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Occurrence of synthetic phenolic antioxidants in foodstuffs from ten provinces in China and its implications for human dietary exposure. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 165:113134. [PMID: 35588985 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) are widely used as food additives to delay the oxidation rate of oils and oil products. The concentrations and compositions of SPAs in Chinese residents' most popular daily foods and the resulting exposure risk of SPAs are not clear. Therefore, this study collected food samples in 13 food categories (n = 289) from 10 provinces in China. At least one of the SPAs was detected in approximately 99.7% of foodstuffs, and the concentration of ∑SPAs ranged from not detected to 7830 (geometric mean (GM): 296 ng/g wet weight). 2,6-2 tert butyl p-1,4-benzoquinone (BHT-Q) was the main transformation product, but SPAs in food tend to exist in the parent form. A significant difference between food categories was analyzed. The highest GM of ΣSPAs occurred in cereals and cereal products, which was approximately 8 times higher than that in beverages. The estimated daily intakes of ΣSPAs in Chinese preschoolers, school-age children, adults and elderly individuals were 22200, 9970, 7540 and 7700 ng/kg bw/day, respectively. The exposure risks of SPAs decreased with age. This is the first simultaneous analysis of SPAs in multiple provinces and multiple categories of foodstuffs.
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Tang J, Li J, Liu T, Tang W, Li N, Zheng S, Guo J, Song C. N-Doped TiO2–Carbon Composites Derived from NH2-MIL-125(Ti) for Electrochemical Determination of tert-Butylhydroquinone. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-022-02339-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wang W, Xiong P, Zhang H, Zhu Q, Liao C, Jiang G. Analysis, occurrence, toxicity and environmental health risks of synthetic phenolic antioxidants: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 201:111531. [PMID: 34146526 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The continuous improvement of living standards is related to higher requirements for the freshness and taste of food. For example, synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) are added to fats and fried foods as food additives to minimize the oxidative rancidity of oils and fats. Hence, the global use of SPAs is increasing year by year. Dibutyl hydroxytoluene is one of the widely used SPAs, often in combination with butyl hydroxyanisole or gallate SPAs. The extensive use of these compounds makes them and their transformation products to be widespread in various environmental matrices, including indoor dust, wastewater, river water, sewage sludge, and sediment, as well as human samples, such as nails and urine, at concentrations varying from nanogram per gram (ng/g) to microgram per gram (μg/g). Animal experiments have shown that high-dose SPA exposure is toxic, which may lead to DNA damage and mismatches and the development of cancerous tumors. Since the biosphere shares the same set of genetic codes, humans and animals have many identical or similar feedback mechanisms and information pathways. Therefore, the damage of SPAs to animals may also threaten human health. This review discusses the properties, occurrence, analysis, and environmental health risks of typical SPAs, including butyl hydroxyanisole, dibutyl hydroxytoluene, tert-butylhydroquinone, propyl gallate, octyl gallate, and lauryl gallate, used as food additives. In addition, AO2246, which is used in food packaging bags, is also considered. Future research directions on SPAs and their transformation products (TPs) are identified and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Ping Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - He Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qingqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chunyang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Ma Y, Li J, Wang L. Porous carbon derived from ZIF-8 modified molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor for the detection of tert-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ) in edible oil. Food Chem 2021; 365:130462. [PMID: 34218113 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this manuscript, ZIF-8 derived nanoporous carbon material (ZC) was prepared and used as modification material to construct a molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor for the direct detection of tert-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ) in edible oil. Electrochemical characterizations, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction show that ZC has excellent conductivity, high electrochemical active area and stable porous framework structure. Using TBHQ as template and o-phenylenediamine as functional monomer, the sensor was constructed. Experimental parameters such as the number of polymerization cycle, polymerization speed, and pH of the measured solution, removal and rebinding time were studied. Under optimized conditions, the prepared sensor showed a wider linear range from 1.0 μmol L-1 to 75.0 μmol L-1 with the detection limit of 0.42 μmol L-1 (S/N = 3). Meanwhile, the sensor also expressed good selectivity, repeatability, reproducibility, stability and successfully applied for the determination of TBHQ in real edible oil, giving satisfactory results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiayong Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, People's Republic of China
| | - Lishi Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Sun Z, Wang M, Cheng N, Gao H, Deng J, Zhao J, Cao W. Determination of Synthetic Phenolic Antioxidants in Vegetable Oil and Oil-Enriched Foods by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Electrochemical Detection. ANAL LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2016.1195396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Sun
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Analytical Science, Shaanxi Provincial Key Lab of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ni Cheng
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hui Gao
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianjun Deng
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Cao
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Analytical Science, Shaanxi Provincial Key Lab of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
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Zhao P, Hao J. Tert-butylhydroquinone recognition of molecular imprinting electrochemical sensor based on core–shell nanoparticles. Food Chem 2013; 139:1001-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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8
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Ding M, Zou J. Rapid micropreparation procedure for the gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric determination of BHT, BHA and TBHQ in edible oils. Food Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.09.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Darji V, Boyce MC, Bennett I, Breadmore MC, Quirino J. Determination of food grade antioxidants using microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:2267-71. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Stalikas CD. Extraction, separation, and detection methods for phenolic acids and flavonoids. J Sep Sci 2008; 30:3268-95. [PMID: 18069740 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 446] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The impetus for developing analytical methods for phenolic compounds in natural products has proved to be multifaceted. Hundreds of publications on the analysis of this category of compounds have appeared over the past two decades. Traditional and more advanced techniques have come to prominence for sample preparation, separation, detection, and identification. This review provides an updated and extensive overview of methods and their applications in natural product matrices and samples of biological origin. In addition, it critically appraises recent developments and trends, and provides selected representative bibliographic examples.
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Boyce MC. Determination of additives and organic contaminants in food by CE and CEC. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:4046-62. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Boyce MC, Spickett EE. DETERMINATION OF ADDITIVES IN COSMETICS BY MICELLAR ELECTROKINETIC CAPILLARY CHROMATOGRAPHY. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100100445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary C. Boyce
- a Faculty of Communications, Health, and Science , Edith Cowan University , Perth, WA, 6050, U.S.A
| | - Evadne E. Spickett
- a Faculty of Communications, Health, and Science , Edith Cowan University , Perth, WA, 6050, U.S.A
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Jác P, Polásek M, Pospísilová M. Recent trends in the determination of polyphenols by electromigration methods. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 40:805-14. [PMID: 16413729 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2005] [Revised: 12/06/2005] [Accepted: 12/06/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
An overview mapping recent trends in the determination of polyphenols of natural origin (mostly flavonoids) and their synthetic derivatives by electromigration methods is presented. The overview (covering the period of the recent 5 years and comprising 61 references) is focused on capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) with various detection methods. Techniques comprising on-line pre-separation such as isotachophoresis (ITP)-CZE and flow-injection-CZE, chiral separations and CZE evaluation of antioxidation activity are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Jác
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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Zhang LY, Sun MX. Selective determination of gamma-aminobutyric acid, glutamate and alanine by mixed micellar electrokinetic chromatography and fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1095:185-8. [PMID: 16221476 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2005] [Revised: 09/10/2005] [Accepted: 09/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A mixed micellar electrokinetic chromatography method with fluorescence detection was developed to simultaneously monitor gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate (Glu) and alanine (Ala) in biological samples. Amino acids were derivatized with naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde (NDA). The separation of three NDA-labeled isomers (GABA, alpha-ABA, beta-ABA) was studied in detail with different micelles solutions such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) and sodium cholate (SC). Simultaneous resolution of GABA, Glu and Ala from 21 amino acids was achieved within 5 min using 20 mM phosphate buffer at pH 8.7 containing 24 mM SC and 26 mM SDS. The detection limits were 4.0 x 10(-8), 1.1 x 10(-8) and 1.3 x 10(-8) M, for GABA, Glu and Ala, respectively, with S/N = 2. The method was applied to monitor the changes of amount of GABA, Glu and Ala in tobacco leaf in response to cold and dark stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of MOE for Plant Development Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, China
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Herrero M, Ibáñiez E, Cifuentes A. Analysis of natural antioxidants by capillary electromigration methods. J Sep Sci 2005; 28:883-97. [PMID: 16013814 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200400104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In this work, an exhaustive survey of capillary electromigration methods used to analyze natural antioxidants is presented together with some discussion of the use of these substances use as functional foods. This review provides an updated and exhaustive overview of the separation and identification by capillary electrophoresis of natural compounds with antioxidant activity found in natural matrices and/or foods. The compounds concerned are catechins, isoflavones, anthocyanins, phenolic acids, vitamins, as well as other less common natural substances that have shown antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Herrero
- Institute of Industrial Fermentations, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Food authenticity is a term which simply refers to whether the food purchased by the consumer matches its description. False description can occur in many forms, from the undeclared addition of water or other cheaper materials, or the wrong declaration of the amount of a particular ingredient in the product, to making false statements about the source of ingredients i.e., their geographic, plant, or animal origin. The aim of this review is to summarize applications of capillary electrophoresis in food authentication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frantisek Kvasnicka
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Department of Food Preservation and Meat Technology, Technicka 3, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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Wang M, Wu D, Yao Q, Shen X. Separation and selectivity in micellar electrokinetic chromatography using sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles or Tween 20-modified mixed micelles. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.05.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Sáenz-López R, Fernández-Zurbano P, Tena MT. Capillary electrophoretic separation of phenolic diterpenes from rosemary. J Chromatogr A 2002; 953:251-6. [PMID: 12058938 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00111-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The major phenolic diterpenes responsible for the antioxidant properties of rosemary extracts, namely carnosol and carnosic acid, were separated by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) using a 56 cm long uncoated fused-silica capillary and a 50 mM disodium tetraborate buffer of pH 10.1. The effect of the buffer type, pH and concentration, and the capillary length on the separation, was studied. Carnosol and carnosic acid were identified in the electrophoregrams of rosemary extracts through their migration times and UV spectra obtained by CZE analysis of pure compounds isolated from a rosemary extract by HPLC fractionation. The CZE method had good reproducibility (relative standard deviation less than 5%) and was applied to compare the contents of carnosol and carnosic acid in solid and oil-dispersed commercial extracts of rosemary and in rosemary leaves. The separation of carnosol and carnosic acid was accomplished in less than 11 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Sáenz-López
- Department of Chemistry, University of La Rioja, Madre de Dios, Logroño, Spain
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Abstract
Capillary electrophoretic (CE) methods have been used to separate and determine a wide range of water-soluble vitamins in pharmaceutical preparations, but has found limited application in determining vitamins at naturally occurring levels in food and beverages. CE has been used to determine vitamin C in fruits and beverages, niacin in a range of foods and thiamine in samples of meat and milk. The CE methodologies used to determine vitamins in pharmaceutical preparations and biological fluids are also included as examples of the effectiveness of CE in vitamin analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- V C Trenerry
- State Chemistry Laboratory, Werribee, Victoria, Australia.
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Abstract
The application of capillary electrophoresis (CE) to the analysis of additives in food has been reviewed. Additives included in the review are preservatives, antioxidants, sweeteners, colourings, caffeine, niacin, choline, nitrate, and nitrite. The review highlights the versatility of CE in separating this often widely disparate group of compounds. The application of the methods to real food samples is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Boyce
- School of Natural Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia.
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