Metabolite Profiling of the Response of Burdock Roots to Copper Stress

NMR Metabolomics of Arctium lappa L., Taraxacum officinale and Melissa officinalis: A Comparison of Spontaneous and Organic Ecotypes

Officinal plants are a source of metabolites whose chemical composition depends on pedoclimatic conditions. In this study, the NMR-based approach was applied to investigate the impacts of different altitudes and agronomical practices (Land, Mountain Spontaneous, and Organically Grown Ecotypes, namely LSE, MSE, and OE, respectively) on the metabolite profiles of Burdock root, Dandelion root and aerial part, and Lemon balm aerial part. Sugars, amino acids, organic acids, polyphenols, fatty acids, and other metabolites were identified and quantified in all samples. Some metabolites turned out to be tissue-specific markers. Arginine was found in roots, whereas myo-inositol, galactose, glyceroyldigalactose moiety, pheophytin, and chlorophyll were identified in aerial parts. Caftaric and chicoric acids, 3,5 di-caffeoylquinic acid, and chlorogenic and rosmarinic acids were detected in Dandelion, Burdock and Lemon balm, respectively. The metabolite amount changed significantly according to crop, tissue type, and ecotype. All ecotypes of Burdock had the highest contents of amino acids and the lowest contents of organic acids, whereas an opposite trend was observed in Lemon balm. Dandelion parts contained high levels of carbohydrates, except for the MSE aerial part, which showed the highest content of organic acids. The results provided insights into the chemistry of officinal plants, thus supporting nutraceutical-phytopharmaceutical research.

Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria Influence Microbial Community Composition and Metabolic Function to Enhance the Efficiency of Hybrid pennisetum Remediation in Cadmium-Contaminated Soil

The green and efficient remediation of soil cadmium (Cd) is an urgent task, and plant-microbial joint remediation has become a research hotspot due to its advantages. High-throughput sequencing and metabolomics have technical advantages in analyzing the microbiological mechanism of plant growth-promoting bacteria in improving phytoremediation of soil heavy metal pollution. In this experiment, a pot trial was conducted to investigate the effects of inoculating the plant growth-promoting bacterium Enterobacter sp. VY on the growth and Cd remediation efficiency of the energy plant Hybrid pennisetum. The test strain VY-1 was analyzed using high-throughput sequencing and metabolomics to assess its effects on microbial community composition and metabolic function. The results demonstrated that Enterobacter sp. VY-1 effectively mitigated Cd stress on Hybrid pennisetum, resulting in increased plant biomass, Cd accumulation, and translocation factor, thereby enhancing phytoremediation efficiency. Analysis of soil physical-chemical properties revealed that strain VY-1 could increase soil total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, and available potassium content. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) indicated that strain VY-1 significantly influenced bacterial community composition, with Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Chloroflexi, among others, being the main differential taxa. Redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed that available phosphorus, available potassium, and pH were the primary factors affecting bacterial communities. Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) demonstrated that strain VY-1 modulated the metabolite profile of Hybrid pennisetum rhizosphere soil, with 27 differential metabolites showing significant differences, including 19 up-regulated and eight down-regulated expressions. These differentially expressed metabolites were primarily involved in metabolism and environmental information processing, encompassing pathways such as glutamine and glutamate metabolism, α-linolenic acid metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, and purine metabolism. This study utilized 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing and metabolomics technology to investigate the impact of the plant growth-promoting bacterium Enterobacter sp. VY-1 on the growth and Cd enrichment of Hybrid pennisetum, providing insights into the regulatory role of plant growth-promoting bacteria in microbial community structure and metabolic function, thereby improving the microbiological mechanisms of phytoremediation.

Metagenomics combined with metabolomics reveals the effect of Enterobacter sp. inoculation on the rhizosphere microenvironment of Bidens pilosa L. in heavy metal contaminated soil

Metagenomics analysis was performed to determine the effects of Enterobacter sp. FM-1 (FM-1) on key genera as well as functional genes in the rhizosphere of Bidens pilosa L. (B. pilosa L.). Moreover, metabolomics was used to reveal the differences among rhizosphere metabolites after FM-1 inoculation. FM-1 inoculation significantly increased the activity of enzymes associated with the carbon cycle in soil; among them, invertase activity increased by 5.52 units compared to a control. Specifically, the relative abundance of beneficial genera increased significantly, such as Lysobacter (0.45-2.58 unit increase) in low-contamination soils (LC) and Pseudomonas (31.17-45.99 unit increase) in high-contamination soils (HC). Comparison of different transformation processes of the C cycle revealed that inoculation of FM-1 increased the abundance of functional genes related to the carbon cycle in LC soil. In contrast, the nitrogen cycling pathway was significantly elevated in both the LC and HC soils. FM-1 inoculation reduced HM resistance gene abundance in the rhizosphere soil of B. pilosa L. in the LC soil. Moreover, FM-1 and B. pilosa L. interactions promoted the secretion of rhizosphere metabolites, in which lipids and amino acids played important roles in the phytoremediation process. Overall, we explored the rhizosphere effects induced by plantmicrobe interactions, providing new insights into the functional microbes and rhizosphere metabolites involved in phytoremediation.

Modification of Sugar Profile and Ripening in Atemoya (Annona × atemoya Mabb.) Fruits through Copper Hydroxide Application

Atemoya (Annona × atemoya Mabb.), a climacteric fruit of the Annonaceae family, is becoming increasingly popular due to its organoleptic and nutritional properties. Anthracnose, a fungus of the Colletotrichum genus, is one of the most serious diseases in orchards, causing significant damage if not controlled, so producers use phytosanitary products. The current study sought to investigate the quality of atemoya fruits after harvest in an orchard with anthracnose controlled by Cu(OH)² application: T1-no Cu(OH)², T2-7.8 mL Cu(OH)² L1 divided into two applications, T3-15.6 mL Cu(OH)² L1 divided into four, T4-8.0 mL Cu(OH)² L1 divided into eight, and T5-13.0 mL Cu(OH)² L1 divided into thirteen applications. The sugar profile of fruits was examined, as well as MDA, H₂O₂, and quality parameters such as pH, mass, soluble solids, titratable acidity, and maturation index. MDA, such as H₂O₂, can function as a signal molecule. Eight applications of 1.0 mL L-1 Cu(OH)² resulted in increased concentrations of H₂O₂ and MDA, signal molecules involved in sugar modification profiles such as glucose, fructose, and trehalose. It also had a high titratable acidity, a lower maturation index, better fruit quality, and a longer shelf life.

Translocation and chronic effects of microplastics on pea plants (Pisum sativum) in copper-contaminated soil

Microplastics (MPs) released into soil environments, along with the existing pollutants in soil, may have adverse effects on plants. However, the chronic effects of MPs in soils contaminated with heavy metals on crop plants remain unidentified. This study aimed to investigate the chronic effects of MPs (polystyrene, 20 nm) on the reproductive and nutritional status of pea crop plant (Pisum sativum) grown in Cu- (40 mg/kg) and MP-contaminated soils (40, 20 mg/kg). The crop yield reduced in all groups, with an evident decrease in the complex exposure group (comprising MPs and Cu). Moreover, significant changes in plants were identified regarding the weight, color, amino acids, and protein content of peas. Nutrient content in beans increased by MP exposure in single and complex exposure groups. Cu accumulation did not differ in the presence and absence of MPs. Additionally, MPs that infiltrated into incomplete casparian strips during root formation translocated into aerial parts via the apoplast pathway along the cell walls of the vascular bundle. Therefore, long-term exposure to MPs in soil can significantly affect plants while collective application of Cu and MPs imposed severe damage. The changes in the crop quality and nutrient contents may in turn affect human health through the food chain.

Leymus chinensis Adapts to Degraded Soil Environments by Changing Metabolic Pathways and Root Exudate Components

Phytoremediation is a promising remediation strategy for degraded soil restoration. Root exudates are the main carrier substances for information communication and energy transfer between plant roots and soil, which play non-negligible roles in the restoration process. This work investigated the adaptation of Leymus chinensis root exudates to different degraded levels of soil and the mechanism of rhizosphere restoration in a 3-year degraded soil field study. We found that the soil quality at each degradation level significantly increased, with the soil organic matter (SOM) content slightly increasing by 1.82%, moderately increasing by 3.27%, and severely increasing by 3.59%, and there were significant increases in the contents of available nutrients such as available phosphorus (AP), ammonia nitrogen (AN), and nitrate nitrogen (NN). The physiological activities indicated that root tissue cells also mobilize oxidative stress to respond to the soil environment pressure. A total of 473 main components were obtained from root exudates by gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS), including acids, alcohols, carbohydrates, and other major primary metabolites. OPLS-DA revealed that soil degradation exerted an important influence on the metabolic characteristics of root exudates, and the numbers of both up- and downregulated metabolic characteristic peaks increased with the increase in the degree of degradation. Forty-three metabolites underwent clear changes, including some defense-related metabolites and osmotic adjustment substances that were significantly changed. These changes mainly mobilized a series of lipid metabolism pathways to maintain the fluidity of membrane function and help plants adapt to unfavorable soil environmental conditions. The PPP energy metabolism pathway was mobilized in response to slight degradation, and TCA energy pathways responded to the environmental pressure of severe soil degradation.

Metabolite Profiling of Chestnut (Castanea crenata) According to Origin and Harvest Time Using 1H NMR Spectroscopy

Chestnuts are an important food crop commonly used as a food ingredient due to their nutritional properties and potential health benefits. In Korea, chestnuts have been crossbred to develop cultivars with insect resistance and high productivity, producing multiple chestnut varieties. This study classified 17 Castanea crenata cultivars produced in Korea according to origin and harvest time and determined the metabolites in chestnut kernels using ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The 17 C. crenata cultivars were divided into four groups based on their geographic origin: Korean native, Korean hybrid, Japanese native, and Japanese hybrid. The cultivars were also divided into three groups depending on their harvest period: early-ripening cultivar, mid-ripening cultivar, and late-ripening cultivar. The partial least squares-discriminant analysis score plot revealed differences among the groups. Identified metabolites, including amino acids, organic acids, and sugars, contributed to discriminating the origin and harvest time of the C. crenata chestnut kernels. Significant differences were observed, mainly in amino acids, which suggests that the composition of amino acids is one factor influenced by both the origin and harvest time of C. crenata. These results are useful to both growers and breeders because they identify the nutritional and metabolic characteristics of each C. crenata cultivar.

Metabolomics combined with physiology and transcriptomics reveals how Citrus grandis leaves cope with copper-toxicity

Limited data are available on metabolic responses of plants to copper (Cu)-toxicity. Firstly, we investigated Cu-toxic effects on metabolomics, the levels of free amino acids, NH₄⁺-N, NO₃^--N, total nitrogen, total soluble proteins, total phenolics, lignin, reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde, and the activities of nitrogen-assimilatory enzymes in 'Shatian' pummelo (Citrus grandis) leaves. Then, a conjoint analysis of metabolomics, physiology and transcriptomics was performed. Herein, 59 upregulated [30 primary metabolites (PMs) and 29 secondary metabolites (SMs)] and 52 downregulated (31 PMs and 21 SMs) metabolites were identified in Cu-toxic leaves. The toxicity of Cu to leaves was related to the Cu-induced accumulation of NH₄⁺ and decrease of nitrogen assimilation. Metabolomics combined with physiology and transcriptomics revealed some adaptive responses of C. grandis leaves to Cu-toxicity, including (a) enhancing tryptophan metabolism and the levels of some amino acids and derivatives (tryptophan, phenylalanine, 5-hydroxy-l-tryptophan, 5-oxoproline and GSH); (b) increasing the accumulation of carbohydrates and alcohols and upregulating tricarboxylic acid cycle and the levels of some organic acids and derivatives (chlorogenic acid, quinic acid, d-tartaric acid and gallic acid o-hexoside); (c) reducing phospholipid (lysophosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylethanolamine) levels, increasing non-phosphate containing lipid [monoacylglycerol ester (acyl 18:2) isomer 1] levels, and inducing low-phosphate-responsive gene expression; and (d) triggering the biosynthesis of some chelators (total phenolics, lignin, l-trytamine, indole, eriodictyol C-hexoside, quercetin 5-O-malonylhexosyl-hexoside, N-caffeoyl agmatine, N'-p-coumaroyl agmatine, hydroxy-methoxycinnamate and protocatechuic acid o-glucoside) and vitamins and derivatives (nicotinic acid-hexoside, B₁ and methyl nicotinate). Cu-induced upregulation of many antioxidants could not protect Cu-toxic leaves from oxidative damage. To conclude, our findings corroborated the hypothesis that extensive reprogramming of metabolites was carried out in Cu-toxic C. grandis leaves in order to cope with Cu-toxicity.

Metabolomics and health: from nutritional crops and plant-based pharmaceuticals to profiling of human biofluids

During the past decade metabolomics has emerged as one of the fastest developing branches of “-omics” technologies. Metabolomics involves documentation, identification, and quantification of metabolites through modern analytical platforms in various biological systems. Advanced analytical tools, such as gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS), liquid chromatography–mass spectroscopy (LC/MS), and non-destructive nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, have facilitated metabolite profiling of complex biological matrices. Metabolomics, along with transcriptomics, has an influential role in discovering connections between genetic regulation, metabolite phenotyping and biomarkers identification. Comprehensive metabolite profiling allows integration of the summarized data towards manipulation of biosynthetic pathways, determination of nutritional quality markers, improvement in crop yield, selection of desired metabolites/genes, and their heritability in modern breeding. Along with that, metabolomics is invaluable in predicting the biological activity of medicinal plants, assisting the bioactivity-guided fractionation process and bioactive leads discovery, as well as serving as a tool for quality control and authentication of commercial plant-derived natural products. Metabolomic analysis of human biofluids is implemented in clinical practice to discriminate between physiological and pathological state in humans, to aid early disease biomarker discovery and predict individual response to drug therapy. Thus, metabolomics could be utilized to preserve human health by improving the nutritional quality of crops and accelerating plant-derived bioactive leads discovery through disease diagnostics, or through increasing the therapeutic efficacy of drugs via more personalized approach. Here, we attempt to explore the potential value of metabolite profiling comprising the above-mentioned applications of metabolomics in crop improvement, medicinal plants utilization, and, in the prognosis, diagnosis and management of complex diseases.

Synergistic effects of glyphosate and multiwall carbon nanotubes on Arabidopsis thaliana physiology and metabolism

Agricultural chemicals have the potential to become pollutants that adversely affect plant growth. Interactions between these compounds are likely, but potential synergies are under-researched. Multiwall carbon nanotubes are increasingly finding novel uses in agriculture, as delivery mechanisms and as slow-release fertilizers. There is potential for nanotubes to interact with other agricultural chemicals in unpredictable ways. To investigate this possibility, we examined interactions with glyphosate, a widely used herbicide that is also attracting increasing concern over its potential for non-target effects. Here we examined potential synergistic effects on hydroponically grown Arabidopsis thaliana. Single treatments did not affect plant growth significantly, or did only mildly. However, combined treatment significantly affected both plant root and shoot growth. High-level content of malondialdehyde and up-regulated of metabolic antioxidant molecules in plant indicated that combined group caused the strong oxidative damage, while the decreased of antioxidant enzyme activities indicated an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS)and the antioxidant defense system due to the continuously generated ROS. Besides, several intermediate metabolites of unsaturated fatty acids synthesis pathways were up-regulated in combined treatment, which clarified that combined group changed membrane components. The increase of intermediate metabolites in combined group also reflected more energy consumption in the repairment of the disrupt of combined treatment. The synergistic effect observed was attributed to the accumulation of glyphosate resulting from permeability and transportability of the carbon nanotubes. Overall, the risk of nanotube-herbicide interaction suggests a caution use of nanotubes in agricultural applications.

Biochemical mechanisms of rhizospheric Bacillus subtilis-facilitated phytoextraction by alfalfa under cadmium stress - Microbial diversity and metabolomics analyses

The effects of Bacillus subtilis inoculation on the growth and Cd uptake of alfalfa were evaluated in this research using pot experiments, and the relevant biochemical mechanisms were first investigated by combined microbial diversity and nontarget metabolomics analyses. The results indicated that inoculation with alfalfa significantly decreased the amount of plant malondialdehyde (MDA) and improved the activities of plant antioxidant enzymes and soil nutrient cycling-involved enzymes, thereby promoting biomass by 29.4%. Inoculation also increased Cd bioavailability in rhizosphere soil by 12.0% and Cd removal efficiency by 139.3%. The biochemical mechanisms included enhanced bacterial diversity, transformed microbial community composition, regulated amounts of amino acids, fatty acids, carbohydrates, flavonoids and phenols in rhizosphere soil metabolites, and modulations of the corresponding Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways. These responses were beneficial to microbial activity, nutrient cycling, and Cd mobilization, detoxification, and decontamination by alfalfa in soil. This study, especially the newly identified differential metabolites and metabolic pathways, provides new insights into mechanism revelation and strategy development in microbe-assisted phytomanagement of heavy metal-contaminated soils.

Copper bioavailability, uptake, toxicity and tolerance in plants: A comprehensive review

Copper (Cu) is an essential element for humans and plants when present in lesser amount, while in excessive amounts it exerts detrimental effects. There subsists a narrow difference amid the indispensable, positive and detrimental concentration of Cu in living system, which substantially alters with Cu speciation, and form of living organisms. Consequently, it is vital to monitor its bioavailability, speciation, exposure levels and routes in the living organisms. The ingestion of Cu-laced food crops is the key source of this heavy metal toxicity in humans. Hence, it is necessary to appraise the biogeochemical behaviour of Cu in soil-plant system with esteem to their quantity and speciation. On the basis of existing research, this appraisal traces a probable connexion midst: Cu levels, sources, chemistry, speciation and bioavailability in the soil. Besides, the functions of protein transporters in soil-plant Cu transport, and the detrimental effect of Cu on morphological, physiological and nutrient uptake in plants has also been discussed in the current manuscript. Mechanisms related to detoxification strategies like antioxidative response and generation of glutathione and phytochelatins to combat Cu-induced toxicity in plants is discussed as well. We also delimits the Cu accretion in food crops and allied health perils from soils encompassing less or high Cu quantity. Finally, an overview of various techniques involved in the reclamation and restoration of Cu-contaminated soils has been provided.

Metabolomics Reveals the Molecular Mechanisms of Copper Induced Cucumber Leaf ( Cucumis sativus) Senescence

Excess copper may disturb plant photosynthesis and induce leaf senescence. The underlying toxicity mechanism is not well understood. Here, 3-week-old cucumber plants were foliar exposed to different copper concentrations (10, 100, and 500 mg/L) for a final dose of 0.21, 2.1, and 10 mg/plant, using CuSO₄ as the Cu ion source for 7 days, three times per day. Metabolomics quantified 149 primary and 79 secondary metabolites. A number of intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle were significantly down-regulated 1.4-2.4 fold, indicating a perturbed carbohydrate metabolism. Ascorbate and aldarate metabolism and shikimate-phenylpropanoid biosynthesis (antioxidant and defense related pathways) were perturbed by excess copper. These metabolic responses occur even at the lowest copper dose considered although no phenotype changes were observed at this dose. High copper dose resulted in a 2-fold increase in phytol, a degradation product of chlorophyll. Polyphenol metabolomics revealed that some flavonoids were down-regulated, while the nonflavonoid 4-hydroxycinnamic acid and trans-2-hydroxycinnamic acid were significantly up-regulated 4- and 26-fold compared to the control. This study enhances current understanding of copper toxicity to plants and demonstrates that metabolomics profiling provides a more comprehensive view of plant responses to stressors, which can be applied to other plant species and contaminants.

Environmental metabolomics with data science for investigating ecosystem homeostasis

A natural ecosystem can be viewed as the interconnections between complex metabolic reactions and environments. Humans, a part of these ecosystems, and their activities strongly affect the environments. To account for human effects within ecosystems, understanding what benefits humans receive by facilitating the maintenance of environmental homeostasis is important. This review describes recent applications of several NMR approaches to the evaluation of environmental homeostasis by metabolic profiling and data science. The basic NMR strategy used to evaluate homeostasis using big data collection is similar to that used in human health studies. Sophisticated metabolomic approaches (metabolic profiling) are widely reported in the literature. Further challenges include the analysis of complex macromolecular structures, and of the compositions and interactions of plant biomass, soil humic substances, and aqueous particulate organic matter. To support the study of these topics, we also discuss sample preparation techniques and solid-state NMR approaches. Because NMR approaches can produce a number of data with high reproducibility and inter-institution compatibility, further analysis of such data using machine learning approaches is often worthwhile. We also describe methods for data pretreatment in solid-state NMR and for environmental feature extraction from heterogeneously-measured spectroscopic data by machine learning approaches.

Metabolic Alterations in Two Cirsium Species Identified at Distinct Phenological Stages using UPLC-QTOF/MS

INTRODUCTION

Cirsium chanroenicum and C. setidens are commonly used both in traditional folk medicine and as a food source. The quality of different species of Cirsium at different harvest times is a function of their metabolite composition, which is determined by the phenological stage.

OBJECTIVE

We sought to determine the differences in the metabolite composition of two species of Cirsium during different phenological stages using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) mass spectrometry (MS).

METHODOLOGY

Cirsium chanroenicum and C. setidens plants were collected at the floral budding and full flowering stages. Metabolic profiles of Cirsium extracts were determined using UPLC-QTOF/MS to characterise the differences between phenological stages, and the major metabolites were quantified using UPLC-QTOF/MS-multiple reaction monitoring (MRM).

RESULTS

At the full flowering stage, the levels of phenolic acids as well as components of the phenylpropanoid pathway were increased. Flavonoids predominated at the full flowering stage in both species. The levels of coumaric acid, kaempferol, and pectolinarigenin differed between the two species of Cirsium. Overall, these results suggest that components of the phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway are upregulated in the full flowering stage in Cirsium, although we did observe some variation between the species.

CONCLUSION

These results will help elucidate the metabolic pathways related to the different phases of the vegetative cycle, and may help determine the optimal season for the harvest of Cirsium with the highest levels of bioactive compounds. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Metabolomic Profiling of Soybeans (Glycine max L.) Reveals the Importance of Sugar and Nitrogen Metabolism under Drought and Heat Stress

Soybean is an important crop that is continually threatened by abiotic stresses, especially drought and heat stress. At molecular levels, reduced yields due to drought and heat stress can be seen as a result of alterations in metabolic homeostasis of vegetative tissues. At present an incomplete understanding of abiotic stress-associated metabolism and identification of associated metabolites remains a major gap in soybean stress research. A study with a goal to profile leaf metabolites under control conditions (28/24 °C), drought [28/24 °C, 10% volumetric water content (VWC)], and heat stress (43/35 °C) was conducted in a controlled environment. Analyses of non-targeted metabolomic data showed that in response to drought and heat stress, key metabolites (carbohydrates, amino acids, lipids, cofactors, nucleotides, peptides and secondary metabolites) were differentially accumulated in soybean leaves. The metabolites for various cellular processes, such as glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, the pentose phosphate pathway, and starch biosynthesis, that regulate carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, peptide metabolism, and purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis, were found to be affected by drought as well as heat stress. Computationally based regulatory networks predicted additional compounds that address the possibility of other metabolites and metabolic pathways that could also be important for soybean under drought and heat stress conditions. Metabolomic profiling demonstrated that in soybeans, keeping up with sugar and nitrogen metabolism is of prime significance, along with phytochemical metabolism under drought and heat stress conditions.

Visualization of Microfloral Metabolism for Marine Waste Recycling

Marine biomass including fishery products are precious protein resources for human foods and are an alternative to livestock animals in order to reduce the virtual water problem. However, a large amount of marine waste can be generated from fishery products and it is not currently recycled. We evaluated the metabolism of digested marine waste using integrated analytical methods, under anaerobic conditions and the fertilization of abandoned agricultural soils. Dynamics of fish waste digestion revealed that samples of meat and bony parts had similar dynamics under anaerobic conditions in spite of large chemical variations in input marine wastes. Abandoned agricultural soils fertilized with fish waste accumulated some amino acids derived from fish waste, and accumulation of l-arginine and l-glutamine were higher in plant seedlings. Therefore, we have proposed an analytical method to visualize metabolic dynamics for recycling of fishery waste processes.