MQ, Lu JJ. Saponins from Chinese Medicines as Anticancer Agents. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21101326. [PMID: 27782048 PMCID: PMC6272920 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21101326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Saponins are glycosides with triterpenoid or spirostane aglycones that demonstrate various pharmacological effects against mammalian diseases. To promote the research and development of anticancer agents from saponins, this review focuses on the anticancer properties of several typical naturally derived triterpenoid saponins (ginsenosides and saikosaponins) and steroid saponins (dioscin, polyphyllin, and timosaponin) isolated from Chinese medicines. These saponins exhibit in vitro and in vivo anticancer effects, such as anti-proliferation, anti-metastasis, anti-angiogenesis, anti-multidrug resistance, and autophagy regulation actions. In addition, related signaling pathways and target proteins involved in the anticancer effects of saponins are also summarized in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Huang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Chi Man Vivienne Fong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Xiuping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Xiao-Jia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Yi-Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Ming-Qing Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China.
| | - Jin-Jian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
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Cheng YY, Tsai TH. Analysis of Sheng-Mai-San, a Ginseng-Containing Multiple Components Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicine Using Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Physical Examination by Electron and Light Microscopies. Molecules 2016; 21:E1159. [PMID: 27598107 PMCID: PMC6273333 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21091159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sheng-Mai-San is a multi-component traditional Chinese herbal preparation. Due to the fact granulated additives, such as starch, carboxymethyl cellulose, lactose and raw herbal powder may alter the content of the bioactive markers in the herbal products, a developed ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was used to measure the herbal biomarkers of ginsenoside Rb₁, Rb₂, Rc, Rd, Re, Rg₁, Rh₁, compound K, ophiopogonin D and schizandrin from the Sheng-Mai-San herbal formulation. Besides, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe the morphology of the herbal granular powders. Light microscopy with Congo red and iodine-KI reagent staining was used to identify the cellulose fiber and cornstarch added to pharmaceutical herbal products. The swelling power (SP), water solubility index (WSI), and crude fiber analysis were used to determine the contents of cellulose fiber and cornstarch in pharmaceutical herbal products. In this study, we developed a novel skill to assess the quantification of appended cornstarch in pharmaceutical herbal products using Aperio ImageScope software. Compared with the traditional cornstarch analysis, our analysis method is a rapid, simple and conversion process which could be applied to detect the percentage of added cornstarch in unknown powder products. The various range of the herbal content for the five pharmaceutical manufacturers varied by up to several hundreds-fold. The physical examination reveals that the morphology of the herbal pharmaceutical products is rough and irregular with sharp layers. This study provides a reference standard operating procedure guide for the quality control of the Chinese herbal pharmaceutical products of Sheng-Mai-San.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Yi Cheng
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
| | - Tung-Hu Tsai
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National United University, Miaoli 36063, Taiwan.
- Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei 103, Taiwan.
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Qiu S, Yang WZ, Yao CL, Qiu ZD, Shi XJ, Zhang JX, Hou JJ, Wang QR, Wu WY, Guo DA. Nontargeted metabolomic analysis and “commercial-homophyletic” comparison-induced biomarkers verification for the systematic chemical differentiation of five different parts of Panax ginseng. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1453:78-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Chen RC, Wang J, Yang L, Sun GB, Sun XB. Protective effects of ginsenoside Re on lipopolysaccharide-induced cardiac dysfunction in mice. Food Funct 2016; 7:2278-87. [DOI: 10.1039/c5fo01357g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenoside Re protected against lipopolysaccharide-induced cardiac dysfunction in miceviaERs and PI3K/AKT mediated NFκB inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Chang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine
- Ministry of Education
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science
- Peking Union Medical College
| | - Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine
- Ministry of Education
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science
- Peking Union Medical College
| | - Longpo Yang
- Life Science and Environment Science Research Center
- Harbin University of Commerce
- Heilongjiang 150028
- China
| | - Gui-Bo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine
- Ministry of Education
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science
- Peking Union Medical College
| | - Xiao-Bo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine
- Ministry of Education
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science
- Peking Union Medical College
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Park JY, Choi P, Kim HK, Kang KS, Ham J. Increase in apoptotic effect of Panax ginseng by microwave processing in human prostate cancer cells: in vitro and in vivo studies. J Ginseng Res 2015; 40:62-7. [PMID: 26843823 PMCID: PMC4703806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ginseng, which is widely used in functional foods and as an herbal medicine, has been reported to reduce the proliferation of prostate cancer cells by mechanisms that are not yet fully understood. Methods This study was designed to investigate the changes in ginsenoside content in ginseng after treatment with a microwave-irradiation thermal process and to verify the anticancer effects of the extracts. To confirm the anticancer effect of microwave-irradiated processed ginseng (MG), it was tested in three human prostate cancer cell lines (DU145, LNCaP, and PC-3 cells). Involvements of apoptosis and autophagy were assessed using Western blotting. Results After microwave treatment, the content of ginsenosides Rg1, Re, Rb1, Rc, Rb2, and Rd in the extracts decreased, whereas the content of ginsenosides 20(S)-Rg3, 20(R)-Rg3, Rk1, and Rg5 increased. Antiproliferation results for the human cancer cell lines treated with ginseng extracts indicate that PC-3 cells treated with MG showed the highest activity with an half maximal inhibitory concentration of 48 μg/mL. We also showed that MG suppresses the growth of human prostate cancer cell xenografts in athymic nude mice as an in vivo model. This growth suppression by MG is associated with the inductions of cell death and autophagy. Conclusion Therefore, heat processing by microwave irradiation is a useful method to enhance the anticancer effect of ginseng by increasing the content of ginsenosides Rg3, Rg5, and Rk1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yeon Park
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Pilju Choi
- KIST Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, Korea
| | | | - Ki Sung Kang
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jungyeob Ham
- KIST Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, Korea
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Ginseng berry extract supplementation improves age-related decline of insulin signaling in mice. Nutrients 2015; 7:3038-53. [PMID: 25912041 PMCID: PMC4425188 DOI: 10.3390/nu7043038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of ginseng berry extract on insulin sensitivity and associated molecular mechanisms in aged mice. C57BL/6 mice (15 months old) were maintained on a regular diet (CON) or a regular diet supplemented with 0.05% ginseng berry extract (GBD) for 24 or 32 weeks. GBD-fed mice showed significantly lower serum insulin levels (p = 0.016) and insulin resistance scores (HOMA-IR) (p = 0.012), suggesting that GBD improved insulin sensitivity. Pancreatic islet hypertrophy was also ameliorated in GBD-fed mice (p = 0.007). Protein levels of tyrosine phosphorylated insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 (p = 0.047), and protein kinase B (AKT) (p = 0.037), were up-regulated in the muscle of insulin-injected GBD-fed mice compared with CON-fed mice. The expressions of forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1) (p = 0.036) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) (p = 0.032), which are known as aging- and insulin resistance-related genes, were also increased in the muscle of GBD-fed mice. We conclude that ginseng berry extract consumption might increase activation of IRS-1 and AKT, contributing to the improvement of insulin sensitivity in aged mice.
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Hong NR, Park HS, Ahn TS, Kim HJ, Ha KT, Kim BJ. Ginsenoside Re inhibits pacemaker potentials via adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels and the cyclic guanosine monophosphate/nitric oxide-dependent pathway in cultured interstitial cells of Cajal from mouse small intestine. J Ginseng Res 2015; 39:314-21. [PMID: 26869823 PMCID: PMC4593795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ginseng belongs to the genus Panax. Its main active ingredients are the ginsenosides. Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) are the pacemaker cells of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. To understand the effects of ginsenoside Re (GRe) on GI motility, the authors investigated its effects on the pacemaker activity of ICCs of the murine small intestine. Methods Interstitial cells of Cajal were dissociated from mouse small intestines by enzymatic digestion. The whole-cell patch clamp configuration was used to record pacemaker potentials in cultured ICCs. Changes in cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) content induced by GRe were investigated. Results Ginsenoside Re (20–40μM) decreased the amplitude and frequency of ICC pacemaker activity in a concentration-dependent manner. This action was blocked by guanosine 5′-[β-thio]diphosphate [a guanosine-5'-triphosphate (GTP)-binding protein inhibitor] and by glibenclamide [an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive K+ channel blocker]. To study the GRe-induced signaling pathway in ICCs, the effects of 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (a guanylate cyclase inhibitor) and RP-8-CPT-cGMPS (a protein kinase G inhibitor) were examined. Both inhibitors blocked the inhibitory effect of GRe on ICC pacemaker activity. L-NG-nitroarginine methyl ester (100μM), which is a nonselective nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, blocked the effects of GRe on ICC pacemaker activity and GRe-stimulated cGMP production in ICCs. Conclusion In cultured murine ICCs, GRe inhibits the pacemaker activity of ICCs via the ATP-sensitive potassium (K+) channel and the cGMP/NO-dependent pathway. Ginsenoside Re may be a basis for developing novel spasmolytic agents to prevent or alleviate GI motility dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noo Ri Hong
- Division of Longevity and Biofunctional Medicine, Pusan National University School of Korean Medicine, Yangsan, Korea; Healthy Aging Korean Medical Research Center, Pusan National University School of Korean Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Hyun Soo Park
- Division of Longevity and Biofunctional Medicine, Pusan National University School of Korean Medicine, Yangsan, Korea; Healthy Aging Korean Medical Research Center, Pusan National University School of Korean Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Tae Seok Ahn
- Division of Longevity and Biofunctional Medicine, Pusan National University School of Korean Medicine, Yangsan, Korea; Healthy Aging Korean Medical Research Center, Pusan National University School of Korean Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Kim
- Division of Longevity and Biofunctional Medicine, Pusan National University School of Korean Medicine, Yangsan, Korea; Healthy Aging Korean Medical Research Center, Pusan National University School of Korean Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Ki-Tae Ha
- Healthy Aging Korean Medical Research Center, Pusan National University School of Korean Medicine, Yangsan, Korea; Division of Applied Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Byung Joo Kim
- Division of Longevity and Biofunctional Medicine, Pusan National University School of Korean Medicine, Yangsan, Korea; Healthy Aging Korean Medical Research Center, Pusan National University School of Korean Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
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Geng C, Yin J, Yu X, Yang Y, Liu J, Sun D, Chen F, Wei Z, Meng Q, Liu J. Structural identification of neopanaxadiol metabolites in rats by ultraperformance liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:283-294. [PMID: 26411626 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Neopanaxadiol (NPD) is one of the major ginsenosides in Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (Araliaceae) that has been suggested to be a drug candidate against Alzheimer's disease. However, few data are available regarding its metabolism in rats. METHODS In this study, a method of ultraperformance liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/QTOFMS) was developed to identify major metabolites of NPD in the stomach, intestine, urine and feces of rats, with the aim of determining the main metabolic pathways of NPD in rats after oral administration. RESULTS UPLC/QTOFMS revealed two metabolites in the stomach of rats, one metabolite in the intestine and two metabolites in feces. One metabolite, named M2, was isolated and purified from rats feces, which was identified as (20S,22S)-dammar-22,25-epoxy-3β,12β,20-triol based on extensive NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry data. The main metabolites of NPD in rats were the products of epoxidation, dehydrogenation and hydroxylation. NPD was predominantly metabolized by 20,22-double-bond epoxidation and rearrangement to yield an expoxidation product (M2). CONCLUSIONS Based on the profiles of the metabolites, possible metabolic pathways of NPD in rats were proposed for the first time. This study provides new and available information on the metabolism of NPD, which is indispensable for further research on metabolic pathways of dammarane ginsengenins in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Geng
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Road, Changchun, 130021, P.R. China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medicine University, 467 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, P.R. China
| | - Jianyuan Yin
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Road, Changchun, 130021, P.R. China
| | - Xiuhua Yu
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Road, Changchun, 130021, P.R. China
- Chinese Medicine Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 1478 Gongnong Road, Changchun, 130000, P.R. China
| | - Yuxia Yang
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Road, Changchun, 130021, P.R. China
| | - Jingyan Liu
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Road, Changchun, 130021, P.R. China
| | - Dandan Sun
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Road, Changchun, 130021, P.R. China
| | - Fanbo Chen
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Road, Changchun, 130021, P.R. China
| | - Zhonglin Wei
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, P.R. China
| | - Qin Meng
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Road, Changchun, 130021, P.R. China
| | - Jihua Liu
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Road, Changchun, 130021, P.R. China
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