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Hernández-Cruz EY, Aparicio-Trejo OE, Eugenio-Pérez D, Juárez-Peredo E, Zurita-León M, Valdés VJ, Pedraza-Chaverri J. Sulforaphane Exposure Prevents Cadmium-Induced Toxicity and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans by Regulating the Insulin/Insulin-like Growth Factor Signaling (IIS) Pathway. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:584. [PMID: 38790689 PMCID: PMC11117759 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13050584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal that is highly toxic to humans and animals. Its adverse effects have been widely associated with mitochondrial alterations. However, there are not many treatments that target mitochondria. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of sulforaphane (SFN) pre-exposure against cadmium chloride (CdCl2)-induced toxicity and mitochondrial alterations in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), by exploring the role of the insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling pathway (IIS). The results revealed that prior exposure to SFN protected against CdCl2-induced mortality and increased lifespan, body length, and mobility while reducing lipofuscin levels. Furthermore, SFN prevented mitochondrial alterations by increasing mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) and restoring mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate, thereby decreasing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The improvement in mitochondrial function was associated with increased mitochondrial mass and the involvement of the daf-16 and skn-1c genes of the IIS signaling pathway. In conclusion, exposure to SFN before exposure to CdCl2 mitigates toxic effects and mitochondrial alterations, possibly by increasing mitochondrial mass, which may be related to the regulation of the IIS pathway. These discoveries open new possibilities for developing therapies to reduce the damage caused by Cd toxicity and oxidative stress in biological systems, highlighting antioxidants with mitochondrial action as promising tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefani Yaquelin Hernández-Cruz
- Laboratorio F-315, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (E.Y.H.-C.); (D.E.-P.); (E.J.-P.)
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Omar Emiliano Aparicio-Trejo
- Departamento de Fisiopatología Cardio-Renal, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
| | - Dianelena Eugenio-Pérez
- Laboratorio F-315, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (E.Y.H.-C.); (D.E.-P.); (E.J.-P.)
- Posgrado en Ciencias Bioquímicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Biochemical Sciences, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Elí Juárez-Peredo
- Laboratorio F-315, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (E.Y.H.-C.); (D.E.-P.); (E.J.-P.)
| | - Mariana Zurita-León
- Departamento de Biología y Desarrollo Celular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular (IFC), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (M.Z.-L.); (V.J.V.)
| | - Víctor Julián Valdés
- Departamento de Biología y Desarrollo Celular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular (IFC), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (M.Z.-L.); (V.J.V.)
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Laboratorio F-315, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (E.Y.H.-C.); (D.E.-P.); (E.J.-P.)
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Hemati H, Haghiralsadat F, Hemati M, Sargazi G, Razi N. Design and Evaluation of Liposomal Sulforaphane-Loaded Polyvinyl Alcohol/Polyethylene Glycol (PVA/PEG) Hydrogels as a Novel Drug Delivery System for Wound Healing. Gels 2023; 9:748. [PMID: 37754429 PMCID: PMC10529978 DOI: 10.3390/gels9090748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogel scaffold has been widely applied as drug delivery systems for treating skin injuries. However, the poor drug loading and rapid drug release of hydrogel restricted their application. In the current study, we present a nanoliposome containing sulforaphane (SF) as a nano-drug delivery system that is encapsulated within the scaffold hydrogel system to overcome these limitations and improve wound healing. The hydrogel substrate consisting of 10% polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/5% polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG400) was prepared by the freeze-thaw method, and the nanoliposomal system was manufactured by the thin film hydration method at different molar ratios of cholesterol: SPC: DPPC: DSPE-PEG2000. The nanoliposome and hydrogel system was characterized by physicochemical analyses. The findings achieved from the optimization of the sulforaphane-loaded nanoliposome (SFNL) displayed an increase in the molar ratio of SPC, leading to a higher entrapment efficiency and a gradual release profile. Narrow size distribution, optimal electrical charge, and the lack of molecular interactions between SF and nanoliposome components in the FTIR analysis make SFNL a suitable drug delivery system for the wound healing process. The obtained SFNL-encapsulated freeze-thawed hydrogel system has sufficient and specific swelling ability at different pH values and increased mechanical strength and elongation. Additionally, the release pattern of SFNL at different pH values showed that the release of SF from liposomes depends on the pH value of the environment and accelerates in line with decreasing pH values. Encapsulation of nanoliposomal SF in the hydrogel structure provides a sustained release pattern of SF compared to its free form and increased as the pH environments continued to raise. The cytotoxicity and cell uptake of SFNL-loaded hydrogels against human skin fibroblasts (HFF cell line) were investigated. The in vitro analyses displayed that the toxicity properties of SF and SFNL were dose-dependent, and SFNL exhibited lower toxicity compared to free SF. Furthermore, the proper cell compatibility of the prepared hydrogel against the HFF cell line was confirmed by the MTT assay. These findings imply that the hydrogel scaffold loaded with SFNL may have wound-healing potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamide Hemati
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd P.O. Box 81195741, Iran;
| | - Fateme Haghiralsadat
- Medical Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd P.O. Box 89195999, Iran
- Department of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, School of Paramedicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd P.O. Box 8916188635, Iran
| | - Mahdie Hemati
- Medical Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd P.O. Box 89195999, Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd P.O. Box 8916188635, Iran
| | - Ghasem Sargazi
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam P.O. Box 7661713669, Iran;
| | - Nastaran Razi
- Medical Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd P.O. Box 89195999, Iran
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran P.O. Box 1477893855, Iran
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Liang Y, Gong Y, Jiang Q, Yu Y, Zhang J. Environmental endocrine disruptors and pregnane X receptor action: A review. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 179:113976. [PMID: 37532173 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
The pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a kind of orphan nuclear receptor activated by a series of ligands. Environmental endocrine disruptors (EEDs) are a wide class of molecules present in the environment that are suspected to have adverse effects on the endocrine system by interfering with the synthesis, transport, degradation, or action of endogenous hormones. Since EEDs may modulate human/rodent PXR, this review aims to summarize EEDs as PXR modulators, including agonists and antagonists. The modular structure of PXR is also described, interestingly, the pharmacology of PXR have been confirmed to vary among different species. Furthermore, PXR play a key role in the regulation of endocrine function. Endocrine disruption of EEDs via PXR and its related pathways are systematically summarized. In brief, this review may provide a way to understand the roles of EEDs in interaction with the nuclear receptors (such as PXR) and the related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yiyao Gong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Qiuyan Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yifan Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
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Syed RU, Moni SS, Break MKB, Khojali WMA, Jafar M, Alshammari MD, Abdelsalam K, Taymour S, Alreshidi KSM, Elhassan Taha MM, Mohan S. Broccoli: A Multi-Faceted Vegetable for Health: An In-Depth Review of Its Nutritional Attributes, Antimicrobial Abilities, and Anti-inflammatory Properties. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1157. [PMID: 37508253 PMCID: PMC10376324 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12071157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Broccoli, Brassica oleracea var. italica, has recently gained considerable attention due to its remarkable nutritional composition and numerous health benefits. In this review, the nutritional aspects of broccoli are examined, highlighting its rich nutrient content and essential bioactive compounds. The cruciferous vegetable broccoli is a rich source of several important nutrients, including fiber, vitamins (A, C, and K), minerals (calcium, potassium, and iron), and antioxidants. It has also been shown to contain bioactive compounds such as glucosinolates, sulforaphane, and indole-3-carbinol, all of which have been shown to have significant health-promoting effects. These chemicals are known to have potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects. This review article aims to comprehensively examine the diverse spectrum of nutrients contained in broccoli and explore its medicinal potential to promote human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahamat Unissa Syed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 81442, Saudi Arabia
- Medical and Diagnostic Research Centre, University of Hail, Hail 55473, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohammed Khaled Bin Break
- Medical and Diagnostic Research Centre, University of Hail, Hail 55473, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 81442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Weam M A Khojali
- Medical and Diagnostic Research Centre, University of Hail, Hail 55473, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 81442, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Omdurman Islamic University, Al Khartoum 14415, Sudan
| | - Mohammed Jafar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maali D Alshammari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 81442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Karim Abdelsalam
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Soha Taymour
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Syam Mohan
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Saveetha University, Chennai 602105, India
- School of Health Sciences, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, India
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Asif Ali M, Khan N, Kaleem N, Ahmad W, Alharethi SH, Alharbi B, Alhassan HH, Al-Enazi MM, Razis AFA, Modu B, Calina D, Sharifi-Rad J. Anticancer properties of sulforaphane: current insights at the molecular level. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1168321. [PMID: 37397365 PMCID: PMC10313060 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1168321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulforaphane (SFN) is an isothiocyanate with multiple biomedical applications. Sulforaphane can be extracted from the plants of the genus Brassica. However, broccoli sprouts are the chief source of sulforaphane and are 20 to 50 times richer than mature broccoli as they contain 1,153 mg/100 g. SFN is a secondary metabolite that is produced as a result of the hydrolysis of glucoraphanin (a glucosinolate) by the enzyme myrosinase. This review paper aims to summarize and understand the mechanisms behind the anticancer potential of sulforaphane. The data was collected by searching PubMed/MedLine, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. This paper concludes that sulforaphane provides cancer protection through the alteration of various epigenetic and non-epigenetic pathways. It is a potent anticancer phytochemical that is safe to consume with minimal side effects. However, there is still a need for further research regarding SFN and the development of a standard dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Asif Ali
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Noohela Khan
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, Rashid Latif Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nabeeha Kaleem
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Waqas Ahmad
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Salem Hussain Alharethi
- Department of Biological Science, College of Arts and Science, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bandar Alharbi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Ha’il, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan H. Alhassan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maher M. Al-Enazi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Faizal Abdull Razis
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Natural Medicines and Products Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Babagana Modu
- Natural Medicines and Products Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Borno, Nigeria
| | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
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Panda C, Komarnytsky S, Fleming MN, Marsh C, Barron K, Le Brun-Blashka S, Metzger B. Guided Metabolic Detoxification Program Supports Phase II Detoxification Enzymes and Antioxidant Balance in Healthy Participants. Nutrients 2023; 15:2209. [PMID: 37432335 DOI: 10.3390/nu15092209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Adequate antioxidant supply is essential for maintaining metabolic homeostasis and reducing oxidative stress during detoxification. The emerging evidence suggests that certain classes of phytonutrients can help support the detoxification process by stimulating the liver to produce detoxification enzymes or acting as antioxidants that neutralize the harmful effects of free radicals. This study was designed to examine the effects of a guided 28-day metabolic detoxification program in healthy adults. The participants were randomly assigned to consume a whole food, multi-ingredient supplement (n = 14, education and intervention) or control (n = 18, education and healthy meal) daily for the duration of the trial. The whole food supplement contained 37 g/serving of a proprietary, multicomponent nutritional blend in the form of a rehydratable shake. Program readiness was ensured at baseline using a validated self-perceived wellness score and a blood metabolic panel, indicating stable emotional and physical well-being in both groups. No significant changes or adverse effects were found on physical or emotional health, cellular glutathione (GSH) and the GSH:GSSG ratio, porphyrin, and hepatic detoxification biomarkers in urine. The intervention was positively associated with a 23% increase in superoxide dismutase (p = 0.06) and a 13% increase in glutathione S-transferase (p = 0.003) activities in the blood. This resulted in a 40% increase in the total cellular antioxidant capacity (p = 0.001) and a 13% decrease in reactive oxygen species (p = 0.002) in isolated PBMCs from participants in the detoxification group. Our findings indicate that consuming a whole food nutritional intervention as a part of the guided detoxification program supported phase II detoxification, in part, by promoting enhanced free radical scavenging and maintaining redox homeostasis under the body's natural glutathione recycling capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinmayee Panda
- Nutrition Innovation Center, Standard Process Inc., 150 N Research Campus Dr, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| | - Slavko Komarnytsky
- Plants for Human Health Institute, NC State University, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, 400 Dan Allen Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Michelle Norton Fleming
- College of Chiropractic, Northwestern Health Sciences University, 2501 W 84th Street, Bloomington, MN 55431, USA
| | - Carissa Marsh
- College of Chiropractic, Northwestern Health Sciences University, 2501 W 84th Street, Bloomington, MN 55431, USA
| | - Keri Barron
- Nutrition Innovation Center, Standard Process Inc., 150 N Research Campus Dr, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| | - Sara Le Brun-Blashka
- Nutrition Innovation Center, Standard Process Inc., 150 N Research Campus Dr, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| | - Brandon Metzger
- Nutrition Innovation Center, Standard Process Inc., 150 N Research Campus Dr, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
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Bioactive Compounds (BACs): A Novel Approach to Treat and Prevent Cardiovascular Diseases. Curr Probl Cardiol 2023; 48:101664. [PMID: 36841315 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.101664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are one of the leading disorders of serious death and cause huge economic loss to patients and society. It is estimated that about 18 million people have a high death ratio due to the incidence of CVDs such as (stroke, coronary heart disease, and non-ischemic heart failure). Bioactive compounds (BACs) are healthy nutritional ingredients providing beneficial effects and nutritional value to the human body. Epidemiological studies strongly shed light on several bioactive compounds that are favorable candidates for CVDs treatment. Globally, the high risk of CVDs and related results on human body parts made them a serious scenario in all communities. In this present review, we intend to collect previously published data concerned over the years concerning green-colored foods and their BACs that aim to work in the prevention, diagnosis, and/or systematic treating CVDs. We also comprehensively discussed the oral delivery of several bioactive compounds derived from fruits and vegetables and their bioavailability and physiological effects on human health. Moreover, their important characteristics, such as anti-inflammatory, lowering blood pressure, anti-obesity, antioxidant, anti-diabetics, lipid-lowering responses, improving atherosclerosis, and cardioprotective properties, will be elaborated further. More precisely, medicinal plants' advantages and multifaceted applications have been reported in this literature to treat CVDs. To the best of our knowledge, this is our first attempt that will open a new window in the area of CVDs with the opportunity to achieve a better prognosis and effective treatment for CVDs.
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Physiological Effects of Green-Colored Food-Derived Bioactive Compounds on Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12041879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases are a leading cause of death worldwide. Epidemiological studies strongly highlight various benefits of consuming colorful fruits and vegetables in everyday life. In this review, we aimed to revisit previous studies conducted in the last few decades regarding green-colored foods and their bioactive compounds in consideration of treating and/or preventing cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. This review draws a comprehensive summary and assessment of research on the physiological effects of various bioactive compounds, mainly polyphenols, derived from green-colored fruits and vegetables. In particular, their health-beneficial effects, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, cardioprotective, and lipid-lowering properties, will be discussed. Furthermore, the bioavailability and significance of action of these bioactive compounds on cardiovascular and metabolic diseases will be discussed in detail.
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SULFORAPHANE EFFECTS ON CARDIAC FUNCTION AND CALCIUM-HANDLING RELATED PROTEINS IN TWO EXPERIMENTAL MODELS OF HEART DISEASE. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2021; 79:325-334. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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The Antioxidant Transcription Factor Nrf2 in Cardiac Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111939. [PMID: 34769371 PMCID: PMC8585042 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor that controls cellular defense responses against toxic and oxidative stress by modulating the expression of genes involved in antioxidant response and drug detoxification. In addition to maintaining redox homeostasis, Nrf2 is also involved in various cellular processes including metabolism and inflammation. Nrf2 activity is tightly regulated at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational levels, which allows cells to quickly respond to pathological stress. In the present review, we describe the molecular mechanisms underlying the transcriptional regulation of Nrf2. We also focus on the impact of Nrf2 in cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury, a condition that stimulates the overproduction of reactive oxygen species. Finally, we analyze the protective effect of several natural and synthetic compounds that induce Nrf2 activation and protect against ischemia-reperfusion injury in the heart and other organs, and their potential clinical application.
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Mangla B, Javed S, Sultan MH, Kumar P, Kohli K, Najmi A, Alhazmi HA, Al Bratty M, Ahsan W. Sulforaphane: A review of its therapeutic potentials, advances in its nanodelivery, recent patents, and clinical trials. Phytother Res 2021; 35:5440-5458. [PMID: 34184327 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, herbal supplements have shown an exceptional potential of desirability for the prevention of diseases and their treatment. Sulforaphane (SFN), an organosulfur compound belongs to the isothiocyanate (ITC) group and is mainly found naturally in cruciferous vegetables. Several studies have now revealed that SFN possesses broad spectrum of activities and has shown extraordinary potential as antioxidant, antitumor, anti-angiogenic, and anti-inflammatory agent. In addition, SFN is proven to be less toxic, non-oxidizable, and its administration to individuals is well tolerated, making it an effective natural dietary supplement for clinical trials. SFN has shown its ability to be a promising future drug molecule for the management of various diseases mainly due to its potent antioxidant properties. In recent times, several newer drug delivery systems were designed and developed for this potential molecule in order to enhance its bioavailability, stability, and to reduce its side effects. This review focuses to cover numerous data supporting the wide range of pharmacological activities of SFN, its drug-related issues, and approaches to improve its physicochemical and biological properties, including solubility, stability, and bioavailability. Recent patents and the ongoing clinical trials on SFN are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Mangla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Shamama Javed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Hadi Sultan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research University (DPSRU), New Delhi, India
| | - Kanchan Kohli
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Asim Najmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan A Alhazmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.,Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Al Bratty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waquar Ahsan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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Nrf2 Activation Attenuates Acrylamide-Induced Neuropathy in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115995. [PMID: 34206048 PMCID: PMC8199319 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Acrylamide is a well characterized neurotoxicant known to cause neuropathy and encephalopathy in humans and experimental animals. To investigate the role of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in acrylamide-induced neuropathy, male C57Bl/6JJcl adult mice were exposed to acrylamide at 0, 200 or 300 ppm in drinking water and co-administered with subcutaneous injections of sulforaphane, a known activator of the Nrf2 signaling pathway at 0 or 25 mg/kg body weight daily for 4 weeks. Assessments for neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, oxidative stress as well as messenger RNA-expression analysis for Nrf2-antioxidant and pro-inflammatory cytokine genes were conducted. Relative to mice exposed only to acrylamide, co-administration of sulforaphane protected against acrylamide-induced neurotoxic effects such as increase in landing foot spread or decrease in density of noradrenergic axons as well as hepatic necrosis and hemorrhage. Moreover, co-administration of sulforaphane enhanced acrylamide-induced mRNA upregulation of Nrf2 and its downstream antioxidant proteins and suppressed acrylamide-induced mRNA upregulation of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the cerebral cortex. The results demonstrate that activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway by co-treatment of sulforaphane provides protection against acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity through suppression of oxidative stress and inflammation. Nrf2 remains an important target for the strategic prevention of acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity.
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Almushayti AY, Brandt K, Carroll MA, Scotter MJ. Current analytical methods for determination of glucosinolates in vegetables and human tissues. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1643:462060. [PMID: 33770631 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Numerous epidemiological studies have indicated the potential effects of glucosinolates and their metabolites against cancer as well as other non-communicable diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and neurodegenerative disorders. However, information on the presence and quantity of glucosinolates in commonly consumed vegetables and in human fluids is sparse, largely because well-standardised methods for glucosinolate determination are not available, resulting in published data being inconsistent and conflicting. Thus, studies published since 2002 on the most recent developments of glucosinolate extraction and identification have been collected and reviewed with emphasis on determination of the intact glucosinolates by LC-MS and LC-MS/MS. This overview highlights the glucosinolate extraction methods used, the stability of glucosinolates during extraction, the availability of stable isotope labelled internal standards and the use of NMR for purity analysis, as well as the current analytical techniques that have been applied for glucosinolate analysis, e.g. liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (LC-MS). It aims to interpret the findings with a focus on the development of a validated method, which will help to determine the glucosinolate content of vegetative plants and human tissues, and the identification and determination of selected glucosinolate metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albatul Y Almushayti
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK; College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Qassim University, Qassim, KSA.
| | - Kirsten Brandt
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Michael A Carroll
- School of Natural & Environmental Sciences-Chemistry, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
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Cardozo LFMF, Alvarenga LA, Ribeiro M, Dai L, Shiels PG, Stenvinkel P, Lindholm B, Mafra D. Cruciferous vegetables: rationale for exploring potential salutary effects of sulforaphane-rich foods in patients with chronic kidney disease. Nutr Rev 2020; 79:1204-1224. [DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuaa129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Sulforaphane (SFN) is a sulfur-containing isothiocyanate found in cruciferous vegetables (Brassicaceae) and a well-known activator of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), considered a master regulator of cellular antioxidant responses. Patients with chronic diseases, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and chronic kidney disease (CKD) present with high levels of oxidative stress and a massive inflammatory burden associated with diminished Nrf2 and elevated nuclear transcription factor-κB-κB expression. Because it is a common constituent of dietary vegetables, the salutogenic properties of sulforaphane, especially it’s antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties, have been explored as a nutritional intervention in a range of diseases of ageing, though data on CKD remain scarce. In this brief review, the effects of SFN as a senotherapeutic agent are described and a rationale is provided for studies that aim to explore the potential benefits of SFN-rich foods in patients with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila F M F Cardozo
- Graduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Livia A Alvarenga
- Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcia Ribeiro
- Graduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lu Dai
- Division of Renal Medicine and Baxter Novum, Department of Clinical Science, Technology and Intervention, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paul G Shiels
- Wolfson Wohl Translational Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Peter Stenvinkel
- Division of Renal Medicine and Baxter Novum, Department of Clinical Science, Technology and Intervention, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bengt Lindholm
- Division of Renal Medicine and Baxter Novum, Department of Clinical Science, Technology and Intervention, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Denise Mafra
- Graduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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15
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Brancaccio M, Mennitti C, Cesaro A, Fimiani F, Moscarella E, Caiazza M, Gragnano F, Ranieri A, D’Alicandro G, Tinto N, Mazzaccara C, Lombardo B, Pero R, Limongelli G, Frisso G, Calabrò P, Scudiero O. Dietary Thiols: A Potential Supporting Strategy against Oxidative Stress in Heart Failure and Muscular Damage during Sports Activity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17249424. [PMID: 33339141 PMCID: PMC7765667 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17249424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Moderate exercise combined with proper nutrition are considered protective factors against cardiovascular disease and musculoskeletal disorders. However, physical activity is known not only to have positive effects. In fact, the achievement of a good performance requires a very high oxygen consumption, which leads to the formation of oxygen free radicals, responsible for premature cell aging and diseases such as heart failure and muscle injury. In this scenario, a primary role is played by antioxidants, in particular by natural antioxidants that can be taken through the diet. Natural antioxidants are molecules capable of counteracting oxygen free radicals without causing cellular cytotoxicity. In recent years, therefore, research has conducted numerous studies on the identification of natural micronutrients, in order to prevent or mitigate oxidative stress induced by physical activity by helping to support conventional drug therapies against heart failure and muscle damage. The aim of this review is to have an overview of how controlled physical activity and a diet rich in antioxidants can represent a “natural cure” to prevent imbalances caused by free oxygen radicals in diseases such as heart failure and muscle damage. In particular, we will focus on sulfur-containing compounds that have the ability to protect the body from oxidative stress. We will mainly focus on six natural antioxidants: glutathione, taurine, lipoic acid, sulforaphane, garlic and methylsulfonylmethane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariarita Brancaccio
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy;
| | - Cristina Mennitti
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.M.); (N.T.); (C.M.); (B.L.); (R.P.)
| | - Arturo Cesaro
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Naples, Italy; (A.C.); (E.M.); (F.G.); (G.L.)
- Division of Clinical Cardiology, A.O.R.N. “Sant’Anna e San Sebastiano”, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Fabio Fimiani
- Inherited and Rare Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Monaldi Hospital, 81100 Naples, Italy; (F.F.); (M.C.)
| | - Elisabetta Moscarella
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Naples, Italy; (A.C.); (E.M.); (F.G.); (G.L.)
- Division of Clinical Cardiology, A.O.R.N. “Sant’Anna e San Sebastiano”, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Martina Caiazza
- Inherited and Rare Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Monaldi Hospital, 81100 Naples, Italy; (F.F.); (M.C.)
| | - Felice Gragnano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Naples, Italy; (A.C.); (E.M.); (F.G.); (G.L.)
- Division of Clinical Cardiology, A.O.R.N. “Sant’Anna e San Sebastiano”, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni D’Alicandro
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Center of Sports Medicine and Disability, AORN, Santobono-Pausillipon, 80122 Naples, Italy;
| | - Nadia Tinto
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.M.); (N.T.); (C.M.); (B.L.); (R.P.)
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate S. C. a R. L., 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Cristina Mazzaccara
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.M.); (N.T.); (C.M.); (B.L.); (R.P.)
| | - Barbara Lombardo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.M.); (N.T.); (C.M.); (B.L.); (R.P.)
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate S. C. a R. L., 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Raffaela Pero
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.M.); (N.T.); (C.M.); (B.L.); (R.P.)
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, 80100 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Limongelli
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Naples, Italy; (A.C.); (E.M.); (F.G.); (G.L.)
- Inherited and Rare Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Monaldi Hospital, 81100 Naples, Italy; (F.F.); (M.C.)
| | - Giulia Frisso
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.M.); (N.T.); (C.M.); (B.L.); (R.P.)
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate S. C. a R. L., 80131 Naples, Italy;
- Correspondence: (G.F.); (P.C.); (O.S.); Tel.: +39-347-240-9595 (G.F.); +39-338-434-6963 (P.C.); +39-339-613-9908 (O.S.)
| | - Paolo Calabrò
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Naples, Italy; (A.C.); (E.M.); (F.G.); (G.L.)
- Division of Clinical Cardiology, A.O.R.N. “Sant’Anna e San Sebastiano”, 81100 Caserta, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.F.); (P.C.); (O.S.); Tel.: +39-347-240-9595 (G.F.); +39-338-434-6963 (P.C.); +39-339-613-9908 (O.S.)
| | - Olga Scudiero
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.M.); (N.T.); (C.M.); (B.L.); (R.P.)
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate S. C. a R. L., 80131 Naples, Italy;
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, 80100 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.F.); (P.C.); (O.S.); Tel.: +39-347-240-9595 (G.F.); +39-338-434-6963 (P.C.); +39-339-613-9908 (O.S.)
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Abstract
Arbutin is a glycoside reported for its anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties. However, the cardioprotective effect of Arbutin is not well established. The study aims to understand the effect of arbutin on isoproterenol (ISO)-induced cardiac hypertrophy in mice. The animals were pretreated with Arbutin for a week and ISO was administered for 10 days and then sacrificed. Cardiac injury markers such as creatinine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase concentrations were measured in the serum. The mRNA expression of cardiac hypertrophy markers namely atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) were measured using qRT-PCR. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 were quantified by ELISA in isolated tissues and serum. Other tissue anti-oxidant parameters such as GST, GSH, SOD and TBARS were also measured. TUNEL assay was performed to detect apoptosis. Histology studies were performed using H & E and Masson trichome staining. Immunoblot analysis was used to quantify the protein expression of TLR-4 and NF-κB. ISO-alone-treated group showed significant increase in CK-MB, LDH along with increase in hypertrophic markers ANP and BNP, TNF-α and IL-6 levels in serum and tissues and increased cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Anti-oxidant parameters were significantly decreased and TLR-4 and NF-κB protein expression was found to be upregulated in comparison to the control group. Pretreatment with Arbutin-exhibited significant inhibition of TLR-4/NF-κB pathway with decreased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enhanced myocardial anti-oxidant status. Our study demonstrated that pretreatment with Arbutin exhibits marked protective effects on ISO-induced cardiac hypertrophy in mice. Thus, Arbutin may be used as potential pharmacological interventions in the management of cardiac hypertrophy.
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17
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Ogunlade B, Adelakun SA, Agie JA. Nutritional supplementation of gallic acid ameliorates Alzheimer-type hippocampal neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment induced by aluminum chloride exposure in adult Wistar rats. Drug Chem Toxicol 2020; 45:651-662. [PMID: 32329360 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2020.1754849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged exposure to aluminum through occupational hazards or food/water intake has been linked to the occurrence of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study aimed at investigating the neuroprotective effects of Gallic Acid (GA) against aluminum-chloride induced AD in adult Wistar rats. Twenty eight (28) adult Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n = 7). Group A received normal saline as placebo; Group B received 200 mg/kg bw of AlCl3 only; Group C received 100 mg/kg bw of GA only and group D received 100 mg/kg bw of GA and 200 mg/kg bw of AlCl3. At the end of the 60 days experiment, blood samples were collected to obtain serum for analysis and the brain was harvested. Neurobehavioural tests (Morris Water maze, Y-Maze), neurotransmitter levels, oxidative stress markers, serum electrolytes, antioxidant enzymes and histological assessment were carried out. There was a significant decrease in antioxidant enzymes (CAT, GSH and SOD), serum electrolyte (except K+) and neurotransmitter levels (except norepinephrine) with corresponding increase in stress markers (MDA, H2O2 and NO) among group B compared to control but was restored nearly to normal after GA administration. Neurobehavioral tests showed decreased spatial memory impairment and learning deficit in group B compared to control but was ameliorated with GA administration. Histological observation showed neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques in the external granular layer of group B but protected by GA administration. Nutritional supplementation of GA preserve the morphological and physiological integrity of the hippocampus against environmental neurotoxins (AlCl3) by mopping up free radicals associated with oxidative stress induced AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ogunlade
- Human Anatomy Department, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Akure, Nigeria
| | - S A Adelakun
- Human Anatomy Department, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Akure, Nigeria
| | - J A Agie
- Human Anatomy Department, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Akure, Nigeria
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18
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Uddin MS, Mamun AA, Jakaria M, Thangapandiyan S, Ahmad J, Rahman MA, Mathew B, Abdel-Daim MM, Aleya L. Emerging promise of sulforaphane-mediated Nrf2 signaling cascade against neurological disorders. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 707:135624. [PMID: 31784171 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Neurological disorders represent a great challenge and are the leading cause of death and disability globally. Although numerous complicated mechanisms are involved in the progressions of chronic and acute neurodegenerative disorders, most of the diseases share mutual pathogenic features such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, protein misfolding, excitotoxicity, and neuronal damage, all of these are the common targets of nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling cascade. No cure has yet been discovered to tackle these disorders, so, intervention approaches targeting phytochemicals have been recommended as an alternative form of treatment. Sulforaphane is a sulfur-rich dietary phytochemical which has several activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor via multiple targets and various mechanisms. Given its numerous actions, sulforaphane has drawn considerable attention for neurological disorders in recent years. Nrf2 is one of the most crucial targets of sulforaphane which has potential in regulating the series of cytoprotective enzyme expressions that have neuroprotective, antioxidative, and detoxification actions. Neurological disorders are auspicious candidates for Nrf2-targeted treatment strategy. Sulforaphane protects various neurological disorders by regulating the Nrf2 pathway. In this article, we recapitulate current studies of sulforaphane-mediated Nrf2 activation in the treatment of various neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Jakaria
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Jamil Ahmad
- Department of Human Nutrition, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Md Ataur Rahman
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Division of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ahalia School of Pharmacy, Palakkad, India
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Department of Zoology, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- Chrono-Environnement Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6249, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, Besançon, France.
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19
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Maraldi T, Prata C, Marrazzo P, Hrelia S, Angeloni C. Natural Compounds as a Strategy to Optimize " In Vitro" Expansion of Stem Cells. Rejuvenation Res 2019; 23:93-106. [PMID: 31368407 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2019.2187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficient use of stem cells for transplantation is often limited by the relatively low number of stem cells collected. The ex vivo expansion of human stem cells for clinical use is a potentially valuable approach to increase stem cell number. Currently, most of the procedures used to expand stem cells are carried out using a 21% oxygen concentration, which is about 4- to 10-fold greater than the concentration characteristic of their natural niches. Hyperoxia might cause oxidative stress with a deleterious effect on the physiology of cultured stem cells. In this review, we investigate and critically examine the available information on the ability of natural compounds to counteract hyperoxia-induced damage in different types of stem cells ex vivo. In particular, we focused on proliferation and stemness maintenance in an attempt to draw up useful indications to define new culture media with a promoting activity on cell expansion in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tullia Maraldi
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Cecilia Prata
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pasquale Marrazzo
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy
| | - Silvana Hrelia
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy
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20
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Zawari M, Poller B, Walker G, Pearson A, Hampton M, Carr AC. Formulation of Broccoli Sprout Powder in Gastro-Resistant Capsules Protects against the Acidic pH of the Stomach In Vitro but Does Not Increase Isothiocyanate Bioavailability In Vivo. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8090359. [PMID: 31480621 PMCID: PMC6770740 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8090359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Broccoli sprout powder is a rich source of glucosinolates, which are hydrolysed to isothiocyanates in the presence of the enzyme myrosinase. We showed that in vitro incubation of broccoli sprout powder extract with isolated lymphocytes resulted in the upregulation of transcription factor Nrf2, however, there was no increase in Nrf2 protein levels in lymphocytes isolated 3 h following the ingestion of broccoli sprout powder by healthy volunteers. This highlights the general issue that potential health benefits of food-derived compounds can be compromised by limitations in bioavailability. In vitro experiments showed that the generation of isothiocyanates was reduced when the powder was first exposed to the low pH (1.2) of the stomach and then transferred to the higher pH (6.8) of the intestine. The loss of activity due to pre-exposure to the low stomach pH indicates that formulating the broccoli sprout powder in gastro-resistant formulations should increase that amount of isothiocyanate generated in the intestine for absorption. Gelatin capsules were hand-coated with either Eudragit® L100 or Eudragit® L100-55 and were assessed for their gastro-resistant properties using paracetamol as a model active for dissolution studies. Disintegration and dissolution studies showed that Eudragit® L100-55 coated capsules and DRcapsTM (Capsugel®) failed the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) requirements for gastro-resistant capsules, whereas the Eudragit® L100 coated capsules passed. Five healthy participants were administered 1 g of broccoli sprout powder, ingested either with water or encapsulated in uncoated or gastro-resistant capsules. Urinary excretion of isothiocyanate metabolites over the 24 h period post ingestion was assessed by HPLC. Broccoli sprout powder and uncoated gelatin-encapsulated powder showed comparable excretion of isothiocyanate metabolites (18.4 ± 2.3 and 23.9 ± 2.7 µmol, respectively). The enteric coated capsules provided a significantly longer Tmax than the uncoated gelatin capsules (15.4 ± 2.3 versus 3.7 ± 0.7 h, respectively), indicating protection from disintegration in the stomach, however, the excretion of isothiocyanate metabolites was significantly decreased compared with uncoated capsules (i.e., 8.5 ± 1.1 µmol). The lower in vivo formation or absorption of isothiocyanates observed for the gastro-resistant capsules may be due to participant variation in intestinal pH or transit times, resulting in inappropriate pH conditions or insufficient time for the complete disintegration and dissolution of the capsules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masuma Zawari
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, P.O. Box 4345, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Bettina Poller
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Greg Walker
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Andree Pearson
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, P.O. Box 4345, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Mark Hampton
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, P.O. Box 4345, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Anitra C Carr
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, P.O. Box 4345, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.
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21
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Transcriptome reveals the gene expression patterns of sulforaphane metabolism in broccoli florets. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213902. [PMID: 30908527 PMCID: PMC6433254 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulforaphane is a new and effective anti-cancer component that is abundant in broccoli. In the past few years, the patterns of variability in glucosinolate content and its regulation in A. thaliana have been described in detail. However, the diversity of glucosinolate and sulforaphane contents in different organs during vegetative and reproductive stages has not been clearly explained. In this paper, we firstly investigated the transcriptome profiles of the developing buds and leaves at bolting stage of broccoli (B52) to further assess the gene expression patterns involved in sulforaphane synthesis. The CYP79F1 gene, as well as nine other genes related to glucorahpanin biosynthesis, MAM1, MAM3, St5b-2, FMO GS-OX1, MY, AOP2, AOP3, ESP and ESM1 were selected by digital gene expression analysis and were validated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Meanwhile, the compositions of glucosinolates and sulforaphane were detected for correlation analysis with related genes. Finally the RNA sequencing libraries generated 147 957 344 clean reads, and 8 539 unigene assemblies were produced. In digital result, only CYP79F1, in the glucoraphanin pathway, was up-regulated in young buds but absent from the other organs, which was consistent with the highest level of sulforaphane content being in this organ compared to mature buds, buds one day before flowering, flowers and leaves. The sequencing results also presented that auxin and cytokinin might affect glucoraphanin accumulation. The study revealed that up-regulated expression of CYP79F1 plays a fundamental and direct role in sulforaphane production in inflorescences. Two genes of MAM1 and St5b-2 could up-regulated glucoraphanin generation. Synergistic expression of MAM1, MAM3, St5b-2, FMO GS-OX1, MY, ESP and ESM1 was found in sulforaphane metabolism. This study will be beneficial for understanding the diversity of sulforaphane in broccoli organs.
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22
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Attenuation of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in a human in vitro cardiac model by the induction of the NRF-2 pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 112:108637. [PMID: 30798127 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dose-dependent cardiotoxicity is the leading adverse reaction seen in cancer patients treated with doxorubicin. Currently, dexrazoxane is the only approved drug that can partially protect against this toxicity in patients, however, its administration is restricted to those patients receiving a high cumulative dose of anthracyclines. Investigations into the mechanisms of cardiotoxicity and efforts to improve cardioprotective strategies have been hindered by the limited availability of a phenotypically relevant in vitro adult human cardiac model system. Here, we adapted a readily reproducible, functional 3D human multi-cell type cardiac system to emulate patient responses seen with doxorubicin and dexrazoxane. We show that administration of two NRF2 gene inducers namely the semi-synthetic triterpenoid Bardoxolone methyl, and the isothiocyanate sulfurophane, result in cardioprotection against doxorubicin toxicity comparable to dexrazoxane as evidenced by an increase in cell viability and a decrease in the production of reactive oxygen species. We further show a synergistic attenuation of cardiotoxicity when the NRF2 inducers and dexrazoxane are used in tandem. Taken together, our data indicate that the 3D spheroid is a suitable model to investigate drug induced cardiotoxicity and we reveal an essential role of the NRF2 pathway in cardioprotection providing a novel pharmacological mechanism and intervention route towards the alleviation of doxorubicin-induced toxicity.
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23
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Combination of Epigallocatechin Gallate and Sulforaphane Counteracts In Vitro Oxidative Stress and Delays Stemness Loss of Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:5263985. [PMID: 30647811 PMCID: PMC6311758 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5263985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Amniotic fluid stem cells (AFSCs) are characterized in vivo by a unique niche guarantying their homeostatic role in the body. Maintaining the functionality of stem cells ex vivo for clinical applications requires a continuous improvement of cell culture conditions. Cellular redox status plays an important role in stem cell biology as long as reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration is finely regulated and their adverse effects are excluded. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of two antioxidants, sulforaphane (SF) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), against in vitro oxidative stress due to hyperoxia and freeze-thawing cycles in AFSCs. Human AFSCs were isolated and characterized from healthy subjects. Assays of metabolic function and antioxidant activity were performed to investigate the effect of SF and EGCG cotreatment on AFSCs. Real-time PCR was used to investigate the effect of the cotreatment on pluripotency, senescence, osteogenic and adipogenic markers, and antioxidant enzymes. Alkaline phosphatase assays and Alizarin Red staining were used to confirm osteogenic differentiation. The cotreatment with SF and EGCG was effective in reducing ROS production, increasing GSH levels, and enhancing the endogenous antioxidant defences through the upregulation of glutathione reductase, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase-1, and thioredoxin reductase. Intriguingly, the cotreatment sustained the stemness state by upregulating pluripotency markers such as OCT4 and NANOG. Moreover, the cotreatment influenced senescence-associated gene markers in respect to untreated cells. The cotreatment upregulated osteogenic gene markers and promoted osteogenic differentiation in vitro. SF and EGCG can be used in combination in AFSC culture as a strategy to preserve stem cell functionality.
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Sulforaphane Modulates AQP8-Linked Redox Signalling in Leukemia Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:4125297. [PMID: 30581529 PMCID: PMC6276444 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4125297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sulforaphane, a biologically active isothiocyanate compound extracted from cruciferous vegetables, has been shown to exert cytotoxic effects on many human cancer cells, including leukemia. However, the exact molecular mechanisms behind the action of sulforaphane in hematological malignancies are still unclear. Like other cancer cells, leukemia cells produce high level of reactive oxygen species; in particular, hydrogen peroxide derived from Nox family is involved in various redox signal transduction pathways, promoting cell proliferation and survival. Recent evidence show that many tumour cell types express elevated level of aquaporin isoforms, and we previously demonstrated that aquaporin-8 acts as H2O2 transport facilitator across the plasma membrane of B1647 cells, a model of acute myeloid human leukemia. Thus, the control of AQP8-mediated H2O2 transport could be a novel strategy to regulate cell signalling and survival. To this purpose, we evaluated whether sulforaphane could somehow affect aquaporin-8-mediated H2O2 transport and/or Nox-mediated H2O2 production in B1647 cell line. Results indicated that sulforaphane inhibited both aquaporin-8 and Nox2 expression, thus decreasing B1647 cells viability. Moreover, the data obtained by coimmunoprecipitation technique demonstrated that these two proteins are linked to each other; thus, sulforaphane has an important role in modulating the downstream events triggered by the axis Nox2-aquaporin-8. Cell treatment with sulforaphane also reduced the expression of peroxiredoxin-1, which is increased in almost all acute myeloid leukemia subtypes. Interestingly, sulforaphane concentrations able to trigger these effects are achievable by dietary intake of cruciferous vegetables, confirming the importance of the beneficial effect of a diet rich in bioactive compounds.
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Corssac GB, Campos-Carraro C, Hickmann A, da Rosa Araujo AS, Fernandes RO, Belló-Klein A. Sulforaphane effects on oxidative stress parameters in culture of adult cardiomyocytes. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 104:165-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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Yang SH, Yu LH, Li L, Guo Y, Zhang Y, Long M, Li P, He JB. Protective Mechanism of Sulforaphane on Cadmium-Induced Sertoli Cell Injury in Mice Testis via Nrf2/ARE Signaling Pathway. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071774. [PMID: 30029485 PMCID: PMC6100605 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated the mechanism underlying the protective effect of sulforaphane (SFN) on cadmium (Cd)-induced Sertoli cell (TM4 cells) injury in mice. The apoptosis rate of cells in each group was detected by flow cytometry. It was determined the effect of SFN on the expression of downstream molecular targets of Nrf2/ARE axis and on the lipid peroxide content. The related genes involved in the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2(Nrf2)/antioxidant response element (ARE) signaling pathway were evaluated by RT-PCR; for example, the mRNA expression levels of Nrf2, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-GCS), while the protein expression levels were assessed by Western blot. Our results showed that the mRNA and protein expression levels of Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1, GSH-Px, and γ-GCS were increased in various degree when the Sertoli cells were to added different concentrations of SFN. Our results also showed that SFN reduced the apoptosis rate, increased the activity of T-SOD, inhibited the increase of the MDA content caused by Cd. Meanwhile, SFN could increase the mRNA and protein expression levels of Nrf2, HO-1 and NQO1 and reduced the mRNA and protein expression levels of GSH-Px and γ-GCS caused by Cd in Sertoli cells (p < 0.01). Taken together, SFN could improve the antioxidant capacity of Sertoli cells, and exert a protective effect on the oxidative damage and apoptosis of Cd-induced Sertoli cells through the activation of Nrf2/ARE signal transduction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Hua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Li-Hui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Yang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Miao Long
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Peng Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Jian-Bin He
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
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Extracellular Matrix Remodeling and Modulation of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress by Sulforaphane in Experimental Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy. Inflammation 2018; 41:1460-1476. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-018-0792-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Liang H, Wei Y, Li R, Cheng L, Yuan Q, Zheng F. Intensifying sulforaphane formation in broccoli sprouts by using other cruciferous sprouts additions. Food Sci Biotechnol 2018; 27:957-962. [PMID: 30263824 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-018-0347-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulforaphane is a significant chemopreventive compound which is the predominant glucosinolate in broccoli sprouts. However, the existence of the epithiospecifier protein could direct the hydrolysis of glucosinolates toward sulforaphane nitrile formation instead of sulforaphane. Therefore, the study aimed on improving the yielding of sulforaphane in broccoli sprouts with a new method of the united hydrolysis of cruciferous sprouts. According to the results, the addition of radish, rocket and rape sprouts to broccoli sprouts could promote the hydrolysis of the glucoraphanin to anticancer effective sulforaphane to 2.03, 2.32 and 1.95-fold, respectively, compared to single broccoli sprouts. Meanwhile, the formation of non-bioactive sulforaphane nitrile in these three groups decreased greatly. However, the addition of mustard sprouts had no positive effect. These observations could make a contribution to the potential chemoprotective effects of broccoli sprouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liang
- 1State Key laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongqin Wei
- 1State Key laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruimin Li
- 1State Key laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Cheng
- 1State Key laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qipeng Yuan
- 1State Key laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuping Zheng
- 2Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048 People's Republic of China
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Ma T, Zhu D, Chen D, Zhang Q, Dong H, Wu W, Lu H, Wu G. Sulforaphane, a Natural Isothiocyanate Compound, Improves Cardiac Function and Remodeling by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in a Rabbit Model of Chronic Heart Failure. Med Sci Monit 2018. [PMID: 29527002 PMCID: PMC5859672 DOI: 10.12659/msm.906123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of sulforaphane (SFN), a natural isothiocyanate compound, in a rabbit ascending aortic cerclage model of chronic heart failure (CHF). Material/Methods Thirty New Zealand White rabbits were divided into the sham operation group (n=10), the CHF group (n=10), and the CHF + SFN group (n=10) treated with subcutaneous SFN (0.5 mg/kg) for five days per week for 12 weeks. After 12 weeks, echocardiography and biometric analysis were performed, followed by the examination of the rabbit hearts. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot were used to detect levels of inflammatory cytokines, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA). Results In the CHF group, compared with the sham operation group, there was an increase in the heart weight to body weight ratio (HW/BW), the left ventricular weight to body weight ratio (LVW/BW), the left ventricular end diastolic diameter (LVEDD), the left ventricular end systolic diameter (LVESD), plasma brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) levels, the cardiac collagen volume fraction (CVF), apoptotic index, expression levels of collagen I, collagen III, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the myocardial tissue, and a decrease in the left ventricular shortening fraction (LVFS) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and cardiac superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. These changes were corrected in the SFN-treated group. Conclusions In a rabbit model of CHF, treatment with SFN improved cardiac function and remodeling by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongliang Ma
- Department of Emergency Internal Medicine, The People's Hospital of Bozhou, Bozhou, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Decai Zhu
- Department of Emergency Internal Medicine, The People's Hospital of Bozhou, Bozhou, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Duoxue Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The People's Hospital of Bozhou, Bozhou, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Qiaoyun Zhang
- Department of Emergency Internal Medicine, The People's Hospital of Bozhou, Bozhou, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Huifang Dong
- Department of Emergency Internal Medicine, The People's Hospital of Bozhou, Bozhou, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Wenwu Wu
- Department of Emergency Internal Medicine, The People's Hospital of Bozhou, Bozhou, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Huihe Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Nantong First People's Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Guangfu Wu
- Department of Emergency Internal Medicine, The People's Hospital of Bozhou, Bozhou, Anhui, China (mainland)
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Sulforaphane prevents angiotensin II-induced cardiomyopathy by activation of Nrf2 via stimulating the Akt/GSK-3ß/Fyn pathway. Redox Biol 2018; 15:405-417. [PMID: 29353218 PMCID: PMC5975128 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) by sulforaphane (SFN) protects from, and deletion of the Nrf2 gene exaggerates, diabetic cardiomyopathy. Angiotensin II (Ang II) plays a critical role in the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Therefore, whether SFN prevents Ang II-induced cardiomyopathy through activation of Nrf2 was examined using wild-type, global deletion of Nrf2 gene (Nrf2-KO) and cardiomyocyte-specific overexpression of Nrf2 gene (Nrf2-TG) mice. Methods and results Administration of a subpressor dose of Ang II to wild-type mice induced cardiac oxidative stress, inflammation, remodeling and dysfunction, all of which could be prevented by SFN treatment with Nrf2 up-regulation and activation. Nrf2-KO mice are susceptible, and Nrf2-TG mice are resistant, respectively, to Ang II-induced cardiomyopathy. Meanwhile, the ability of SFN to protect against Ang II-induced cardiac damage was lost in Nrf2-KO mice. Up-regulation and activation of Nrf2 by SFN is accompanied by activation of Akt, inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β, and accumulation of Fyn in nuclei. In vitro up-regulation of Nrf2 by SFN was abolished and nuclear Fyn accumulation was increased when cardiac cells were exposed to a PI3K inhibitor or GSK-3β-specific activator. Conclusion These results suggest that Nrf2 plays a central role in the prevention of Ang II-induced cardiomyopathy, and SFN prevents Ang II-induced cardiomyopathy partially via the Akt/GSK-3β/Fyn-mediated Nrf2 activation. Sulforaphane (SFN) can prevent angiotensin II (AngII) -induced cardiomyopathy. SFN prevents AngII-induced cardiomyopathy via up-regulating and activating Nrf2. Cardiac overexpression of Nrf2 prevents Ang II-induced cardiomyopathy. Up-regulation and activation of Nrf2 by SFN is achieved through the Akt/GSK-3β/Fyn pathway.
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Lněničková K, Dymáková A, Szotáková B, Boušová I. Sulforaphane Alters β-Naphthoflavone-Induced Changes in Activity and Expression of Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes in Rat Hepatocytes. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22111983. [PMID: 29144397 PMCID: PMC6150368 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22111983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulforaphane (SFN), an isothiocyanate found in cruciferous vegetables, exerts many beneficial effects on human health such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects. The effect of SFN alone on drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) has been investigated in numerous in vitro and in vivo models, but little is known about the effect of SFN in combination with cytochrome P450 (CYP) inducer. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of SFN on the activity and gene expression of selected DMEs in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes treated or non-treated with β-naphthoflavone (BNF), the model CYP1A inducer. In our study, SFN alone did not significantly alter the activity and expression of the studied DMEs, except for the glutathione S-transferase (GSTA1) mRNA level, which was significantly enhanced. Co-treatment of hepatocytes with SFN and BNF led to a substantial increase in sulfotransferase, aldoketoreductase 1C, carbonylreductase 1 and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 activity and a marked decrease in cytochrome P450 (CYP) Cyp1a1, Cyp2b and Cyp3a4 expression in comparison to the treatment with BNF alone. Sulforaphane is able to modulate the activity and/or expression of DMEs, thus shifting the balance of carcinogen metabolism toward deactivation, which could represent an important mechanism of its chemopreventive activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Lněničková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Andrea Dymáková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Barbora Szotáková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Iva Boušová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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Cardenia V, Rodriguez-Estrada MT, Lorenzini A, Bandini E, Angeloni C, Hrelia S, Malaguti M. Effect of broccoli extract enriched diet on liver cholesterol oxidation in rats subjected to exhaustive exercise. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 169:137-144. [PMID: 27084531 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The effect of broccoli extract (BE)-enriched diet was studied in order to evaluate its ability to counteract liver cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) induced by acute strenuous exercise in rats. Thirty-two female Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: control diet without exercise (C), BE-enriched diet without exercise (B), control diet with acute exhaustive exercise (S) and BE-enriched diet with acute exhaustive exercise (BS). The study lasted 45days and on the last day, rats of S and BS groups were forced to run until exhaustion on a treadmill. Glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT) and cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) were determined in liver. Exhaustive exercise was clearly responsible for tissue damage, as evidenced by the increase of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) plasma activity in the S group. Moreover, the exercise protocol reduced CAT activity in liver, while it did not affect GST, GR and GPx. BE-enriched diet raised GST, GR and CAT activities in rats of BS group. The main COPs found were 7α-hydroxycholesterol, 7β-hydroxycholesterol, 7-ketocholesterol, cholestanetriol, 24-hydroxycholesterol and 27-hydroxycholesterol. The BE-enriched diet led to reduced cholesterol oxidation following exhaustive exercise; the highest level of COPs was found in the S group, whereas the BS rats showed the lowest amount. This study indicates that the BE-enriched diet increases antioxidant enzyme activities and exerts an antioxidant effect towards cholesterol oxidation in rat liver, suggesting the use of phytochemicals in the prevention of oxidative damage and in the modulation of the redox environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimiro Cardenia
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Maria Teresa Rodriguez-Estrada
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Interdepartmental Centre for Agri-Food Industrial Research, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
| | - Antonello Lorenzini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Erika Bandini
- Scientific Institute of Romagna for the Study and Treatment of Cancer (IRST), Unit of Gene Therapy Meldola-Forlı', Meldola (FC), Italy
| | - Cristina Angeloni
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy
| | - Silvana Hrelia
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy
| | - Marco Malaguti
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy
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17β-Estradiol enhances sulforaphane cardioprotection against oxidative stress. J Nutr Biochem 2017; 42:26-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
Sulforaphane (SFN) is a kind of isothiocyanate derived from broccoli and other cruciferous vegetables. Because of its roles of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor through multiple targets and various mechanisms, SFN has drawn broad attention of the researchers. One of the most important target of SFN is nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), wildly known for its ability to regulate the expression of a series of cytoprotective enzymes with antioxidative, prosurvival, and detoxification effects. Multiple researches have shown that SFN protects against central nervous system diseases through Nrf2pathway. In this article, we list SFN contents in common cruciferous vegetables, and summarize recent advances in the protective effects of SFN against acute brain injuries and neurodegenerative diseases through activating Nrf2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sun
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, USA
| | - T Yang
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, USA
| | - L Mao
- Key Lab of Cerebral Microcirculation, Taishan Medical University, China
| | - F Zhang
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, USA.,Key Lab of Cerebral Microcirculation, Taishan Medical University, China
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Hu L, Sun J, Li H, Wang L, Wei Y, Wang Y, Zhu Y, Huo H, Tan Y. Differential mechanistic investigation of protective effects from imperatorin and sec-O-glucosylhamaudol against arsenic trioxide-induced cytotoxicity in vitro. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 37:97-105. [PMID: 27608960 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The clinical use of arsenic trioxide (As2O3) for treating acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is limited due to its severe cardiotoxicity. The possible mechanisms of As2O3-induced cardiotoxicity include DNA fragmentation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, cardiac ion channel changes and apoptosis. The present study is designed to investigate the protective effects of imperatorin and sec-O-glucosylhamaudol and to explore their mechanistic involvement in As2O3-induced cytotoxicity. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS Cell viability assay, Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, Acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) double staining, Caspase-3 activity assay, ROS generation, cellular calcium levels, mRNA expression levels by qRT-PCR and protein expression levels by Western blotting were measured in H9c2 cells in combination with As2O3 and imperatorin or sec-O-glucosylhamaudol. KEY RESULTS We observed that H9c2 cells treated with imperatorin or sec-O-glucosylhamaudol were more resistant to As2O3-induced cell death. Both imperatorin and sec-O-glucosylhamaudol reduced H9c2 cell apoptosis, but both imperatorin and sec-O-glucosylhamaudol had no effects on Caspase-3 activity and intracellular calcium accumulation. Furthermore, imperatorin was capable of suppressing ROS generation, while sec-O-glucosylhamaudol did not show this effect. Moreover, imperatorin and sec-O-glucosylhamaudol triggered Nrf2 activation, which resulted in upregulation of downstream phase II metabolic enzymes and antioxidant protein/enzyme, probably offering cellular protection to As2O3-induced cardiotoxicity via the Nrf2 signal pathway. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Imperatorin and sec-O-glucosylhamaudol can ameliorate As2O3-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in H9c2 cells, the mechanisms probably related to antioxidation. As2O3 in combination with imperatorin or sec-O-glucosylhamaudol could be considered as a novel strategy to expand the clinical application of As2O3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liufang Hu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Jianhui Sun
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Hongmei Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Lifang Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Yuna Wei
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Yaying Zhu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Hairu Huo
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Yuqing Tan
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
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Sulforaphane effects on postinfarction cardiac remodeling in rats: modulation of redox-sensitive prosurvival and proapoptotic proteins. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 34:106-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Qin WS, Deng YH, Cui FC. Sulforaphane protects against acrolein-induced oxidative stress and inflammatory responses: modulation of Nrf-2 and COX-2 expression. Arch Med Sci 2016; 12:871-80. [PMID: 27478470 PMCID: PMC4947616 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2016.59919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acrolein (2-propenal) is a reactive α, β-unsaturated aldehyde which causes a health hazard to humans. The present study focused on determining the protection offered by sulforaphane against acrolein-induced damage in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). MATERIAL AND METHODS Acrolein-induced oxidative stress was determined through evaluating the levels of reactive oxygen species, protein carbonyl and sulfhydryl content, thiobarbituric acid reactive species, total oxidant status and antioxidant status (total antioxidant capacity, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase activity). Also, Nrf-2 expression levels were determined using western blot analysis. Acrolein-induced inflammation was determined through analyzing expression of cyclooxygenase-2 by western blot and PGE2 levels by ELISA. The protection offered by sulforaphane against acrolein-induced oxidative stress and inflammation was studied. RESULTS Acrolein showed a significant (p < 0.001) increase in the levels of oxidative stress parameters and down-regulated Nrf-2 expression. Acrolein-induced inflammation was observed through upregulation (p < 0.001) of COX-2 and PGE2 levels. Pretreatment with sulforaphane enhanced the antioxidant status through upregulating Nrf-2 expression (p < 0.001) in PBMC. Acrolein-induced inflammation was significantly inhibited through suppression of COX-2 (p < 0.001) and PGE2 levels (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The present study provides clear evidence that pre-treatment with sulforaphane completely restored the antioxidant status and prevented inflammatory responses mediated by acrolein. Thus the protection offered by sulforaphane against acrolein-induced damage in PBMC is attributed to its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Sen Qin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan, China
| | - Yu-Hui Deng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan, China
| | - Fa-Cai Cui
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan, China
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Malaguti M, Angeloni C, Hrelia S. Nutraceutical Bioactive Compounds Promote Healthspan Counteracting Cardiovascular Diseases. J Am Coll Nutr 2016; 34 Suppl 1:22-7. [PMID: 26400430 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2015.1080107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of mortality in the Western world. Multiple factors are involved in CVD, including genetic factors and modifiable factors such as diet, physical activity, and smoking. CVD incidence and prevalence increase progressively with age, and it is estimated that over 80% of men and women older than 75 years have clinically manifest CVD. To reduce the gap between life expectancy (LE) and healthy life expectancy is one of the main challenges of the 21st century. Lifestyle improvement appears to be the only sustainable approach to face the dramatic chronic-degenerative disease burden of an aging population. A healthy lifestyle, represented by avoiding smoking, following a healthy diet, and practicing physical activity, protects from chronic-degenerative disease onset and progression. A healthy dietetic approach specifically formulated for elderly people, with a defined pattern of nutraceutical bioactive compounds, may represent a key strategy to improve the aging process and increase the life span. This short review summarizes the biochemical mechanisms underpinning the cardiovascular protective effects of some nutraceutical compounds such as quercetin and sulforaphane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Malaguti
- a Department for Life Quality Studies , Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna , Rimini , ITALY
| | - Cristina Angeloni
- a Department for Life Quality Studies , Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna , Rimini , ITALY
| | - Silvana Hrelia
- a Department for Life Quality Studies , Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna , Rimini , ITALY
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Becker TM, Juvik JA. The Role of Glucosinolate Hydrolysis Products from Brassica Vegetable Consumption in Inducing Antioxidant Activity and Reducing Cancer Incidence. Diseases 2016; 4:E22. [PMID: 28933402 PMCID: PMC5456278 DOI: 10.3390/diseases4020022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The bioactivity of glucosinolates (GSs), and more specifically their hydrolysis products (GSHPs), has been well documented. These secondary metabolites evolved in the order Brassicales as plant defense compounds with proven ability to deter or impede the growth of several biotic challenges including insect infestation, fungal and bacterial infection, and competition from other plants. However, the bioactivity of GSHPs is not limited to activity that inhibits these kingdoms of life. Many of these compounds have been shown to have bioactivity in mammalian systems as well, with epidemiological links to cancer chemoprevention in humans supported by in vitro, in vivo, and small clinical studies. Although other chemopreventive mechanisms have been identified, the primary mechanism believed to be responsible for the observed chemoprevention from GSHPs is the induction of antioxidant enzymes, such as NAD(P)H quinone reductase (NQO1), heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC), and glutathione S transferases (GSTs), through the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway. Induction of this pathway is generally associated with aliphatic isothiocyanate GSHPs, although some indole-derived GSHPs have also been associated with induction of one or more of these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talon M Becker
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801-3838, USA.
| | - John A Juvik
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801-3838, USA.
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Li B, Tian S, Liu X, He C, Ding Z, Shan Y. Sulforaphane protected the injury of human vascular endothelial cell induced by LPC through up-regulating endogenous antioxidants and phase II enzymes. Food Funct 2016; 6:1984-91. [PMID: 26008201 DOI: 10.1039/c5fo00438a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Sulforaphane (SFN), which is an isothiocyanate (ITC) that is found in cruciferous vegetables, has received considerable attention because of its beneficial effects. In this study, the protection by SFN in the lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC)-induced injury of human vascular endothelial EA.hy.926 cells was investigated. ROS intensity was obtained by fluorescence microscopic imaging. Levels of MDA, GSH and the activity of SOD were determined spectrophotometrically. Expressions of GST, GSH-Px, TrxR and Nrf-2 proteins were measured by western blotting analysis. SFN largely decreased ROS production, similar to vitamin E. The MDA level was decreased by SFN to a level that was comparable to the negative group. Incubation with 0.5, 1.25, 2.5 μmol L(-1) SFN for 24 h restored the activity of SOD by 58%, 64%, and 123%, respectively. SOD activities were individually increased by 53%, 97%, 103% after treatment with 2.5 μmol L(-1) SFN for 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h, respectively. SFN restored and up-regulated the expressions of GST, GSH-Px and TrxR both in dose- and time-dependent ways. Although VE presents comparable induction of phase 2 enzymes as 1.25 μmol L(-1) SFN, it cannot induce the translocation of Nrf-2 to the nucleus. SFN protected the injury of vascular endothelial cell by LPC by enhancing anti-oxidative capabilities mediated by Nrf-2 translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolong Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang district, Harbin, China.
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Sulforaphane Preconditioning Sensitizes Human Colon Cancer Cells towards the Bioreductive Anticancer Prodrug PR-104A. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150219. [PMID: 26950072 PMCID: PMC4780774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemoprotective properties of sulforaphane (SF), derived from cruciferous vegetables, are widely acknowledged to arise from its potent induction of xenobiotic-metabolizing and antioxidant enzymes. However, much less is known about the impact of SF on the efficacy of cancer therapy through the modulation of drug-metabolizing enzymes. To identify proteins modulated by a low concentration of SF, we treated HT29 colon cancer cells with 2.5 μM SF. Protein abundance changes were detected by stable isotope labeling of amino acids in cell culture. Among 18 proteins found to be significantly up-regulated, aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3), bioactivating the DNA cross-linking prodrug PR-104A, was further characterized. Preconditioning HT29 cells with SF reduced the EC50 of PR-104A 3.6-fold. The increase in PR-104A cytotoxicity was linked to AKR1C3 abundance and activity, both induced by SF in a dose-dependent manner. This effect was reproducible in a second colon cancer cell line, SW620, but not in other colon cancer cell lines where AKR1C3 abundance and activity were absent or barely detectable and could not be induced by SF. Interestingly, SF had no significant influence on PR-104A cytotoxicity in non-cancerous, immortalized human colonic epithelial cell lines expressing either low or high levels of AKR1C3. In conclusion, the enhanced response of PR-104A after preconditioning with SF was apparent only in cancer cells provided that AKR1C3 is expressed, while its expression in non-cancerous cells did not elicit such a response. Therefore, a subset of cancers may be susceptible to combined food-derived component and prodrug treatments with no harm to normal tissues.
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Felker P, Bunch R, Leung AM. Concentrations of thiocyanate and goitrin in human plasma, their precursor concentrations in brassica vegetables, and associated potential risk for hypothyroidism. Nutr Rev 2016; 74:248-58. [PMID: 26946249 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuv110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Brassica vegetables are common components of the diet and have beneficial as well as potentially adverse health effects. Following enzymatic breakdown, some glucosinolates in brassica vegetables produce sulforaphane, phenethyl, and indolylic isothiocyanates that possess anticarcinogenic activity. In contrast, progoitrin and indolylic glucosinolates degrade to goitrin and thiocyanate, respectively, and may decrease thyroid hormone production. Radioiodine uptake to the thyroid is inhibited by 194 μmol of goitrin, but not by 77 μmol of goitrin. Collards, Brussels sprouts, and some Russian kale (Brassica napus) contain sufficient goitrin to potentially decrease iodine uptake by the thyroid. However, turnip tops, commercial broccoli, broccoli rabe, and kale belonging to Brassica oleracae contain less than 10 μmol of goitrin per 100-g serving and can be considered of minimal risk. Using sulforaphane plasma levels following glucoraphanin ingestion as a surrogate for thiocyanate plasma concentrations after indole glucosinolate ingestion, the maximum thiocyanate contribution from indole glucosinolate degradation is estimated to be 10 μM, which is significantly lower than background plasma thiocyanate concentrations (40-69 μM). Thiocyanate generated from consumption of indole glucosinolate can be assumed to have minimal adverse risks for thyroid health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Felker
- P. Felker and R. Bunch are with the D'Arrigo Bros. Co., of California, Salinas, California, USA. A.M. Leung is with the Division of Endocrinology, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, and the Division of Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Ronald Bunch
- P. Felker and R. Bunch are with the D'Arrigo Bros. Co., of California, Salinas, California, USA. A.M. Leung is with the Division of Endocrinology, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, and the Division of Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Angela M Leung
- P. Felker and R. Bunch are with the D'Arrigo Bros. Co., of California, Salinas, California, USA. A.M. Leung is with the Division of Endocrinology, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, and the Division of Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Sulforaphane prevents rat cardiomyocytes from hypoxia/reoxygenation injury in vitro via activating SIRT1 and subsequently inhibiting ER stress. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2016; 37:344-53. [PMID: 26775664 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2015.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Sulforaphane (SFN), a natural dietary isothiocyanate, is found to exert beneficial effects for cardiovascular diseases. This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying the protective effects of SFN in a model of myocardial hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury in vitro. METHODS Cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes pretreated with SFN were subjected to 3-h hypoxia followed by 3-h reoxygenation. Cell viability and apoptosis were detected. Caspase-3 activity and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) was measured. The expression of ER stress-related apoptotic proteins were analyzed with Western blot analyses. Silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) activity was determined with SIRT1 deacetylase fluorometric assay kit. RESULTS SFN (0.1-5 μmol/L) dose-dependently improved the viability of cardiomyocytes, diminished apoptotic cells and suppressed caspase-3 activity. Meanwhile, SFN significantly alleviated the damage of ΔΨm and decreased the expression of ER stress-related apoptosis proteins (GRP78, CHOP and caspase-12), elevating the expression of SIRT1 and Bcl-2/Bax ratio in the cardiomyocytes. Co-treatment of the cardiomyocytes with the SIRT1-specific inhibitor Ex-527 (1 μmol/L) blocked the SFN-induced cardioprotective effects. CONCLUSION SFN prevents cardiomyocytes from H/R injury in vitro most likely via activating SIRT1 pathway and subsequently inhibiting the ER stress-dependent apoptosis.
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Chen RC, Sun GB, Wang J, Zhang HJ, Sun XB. Naringin protects against anoxia/reoxygenation-induced apoptosis in H9c2 cells via the Nrf2 signaling pathway. Food Funct 2016; 6:1331-44. [PMID: 25773745 DOI: 10.1039/c4fo01164c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Naringin (Nar) is a major and active flavanone glycoside derivative of several citrus species. The antioxidant properties of Nar have an important function in its cardioprotective effects in various models. However, the effects of Nar on Nrf2 activation and the expression of its downstream genes in myocardial cells are yet to be elucidated. This study was designed to investigate the protective effects of Nar against anoxia/reoxygenation (A/R)-induced injury in H9c2 cells and determine its effects on the activity of Nrf2 and the expression of phase II antioxidant enzymes. H9c2 cells were pretreated with Nar for 6 h before exposure to A/R. A/R treatment severely injured the H9c2 cells, which was accompanied by apoptosis. Nar also suppressed the A/R-induced mitochondrial membrane depolarization and caspase-3 activation. Nar pretreatment significantly reduced the apoptotic rate by enhancing the endogenous anti-oxidative activity of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase, thereby inhibiting intracellular reactive oxygen species generation. Moreover, the presence of Nar alone in H9c2 cells increased the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 in a dose- and time-dependent manner, as well as consistently increased the protein levels of heme oxygenase (HO-1) and glutamate cysteine ligase (GCLC). Nar increased the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, PKCδ, and AKT. However, the Nar-mediated Nrf2 activation and cardioprotection were abolished through the genetic silencing of Nrf2 by siRNA and partially inhibited by specific inhibitors of ERK1/2, PKCδ, and AKT. Therefore, Nar provided cardioprotection by inducing the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, PKCδ, and AKT, which subsequently activated Nrf2 and its downstream genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China.
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Sulforaphane Protects against Cardiovascular Disease via Nrf2 Activation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:407580. [PMID: 26583056 PMCID: PMC4637098 DOI: 10.1155/2015/407580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) causes an unparalleled proportion of the global burden of disease and will remain the main cause of mortality for the near future. Oxidative stress plays a major role in the pathophysiology of cardiac disorders. Several studies have highlighted the cardinal role played by the overproduction of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species in the pathogenesis of ischemic myocardial damage and consequent cardiac dysfunction. Isothiocyanates (ITC) are sulfur-containing compounds that are broadly distributed among cruciferous vegetables. Sulforaphane (SFN) is an ITC shown to possess anticancer activities by both in vivo and epidemiological studies. Recent data have indicated that the beneficial effects of SFN in CVD are due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. SFN activates NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a basic leucine zipper transcription factor that serves as a defense mechanism against oxidative stress and electrophilic toxicants by inducing more than a hundred cytoprotective proteins, including antioxidants and phase II detoxifying enzymes. This review will summarize the evidence from clinical studies and animal experiments relating to the potential mechanisms by which SFN modulates Nrf2 activation and protects against CVD.
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Singh P, Sharma R, McElhanon K, Allen CD, Megyesi JK, Beneš H, Singh SP. Sulforaphane protects the heart from doxorubicin-induced toxicity. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 86:90-101. [PMID: 26025579 PMCID: PMC4554811 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cardiotoxicity is one of the major side effects encountered during cancer chemotherapy with doxorubicin (DOX) and other anthracyclines. Previous studies have shown that oxidative stress caused by DOX is one of the primary mechanisms for its toxic effects on the heart. Since the redox-sensitive transcription factor, Nrf2, plays a major role in protecting cells from the toxic metabolites generated during oxidative stress, we examined the effects of the phytochemical sulforaphane (SFN), a potent Nrf2-activating agent, on DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. These studies were carried out both in vitro and in vivo using rat H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells and wild type 129/sv mice, and involved SFN pretreatment followed by SFN administration during DOX exposure. SFN treatment protected H9c2 cells from DOX cytotoxicity and also resulted in restored cardiac function and a significant reduction in DOX-induced cardiomyopathy and mortality in mice. Specificity of SFN induction of Nrf2 and protection of H9c2 cells was demonstrated in Nrf2 knockdown experiments. Cardiac accumulation of 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) protein adducts, due to lipid peroxidation following DOX-induced oxidative stress, was significantly attenuated by SFN treatment. The respiratory function of cardiac mitochondria isolated from mice exposed to DOX alone was repressed, while SFN treatment with DOX significantly elevated mitochondrial respiratory complex activities. Co-administration of SFN reversed the DOX-associated reduction in nuclear Nrf2 binding activity and restored cardiac expression of Nrf2-regulated genes at both the RNA and protein levels. Together, our results demonstrate for the first time that the Nrf2 inducer, SFN, has the potential to provide protection against DOX-mediated cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Rajendra Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Kevin McElhanon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Charles D Allen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Judit K Megyesi
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Helen Beneš
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Sharda P Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR, USA.
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Ambrecht LA, Perlman JI, McDonnell JF, Zhai Y, Qiao L, Bu P. Protection of retinal function by sulforaphane following retinal ischemic injury. Exp Eye Res 2015; 138:66-9. [PMID: 26142954 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sulforaphane, a precursor of glucosinolate in cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli and cauliflower, has been shown to protect brain ischemic injury. In this study, we examined the effect of systemic administration of sulforaphane on retinal ischemic reperfusion injury. Intraocular pressure was elevated in two groups of C57BL/6 mice (n = 8 per group) for 45 min to induce retinal ischemic reperfusion injury. Following retinal ischemic reperfusion injury, vehicle (1% DMSO saline) or sulforaphane (25 mg/kg/day) was administered intraperitoneally daily for 5 days. Scotopic electroretinography (ERG) was used to quantify retinal function prior to and one-week after retinal ischemic insult. Retinal morphology was examined one week after ischemic insult. Following ischemic reperfusion injury, ERG a- and b-wave amplitudes were significantly reduced in the control mice. Sulforaphane treatment significantly attenuated ischemic-induced loss of retinal function as compared to vehicle treated mice. In vehicle treated mice, ischemic reperfusion injury produced marked thinning of the inner retinal layers, but the thinning of the inner retinal layers appeared significantly less with sulforaphane treatment. Thus, sulforaphane may be beneficial in the treatment of retinal disorders with ischemic reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay A Ambrecht
- Department of Ophthalmology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Jay I Perlman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA; Department of Pathology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA; Surgery Service, Edward Hines, Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, IL 60141, USA
| | - James F McDonnell
- Department of Ophthalmology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Yougang Zhai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Liang Qiao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Ping Bu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA; Research Service, Edward Hines, Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, IL 60141, USA.
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Frankel F, Priven M, Richard E, Schweinshault C, Tongo O, Webster A, Barth E, Slejzer K, Edelstein S. Health Functionality of Organosulfides: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2015.1034281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Li B, Kim DS, Yadav RK, Kim HR, Chae HJ. Sulforaphane prevents doxorubicin-induced oxidative stress and cell death in rat H9c2 cells. Int J Mol Med 2015; 36:53-64. [PMID: 25936432 PMCID: PMC4494600 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulforaphane, a natural isothiocyanate compound found in cruciferous vegetables, has been shown to exert cardioprotective effects during ischemic heart injury. However, the effects of sulforaphane on cardiotoxicity induced by doxorubicin are unknown. Thus, in the present study, H9c2 rat myoblasts were pre-treated with sulforaphane and its effects on cardiotoxicity were then examined. The results revealed that the pre-treatment of H9c2 rat myoblasts with sulforaphane decreased the apoptotic cell number (as shown by trypan blue exclusion assay) and the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins (Bax, caspase-3 and cytochrome c; as shown by western blot analysis and immunostaining), as well as the doxorubicin-induced increase in mitochondrial membrane potential (measured by JC-1 assay). Furthermore, sulforaphane increased the mRNA and protein expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1, measured by RT-qPCR), which consequently reduced the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS, measured using MitoSOX Red reagent) in the mitochondria which were induced by doxorubicin. The cardioprotective effects of sulforaphane were found to be mediated by the activation of the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1)/NF-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2)/antioxidant-responsive element (ARE) pathway, which in turn mediates the induction of HO-1. Taken together, the findings of this study demonstrate that sulforaphane prevents doxorubicin-induced oxidative stress and cell death in H9c2 cells through the induction of HO-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute of Cardiovascular Research, School of Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Chonbuk 561-180, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Sung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute of Cardiovascular Research, School of Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Chonbuk 561-180, Republic of Korea
| | - Raj Kumar Yadav
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute of Cardiovascular Research, School of Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Chonbuk 561-180, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Ryong Kim
- Department of Dental Pharmacology and Wonkwang Biomaterial Implant Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Jung Chae
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute of Cardiovascular Research, School of Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Chonbuk 561-180, Republic of Korea
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Brennan MS, Matos MF, Li B, Hronowski X, Gao B, Juhasz P, Rhodes KJ, Scannevin RH. Dimethyl fumarate and monoethyl fumarate exhibit differential effects on KEAP1, NRF2 activation, and glutathione depletion in vitro. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120254. [PMID: 25793262 PMCID: PMC4368598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Delayed-release dimethyl fumarate (also known as gastro-resistant dimethyl fumarate), an oral therapeutic containing dimethyl fumarate (DMF) as the active ingredient, is currently approved for the treatment of relapsing multiple sclerosis. DMF is also a component in a distinct mixture product with 3 different salts of monoethyl fumarate (MEF), which is marketed for the treatment of psoriasis. Previous studies have provided insight into the pharmacologic properties of DMF, including modulation of kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1), activation of the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NRF2) pathway, and glutathione (GSH) modulation; however, those of MEF remain largely unexplored. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro effects of DMF and MEF on KEAP1 modification, activation of the NRF2 pathway, and GSH conjugation. Using mass spectrometry, DMF treatment resulted in a robust modification of specific cysteine residues on KEAP1. In comparison, the overall degree of KEAP1 modification following MEF treatment was significantly less or undetectable. Consistent with KEAP1 cysteine modification, DMF treatment resulted in nuclear translocation of NRF2 and a robust transcriptional response in treated cells, as did MEF; however, the responses to MEF were of a lower magnitude or distinct compared to DMF. DMF was also shown to produce an acute concentration-dependent depletion of GSH; however, GSH levels eventually recovered and rose above baseline by 24 hours. In contrast, MEF did not cause acute reductions in GSH, but did produce an increase by 24 hours. Overall, these studies demonstrate that DMF and MEF are both pharmacologically active, but have differing degrees of activity as well as unique actions. These differences would be expected to result in divergent effects on downstream biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie S Brennan
- Department of Neurology Research, Biogen Idec, Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Maria F Matos
- Department of Neurology Research, Biogen Idec, Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Neurology Research, Biogen Idec, Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Xiaoping Hronowski
- Department of Discovery Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry, Biogen Idec, Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Benbo Gao
- Department of Discovery Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry, Biogen Idec, Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Peter Juhasz
- Department of Discovery Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry, Biogen Idec, Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Kenneth J Rhodes
- Department of Neurology Research, Biogen Idec, Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Robert H Scannevin
- Department of Neurology Research, Biogen Idec, Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States of America
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