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Maurya S, Jain A, Singh V, Haque S, Mishra BN. Evaluation of
Saraca asoca
for its Anti‐Tubercular Potential via Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulation Studies. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202204899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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Wang L, Tang X, Zhang S, Xie X, Li M, Liu Y, Wang S. Tea GOLDEN2- LIKE genes enhance catechin biosynthesis through activating R2R3-MYB transcription factor. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac117. [PMID: 35937860 PMCID: PMC9347013 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of catechins, a major type of flavonoids accumulated in tea, is mediated by developmental cues and environmental stimuli. Light enhances but shading treatment reduces catechin accumulation in tea leaves. However, the transcription factors involved in light-mediated catechin biosynthesis remain to be identified. Two GOLDEN2 LIKE genes from tea plant (CsGLK1 and CsGLK2) were isolated and characterized in both tomato and tea plants. Transcripts of both CsGLK1 and CsGLK2 were affected by light intensity in tea plants. Overexpression of CsGLK1 and CsGLK2 promoted chloroplast development and carotenoid accumulation in tomato fruits. An integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic approach revealed that both catechin content and related biosynthetic genes were upregulated in CsGLK-overexpressing tomato leaves. Our further studies in tea plants indicated that CsGLKs directly regulate the transcription of CsMYB5b, a transcription factor involved in catechin biosynthesis. Suppression of CsGLKs in tea leaves led to the reduction of both CsMYB5b expression and catechin accumulation. Taken together, the results show that CsGLKs are involved in light-regulated catechin accumulation in tea plants by regulating expression of CsMYB5b and have great potential for enhancing the accumulation of both carotenoids and flavonoids in fruits of horticultural crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihuan Wang
- School of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xiaofeng Tang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009 China
| | - Shiqiang Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009 China
| | - Xiang Xie
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009 China
| | - Mengfei Li
- School of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
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A comparative study to investigate the effects of addition of milk and sugar on total polyphenol, flavonoid, catechin and tannin contents of green and black teas consumed in India. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-021-01036-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Deka H, Barman T, Dutta J, Devi A, Tamuly P, Kumar Paul R, Karak T. Catechin and caffeine content of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) leaf significantly differ with seasonal variation: A study on popular cultivars in North East India. J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2020.103684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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C. T. S, C. K. J, G. JKU, K.M. P, Balachandran I. Identification of validated substitute for Asoka (Saraca asoca (Roxb.) Willd.) by phytochemical and pharmacological evaluations. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-020-00024-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Asoka is an important drug used in many Ayurvedic formulations. The bark of Saraca asoca (Roxb.) Willd. is the genuine source plant for Asoka. Due to diminishing availability and increasing requirement, the Ayurvedic industry is facing acute shortage of this crude drug. It is usual that traders try to deceive the consumers by tendering similar bark of other trees. The unscientific substitution may affect the quality of herbal preparations adversely. The aim of the present study is to identify a scientifically validated substitute for Asoka.
Results
Phytochemical and pharmacological evaluation has been carried out using plant parts of four medicinal plants viz, Saraca asoca (AB), Polyalthia longifolia (PB), Shorea robusta (SB), and Trema orientalis (TB). The results of the study showed that among the tested extracts, AB and SB showed significant dose-dependent protection against bilateral ovariectomy-induced changes in estrus cycle, uterus weights, and lipid profile. LC/MS analysis revealed the presence of active catechins in both AB and SB. Polyalthia longifolia, the common adulterant of Asoka, showed entirely different chemical and biological properties.
Conclusion
This study concluded the possibility of using S. robusta bark as substitute for Asoka.
Graphical abstract
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Understanding Camellia sinensis using Omics Technologies along with Endophytic Bacteria and Environmental Roles on Metabolism: A Review. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9020281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Camellia sinensis is the most consumed beverage worldwide. It contains a wide variety of secondary metabolites, such as alkaloids, saponins, tannins, catechins, and polyphenols, generated through a condensation reaction of cinnamic acid with three malonyl-CoA groups. In addition to the metabolic processes occurring within this plant, there are also some plant-associated bacterial endophytes. These bacteria reside in the living tissues of the host plants without causing any harmful effect to them, thereby stimulating secondary metabolite production with a diverse range of biological effects. Omics technologies reveal understanding of the biological phenomena of transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. In this sense, the present review aims to provide a comprehensive review of various methods used to identify distinct plant compounds, namely transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic analysis. The role of endophytic bacteria in C. sinensis metabolism, and C. sinensis antioxidant and antimicrobial effects, are also carefully highlighted.
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Titretir Duran S. PREPARATION OF POLY(PYROMELLITIC DIANHYDRIDE-CO-THIONIN) MODIFIED VOLTAMMETRIC SENSOR FOR THE DETERMINATION OF EPICATECHIN. JOURNAL OF THE TURKISH CHEMICAL SOCIETY, SECTION A: CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.18596/jotcsa.446953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Guo F, Guo Y, Wang P, Wang Y, Ni D. Transcriptional profiling of catechins biosynthesis genes during tea plant leaf development. PLANTA 2017; 246:1139-1152. [PMID: 28825226 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2760-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A total of 299,113 unigenes were generated and 15,817 DEGs were identified. We identified candidate genes associated with the regulation of catechins biosynthesis during leaf development in tea plant. The tea plant (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) is one of the most economically significant crops worldwide because of its positive effects on human health. The health benefits of tea are mainly attributed to catechins, which are the predominant polyphenols that accumulate in tea. Catechins are products of the phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthetic pathways. Although catechins were identified in tea leaves long ago, the molecular mechanisms regulating catechins biosynthesis remain unclear. To identify candidate genes involved in catechins biosynthesis, we analyzed the transcriptomes of tea leaves during five different leaf stages of development using RNA-seq. Approximately 809 million high-quality reads were obtained, trimmed, and assembled into 299,113 unigenes with an average length of 565 bp. A total of 15,817 unigenes were differentially expressed during the different stages of leaf development. These differentially expressed genes were enriched in a variety of processes such as the regulation of the cell cycle, starch and sucrose metabolism, photosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, and flavonoid biosynthesis. Based on their annotations, 51 of these differentially expressed unigenes are involved in phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis. Furthermore, transcription factors such as MYB, bHLH and MADS, which may involve in the regulation of catechins biosynthesis, were identified through co-expression analysis of transcription factors and structural genes. Real-time PCR analysis of candidate genes indicated a good correlation with the transcriptome data. These findings increase our understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating catechins biosynthesis in the tea plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yafei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Pu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Dejiang Ni
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
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Siddiqui MW, Sharangi AB, Singh JP, Thakur PK, Ayala-Zavala JF, Singh A, Dhua RS. Antimicrobial Properties of Teas and Their Extracts in vitro. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 56:1428-39. [PMID: 25675116 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2013.769932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Tea has recently received the attention of pharmaceutical and scientific communities due to the plethora of natural therapeutic compounds. As a result, numerous researches have been published in a bid to validate their biological activity. Moreover, major attention has been drawn to antimicrobial activities of tea. Being rich in phenolic compounds, tea has the preventive potential for colon, esophageal, and lung cancers, as well as urinary infections and dental caries, among others. The venture of this review was to illustrate the emerging findings on the antimicrobial properties of different teas and tea extracts, which have been obtained from several in vitro studies investigating the effects of these extracts against different microorganisms. Resistance to antimicrobial agents has become an increasingly important and urgent global problem. The extracts of tea origin as antimicrobial agents with new mechanisms of resistance would serve an alternative way of antimicrobial chemotherapy targeting the inhibition of microbial growth and the spread of antibiotic resistance with potential use in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Wasim Siddiqui
- a Department of Food Science and Postharvest Technology , Bihar Agricultural University , Sabour, Bhagalpur , Bihar , India
| | - A B Sharangi
- b Department of Spices and Plantation Crops , Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya , Mohanpur, Nadia, Kalyani , West Bengal , India
| | - J P Singh
- a Department of Food Science and Postharvest Technology , Bihar Agricultural University , Sabour, Bhagalpur , Bihar , India
| | - Pran K Thakur
- c Department of Post-Harvest Technology of Horticultural Crops , Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya , Mohanpur, Nadia, Kalyani , West Bengal , India
| | - J F Ayala-Zavala
- d Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD, AC), La Victoria . Hermosillo , Sonora , México
| | - Archana Singh
- e Postgraduate Department of Botany , Government M. S. J. Postgraduate College , Bharatpur Rajasthan , India
| | - R S Dhua
- c Department of Post-Harvest Technology of Horticultural Crops , Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya , Mohanpur, Nadia, Kalyani , West Bengal , India
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BALCI F, ÖZDEMIR F. Influence of shooting period and extraction conditions on bioactive compounds in Turkish green tea. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-457x.17016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Li CF, Xu YX, Ma JQ, Jin JQ, Huang DJ, Yao MZ, Ma CL, Chen L. Biochemical and transcriptomic analyses reveal different metabolite biosynthesis profiles among three color and developmental stages in 'Anji Baicha' (Camellia sinensis). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:195. [PMID: 27609021 PMCID: PMC5015330 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0885-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The new shoots of the albino tea cultivar 'Anji Baicha' are yellow or white at low temperatures and turn green as the environmental temperatures increase during the early spring. 'Anji Baicha' metabolite profiles exhibit considerable variability over three color and developmental stages, especially regarding the carotenoid, chlorophyll, and theanine concentrations. Previous studies focused on physiological characteristics, gene expression differences, and variations in metabolite abundances in albino tea plant leaves at specific growth stages. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating metabolite biosynthesis in various color and developmental stages in albino tea leaves have not been fully characterized. RESULTS We used RNA-sequencing to analyze 'Anji Baicha' leaves at the yellow-green, albescent, and re-greening stages. The leaf transcriptomes differed considerably among the three stages. Functional classifications based on Gene Ontology enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses revealed that differentially expressed unigenes were mainly related to metabolic pathways, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms. Chemical analyses revealed higher β-carotene and theanine levels, but lower chlorophyll a levels, in the albescent stage than in the green stage. Furthermore, unigenes involved in carotenoid, chlorophyll, and theanine biosyntheses were identified, and the expression patterns of the differentially expressed unigenes in these biosynthesis pathways were characterized. Through co-expression analyses, we identified the key genes in these pathways. These genes may be responsible for the metabolite biosynthesis differences among the different leaf color and developmental stages of 'Anji Baicha' tea plants. CONCLUSIONS Our study presents the results of transcriptomic and biochemical analyses of 'Anji Baicha' tea plants at various stages. The distinct transcriptome profiles for each color and developmental stage enabled us to identify changes to biosynthesis pathways and revealed the contributions of such variations to the albino phenotype of tea plants. Furthermore, comparisons of the transcriptomes and related metabolites helped clarify the molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying the secondary metabolic pathways in different stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Fang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin’an, Hangzhou China
| | - Yan-Xia Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Qiang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ji-Qiang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dan-Juan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Zhe Yao
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chun-Lei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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Babu PAS, Aafrin BV, Archana G, Sabina K, Sudharsan K, Sivarajan M, Sukumar M. Effects of polyphenols from Caralluma fimbriata on acrylamide formation and lipid oxidation—An integrated approach of nutritional quality and degradation of fried food. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2016.1210161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Pereira ERDCV, Bessegato GG, Yamanaka H, Zanoni MVB. Determination of Quercetin by a Siloxane-Polyester/Poly-L-Lysine Nanocomposite Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode. ANAL LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2015.1104323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Li CF, Zhu Y, Yu Y, Zhao QY, Wang SJ, Wang XC, Yao MZ, Luo D, Li X, Chen L, Yang YJ. Global transcriptome and gene regulation network for secondary metabolite biosynthesis of tea plant (Camellia sinensis). BMC Genomics 2015. [PMID: 26220550 PMCID: PMC4518527 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1773-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Major secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, caffeine, and theanine, are important components of tea products and are closely related to the taste, flavor, and health benefits of tea. Secondary metabolite biosynthesis in Camellia sinensis is differentially regulated in different tissues during growth and development. Until now, little was known about the expression patterns of genes involved in secondary metabolic pathways or their regulatory mechanisms. This study aimed to generate expression profiles for C. sinensis tissues and to build a gene regulation model of the secondary metabolic pathways. Results RNA sequencing was performed on 13 different tissue samples from various organs and developmental stages of tea plants, including buds and leaves of different ages, stems, flowers, seeds, and roots. A total of 43.7 Gbp of raw sequencing data were generated, from which 347,827 unigenes were assembled and annotated. There were 46,693, 8446, 3814, 10,206, and 4948 unigenes specifically expressed in the buds and leaves, stems, flowers, seeds, and roots, respectively. In total, 1719 unigenes were identified as being involved in the secondary metabolic pathways in C. sinensis, and the expression patterns of the genes involved in flavonoid, caffeine, and theanine biosynthesis were characterized, revealing the dynamic nature of their regulation during plant growth and development. The possible transcription factor regulation network for the biosynthesis of flavonoid, caffeine, and theanine was built, encompassing 339 transcription factors from 35 families, namely bHLH, MYB, and NAC, among others. Remarkably, not only did the data reveal the possible critical check points in the flavonoid, caffeine, and theanine biosynthesis pathways, but also implicated the key transcription factors and related mechanisms in the regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Conclusions Our study generated gene expression profiles for different tissues at different developmental stages in tea plants. The gene network responsible for the regulation of the secondary metabolic pathways was analyzed. Our work elucidated the possible cross talk in gene regulation between the secondary metabolite biosynthetic pathways in C. sinensis. The results increase our understanding of how secondary metabolic pathways are regulated during plant development and growth cycles, and help pave the way for genetic selection and engineering for germplasm improvement. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1773-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Fang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
| | - Yan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Yao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Qiong-Yi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Present address: The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Sheng-Jun Wang
- Suzhou Genezym Biological Technology Co, Ltd, Suzhou, 215011, China.
| | - Xin-Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
| | - Ming-Zhe Yao
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
| | - Da Luo
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Xuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
| | - Ya-Jun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
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Joshi R, Rana A, Gulati A. Studies on quality of orthodox teas made from anthocyanin-rich tea clones growing in Kangra valley, India. Food Chem 2015; 176:357-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.12.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Bernal FA, Orduz-Diaz LL, Guerrero-Perilla C, Coy-Barrera ED. Diazo Coupling Reaction of Catechins and Alkylresorcinols with Diazotized Sulfanilic Acid for Quantitative Purposes in Edible Sources: Method Development and Validation. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-015-0207-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Rana A, Singh HP, Gulati A. Concurrent Analysis of Theanine, Caffeine, and Catechins Using Hydrophobic Selective C12 Stationary Phase. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2014.962144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Rana
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Tea Technology Lab, Hill Area Tea Science Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Harsh Pratap Singh
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Tea Technology Lab, Hill Area Tea Science Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Ashu Gulati
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Tea Technology Lab, Hill Area Tea Science Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
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Wu ZJ, Li XH, Liu ZW, Xu ZS, Zhuang J. De novo assembly and transcriptome characterization: novel insights into catechins biosynthesis in Camellia sinensis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:277. [PMID: 25316555 PMCID: PMC4203915 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0277-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tea is a popular natural non-alcoholic beverage consumed worldwide due to its bioactive ingredients, particularly catechins (flavan-3-ols). Catechins not only contribute to tea quality but also serve important functions in the anti-stress regulation of secondary metabolic pathways. However, the percentages of various catechins are different among tea plant [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] cultivars. This study aimed to elucidate the biosynthetic mechanism of catechins. Transcriptomes from leaf tissues of four tea plant cultivars, 'Yunnanshilixiang', 'Chawansanhao', 'Ruchengmaoyecha', and 'Anjibaicha', were sequenced using the high-throughput sequencing platform Illumina HiSeq™ 2000. De novo assemble were also performed. Catechins contents were measured through reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), and the biosynthetic pathway was also surveyed. RESULTS We constructed a unified unigene database. A total of 146,342 pairs of putative orthologs from the four tea plant cultivars, 'Yunnanshilixiang', 'Chawansanhao', 'Ruchengmaoyecha', and 'Anjibaicha' were generated. Approximately 68,890 unigenes (47.1%) were aligned to the sequences of seven public databases with a cut-off E-value of 1E-5. A total of 217 differentially expressed genes were found through RPKM values, and 150 unigenes were assigned to the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway using the integrated function annotation. The (-)-EGC and (-)-EC contents were significantly lower and the (+)-GC and (+)-C contents were abnormally higher in 'Ruchengmaoyecha' than in 'Yunnanshilixiang', 'Chawansanhao', and 'Anjibaicha'. The proportion of catechins was confirmed by selecting critical genes (ANS, ANR, and LAR) for qRT-PCR analysis. CONCLUSIONS This study provided a global survey of transcriptomes from four tea plant cultivars and serves as an available resource of genetic diversity. The analyses of transcriptome profiles and physiological indicators not only identified the putative genes involved in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway but also provided some novel insights for the mechanisms of catechins biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jun Wu
- />Tea Science Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Xing-Hui Li
- />Tea Science Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Zhi-Wei Liu
- />Tea Science Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Zhi-Sheng Xu
- />State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Jing Zhuang
- />Tea Science Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
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Bhattacharya A, Sharma M, Gulati A, Joshi R, Chanda SK, Ahuja PS. Histochemical evaluation of catechins in PEG stressed transgenic tea plants using catechin-specific-diazotized sulfanilamide reagent. Biotech Histochem 2014; 90:45-54. [PMID: 25151989 DOI: 10.3109/10520295.2014.942369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the applicability of catechin-specific-reagent (CSR) for histochemical evaluation of catechins. The diazotized arylamine moiety in CSR reacts specifically with the A-ring of catechins to yield a golden yellow complex. This makes it highly specific for spectrophotometric quantification of catechins. Therefore, microtome cut sections of untransformed and osmotin-expressing transgenic leaves and stem of tea were stained with CSR. We found catechins in the form of golden yellow globules. The catechin globules increased in the structurally intact and highly turgid cells of osmotin expressing transgenic tea plants after stress treatment with 20% PEG; by contrast, the cells in non-transgenic plants accumulated fewer catechin globules. Spectrophotometric quantification of catechins also confirmed higher levels in transgenics compared to untransformed plants. We found elevated accumulation of catechins in stress tolerant cells of tea leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bhattacharya
- CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research , Palampur-176061, Himachal Pradesh , India
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Mahajan M, Yadav SK. Overexpression of a tea flavanone 3-hydroxylase gene confers tolerance to salt stress and Alternaria solani in transgenic tobacco. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 85:551-73. [PMID: 24880475 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-014-0203-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Flavan-3-ols are the major flavonoids present in tea (Camellia sinensis) leaves. These are known to have antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties in vitro. Flavanone 3-hydroxylase is considered to be an important enzyme of flavonoid pathway leading to accumulation of flavan-3-ols in tea. Expression analysis revealed the upregulation in transcript levels of C. sinensis flavanone 3-hydroxylase (CsF3H) encoding gene under salt stress. In this study, the biotechnological potential of CsF3H was evaluated by gene overexpression in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi). Overexpression of CsF3H cDNA increased the content of flavan-3-ols in tobacco and conferred tolerance to salt stress and fungus Alternaria solani infection. Transgenic tobaccos were observed for increase in primary root length, number of lateral roots, chlorophyll content, antioxidant enzyme expression and their activities. Also, they showed lesser malondialdehyde content and electrolyte leakage compared to control tobacco plants. Further, transgenic plants produced higher degree of pectin methyl esterification via decreasing pectin methyl esterase (PME) activity in roots and leaves under unstressed and salt stressed conditions. The effect of flavan-3-ols on pectin methyl esterification under salt stressed conditions was further validated through in vitro experiments in which non-transgenic (wild) tobacco seedlings were exposed to salt stress in presence of flavan-3-ols, epicatechin and epigallocatechin. The in vitro exposed seedlings showed similar trend of increase in pectin methyl esterification through decreasing PME activity as observed in CsF3H transgenic lines. Taken together, overexpression of CsF3H provided tolerance to salt stress and fungus A. solani infection to transgenic tobacco through improved antioxidant system and enhanced pectin methyl esterification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Mahajan
- Biotechnology Division, Plant Metabolic Engineering, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Palampur, 176061, HP, India
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Thirugnanasambantham K, Muralidaran S, Mandal AKA. Molecular Cloning, Computational and Expression Analysis of Anthocyanidin Reductase in Tea (Camellia sinensis). Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 174:130-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1038-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Xiong L, Li J, Li Y, Yuan L, Liu S, Huang J, Liu Z. Dynamic changes in catechin levels and catechin biosynthesis-related gene expression in albino tea plants (Camellia sinensis L.). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 71:132-43. [PMID: 23911731 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) leaves are a major source of flavonoids that mainly belong to the flavan-3-ols or catechins and are implicated in a wide range of health benefits. Although the catechins in tea leaves were identified long ago, the regulatory mechanisms governing catechin biosynthesis remain unclear. In the present work, the dynamic changes of catechin levels and the expression profiles of catechin-related genes in albino tea plants were intensively examined. The amounts of most catechins decreased to their lowest levels in the albino phase, when epigallocatechingallate was the highest of the catechins compared to all catechins, and catechin the lowest. Enzyme assays indicated that phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity was positively correlated with the concentration of catechins (r = 0.673). Gene expression profiling by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction showed that the transcript abundance of flavonoid biosynthetic genes followed a tightly regulated biphasic pattern, and was affected by albinism. These genes (PAL, C4H, 4CL, CHS, CHI, F3H, FLS, F3'H, F3'5'H, DFR, LAR, ANS and ANR) encode enzymes in flavonoid biosynthesis. The expression levels of PAL, F3H and FLS were correlated with the concentration of catechins and the correlation coefficients were -0.683, 0.687 and -0.602, respectively. Therefore, these results indicate that PAL might be a core regulator in the control of catechin biosynthesis in albino tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligui Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan, Changsha 410128, China; National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan, Changsha 410128, China
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Abderrahim F, Huanatico E, Repo-Carrasco-Valencia R, Arribas S, Gonzalez M, Condezo-Hoyos L. Effect of germination on total phenolic compounds, total antioxidant capacity, Maillard reaction products and oxidative stress markers in canihua (Chenopodium pallidicaule). J Cereal Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2012.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Song R, Kelman D, Johns K, Wright A. Correlation between leaf age, shade levels, and characteristic beneficial natural constituents of tea (Camellia sinensis) grown in Hawaii. Food Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.01.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Kerio L, Wachira F, Wanyoko J, Rotich M. Characterization of anthocyanins in Kenyan teas: Extraction and identification. Food Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Seasonal clonal variations and effects of stresses on quality chemicals and prephenate dehydratase enzyme activity in tea (Camellia sinensis). Eur Food Res Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-010-1379-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kottur G, Venkatesan S, Senthil Kumar RS, Murugesan S. Diversity among various forms of catechins and its synthesizing enzyme (phenylalanine ammonia lyase) in relation to quality of black tea (Camellia spp.). JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2010; 90:1533-1537. [PMID: 20549808 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.3981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quality of tea depends on the cultivar and climatic conditions. Biochemical pathways within the plant and climatic factors can result in noticeable changes in chemical composition, which determine the quality of tea. Black tea quality attributes are influenced by various forms of catechins, namely gallated, non-gallated, dihydroxylated and trihydroxylated catechins and their ratios. Hence the variations in grouped catechins and their synthesizing enzyme in relation to quality of south Indian black tea grown in different seasons and different cultivars were studied. RESULTS Gallated, non-gallated, dihydroxylated, trihydroxylated catechins and catechin index were significantly higher in crop shoots harvested during summer. A significant and wide diversity in various forms of catechins was noticed among the cultivars tested. Among the cultivars, UPASI-3 registered the higher amount of various forms of catechins and activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), followed by UPASI-9 and UPASI-17 respectively, while the lowest amount was exhibited by 'Assam' seedlings and TRI-2043. CONCLUSION Overall quality as evaluated by tea tasters was positively correlated to the cultivars and seasons tested. This positive correlation can be attributed to higher levels of grouped catechins and PAL activity. Thus the contents of various forms of catechins could be the most important quality parameter of the south Indian black teas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govindasamy Kottur
- Tea Technology Division, UPASI Tea Research Foundation, Nirar Dam BPO, Valparai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Drynan JW, Clifford MN, Obuchowicz J, Kuhnert N. The chemistry of low molecular weight black tea polyphenols. Nat Prod Rep 2010; 27:417-62. [DOI: 10.1039/b912523j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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ÖLMEZ HÜLYA, YILMAZ AYSUN. CHANGES IN CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS AND POLYPHENOL OXIDASE ACTIVITY OF TEA LEAVES WITH SHOOT MATURITY AND COLD STORAGE. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4549.2009.00423.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Singh K, Rani A, Paul A, Dutt S, Joshi R, Gulati A, Ahuja PS, Kumar S. Differential display mediated cloning of anthocyanidin reductase gene from tea (Camellia sinensis) and its relationship with the concentration of epicatechins. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 29:837-846. [PMID: 19380395 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpp022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] leaves are a major source of epicatechin (EC) and its gallolyl derivatives epicatechin gallate, epigallocatechin and epigallocatechin gallate, collectively known as epicatechins (ECs). Epicatechins are important factors determining tea quality, and they also possess many medicinal properties. To gain further information about the regulation of the biosynthesis of ECs, we cloned the gene encoding anthocyanidin reductase from tea (CsANR) by first quantifying changes in the concentrations of ECs in response to drought, gibberellic acid (GA(3)), abscisic acid (ABA) and wounding treatments, followed by differential display of mRNAs and analysis of those bands exhibiting a change in expression paralleling the treatment-induced changes observed in the EC data. Analysis of 133 bands yielded a partial cDNA of CsANR that was later cloned to the full length by rapid amplification of the cDNA ends. The full-length CsANR (Accession No. AY641729) comprised 1233 bp with an ORF of 1014 bp (from 79 to 1092 bp) encoding a polypeptide of 337 amino acids. Expression of CsANR in an Escherichia coli expression vector yielded a functional protein that catalyzed the conversion of cyanidin to EC in the presence of NADPH. Analysis of ECs and gene expression in leaves at different developmental stages and across five tea clones exhibiting variable concentrations of ECs revealed a positive correlation between concentration of ECs and CsANR expression. Expression of CsANR was down-regulated in response to drought, ABA and GA(3) treatments and up-regulated in response to wounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashmir Singh
- Biotechnology Division, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur - 176061, India
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Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H) and catechins (flavan-3-ols) accumulation in tea. Funct Integr Genomics 2008; 9:125-34. [PMID: 18679731 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-008-0092-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2008] [Revised: 07/05/2008] [Accepted: 07/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and cinnamate 4-hydroxylase are important enzymes in allocating significant amounts of carbon from phenylalanine into the biosynthesis of several important secondary metabolites. Tea is an important crop of commerce known for its beverage and medicinally important flavonoid compounds, mainly catechins. As metabolic flux for the operation of the flavonoid pathway is maintained through the activities of PAL and C4H, thus, catechins biosynthesis in tea is critically dependent on the products of these enzymes. We examined the expression of PAL and C4H. Sequence encoding CsPAL was isolated from tea by polymerase chain reaction using sequence information available at the NCBI GenBank. Sequence encoding C4H was isolated from tea by using differential display of mRNA and rapid amplification of cDNA ends technology. CsC4H (AY641731) comprised of 1,352 bp full-length cDNA with open reading frame of 1,173 bp encoding 390 amino acids. Catechin contents decreased in response to drought stress (DS), abscisic acid (ABA), and gibberellic acid (GA(3)) treatments but increased in response to wounding. The expression of CsPAL and CsC4H showed the same behavior under the above treatments and was also in accordance with the catechin contents. A positive correlation between catechin contents and gene expression suggested a critical role of the enzymes in catechins biosynthesis and a crosstalk between phenylpropanoid and flavonoid pathways.
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Adegbola AR, Dare EO, Lasisi AA. Spray Reagents for the Visualization and Detection of Sesame Oil Unsaponifiables on Thin-Layer Chromatograms. Chromatographia 2008. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-008-0660-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Sparzak B, Krauze-Baranowska M, Pobłocka-Olech L. HPTLC determination of catechins in in-vitro cultures of two species of the genusPhyllanthus. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2008. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.21.2008.2.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Yao L, Caffin N, D'Arcy B, Jiang Y, Shi J, Singanusong R, Liu X, Datta N, Kakuda Y, Xu Y. Seasonal variations of phenolic compounds in Australia-grown tea (Camellia sinensis). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:6477-83. [PMID: 16076137 DOI: 10.1021/jf050382y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal variations of phenolic compounds in fresh tea shoots grown in Australia were studied using an HPLC method. Three principal tea flavanols [epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), epicatechin gallate (ECG), and epigallocatechin (EGC)] and four grouped phenolics [total catechins (Cs), total catechin gallates (CGs), total flavanols (Fla), and total polyphenols (PPs)] in fresh tea shoots were analyzed and compared during the commercial harvest seasons from April 2000 to May 2001. The levels of EGCG, ECG, and CGs in the fresh tea shoots were higher in the warm months of April 2000 (120.52, 34.50, and 163.75 mg/g, respectively) and May 2000 (128.63, 44.26, and 183.83 mg/g, respectively) and lower during the cool months of July 2000 (91.39, 35.16, and 132.30 mg/g, respectively), August 2000 (91.31, 31.56, and 128.64 mg/g, respectively), and September 2000 (96.12, 33.51, and 136.90 mg/g, respectively). Thereafter, the levels increased throughout the warmer months from October to December 2000 and remained high until May 2001. In the warmer months, the levels of EGCG, ECG, and CGs were in most cases significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those in the samples harvested in the cooler months. In contrast, the levels of EGC and Cs were high and consistent in the cooler months and low in the warmer months. The seasonal variations of the individual and grouped catechins were significant (P < 0.05) between the cooler and warmer months. This study revealed that EGCG and ECG could be used as quality descriptors for monitoring the seasonal variations of phenolics in Australia-grown tea leaves, and the ratio (EGCG + ECG)/EGC has been suggested as a quality index for measuring the differences in flavanol levels in fresh tea shoots across the growing seasons. Mechanisms that induce seasonal variations in tea shoots may include one or all three of the following environmental conditions: day length, sunlight, and/or temperature, which vary markedly across seasons. Therefore, further studies under controlled conditions such as in a greenhouse may be required to direct correlate flavonoid profiles of green tea leaves with their yields and also to with conditions such as rainfall and humidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihu Yao
- South China Botanic Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou ReYiJu 510650, People's Republic of China
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Hachuła U, Anikiel S, Sajewicz M. Application of densitometry and spectrophotometry for determination of gallic acid in tea after chromatographic separation. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2005. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.18.2005.4.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Nowak R, Hawrył M. Application of densitometry to the determination of catechin in rose-hip extracts. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2005. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.18.2005.3.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Gulati A, Rawat R, Singh B, Ravindranath SD. Application of microwave energy in the manufacture of enhanced-quality green tea. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2003; 51:4764-8. [PMID: 14705910 DOI: 10.1021/jf026227q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Green tea manufacture was standardized with respect to the inactivation of polyphenol oxidase (PPO), rolling, and drying for quality manufacture. Inactivation of PPO by parching, steaming, microwave heating, and oven heating was monitored in tea shoots. The inactivated shoots were rolled under regimens of high and low pressures and dried by microwave heating, oven heating, or sun-drying; total phenols and catechins were estimated. Parched and sun-dried teas contained the lowest levels of total phenols and catechins, and their infusions were dull in color with a slightly burnt odor. Microwave-inactivated and-dried teas showed the highest levels of total phenols and catechins, and their infusions were bright in color and sweet in taste with a subtle pleasant odor. In steam-inactivated and oven/microwave-dried teas, total phenol and catechin contents were intermediate between parched and sun-dried teas and microwave-inactivated and microwave-dried teas, and their infusions were bright with a umami taste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashu Gulati
- Hill Area Tea Science Division, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176 061 (H.P.), India.
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Sandoval M, Okuhama NN, Angeles FM, Melchor VV, Condezo LA, Lao J, Miller MJ. Antioxidant activity of the cruciferous vegetable Maca (Lepidium meyenii). Food Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0308-8146(02)00133-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Moure A, Cruz JM, Franco D, Domı́nguez J, Sineiro J, Domı́nguez H, José Núñez M, Parajó J. Natural antioxidants from residual sources. Food Chem 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0308-8146(00)00223-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 727] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Abstract
An overview of analytical methods for the measurement of biologically important tea catechins is presented. Liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis are the most cited techniques for catechin separation, identification and quantitation. Liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection is frequently used; however, mass spectrometry, electrochemical, fluorescence and chemiluminescence detection are also utilized in cases where more sensitive or selective detection is needed. Two modes of capillary electrophoresis, capillary zone electrophoresis and micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography, have been employed for the determination of catechins. Both modes of capillary electrophoresis are based on ultraviolet detection. Additional analytical techniques, such as gas chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, paper chromatography, spectrophotometry, biosensing, chemiluminescence and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy have also been utilized for the determination of catechins and are reviewed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Dalluge
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Analytical Chemistry Division, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-0001, USA.
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Variation in chemical composition and quality of tea (Camellia sinensis) with increasing blister blight (Exobasidium vexans) severity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1017/s0953756299008941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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