1
|
Bhatnagar RS, Lei XG, Miller DD, Padilla-Zakour OI. Iron from Co-Encapsulation of Defatted Nannochloropsis Oceanica with Inulin Is Highly Bioavailable and Does Not Impact Wheat Flour Shelf Life or Sensorial Attributes. Foods 2023; 12:foods12030675. [PMID: 36766203 PMCID: PMC9914652 DOI: 10.3390/foods12030675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Defatted green microalgae Nannochloropsis oceanica (DGM) is a rich source of bioavailable iron. However, its use in foods results in unacceptable color and taste development. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate strategies to enhance the use of DGM in foods. DGM and inulin were encapsulated (EC) in an oil-in-water emulsion using high-pressure homogenization. To confirm iron bioavailability, C57BL/6 mice were fed an iron-deficient diet (ID) for 2 weeks. The mice were then fed one of the four diets: ID, ID + DGM (DGM), ID + EC (EC50 or EC100) for 4 weeks. To test the stability of DGM as an iron fortificant at two different fortification rates of 17.5 mg Fe/kg (50%) or 35 mg Fe/kg (100%), whole (DGM50/DGM100), encapsulated (EC50/EC100) and color-masked (CM50/CM100) DGM were added to wheat flour (WF) at two different temperatures: 20 °C and 45 °C and were examined for 30 days. Acceptability studies were conducted to determine sensory differences between rotis (Indian flat bread) prepared from WF/EC50/CM50/EC100. The mice consuming EC50/EC100 diets showed comparable iron status to DGM-fed mice, suggesting that encapsulation did not negatively impact iron bioavailability. Addition of EC to wheat flour resulted in the lowest Fe2+ oxidation and color change amongst treatments, when stored for 30 days. There were no differences in the overall liking and product acceptance of rotis amongst treatments at both day 0 and day 21 samples. Our results suggest that EC50 can be effectively used as an iron fortificant in WF to deliver highly bioavailable iron without experiencing any stability or sensory defects, at least until 30 days of storage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rohil S. Bhatnagar
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Tata-Cornell Institute for Agriculture and Nutrition, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Xin-Gen Lei
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Dennis D. Miller
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Olga I. Padilla-Zakour
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-315-787-2259
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Umeo SH, Faria MGI, Dragunski DC, Valle JSDO, Colauto NB, Linde GA. Iron Or Zinc Bioaccumulated In Mycelial Biomass Of Edible Basidiomycetes. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2020; 92 Suppl 2:e20191350. [PMID: 32813769 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202020191350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron and zinc bioaccumulation in mycelial biomass of different medicinal basidiomycetes was evaluated in order to produce metal-enriched mycelial biomass as an alternative functional food from non-animal sources and based on biotechnology processes. Pleurotus ostreatus strain U2-9, U2-11, U6-8, and U6-9, Pleurotus eryngii strain U8-11, Schizophyllum commune strain U6-7, and Lentinula edodes strain U6-11 and U6-12 were grown in malt extract agar with or without addition of 50 mg/L iron or 7.5 mg/L zinc. The mycelial biomass was separated and iron and zinc concentrations were determined in a flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Basidiomycete strains presented different growth rates with the presence of iron and zinc; there was no dependence between the metal bioaccumulation and the fungal growth. The fungi presented greater capacity to bioaccumulate iron than zinc. P. ostreatus (U2-9) has greater iron bioaccumulation (3197.7 mg/kg) while P. ostreatus (U6-8) greater zinc bioaccumulation (440.4 mg/kg) in mycelial biomass. P. ostreatus (U2-9), P. ostreatus (U2-11), and S. commune (U6-7) had the highest metal translocation rates from the culture medium to mycelial biomass. The mycelial biomass enriched with iron or zinc is an alternative to a new functional food from non-animal sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzana H Umeo
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Paranaense, Umuarama, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Douglas C Dragunski
- Centro de Engenharias e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Toledo, PR, Brazil
| | - Juliana S DO Valle
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Paranaense, Umuarama, PR, Brazil
| | - Nelson B Colauto
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Paranaense, Umuarama, PR, Brazil
| | - Giani Andrea Linde
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Paranaense, Umuarama, PR, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Penugonda K, Fiorentino NM, Alavi S, Lindshield BL. Bioavailable Iron and Vitamin A in Newly Formulated, Extruded Corn, Soybean, Sorghum, and Cowpea Fortified-Blended Foods in the In Vitro Digestion/Caco-2 Cell Model. Curr Dev Nutr 2018; 2:nzy021. [PMID: 30046768 PMCID: PMC6054154 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzy021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fortified-blended foods (FBFs), particularly corn-soybean blend (CSB), are food aid products distributed in developing countries. The US Agency for International Development food aid quality review recommended developing extruded FBFs with the use of alternative commodities such as sorghum. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to determine bioavailable iron and vitamin A content from newly developed extruded corn, soybean, sorghum, and cowpea FBFs compared with the nonextruded traditional food aid FBFs, corn-soy blend 13 (CSB13) and corn-soy blend plus (CSB+). METHODS Eleven extruded FBFs-sorghum-cowpea (n = 7), sorghum-soy (n = 3), and corn-soy (n = 1)-along with 2 nonextruded FBFs-CSB13 and CSB+, and Cerelac (Nestlé), a commercially available fortified infant food, were prepared. Bioavailable iron and vitamin A contents were assessed by using the in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell model. Dry FBFs, aqueous fractions, and Caco-2 cell pellet vitamin A contents were analyzed by HPLC. Dry FBF and aqueous fraction iron contents were measured by atomic absorptiometry, and bioavailable iron was assessed by measuring Caco-2 ferritin contents via ELISA. RESULTS Iron and vitamin A concentrations in Cerelac and dry FBFs ranged from 8.0 to 31.8 mg/100 g and 0.3 to 1.67 mg/100 g, respectively. All of the extruded FBFs contained 4- to 7-fold significantly higher (P < 0.05) aqueous fraction iron concentrations compared with CSB13 and CSB+. However, there were no significant differences in Caco-2 cell ferritin and vitamin A concentrations between extruded FBFs, nonextruded FBFs, and or the basal salt solution negative control. CONCLUSION Results support the theory that the consumption of newly developed extruded sorghum-cowpea, sorghum-soy, and corn-soy FBFs would result in iron and vitamin A concentrations comparable to traditional nonextruded CSB13 and CSB+ FBFs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Penugonda
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics and Health, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Nicole M Fiorentino
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics and Health, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Sajid Alavi
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Brian L Lindshield
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics and Health, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Iron bioavailability of four iron sources used to fortify infant cereals, using anemic weaning pigs as a model. Eur J Nutr 2018; 58:1911-1922. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-018-1742-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
5
|
Delimont NM, Fiorentino NM, Kimmel KA, Haub MD, Rosenkranz SK, Lindshield BL. Long-Term Dose-Response Condensed Tannin Supplementation Does Not Affect Iron Status or Bioavailability. Curr Dev Nutr 2017; 1:e001081. [PMID: 29955679 PMCID: PMC5998780 DOI: 10.3945/cdn.117.001081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Repeated phytic acid consumption leads to iron absorption adaptation but, to the best of our knowledge, the impact of repeated tannin consumption has not yet been established. Salivary proline-rich proteins (PRPs) may improve iron absorption by precipitating tannins. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the effect of long-term, dose-response condensed tannin supplementation on iron bioavailability and status and to assess the effect of salivary proteins on iron bioavailability during prolonged condensed tannin consumption. A secondary objective was to assess astringency as a potential marker for adaptation to tannins and iron bioavailability. Methods: Eleven nonanemic women were enrolled in a double-blind 3-dose crossover trial. Three (1.5, 0.25, or 0.03 g) condensed tannin supplements were consumed 3 times/d for 4 wk in random order, with 2-wk washouts in between. Meal challenges were employed before and after supplementation to assess iron bioavailability, iron status, salivary PRP changes, and astringency. Results: Tannin supplementation in any dose did not change iron bioavailability at any dose (P > 0.82) from weeks 0 to 4. Hemoglobin (P = 0.126) and serum ferritin (P = 0.83) were unchanged by tannin dose from weeks 0 to 4. There were significant correlations among tannin supplementation and iron bioavailability, basic proline-rich proteins (bPRPs) (r = 0.366, P = 0.003), and cystatin production (r = 0.27, P = 0.03). Astringency ratings did not change significantly within or between tannin doses (P > 0.126), but there were negative relations among bPRP (r < -0.32, P < 0.21), cystatin production (r < -0.2, P < 0.28), and astringency ratings. Conclusions: Condensed tannin consumption did not affect iron bioavailability or status regardless of the supplementation period in premenopausal nonanemic women. Correlation analyses suggest that bPRPs and cystatins are associated with improved iron bioavailability and that lower ratings of astringency may predict improved iron absorption with repeated tannin consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Delimont
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics, and Health, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Nicole M Fiorentino
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics, and Health, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Katheryne A Kimmel
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics, and Health, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Mark D Haub
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics, and Health, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Sara K Rosenkranz
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics, and Health, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Brian L Lindshield
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics, and Health, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Newly formulated, protein quality-enhanced, extruded sorghum-, cowpea-, corn-, soya-, sugar- and oil-containing fortified-blended foods lead to adequate vitamin A and iron outcomes and improved growth compared with non-extruded CSB+ in rats. J Nutr Sci 2017. [PMID: 28630695 PMCID: PMC5468745 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2017.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Corn and soyabean micronutrient-fortified-blended foods (FBF) are commonly used for food aid. Sorghum and cowpeas have been suggested as alternative commodities because they are drought tolerant, can be grown in many localities, and are not genetically modified. Change in formulation of blends may improve protein quality, vitamin A and Fe availability of FBF. The primary objective of this study was to compare protein efficiency, Fe and vitamin A availability of newly formulated extruded sorghum-, cowpea-, soya- and corn-based FBF, along with a current, non-extruded United States Agency for International Development (USAID) corn and soya blend FBF (CSB+). A second objective was to compare protein efficiency of whey protein concentrate (WPC) and soya protein isolate (SPI) containing FBF to determine whether WPC inclusion improved outcomes. Eight groups of growing rats (n 10) consumed two white and one red sorghum–cowpea (WSC1 + WPC, WSC2 + WPC, RSC + WPC), white sorghum–soya (WSS + WPC) and corn–soya (CSB14 + WPC) extruded WPC-containing FBF, an extruded white sorghum–cowpea with SPI (WSC1 + SPI), non-extruded CSB+, and American Institute of Nutrition (AIN)-93G, a weanling rat diet, for 4 weeks. There were no significant differences in protein efficiency, Fe or vitamin A outcomes between WPC FBF groups. The CSB+ group consumed significantly less food, gained significantly less weight, and had significantly lower energy efficiency, protein efficiency and length, compared with all other groups. Compared with WSC1 + WPC, the WSC1 + SPI FBF group had significantly lower energy efficiency, protein efficiency and weight gain. These results suggest that a variety of commodities can be used in the formulation of FBF, and that newly formulated extruded FBF are of better nutritional quality than non-extruded CSB+.
Collapse
Key Words
- AIN, American Institute of Nutrition
- CSB, corn–soya blend
- Complementary feeding
- Corn–soya blends
- DIAAS, digestible indispensable amino acid score
- FBF, fortified-blended food
- Fortified blended foods
- Iron
- NRC, National Research Council
- Protein quality
- RSC, red sorghum with cowpea
- SPI, soya protein isolate
- Sorghum
- USAID, United States Agency for International Development
- USDA, United States Department of Agriculture
- Vitamin A
- WPC, whey protein concentrate
- WSC, white sorghum with cowpea
Collapse
|
7
|
Delimont NM, Haub MD, Lindshield BL. The Impact of Tannin Consumption on Iron Bioavailability and Status: A Narrative Review. Curr Dev Nutr 2017; 1:1-12. [PMID: 29955693 PMCID: PMC5998341 DOI: 10.3945/cdn.116.000042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron deficiency remains a global health issue, and antinutritional factors, such as tannins, are often cited as contributors to the high prevalence of deficiency. Despite this, tannin-rich diets may have potential beneficial cardiovascular and cancer-fighting properties because of the antioxidant activity of tannins. Furthermore, epidemiologic studies and long-term trials involving participants who consumed diets rich in antinutritional factors, particularly tannins, conflict with single-meal bioavailability studies. The purpose of this narrative review is to determine the effect of tannins on iron bioavailability and status and establish whether adaptation to tannins reduces the antinutritional effects of tannins over time. We also aimed to compare tannins used in iron studies. Common themes related to iron bioavailability and iron status with tannin consumption were collected and collated for summary and synthesis based on models and subjects used. Overall, there was dissonance between iron bioavailability and status in studies. Single-meal studies with hydrolyzable and oligomeric catechin and epicatechin tannins (tea and tannic acid) generally support reductions in bioavailability related to tannin consumption but not consumption of condensed tannin, which are more commonly found in food. Long-term animal model, epidemiologic, and multimeal studies generally do not support changes in iron status related to tannin intake. Studies suggest that long-term tannin consumption may impact iron status in a different manner than single-meal studies or bioavailability iron models predict. Furthermore, iron bioavailability studies that use condensed tannins, which are more commonly consumed, may better predict mealtime iron bioavailability. More research is needed to develop representative antinutritional iron studies and investigate mechanisms underlying the adaptation to tannins and other antinutritional factors that occur over time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Delimont
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics, and Health, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Mark D Haub
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics, and Health, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Brian L Lindshield
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics, and Health, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
The Combined Application of the Caco-2 Cell Bioassay Coupled with In Vivo (Gallus gallus) Feeding Trial Represents an Effective Approach to Predicting Fe Bioavailability in Humans. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8110732. [PMID: 27869705 PMCID: PMC5133116 DOI: 10.3390/nu8110732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Research methods that predict Fe bioavailability for humans can be extremely useful in evaluating food fortification strategies, developing Fe-biofortified enhanced staple food crops and assessing the Fe bioavailability of meal plans that include such crops. In this review, research from four recent poultry (Gallus gallus) feeding trials coupled with in vitro analyses of Fe-biofortified crops will be compared to the parallel human efficacy studies which used the same varieties and harvests of the Fe-biofortified crops. Similar to the human studies, these trials were aimed to assess the potential effects of regular consumption of these enhanced staple crops on maintenance or improvement of iron status. The results demonstrate a strong agreement between the in vitro/in vivo screening approach and the parallel human studies. These observations therefore indicate that the in vitro/Caco-2 cell and Gallus gallus models can be integral tools to develop varieties of staple food crops and predict their effect on iron status in humans. The cost-effectiveness of this approach also means that it can be used to monitor the nutritional stability of the Fe-biofortified crop once a variety has released and integrated into the food system. These screening tools therefore represent a significant advancement to the field for crop development and can be applied to ensure the sustainability of the biofortification approach.
Collapse
|
9
|
Vaz-Tostes MDG, Verediano TA, de Mejia EG, Brunoro Costa NM. Evaluation of iron and zinc bioavailability of beans targeted for biofortification using in vitro and in vivo models and their effect on the nutritional status of preschool children. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:1326-1332. [PMID: 25899136 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biofortified beans have been produced with higher nutrient concentrations. The objective was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo iron and zinc bioavailability of common beans Pontal (PO), targeted for biofortification, compared with conventional Perola (PE) and their effects on the iron and zinc nutritional status of preschool children. RESULTS In Caco-2 cells, PO and PE beans did not show differences in ferritin (PO, 13.1 ± 1.4; PE, 13.6 ± 1.4 ng mg(-1) protein) or zinc uptake (PO, 15.9 ± 1.5; PE, 15.5 ± 3.5 µmol mg(-1) protein). In the rat, PO and PE beans presented high iron bioavailability (PO, 109.6 ± 29.5; PE, 110.7 ± 13.9%). In preschool children, no changes were observed in iron and zinc nutritional status comparing before and after PO consumption (ferritin, 41.2 ± 23.2 and 28.9 ± 40.4 µg L(-1) ; hemoglobin, 13.7 ± 2.2 and 13.1 ± 3.2 g dL(-1) ; plasma zinc, 119.2 ± 24.5 and 133.9 ± 57.7 µg dL(-1) ; erythrocyte zinc, 53.5 ± 13.8 and 59.4 ± 17.1 µg g(-1) hemoglobin). CONCLUSION Iron and zinc bioavailability in PO and PE beans was not statistically different using either cell culture, animal or human models. Efforts should focus on increasing mineral bioavailability of beans targeted for biofortification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria das Graças Vaz-Tostes
- Department of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Center for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Alto Universitario, 29500-000, Alegre, ES, Brazil
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Federal University of Viçosa, PH Holfs, 36570-000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Thaisa Agrizzi Verediano
- Department of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Center for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Alto Universitario, 29500-000, Alegre, ES, Brazil
| | - Elvira Gonzalez de Mejia
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Neuza Maria Brunoro Costa
- Department of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Center for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Alto Universitario, 29500-000, Alegre, ES, Brazil
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Federal University of Viçosa, PH Holfs, 36570-000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
La Frano MR, de Moura FF, Boy E, Lönnerdal B, Burri BJ. Bioavailability of iron, zinc, and provitamin A carotenoids in biofortified staple crops. Nutr Rev 2014; 72:289-307. [PMID: 24689451 DOI: 10.1111/nure.12108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
International research efforts, including those funded by HarvestPlus, a Challenge Program of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), are focusing on conventional plant breeding to biofortify staple crops such as maize, rice, cassava, beans, wheat, sweet potatoes, and pearl millet to increase the concentrations of micronutrients that are commonly deficient in specific population groups of developing countries. The bioavailability of micronutrients in unfortified staple crops in developing regions is typically low, which raises questions about the efficacy of these crops to improve population micronutrient status. This review of recent studies of biofortified crops aims to assess the micronutrient bioavailability of biofortified staple crops in order to derive lessons that may help direct plant breeding and to infer the potential efficacy of food-based nutrition interventions. Although reducing the amounts of antinutrients and the conduction of food processing generally increases the bioavailability of micronutrients, antinutrients still possess important benefits, and food processing results in micronutrient loss. In general, biofortified foods with relatively higher micronutrient density have higher total absorption rates than nonbiofortified varieties. Thus, evidence supports the focus on efforts to breed plants with increased micronutrient concentrations in order to decrease the influence of inhibitors and to offset losses from processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R La Frano
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA; Western Human Nutrition Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Davis, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tako E, Hoekenga OA, Kochian LV, Glahn RP. High bioavailability iron maize (Zea mays L.) developed through molecular breeding provides more absorbable iron in vitro (Caco-2 model) and in vivo (Gallus gallus). Nutr J 2013; 12:3. [PMID: 23286295 PMCID: PMC3545989 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-12-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron (Fe) deficiency is the most common micronutrient deficiency worldwide. Iron biofortification is a preventative strategy that alleviates Fe deficiency by improving the amount of absorbable Fe in crops. In the present study, we used an in vitro digestion/Caco 2 cell culture model as the guiding tool for breeding and development of two maize (Zea mays L.) lines with contrasting Fe bioavailability (ie. Low and High). Our objective was to confirm and validate the in vitro results and approach. Also, to compare the capacities of our two maize hybrid varieties to deliver Fe for hemoglobin (Hb) synthesis and to improve the Fe status of Fe deficient broiler chickens. METHODS We compared the Fe-bioavailability between these two maize varieties with the presence or absence of added Fe in the maize based-diets. Diets were made with 75% (w/w) maize of either low or high Fe-bioavailability maize, with or without Fe (ferric citrate). Chicks (Gallus gallus) were fed the diets for 6 wk. Hb, liver ferritin and Fe related transporter/enzyme gene-expression were measured. Hemoglobin maintenance efficiency (HME) and total body Hb Fe values were used to estimate Fe bioavailability from the diets. RESULTS DMT-1, DcytB and ferroportin expressions were higher (P<0.05) in the "Low Fe" group than in the "High Fe" group (no added Fe), indicating lower Fe status and adaptation to less Fe-bioavailability. At times, Hb concentrations (d 21,28,35), HME (d 21), Hb-Fe (as from d 14) and liver ferritin were higher in the "High Fe" than in the "Low Fe" groups (P<0.05), indicating greater Fe absorption from the diet and improved Fe status. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the High Fe-bioavailability maize contains more bioavailable Fe than the Low Fe-bioavailability maize, presumably due to a more favorable matrix for absorption. Maize shows promise for Fe biofortification; therefore, human trials should be conducted to determine the efficacy of consuming the high bioavailable Fe maize to reduce Fe deficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elad Tako
- USDA-ARS Robert W, Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, 538 Tower Road, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tako E, Glahn R. Intra-amniotic administration and dietary inulin affect the iron status and intestinal functionality of iron-deficient broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2012; 91:1361-70. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2011-01864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
|
13
|
Tako E, Blair MW, Glahn RP. Biofortified red mottled beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in a maize and bean diet provide more bioavailable iron than standard red mottled beans: studies in poultry (Gallus gallus) and an in vitro digestion/Caco-2 model. Nutr J 2011; 10:113. [PMID: 21995581 PMCID: PMC3224483 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-10-113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Our objective was to compare the capacities of biofortified and standard colored beans to deliver iron (Fe) for hemoglobin synthesis. Two isolines of large-seeded, red mottled Andean beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), one standard ("Low Fe") and the other biofortified ("High Fe") in Fe (49 and 71 μg Fe/g, respectively) were used. This commercial class of red mottled beans is the preferred varietal type for most of the Caribbean and Eastern and Southern Africa where almost three quarters of a million hectares are grown. Therefore it is important to know the affect of biofortification of these beans on diets that simulate human feeding studies. Methods Maize-based diets containing the beans were formulated to meet the nutrient requirements for broiler except for Fe (Fe concentrations in the 2 diets were 42.9 ± 1.2 and 54.6 ± 0.9 mg/kg). One day old chicks (Gallus gallus) were allocated to the experimental diets (n = 12). For 4 wk, hemoglobin, feed-consumption and body-weights were measured. Results Hemoglobin maintenance efficiencies (HME) (means ± SEM) were different between groups on days 14 and 21 of the experiment (P < 0.05). Final total body hemoglobin Fe contents were different between the standard (12.58 ± 1.0 mg {0.228 ± 0.01 μmol}) and high Fe (15.04 ± 0.65 mg {0.273 ± 0.01 μmol}) bean groups (P < 0.05). At the end of the experiment, tissue samples were collected from the intestinal duodenum and liver for further analyses. Divalent-metal-transporter-1, duodenal-cytochrome-B, and ferroportin expressions were higher and liver ferritin was lower (P < 0.05) in the standard group vs. the biofortified group. In-vitro analysis showed lower iron bioavailability in cells exposed to standard ("Low Fe") bean based diet. Conclusions We conclude that the in-vivo results support the in-vitro observations; biofortified colored beans contain more bioavailable-iron than standard colored beans. In addition, biofortified beans seems to be a promising vehicle for increasing intakes of bioavailable Fe in human populations that consume these beans as a dietary staple. This justifies further work on the large-seeded Andean beans which are the staple of a large-region of Africa where iron-deficiency anemia is a primary cause of infant death and poor health status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elad Tako
- USDA/ARS, Robert W, Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tako E, Rutzke MA, Glahn RP. Using the domestic chicken (Gallus gallus) as an in vivo model for iron bioavailability. Poult Sci 2010; 89:514-21. [PMID: 20181868 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2009-00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron fortification of foods and biofortification of staple food crops are strategies that can help to alleviate Fe deficiency. The broiler chicken may be a useful model for initial in vivo screening of Fe bioavailability in foods due to its growth rate, anatomy, size, and low cost. In this study, we assess the broiler as a model for hemoglobin (Hb) maintenance studies and present a unique duodenal loop technique for direct measurement of intestinal Fe absorption. One-week-old chicks were allocated into Fe-deficient versus Fe-adequate treatment groups. For 6 wk, blood Hb, feed consumption, and BW were measured. At wk 7, birds were anesthetized and their duodenal loops were exposed. The loop was isolated and a nonocclusive catheter was inserted into the duodenal vein for blood sampling. A stable isotope solution containing (58)Fe (1 mg of Fe in 10 mM ascorbic acid) was injected into the loop. Blood samples were collected every 5 min and for 120 min postinjection and analyzed by inductively coupled argon-plasma mass spectrometry for (58)Fe concentrations. In the low-Fe group, Hb concentrations, total body Hb Fe, and BW were lower and Hb maintenance efficiency (indicator for dietary Fe availability) was higher than in the high-Fe group (P < 0.05). Iron absorption was higher in the Fe-deficient birds (P < 0.05). In addition, expression of proteins involved in Fe uptake and transfer [i.e., divalent metal transporter 1 (Fe uptake transporter), ferroportin (involved in Fe transport across the enterocyte), and duodenal cytochrome B reductase (reduces Fe at brush border membrane)] were elevated in the low-Fe group. These results indicate that this model exhibits the appropriate responses to Fe deficiency and has potential to serve as a model for Fe bioavailability. Such a model should be most useful as an intermediate test of in vivo Fe bioavailability observations in preparation for subsequent human studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Tako
- Department of Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Laparra JM, Glahn RP, Miller DD. Different responses of Fe transporters in Caco-2/HT29-MTX cocultures than in independent Caco-2 cell cultures. Cell Biol Int 2009; 33:971-7. [PMID: 19524686 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellbi.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Revised: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The human intestinal epithelium is composed of several cell types, mainly enterocytes and goblet (mucin-secreting) cells. This study compares the cellular response of Fe transporters in Caco-2, HT29-MTX, and Caco-2/HT29-MTX co-culture models for Fe bioavailability. Caco-2 cells in vitro differentiate into enterocyte-like cells and HT29-MTX cell lineage into a mucin-secreting cellular population. Cell cultures were exposed to digests of Fe+3, Fe+3/ascorbic acid, cooked fish (high-available Fe) or white beans (low-available Fe). Cell responses as shown by mRNA expression of the main Fe transporters, DMT1 and DcytB, and cell ferritin formation were monitored. In Caco-2/HT29-MTX co-cultures, the mucin layer lowered the pool of free Fe to diffuse towards the cell brush border membrane of enterocytes, which was accompanied of an upregulation of DMT1 mRNA expression. In contrast, cultures exposed to digests of fish or white beans showed no significant differences in the regulation of Fe transporters.
Collapse
|
16
|
Tako E, Glahn RP, Laparra JM, Welch RM, Lei X, Kelly JD, Rutzke MA, Miller DD. Iron and zinc bioavailabilities to pigs from red and white beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are similar. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:3134-3140. [PMID: 19368350 DOI: 10.1021/jf803647m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Common beans contain relatively high concentrations of iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) but are also high in polyphenols and phytates, factors that may inhibit Fe and Zn absorption. In vitro (Caco-2 cells) and in vivo (pigs) models were used to compare Fe and Zn bioavailabilities between red and white beans, which differ in polyphenol content. Bean/maize diets containing 37% of either white or red cooked beans were formulated. Fe uptake by Caco-2 cells was 14-fold higher from the white bean diet compared to the red bean diet. The diets were fed to anemic piglets (n = 10) for 35 days. On experiment days 7 and 21, pigs were given meals containing beans intrinsically labeled with stable isotopes of Fe and Zn ((58)Fe, (70)Zn), followed by intravenous (iv) injections of (54)Fe and (67)Zn, to assess Fe and Zn absorption. Isotope ratios determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in whole blood and plasma samples were used to calculate iron and zinc absorption, respectively. On day 35, animals were killed and duodenal sections were collected for DMT1 gene expression analysis. Fe absorption was 14 and 16% from the first labeled meal and 9 and 10.5% from the second labeled meal for the white and red beans, respectively (P > 0.05). Zn absorption was 28 and 23% from the first meal (P > 0.05) and 31 and 29% from the second meal (P > 0.05) for the white and red beans, respectively. DMT1 gene expression did not differ between treatments. It was concluded that bean color does not affect Fe or Zn bioavailability in vivo and that beans are a good source of bioavailable Fe and Zn.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elad Tako
- Department of Food Science and Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 15853, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|