Liquid chromatographic analysis of incurred amoxicillin residues in catfish muscle following oral administration of the drug

Application and evaluation of a high-resolution mass spectrometry screening method for veterinary drug residues in incurred fish and imported aquaculture samples

The ability to detect chemical contaminants, including veterinary drug residues in animal products such as fish, is an important example of food safety analysis. In this paper, a liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) screening method using a quadrupole-Orbitrap instrument was applied to the analysis of veterinary drug residues in incurred tissues from aquacultured channel catfish, rainbow trout, and Atlantic salmon and imported aquacultured products including European eel, yellow croaker, and tilapia. Compared to traditional MS methods, the use of HRMS with nontargeted data acquisition and exact mass measurement capability greatly increased the scope of compounds that could be monitored simultaneously. The fish samples were prepared for analysis using a simple efficient procedure that consisted of an acidic acetonitrile extraction followed by solid phase extraction cleanup. Two different HRMS acquisition programs were used to analyze the fish extracts. This method detected and identified veterinary drugs including quinolones, fluoroquinolones, avermectins, dyes, and aminopenicillins at residue levels in fish that had been dosed with those compounds. A metabolite of amoxicillin, amoxicillin diketone, was also found at high levels in catfish, trout, and salmon. The method was also used to characterize drug residues in imported fish. In addition to confirming findings of fluoroquinolone and sulfonamide residues that were found by traditional targeted MS methods, several new compounds including 2-amino mebendazole in eel and ofloxacin in croaker were detected and identified. Graphical Abstract Aquacultured samples are analyzed with a high-resolution mass spectrometry screening method to detect and identify unusual veterinary drug residues including ofloxacin in an imported fish.

Pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin trihydrate in cultured olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)

The study was aimed at investigating the pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin trihydrate (AMOX) in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) following oral, intramuscular, and intravenous administration, using high-performance liquid chromatography following. The maximum plasma concentration (Cmax ), following oral administration of 40 and 80 mg/kg body weight (b.w.), AMOX was 1.14 (Tmax , 1.7 h) and 0.76 μg/mL (Tmax , 1.6 h), respectively. Intramuscular administration of 30 and 60 mg/kg of AMOX resulted in Cmax values of 4 and 4.3 μg/mL, respectively, with the corresponding Tmax values of 29 and 38 h. Intravenous administration of 6 mg/kg AMOX resulted in a Cmax of 9 μg/mL 2 h after administration. Following oral administration of 40 and 80 mg/kg AMOX, area under the curve (AUC) values were 52.257 and 41.219 μg/mL·h, respectively. Intramuscular 30 and 60 mg/kg doses resulted in AUC values of 370.274 and 453.655 μg/mL·h, respectively, while the AUC following intravenous administration was 86.274 μg/mL·h. AMOX bioavailability was calculated to be 9% and 3.6% following oral administration of 40 and 80 mg/kg, respectively, and the corresponding values following intramuscular administration were 86% and 53%. In conclusion, this study demonstrated high bioavailability of AMOX following oral administration in olive flounder.

Enhancement of the capabilities of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with derivatization: general principles and applications

The integration of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) with derivatization is a relatively new and unique strategy that could add value and could enhance the capabilities of LC-MS-based technologies. The derivatization process could be carried out in various analytical steps, for example, sampling, storage, sample preparation, HPLC separation, and MS detection. This review presents an overview of derivatization-based LC-MS strategy over the past 10 years and covers both the general principles and applications in the fields of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, biomarker and metabolomic research, environmental analysis, and food-safety evaluation. The underlying mechanisms and theories for derivative reagent selection are summarized and highlighted to guide future studies.

Flow injection analysis-solid phase extraction (FIA-SPE) method for preconcentration and determination of trace amounts of penicillins using methylene blue grafted polyurethane foam

A simple, fast, and fully automated FIA-SPE method with UV detection for the preconcentration and determination of the investigated penicillins has been developed. This paper provides adequate procedure for the preconcentration and determination of the studied compounds in pharmaceuticals and milk samples. Penicillins (penicillin G, amoxicillin, and ampicillin) are extracted in a mincolumn packed with methylene blue grafted polyurethane foam (MBGPUF) material. The antibiotics are eluted by hydrochloric acid solution to the flow cell of UV-vis spectrophotometer at 230 nm. The analytes are preconcentrated on the sorbent at pH 8.0-9.5 and sample flow rate 3.0 mL/min. Elution was performed with 200 microL 0.2 mol L(-1) hydrochloric acid at 2 mL min(-1). Sample throughput is 12h(-1) at 120 s preconcentration time. High selectivity of the sorbent for the analytes was achieved at the specified pH range. The enrichment factors achieved are 14, 16, and 11 with 3 sigma detection limits of 12, 15, and 19 ng mL(-1) for penicillin G, amoxicillin and ampicillin, respectively. The method was successfully applied to the determination of these antibiotics in pharmaceutical control and contaminated milk samples with RSD<or=8.8%.

Application of a solid-phase fluorescence immunoassay to determine amoxicillin residues in fish tissue

The present study demonstrates an application of Parallux (a solid-phase fluorescence immunoassay) for amoxicillin analysis in fish tissue. Amoxicillin at the recommended therapeutic dose (400 mg/kg body weight) was orally administered to three groups of 25 olive flounder ( Paralichthys olivaceus ), 25 rockfish ( Sebastes schlegeli ) and 25 red sea bream ( Pagrus major ) for 7 consecutive days. Amoxicillin was detected in the muscle of fish treated by the 3rd day of the withdrawal period. The recovery rates of all spiked muscle samples were > 86% of the spiked values. The present study showed that solid-phase fluorescence immunoassay can be easily adopted in predicting amoxicillin residues in the muscle tissue of farmed fish.

Analytical strategies to determine antibiotic residues in fish

The accelerated growth of aquaculture has resulted in a series of harmful effects to human health. The widespread and unrestricted use of antibiotics in this industry, to prevent bacterial infections, leads to remaining amounts in the aquatic environment. This has resulted in the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in aquaculture environments, in the increase in antibiotic resistance in fish pathogens as well as in the transfer of these resistance determinants to human pathogens. Moreover, the use of large amounts of antibiotics may lead to the presence of residual antibiotics in fish tissue and fish products. Fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, penicillins, sulphonamides and other antibiotics, exhibiting activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, are widely used for the treatment and prevention of diseases in fish. An extended and comprehensive review on the recent analytical methodologies concerning antibiotic residues in fish reported in the literature is provided in the present article. Emphasis is given on sample preparation regarding isolation and purification, chromatographic conditions and method validation according to legislation. Results of published assays are comparatively presented and criticised.

Rapid method for the quantification of amoxicillin and its major metabolites in pig tissues by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with emphasis on stability issues

A fast method for the quantitative determination of amoxicillin (AMO), amoxicilloic acid (AMA) and amoxicillin diketopiperazine-2',5'-dione (DIKETO) in pig edible tissues (kidney, liver, fat and muscle) with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) is presented. The method uses a simple liquid-liquid extraction of the tissue matrix with a 10 mM potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer (pH 4.5) as extraction solvent. After deproteinisation by ultrafiltration, the tissue extract was directly injected onto the LC column. Chromatographic separation of the components was performed on a PLRP-S polymeric column using 0.1% of formic acid in water and acetonitrile. The mass spectrometer was operated in the positive electrospray MS/MS mode. The method was fully validated according to EU requirements (linearity, precision, trueness, quantification limit, detection limit and specificity). The stability of the components was evaluated over the pH range from 1.2 to 8.0. Biological samples of pigs medicated with AMO and AMO/clavulanic acid were analyzed using the developed method.

Liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric methods for analyzing antibiotic and antibacterial agents in animal food products

Public health agencies in many countries rely on detection by mass spectrometry for unambiguous identification of residues of antibiotic and antibacterial agents in animal food products for human consumption. The introduction of relatively inexpensive and robust LC-MS systems has given a strong impulse to develop determinative and confirmatory methods for the above medicines in foodstuffs. This impulse has been also dictated by thermal instability and lack of volatility of many antibiotics and antibacterials that makes the GC-MS technique of difficult application. Analytical methods developed for analyzing components of the major classes of the medicines mentioned above are here reviewed. The discussion is focused on both sample treatment and final LC-MS analysis.