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Chen Q, Zhou T, Yuan JJ, Xiong XY, Liu XH, Qiu ZM, Hu LL, Lu H, He Q, Liu C, Yang QW. Metabolomics profiling to characterize cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1091616. [PMID: 36814490 PMCID: PMC9939521 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1091616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia, resulting from compromised blood flow, is one of the leading causes of death worldwide with limited therapeutic options. Potential deleterious injuries resulting from reperfusion therapies remain a clinical challenge for physicians. This study aimed to explore the metabolomic alterations during ischemia-reperfusion injury by employing metabolomic analysis coupled with gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS) and ultraperformance liquid chromatography quadrupole (UPLC/Q)-TOF-MS. Metabolomic data from mice subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed by reperfusion (MCAO/R) were compared to those of the sham and MCAO groups. A total of 82 simultaneously differentially expressed metabolites were identified among each group. The top three major classifications of these differentially expressed metabolites were organic acids, lipids, and organooxygen compounds. Metabolomics pathway analysis was conducted to identify the underlying pathways implicated in MCAO/R. Based on impactor scores, the most significant pathways involved in the response to the reperfusion after cerebral ischemia were glycerophospholipid metabolism, linoleic acid metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, and galactose metabolism. 17 of those 82 metabolites were greatly elevated in the MCAO/Reperfusion group, when compared to those in the sham and MCAO groups. Among those metabolites, glucose-6-phosphate 1, fructose-6-phosphate, cellobiose 2, o-phosphonothreonine 1, and salicin were the top five elevated metabolites in MCAO/R group, compared with the MCAO group. Glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, starch and sucrose metabolism, and fructose and mannose degradation were the top four ranked pathways according to metabolite set enrichment analysis (MSEA). The present study not only advances our understanding of metabolomic changes among animals in the sham and cerebral ischemia groups with or without reperfusion via metabolomic profiling, but also paves the way to explore potential molecular mechanisms underlying metabolic alteration induced by cerebral ischemia-reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jun-jie Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao-yi Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China,Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Acupuncture & Chronobiology, Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xue-hui Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Zong-ming Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Lin-lin Hu
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Lu
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Qian He
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China,*Correspondence: Chang Liu, ; Qing-wu Yang,
| | - Qing-wu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China,*Correspondence: Chang Liu, ; Qing-wu Yang,
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Xiao O, Li M, Chen D, Chen J, Simal-Gandara J, Dai X, Kong Z. The dissipation, processing factors, metabolites, and risk assessment of pesticides in honeysuckle from field to table. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 431:128519. [PMID: 35231811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Globally, honeysuckle is consumed as a food and administered as a medicinal agent. However, pesticide residues in honeysuckle limit its application and development of the honeysuckle industry, affecting food safety and endangering human health. Here, the degradation kinetics of 11 typical pesticides, including insecticides, fungicides, and an acaricide, in honeysuckle were investigated. The half-lives of pesticides in Henan and Liaoning fields were 1.90-4.33 and 2.05-4.62 d, respectively. The processing factors (PFs) of these pesticides after oven, sun, and shade drying ranged from 3.52 to 11.2. After decocting, the PFs of the pesticides were <1. Twenty degradation products were identified using ultra high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and pathways were proposed based on drying and decoction. The ecotoxicities of the degradation products were evaluated using the Toxicity Estimation Software Tool. Finally, the acute hazard indices of these pesticides, as determined via dietary exposure assessment combined with the PFs, were 0.227 and 0.911 for adults and children, respectively. Thus, special populations, such as children, require particularly careful risk control in terms of dietary exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouli Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Minmin Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Deyong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; College of Life Sciences, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China
| | - Jieyin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, E-32004 Ourense, Spain.
| | - Xiaofeng Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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Analytical methods for pesticide residues determination in propolis and propolis-based products. ACTA CHIMICA SLOVACA 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/acs-2022-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
As a result of massive bee deaths in recent years, beekeeping is raising concerns about the presence of pesticides in propolis which is considered as a safe product. The paper is focused on the analysis of bee propolis and propolis-based products using various chromatographic techniques using mass spectrometry detection predominantly. An important part of the work is an overview concerning methods of sample preparation, extraction, and purification of extracts, followed by separation and detection techniques. Positive findings of contaminants and their concentrations in propolis samples and propolis products were evaluated. Sorption based techniques such as matrix solid phase dispersion and solvent-based extraction techniques are frequently applied for propolis analysis in connection with chromatographic techniques. Liquid-based extractions, such as the QuEChERS extraction technique (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, Safe), combine extraction by solvent with several ways of extract cleaning using combinations of salts and sorbents, primary secondary amine, MgSO4, NaCl, graphitized carbon, EMR-lipid, florisil, or octadecylsilane-modified silica gel. Other extraction techniques were reviewed. The most significant problem to be considered in pesticides detection is the topic of matrix effects, which have to be solved for each sample analysis with special care.
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Wu C, Liu X, He M, Dong F, Wu X, Xu J, Zheng Y. Quantitative determination of pyriproxyfen and its metabolite residues in bee products of China using a modified QuEChERS approach with UPLC-MS/MS. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 220:112388. [PMID: 34091183 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Given the key role of bees as indicators for environmental assessment, residues in bees and bee products have attracted great interest. In this regard, an improved, highly sensitive method for quantifying the insecticide pyriproxyfen and its four metabolites (4'-OH-Pyr, DPH-Pyr, 2-OH-PY, 4'-OH-POP) in honeybees, larvae, and bee products (honey, pollen, royal jelly and wax) should be established. For this purpose, we used ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry for rapid quantification (≤5 min). Recoveries for various matrices ranged from 73.77% to 114.97%, with satisfactory intra-day and inter-day precision (relative standard deviations of 0.03-8.61% and 0.10-7.25%, respectively). The results demonstrated excellent linearity (R2 > 0.9903) with a limit of quantification of 1 μg/kg for six different matrices. We collected and analyzed 597 samples (honey, bees and wax) from four major beekeeping areas in China. Only 47 of these samples contained residues of pyriproxyfen and two of its metabolites (2-OH-PY, 4'-OH-Pyr), and high levels of contamination were found in bee samples (2-739 μg/kg), with substantive accumulation in wax (levels were 9.49% higher than in other samples). The result demonstrate that the method provides a reliable and convenient means of monitoring pyriproxyfen and its metabolites in bee products for better product quality, human health, and international commercial competition and also lays a foundation for risk assessment of potential pyriproxyfen contamination in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xingang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Mingyuan He
- Guangxi SPR Technology Co., Ltd, Guangxi 530000 China
| | - Fengshou Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaohu Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yongquan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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Roselló-Márquez G, Fernández-Domene RM, García-Antón J. Organophosphorus pesticides (chlorfenvinphos, phosmet and fenamiphos) photoelectrodegradation by using WO3 nanostructures as photoanode. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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6
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Qader B, Hussain I, Baron M, Jiménez-Pérez R, Gil-Ramírez G, Gonzalez-Rodriguez J. Computational Design of a Molecularly Imprinted Polymer for the Biomonitoring of the Organophosphorous Metabolite Chlorferron. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2021; 11:bios11060192. [PMID: 34200646 PMCID: PMC8227226 DOI: 10.3390/bios11060192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Coumaphos is an organophosphorus compound used as insecticide and frequently used by beekeepers for the management of parasitic mites. The most important metabolite, chlorferron (CFN), has been identified in biological samples and foodstuff. The need to quickly identify the presence of typical metabolites, as an indication of interaction with coumaphos has driven the need to produce a highly sensitive electrochemical method for chlorferron analysis, based on molecularly imprinting polymers (MIP) technology. It showed irreversible behaviour with mixed diffusion/adsorption-controlled reactions at the electrode surface. A monoelectronic mechanism of reaction for oxidation has also been suggested. The linear range observed was from 0.158 to 75 µM. Median precision in terms of %RSD around 3% was also observed. For DPV, the limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) for the CFN-MIP were 0.158 µM and 0.48 µM, respectively. The obtained median % recovery was around 98%. The results were also validated to reference values obtained using GC-MS. Urine and human synthetic plasma spiked with CFN were used to demonstrate the usability of the method in biological samples, showing the potential for biomonitoring. The developed imprinted sensor showed maximum signal change less than 16.8% when related metabolites or pesticide were added to the mix, suggesting high selectivity of the MIP sensor toward CFN molecules. The results from in vitro metabolism of CMP analysed also demonstrates the potential for detection and quantification of CFN in environmental samples. The newly developed CFN-MIP sensor offers similar LoDs than chromatographic methods with shorter analysis time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bakhtiyar Qader
- Sulaimani Medicolegal Institute, Qanat Street, Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah 46001, Iraq;
- Joseph Banks Laboratories, School of Chemistry, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7DL, UK; (M.B.); (R.J.-P.); (G.G.-R.)
| | - Issam Hussain
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK;
| | - Mark Baron
- Joseph Banks Laboratories, School of Chemistry, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7DL, UK; (M.B.); (R.J.-P.); (G.G.-R.)
| | - Rebeca Jiménez-Pérez
- Joseph Banks Laboratories, School of Chemistry, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7DL, UK; (M.B.); (R.J.-P.); (G.G.-R.)
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Higher Technical School of Industrial Engineering, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Guzmán Gil-Ramírez
- Joseph Banks Laboratories, School of Chemistry, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7DL, UK; (M.B.); (R.J.-P.); (G.G.-R.)
| | - Jose Gonzalez-Rodriguez
- Joseph Banks Laboratories, School of Chemistry, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7DL, UK; (M.B.); (R.J.-P.); (G.G.-R.)
- Correspondence:
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Kasiotis KM, Zafeiraki E, Kapaxidi E, Manea-Karga E, Antonatos S, Anastasiadou P, Milonas P, Machera K. Pesticides residues and metabolites in honeybees: A Greek overview exploring Varroa and Nosema potential synergies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 769:145213. [PMID: 33736246 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate reported cases of honeybee mortality incidents and the potential association to pesticide exposure and to their metabolites. The same honeybee samples were also assessed for Varroa mites, and Nosema microsporidia provoked infections to provide an integrated picture of all observable stressors that may impact bees' survival. Thus, honeybee samples from different areas of Greece (2014-2018) were analyzed for the presence of pesticide residues and metabolites. In this context, an existing LC-ESI-QqQ-MS multiresidue method of analytes of different chemical classes such as neonicotinoids, organophosphates, triazoles, carbamates, was enriched with additional active substances, developed and validated. A complementary GC-EI-QqQ-MS method was also exploited for the same scope covering pyrethroid compounds. Both methods monitored more than 150 active substances and metabolites and presented acceptable linearity over the ranges assayed. The calculated recoveries ranged from 65 to 120% for the three concentration levels, while the precision (RSD%) values ranged between 4 and 15%. Therefore, this approach proved sufficient to act as a monitoring tool for the determination of pesticide residues in cases of suspected honeybee poisoning incidents. From the analysis of 320 samples, the presence of 70 active substances and metabolites was confirmed with concentrations varying from 1.4 ng/g to 166 μg/g. Predominant detections were the acaricide coumaphos, several neonicotinoids exemplified by clothianidin, organophosporous compounds dimethoate and chlorpyrifos, and some pyrethroids. Metabolites of imidacloprid, chlorpyrifos, coumaphos, acetamiprid, fenthion and amitraz were also identified. Concerning Nosema and Varroa they were identified in 27 and 22% of samples examined, respectively, verifying their prevalence and coexistence with pesticides and their metabolites in honeybees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos M Kasiotis
- Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Department of Pesticides Control and Phytopharmacy, Laboratory of Pesticides' Toxicology, 8 St. Delta Street, Kifissia, 14561 Athens, Greece.
| | - Effrosyni Zafeiraki
- Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Department of Pesticides Control and Phytopharmacy, Laboratory of Pesticides' Toxicology, 8 St. Delta Street, Kifissia, 14561 Athens, Greece
| | - Eleftheria Kapaxidi
- Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Department of Entomology & Agricultural Entomology, Laboratory of Acarology & Agricultural Zoology, Greece
| | - Elektra Manea-Karga
- Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Department of Pesticides Control and Phytopharmacy, Laboratory of Pesticides' Toxicology, 8 St. Delta Street, Kifissia, 14561 Athens, Greece
| | - Spyridon Antonatos
- Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Department of Entomology & Agricultural Entomology, Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Greece
| | - Pelagia Anastasiadou
- Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Department of Pesticides Control and Phytopharmacy, Laboratory of Pesticides' Toxicology, 8 St. Delta Street, Kifissia, 14561 Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Milonas
- Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Department of Entomology & Agricultural Entomology, Biological Control Laboratory, Greece
| | - Kyriaki Machera
- Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Department of Pesticides Control and Phytopharmacy, Laboratory of Pesticides' Toxicology, 8 St. Delta Street, Kifissia, 14561 Athens, Greece.
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Tang C, Tan J, Fan Y, Zheng K, Yu Z, Peng X. Quantitative and semiquantitative analyses of hexa-mix-chlorinated/brominated benzenes in fly ash, soil and air using gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry assisted with isotopologue distribution computation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 255:113162. [PMID: 31546079 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hexa-mix-chlorinated/brominated benzenes (HXBs), a group of newly found analogues of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and hexabromobenzene (HBB), may exhibit similar environmental risks and toxicities as HCB and HBB, and therefore possess high interests in environmental and toxicological research. Yet information regarding HXBs in the environment remains scarce. In this study, we developed an isotope dilution method for quantitative and semiquantitative determination of five HXBs in fly ash, soil and air using gas chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS) in multiple ion detection mode. The samples were Soxhlet-extracted and purified with multilayer composite silica gel-alumina columns, followed by GC-HRMS detection. Identification of HXBs was conducted by the comparison between theoretical and detected mass spectra using paired-samples T test and cosine similarity analysis. Two HXBs (C6BrCl5 and C6Br4Cl2) with reference standards were quantitatively determined while the rest three (C6Br2Cl4, C6Br3Cl3 and C6Br5Cl) without reference standards were semiquantitatively analyzed by sharing the calibration curves of C6BrCl5 and C6Br4Cl2 in cooperation with isotopologue distribution computation. The accuracies for C6BrCl5 and C6Br4Cl2 were 87.3-107.8% with relative standard deviations (RSD) of 2.8-5.0%. The method limits of quantification of the HXBs were 0.10 ng/g in fly ash and soil samples and 0.09 pg/m3 in ambient air samples. The recoveries ranged from 42.7% to 102.1% with RSD of 3.7-13.9%. This method has been successfully applied to the analysis of the HXBs in the environmental samples. The total concentrations of HXBs in the fly ash, soil and ambient air samples were 19.48 ng/g, 10.44 ng/g and 5.13 pg/m3, respectively, which accounted for 10.6%, 0.4% and 10.8% of the corresponding total concentrations of HCB and HBB. This study provides a reference method for quantitative and/or semiquantitative analyses of novel mix-halogenated organic compounds, and sheds light on the full picture of HXBs pollution in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiming Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Jianhua Tan
- Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute, Guangzhou, 510110, China
| | - Yujuan Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ke Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xianzhi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
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Sun D, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Pang J. Investigation of etoxazole metabolites in citrus, soil and earthworms by ultra-performance liquid chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 226:782-790. [PMID: 30965249 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Etoxazole is a newly registered and widely used acaricide. However, its metabolites were not fully understood and might exhibit similar or even higher toxicity than parent compound. Therefore, in this study, the metabolites of etoxazole in citrus, soil and earthworms were firstly identified by an ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF/MS). Four potential metabolites in citrus, 11 in soil, and 8 in earthworms were determined. These metabolites were then further structural elucidated based on the fragment pathways, and accurate mass measurement. The distributions of etoxazole and its main metabolites (M1, M2, M3, M4 and M5) which were identified as the dehydrogenation, hydrolysis, oxidation products of etoxazole (M0) were also monitored in citrus, soil and earthworms at different exposure periods. The 45 days exposure experiment showed that M0 gradually decreased in citrus and soil samples by 80% and 28% of the initial amounts, respectively. In earthworm samples, M0 accumulated in the bodies of the worms during 24 days exposure and then decreased with time. The dissipation rate of etoxazole were citrus > earthworms > soil. Concentrations of M1 and M3 in soil were found continuously increased with time during the experimental period. Moreover, the persistence of M1 in earthworm samples was also observed. Great attention should be paid to these two compounds due to their potential risks to both environmental and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dali Sun
- College of Food Safety, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yunru Wang
- Guangxi Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Guangxi, Nanning, 530001, China
| | - Qinghai Zhang
- College of Food Safety, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Junxiao Pang
- Key Laboratory of Critical Technology for Degradation of Pesticide Residues in Agro-products in Guizhou Ecological Environment, Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering Institute, Guiyang University, Guiyang, 550005, China.
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10
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Li J, Teng X, Wang W, Zhang Z, Fan C. Determination of multiple pesticide residues in teas by gas chromatography with accurate time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:1990-2002. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianxun Li
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine Beijing P. R. China
- Agricultural Processing InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Teng
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine Beijing P. R. China
| | | | - Zijuan Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine Beijing P. R. China
| | - Chunlin Fan
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine Beijing P. R. China
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11
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Tang C, Tan J. Quasi-targeted analysis of halogenated organic pollutants in fly ash, soil, ambient air and flue gas using gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry with isotopologue distribution comparison and predicted retention time alignment. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1555:74-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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12
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Bhengu TT, Wood TP, Shumane M, Tafesse F. Detection of metaphosphate intermediates in reaction solutions of phosphate esters: Chromatographic and spectroscopic studies. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2017.1354208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. T. Bhengu
- Protechnik Laboratories, a division of Armscor SOC Limited, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - T. P. Wood
- Protechnik Laboratories, a division of Armscor SOC Limited, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - M. Shumane
- Protechnik Laboratories, a division of Armscor SOC Limited, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - F. Tafesse
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, South Africa
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13
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Elbashir AA, Aboul-Enein HY. Application of gas and liquid chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry in pesticides: Multiresidue analysis. Biomed Chromatogr 2017; 32. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hassan Y. Aboul-Enein
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division; National Research Centre; Cairo Egypt
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Portolés T, Mol JGJ, Sancho JV, Hernández F. Use of electron ionization and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization in gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry for screening and identification of organic pollutants in waters. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1339:145-53. [PMID: 24674644 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A new approach has been developed for multiclass screening of organic contaminants in water based on the use of gas chromatography coupled to hybrid quadrupole high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (GC-(APCI)QTOF MS). The soft ionization promoted by the APCI source allows effective and wide-scope screening based on the investigation of the molecular ion and/or protonated molecule. This is in contrast to electron ionization (EI) where ionization typically results in extensive fragmentation, and diagnostic ions and/or spectra need to be known a priori to facilitate detection of the analytes in the raw data. Around 170 organic contaminants from different chemical families were initially investigated by both approaches, i.e. GC-(EI)TOF and GC-(APCI)QTOF, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and a notable number of pesticides and relevant metabolites. The new GC-(APCI)QTOF MS approach easily allowed widening the number of compounds investigated (85 additional compounds), with more pesticides, personal care products (UV filters, musks), polychloronaphthalenes (PCNs), antimicrobials, insect repellents, etc., most of them considered as emerging contaminants. Both GC-(EI)TOF and GC-(APCI)QTOF methodologies have been applied, evaluating their potential for a wide-scope screening in the environmental field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Portolés
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain; RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes G J Mol
- RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Juan V Sancho
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Félix Hernández
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain.
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15
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Jernberg J, Pellinen J, Rantalainen AL. Identification of organic xenobiotics in urban aquatic environments using time-of-flight mass spectrometry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 450-451:1-6. [PMID: 23454570 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Qualitative non-target and post-target analysis methods using gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry were applied for analysing neutral and acidic organic xenobiotics in urban and suburban water samples. Ten water samples representing wastewater, stormwater and surface water matrices were collected and concentrated using solid phase extraction. Compound identification was performed using a spectral deconvolution program, accurate mass measurements and comparisons with library spectra. The non-target and post-target analyses identified 36 and 18 compounds, respectively. The identification of 10 compounds was afterwards confirmed with standard compounds. Organophosphate esters were the most abundant compound group detected. The combination of non-target and post-target analyses proved a useful tool in the tentative identification of xenobiotics in water samples. Post-target analysis can complement non-target analysis results at low analyte concentrations. Results showed that several organic xenobiotics originate in urban areas and accumulate in the environment. The wastewater sample produced the highest number of identified compounds, but most of these compounds were also found in stormwater samples from the city centre. Nearly all the compounds present in wastewater were additionally detected in the surface water sample taken 3 km downstream from the wastewater effluent discharge point. Only a few xenobiotics were otherwise detected in the surface water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonas Jernberg
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, FI-15140 Lahti, Finland.
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16
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Jernberg J, Pellinen J, Rantalainen AL. Qualitative nontarget analysis of landfill leachate using gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Talanta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.10.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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Trace analysis of pollutants by use of honeybees, immunoassays, and chemiluminescence detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 405:555-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6443-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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18
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Ibáñez M, Portolés T, Rúbies A, Muñoz E, Muñoz G, Pineda L, Serrahima E, Sancho JV, Centrich F, Hernández F. The power of hyphenated chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry in public health laboratories. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:5311-5323. [PMID: 22578112 DOI: 10.1021/jf300796d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Laboratories devoted to the public health field have to face the analysis of a large number of organic contaminants/residues in many different types of samples. Analytical techniques applied in this field are normally focused on quantification of a limited number of analytes. At present, most of these techniques are based on gas chromatography (GC) or liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Using these techniques only analyte-specific information is acquired, and many other compounds that might be present in the samples would be ignored. In this paper, we explore the potential of time-of-flight (TOF) MS hyphenated to GC or LC to provide additional information, highly useful in this field. Thus, all positives reported by standard reference targeted LC-MS/MS methods were unequivocally confirmed by LC-QTOF MS. Only 61% of positives reported by targeted GC-MS/MS could be confirmed by GC-TOF MS, which was due to its lower sensitivity as nonconfirmations corresponded to analytes that were present at very low concentrations. In addition, the use of TOF MS allowed searching for additional compounds in large-scope screening methodologies. In this way, different contaminants/residues not included in either LC or GC tandem MS analyses were detected. This was the case of the insecticide thiacloprid, the plant growth regulator paclobutrazol, the fungicide prochloraz, or the UV filter benzophenone, among others. Finally, elucidation of unknowns was another of the possibilities offered by TOF MS thanks to the accurate-mass full-acquisition data available when using this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ibáñez
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
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19
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Kaufmann A. High Mass Resolution Versus MS/MS. TOF-MS WITHIN FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS - COMPREHENSIVE ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53810-9.00001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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20
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Ibáñez M, Sancho JV, Pozo OJ, Hernández F. Use of quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry to determine proposed structures of transformation products of the herbicide bromacil after water chlorination. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:3103-3113. [PMID: 21953966 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The herbicide bromacil has been extensively used in the Spanish Mediterranean region, and although plant protection products containing bromacil have been withdrawn by the European Union, this compound is still frequently detected in surface and ground water of this area. However, the fast and complete disappearance of this compound has been observed in water intended for human consumption, after it has been subjected to chlorination. There is a concern about the possible degradation products formed, since they might be present in drinking water and might be hazardous. In this work, the sensitive full-spectrum acquisition, high resolution and exact mass capabilities of hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) mass spectrometry have allowed the discovery and proposal of structures of transformation products (TPs) of bromacil in water subjected to chlorination. Different ground water samples spiked at 0.5 µg/mL were subjected to the conventional chlorination procedure applied to drinking waters, sampling 2-mL aliquots at different time intervals (1, 10 and 30 min). The corresponding non-spiked water was used as control sample in each experiment. Afterwards, 50 μL of the water was directly injected into an ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC)/electrospray ionization (ESI)-(Q)TOF system. The QTOF instrument enabled the simultaneous recording of two acquisition functions at different collision energies (MS(E) approach): the low-energy (LE) function, fixed at 4 eV, and the high-energy (HE) function, with a collision energy ramp from 15 to 40 eV. This approach enables the simultaneous acquisition of both parent (deprotonated and protonated molecules) and fragment ions in a single injection. The low mass errors observed for the deprotonated and protonated molecules (detected in LE function) allowed the assignment of a highly probable molecular formula. Fragment ions and neutral losses were investigated in both LE and HE spectra to elucidate the structures of the TPs found. For those compounds that displayed poor fragmentation, product ion scan (MS/MS) experiments were also performed. On processing the data with specialized software (MetaboLynx), four bromacil TPs were detected and their structures were elucidated. To our knowledge, two of them had not previously been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ibáñez
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
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21
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Current status of hyphenated mass spectrometry in studies of the metabolism of drugs of abuse, including doping agents. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 402:195-208. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5331-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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22
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Song J, Li X, Zeng L, Liu H, Xie M. Determination of cyanidin-3-glucoside (red kernel food colour) in beverages by high performance liquid chromatography and a study of its degradation by quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2011; 28:1645-56. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2011.610035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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23
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Determination of coumaphos, chlorpyrifos and ethion residues in propolis tinctures by matrix solid-phase dispersion and gas chromatography coupled to flame photometric and mass spectrometric detection. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:5852-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.06.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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24
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Portolés T, Pitarch E, López FJ, Hernández F, Niessen WMA. Use of soft and hard ionization techniques for elucidation of unknown compounds by gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:1589-1599. [PMID: 21594934 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Investigation of trace-level non-target compounds by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) often is a challenging task that requires powerful software tools to detect the unknown components, to obtain the deconvoluted mass spectra, and to interpret the data if no acceptable library match is obtained. In this paper, the complementary use of electron ionization (EI) and chemical ionization (CI) is investigated in combination with GC/time-of-flight (TOF) MS for the elucidation of organic non-target (micro)contaminants in water samples. Based on accurate mass measurement of the molecular and fragment ions from the TOF MS, empirical formulae were calculated. Isotopic patterns, carbon number prediction filter and nitrogen rule were used to reduce the number of possible formulae. The candidate formulae were searched in databases to find possible chemical structures. Selection from possible structure candidates was achieved using information on substructures and observed neutral losses derived from the fragment ions. Four typical examples (bifenazate, boscalid, epoxiconazole, and fenhexamid) are used to illustrate the methodology applied and the various difficulties encountered in this process. Our results indicate that elucidation of unknowns cannot be achieved by following a standardized procedure, as both expertise and creativity are necessary in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Portolés
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
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25
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Pérez-Parada A, Agüera A, Gómez-Ramos MDM, García-Reyes JF, Heinzen H, Fernández-Alba AR. Behavior of amoxicillin in wastewater and river water: identification of its main transformation products by liquid chromatography/electrospray quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:731-742. [PMID: 21337634 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The identification of transformation products (TPs) of pharmaceuticals in the environment is essentially a challenging task due to the lack of standards and the instrumental capabilities required to detect compounds (sometimes unknowns) that are produced under environmental conditions. In this work, we report the use of liquid chromatography/electrospray quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC/QTOF-MS/MS) as a tool for the identification of amoxicillin (AMX) and its main TPs in wastewater and river water samples. Laboratory degradation experiments of AMX were performed in both alkaline and acidic media in order to confirm that the expected transformation pathway in the aquatic media is through the β-lactam ring cleavage. A thorough study was carried out with both standards and real samples (wastewater and river water samples). Four compounds were identified as main TPs: both amoxicillin diketopiperacine-2',5' and amoxilloic acid diastereomers. Amoxilloic acid stereoisomers are reported for the first time in environmental matrices. The transformation product (5R)-amoxicillin diketopiperacine-2',5' was frequently detected in river waters. Besides, another AMX transformation product formed during analysis was also structurally elucidated for the first time (amoxicilloic acid methyl ester) via accurate mass measurements. Collected data show that although AMX is not present as such in environmental samples, different TPs occur. This study represent a valuable indicator of the potential of LC/QTOF-MS/MS for the identification and structural elucidation of TPs in the environment using accurate MS/MS experiments, enabling thus the recognition of the environmental transformation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Pérez-Parada
- Universidad de la República, Farmacognosia y Productos Naturales, Facultad de Química, Montevideo, Uruguay
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26
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Portolés T, Pitarch E, López FJ, Hernández F. Development and validation of a rapid and wide-scope qualitative screening method for detection and identification of organic pollutants in natural water and wastewater by gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:303-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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27
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Peters R, Stolker A, Mol J, Lommen A, Lyris E, Angelis Y, Vonaparti A, Stamou M, Georgakopoulos C, Nielen M. Screening in veterinary drug analysis and sports doping control based on full-scan, accurate-mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2010.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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Portolés T, Sancho JV, Hernández F, Newton A, Hancock P. Potential of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source in GC-QTOF MS for pesticide residue analysis. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2010; 45:926-936. [PMID: 20641006 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The potential applications of a new atmospheric pressure source for GC-MS analysis have been investigated in this work. A list of around 100 GC-amenable pesticides, which includes organochlorine, organophosphorus and organonitrogenated compounds, has been used to evaluate their behavior in the new source. Favoring the major formation of the molecular ion in the source has been the main goal due to the wide-scope screening possibilities that this fact brings in comparison with the traditional, highly fragmented electron ionization spectra. Thus, the addition of water as modifier has been tested as a way to promote the generation of protonated molecules. Pesticides investigated have been classified into six groups according to their ionization/fragmentation behavior. Four of them are characterized by the abundant formation of the protonated molecule in the atmospheric pressure source, mostly being the base peak of the spectrum. These results show that wide-scope screening could be easily performed with this source by investigating the presence of the protonated molecule ion, MH+. The developed procedure has been applied to pesticide screening in different food samples (nectarine, orange and spinach) and it has allowed the presence of several pesticides to be confirmed such as chlorpyriphos ethyl, deltamethrin and endosulfan sulfate. The availability of a quadrupole time-of-flight instrument made it feasible to perform additional MS/MS experiments for both standards and samples to go further in the confirmation of the identity of the detected compounds. Results shown in this paper have been obtained using a prototype source which exhibits promising features that could be applied to other analytical problems apart from those illustrated in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Portolés
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón 12071, Spain
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29
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Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry in food safety. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:4018-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Revised: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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