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Dahiya P, Yadav A, Peddinti RK. Spirocyclization and Michael addition of 3-benzylidene succinimides: route to spirocyclopentapyrrolidine-tetraones and benzylidene N-arylpyrrolidine-diones. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:9192-9199. [PMID: 37955962 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01629c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Reactions of 3-benzylidene succinimides with 2-substituted 2-hydroxy-indane-1,3-diones and unsaturated pyrazolones are carried out under basic conditions to afford spirocyclized derivatives and Michael adducts, respectively, with high regio- and stereo-selectivities. The most notable aspect of the reaction is the ability of highly reactive benzylidene succinimide to act as both an electrophile and a nucleophile causing spirocyclization. The reaction proceeded under mild and metal-free conditions and products were isolated in good to high yields. The current strategy utilizes simple and easily accessible precursors, and provides functionally rich products of medicinal interest with two to four contiguous stereogenic centres and complete regioselectivity with excellent diastereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Dahiya
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Anoop Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Rama Krishna Peddinti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, Uttarakhand, India.
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2
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Das S. Recent applications of 1,3-indanedione in organic transformations for the construction of fused- and spiro scaffolds. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.132954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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3
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Idzik TJ, Borzyszkowska-Ledwig A, Struk Ł, Sośnicki JG. Magnesiate-Utilized/Benzyne-Mediated Approach to Indenopyridones from 2-Pyridones: An Attempt To Synthesize the Indenopyridine Core of Haouamine. Org Lett 2019; 21:9667-9671. [PMID: 31746620 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b03806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
An efficient, short-staged synthesis of cis-fused indeno[2,1-b]- and indeno[1,2-c]pyridin-2-ones, starting from 2-pyridones, using magnesiates of type R3MgLi as nucleophilic and deprotonation agents, mediated by benzyne generated in situ, under optimized conditions, is described. Following the developed protocol, rare C4a-arylsubstituted indeno[2,1-b]pyridones, resembling the core of haouamine, were obtained. The protocol offering the one-pot synthesis directly from 2-pyridone is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz J Idzik
- West Pomeranian University of Technology , Szczecin, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Department of Organic and Physical Chemistry , Al. Piastów 42 , Szczecin , 71-065 , Poland
| | - Aleksandra Borzyszkowska-Ledwig
- West Pomeranian University of Technology , Szczecin, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Department of Organic and Physical Chemistry , Al. Piastów 42 , Szczecin , 71-065 , Poland
| | - Łukasz Struk
- West Pomeranian University of Technology , Szczecin, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Department of Organic and Physical Chemistry , Al. Piastów 42 , Szczecin , 71-065 , Poland
| | - Jacek G Sośnicki
- West Pomeranian University of Technology , Szczecin, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Department of Organic and Physical Chemistry , Al. Piastów 42 , Szczecin , 71-065 , Poland
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4
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Khourdaji I, Zillioux J, Eisenfrats K, Foley D, Smith R. The future of male contraception: a fertile ground. Transl Androl Urol 2018; 7:S220-S235. [PMID: 29928620 PMCID: PMC5989114 DOI: 10.21037/tau.2018.03.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The continued and rapid expansion of the Earth’s population mandates the need for safe and effective measures of contraception. While a plethora of options exist for women, methods of contraception for the male partner are limited to condoms and vasectomy. The sequela of this discrepancy has led to the family planning burden falling disproportionately on the female partner. For the past several decades, extensive research has been undertaken exploring the feasibility of hormonal male contraception. This proposed method of contraception has focused on suppressing spermatogenesis by exploiting the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. Beginning with proof of concept studies in the early nineties, administration of testosterone in healthy male subjects has been shown to be an efficacious method of inducing sterility. Owing to ethnic differences in spermatogenesis suppression and the comparatively low rate of azoospermia in Caucasian men with androgen-only regimens, investigators have explored the addition of progestins to further enhance the efficacy of hormonal contraception. Though studies have revealed promise with androgen-progestin regimens, the lack of long-term studies has precluded the development of a marketable product. Recently, more research has been directed towards identifying non-hormonal alternatives to male contraception. These non-hormonal options have ranged from the development of devices facilitating reversible occlusion of the vas deferens lumen to medications disrupting various pathways in the process of spermatogenesis. Underlying the development of hormonal and non-hormonal strategies is the shared enthusiasm men and women have towards these male directed methods. The willingness of couples to pursue these alternatives combined with the global need to reduce the psychological and socioeconomic implications of unintended pregnancy ensures that research will continue to bring this goal to fruition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iyad Khourdaji
- Department of Urology, University of Virginia Healthcare System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jacqueline Zillioux
- Department of Urology, University of Virginia Healthcare System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | - Daniel Foley
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Ryan Smith
- Department of Urology, University of Virginia Healthcare System, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Contraline, Inc., Charlottesville, VA, USA.,University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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5
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Stereoselective synthesis and spectral studies of some benzotriazolylacetyl hydrazones of 3–alkyl–2,6–diarylpiperidin–4–ones. J Mol Struct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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6
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Dmitriev MV, Salnikova TV, Silaichev PS, Maslivets AN. One-pot, three-component synthesis of spiro[indeno[1,2- b ]quinoline-10,3′-pyrroles] via the Hantzsch-type reaction of 1 H -pyrrole-2,3-diones. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.11.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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7
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He ZL, Wang CJ. Ag(I)-catalyzed tandem [6+3] annulation/isomerization of isocyanoacetates with fulvenes: an expedient approach to synthesize fused dihydropyridines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 51:534-6. [PMID: 25412446 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc08382b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
An unprecedented Ag(i)-catalyzed tandem [6+3] cycloaddition/isomerization of isocyanoacetates with fulvenes has been developed, affording the fused dihydropyridine derivatives in good yields with exclusive regioselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Lin He
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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8
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Efficient synthesis of hexahydroindenopyridines and their potential as melatoninergic ligands. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 86:700-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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9
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Moreno L, Berenguer I, Diaz A, Marín P, Párraga J, Caignard DH, Figadère B, Cabedo N, Cortes D. Synthesis of new melatoninergic hexahydroindenopyridines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:3534-6. [PMID: 24930835 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Hexahydroindenopyridine (HHIP) is an interesting heterocyclic framework that contains an indene core similar to ramelteon. This type of tricyclic piperidines aroused our interest as potential melatoninergic ligands. Melatonin receptor ligands have applications in insomnia and depression. We report herein an efficient two-step method to prepare new HHIP by the reaction of an enamine with 3-bromopropylamine hydrobromide. Some synthesized compounds showed moderate affinity for melatonin receptors in the nanomolar or low micromolar range. Furthermore, the methylenedioxy HHIPs 2d (N-phenylacetamide) and 2f (N,N-diethylacetamide), exhibited high selectivity at MT1 or MT2 receptors, respectively, when compared with melatonin. It seems that the methylenedioxy group on the indene ring system and the N-acetamide substituent are important structural features to bind selectively MT1 or MT2 subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Moreno
- Departamento de Farmacología, Laboratorio de Farmacoquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Inmaculada Berenguer
- Departamento de Farmacología, Laboratorio de Farmacoquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Amelia Diaz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Paloma Marín
- Departamento de Farmacología, Laboratorio de Farmacoquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Párraga
- Departamento de Farmacología, Laboratorio de Farmacoquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Daniel-Henri Caignard
- Départament des Sciences Expérimentales, Institut de Recherches Servier, 92150 Suresnes, France
| | - Bruno Figadère
- UMR CNRS 8076, LERMIT, Université Paris-Sud, Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, UFR de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry F-92296, France
| | - Nuria Cabedo
- Centro de Ecología Química Agrícola-Instituto Agroforestal Mediterraneo, UPV, Campus de Vera, Edificio 6C, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Diego Cortes
- Departamento de Farmacología, Laboratorio de Farmacoquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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10
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Liu H, Wu Y, Zhao Y, Li Z, Zhang L, Yang W, Jiang H, Jing C, Yu H, Wang B, Xiao Y, Guo H. Metal-Catalyzed [6 + 3] Cycloaddition of Tropone with Azomethine Ylides: A Practical Access to Piperidine-Fused Bicyclic Heterocycles. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:2625-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja4122268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Honglei Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yang Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenjun Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chengfeng Jing
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yumei Xiao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hongchao Guo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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11
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Raikar SN, Malinakova HC. Divergent reaction pathways of homologous and isosteric propargyl amides in sequential Ru/Pd-catalyzed annulations for the synthesis of heterocycles. J Org Chem 2013; 78:3832-46. [PMID: 23521584 DOI: 10.1021/jo400246d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cu-catalyzed three-component coupling of imines with benzoyl chloride and terminal arylalkynes followed by enyne ring-closing metathesis (RCM) and Heck cyclization afforded medicinally relevant benzoindolines, cyclopropane-fused indenopyridines, pyrroloquinolines, or 1,7-tetrahydrophenanthrolines via divergent cyclization pathways. Unexpectedly, the Pd-catalyzed cyclization of heterocyclic dienes proceeded via regiodivergent 5-exo or 6-endo pathways depending on the ring size (n = 1, 2) or the presence of isosteric groups (CH vs N). A one-pot protocol for the enyne-RCM/Heck annulation featuring a sequential addition of the Ru and Pd catalysts was developed maximizing the synthetic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep N Raikar
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
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12
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He ZL, Teng HL, Wang CJ. Fulvenes as Effective Dipolarophiles in Copper(I)-Catalyzed [6+3] Cycloaddition of Azomethine Ylides: Asymmetric Construction of Piperidine Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:2934-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201208799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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13
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He ZL, Teng HL, Wang CJ. Fulvenes as Effective Dipolarophiles in Copper(I)-Catalyzed [6+3] Cycloaddition of Azomethine Ylides: Asymmetric Construction of Piperidine Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201208799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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14
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Rana S, Brown M, Mukhopadhyay C. FeCl3 catalysed multicomponent divergent synthesis of a library of indeno-fused heterocycles. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra23332k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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15
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Shi Z, Tong Q, Leong WWY, Zhong G. [4+2] Annulation of Vinyl Ketones Initiated by a Phosphine-Catalyzed Aza-Rauhut-Currier Reaction: A Practical Access to Densely Functionalized Tetrahydropyridines. Chemistry 2012; 18:9802-6. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201201318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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16
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Zhou SL, Li JL, Dong L, Chen YC. Organocatalytic Sequential Hetero-Diels–Alder and Friedel–Crafts Reaction: Constructions of Fused Heterocycles with Scaffold Diversity. Org Lett 2011; 13:5874-7. [PMID: 21995624 DOI: 10.1021/ol202492x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Si-Li Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun-Long Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying-Chun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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17
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Cheng CY, Mruk DD. New frontiers in nonhormonal male contraception. Contraception 2010; 82:476-82. [PMID: 20933122 DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2010.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The world's population is nearing 6.8 billion, and we are in need of a male contraceptive that is safe, effective, reversible and affordable. Hormonal approaches, which employ different formulations of testosterone administered in combination with other hormones, have shown considerable promise in clinical trials, and they are currently at the forefront of research and development. However, the long-term effects of using hormones throughout a male's reproductive life for contraception are unknown, and it may take decades before this information becomes available. Because of this, many investigators are aiming to bring a nonhormonal male contraceptive to the consumer market. Indeed, there are several distinct but feasible avenues in which fertility can be regulated without affecting the hypothalamus-pituitary-testis axis. In this review, we discuss several approaches for fertility control involving the testis that one day may lead to the development of a nonhormonal male contraceptive.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Yan Cheng
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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18
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Samai S, Chandra Nandi G, Kumar R, Singh M. Multicomponent one-pot solvent-free synthesis of functionalized unsymmetrical dihydro-1H-indeno[1,2-b]pyridines. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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19
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Koduri S, Hild SA, Pessaint L, Reel JR, Attardi BJ. Mechanism of action of l-CDB-4022, a potential nonhormonal male contraceptive, in the seminiferous epithelium of the rat testis. Endocrinology 2008; 149:1850-60. [PMID: 18174280 PMCID: PMC2276710 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-1332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to elucidate the possible molecular mechanisms involved in the antispermatogenic activity of l-CDB-4022, an indenopyridine. In this study 45-d-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with a single oral dose of l-CDB-4022 (2.5 mg/kg) or vehicle, and blood and testes were collected at various time points. The rate of body weight gain was not affected, but a significant loss of testes weight was induced by l-CDB-4022. Serum hormones were assayed using specific RIAs or ELISAs, and testicular protein and RNA were analyzed by Western blotting and RT-PCR, respectively. There was a significant decrease in inhibin B and concomitant increase in FSH in serum from l-CDB-4022-treated rats, but serum levels of activin A, testosterone, and LH were unchanged. Western analysis of testicular lysates from l-CDB-4022-treated rats exhibited phosphorylation of ERK1/2 at 4 h and later time points. Loss of nectin/afadin complex occurred at 48 h, but there was an increase in levels of integrin-beta1, N-cadherin, alpha-catenin, and beta-catenin protein at 24 h and later time points. Increase in expression of Fas ligand and Fas receptor was detected 8 and 24 h after l-CDB-4022 treatment. The ratio of the membrane to soluble form of stem cell factor mRNA was decreased. Immunohistochemical analysis of testicular sections indicated a dramatic disruption of the Sertoli cell microtubule network in l-CDB-4022-treated rats. Collectively, these results suggest that l-CDB-4022 activates the MAPK pathway, reduces expression of prosurvival factors such as the membrane form of stem cell factor, alters expression of Sertoli-germ cell adherens junction proteins, disrupts Sertoli cell microtubule structure, and induces the proapoptotic factor, Fas, culminating in germ cell loss from the seminiferous epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sailaja Koduri
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Toxicology, BIOQUAL Inc., 9600 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850-3336, USA.
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20
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Mruk DD. New perspectives in non-hormonal male contraception. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2008; 19:57-64. [PMID: 18291665 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2007.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2007] [Revised: 11/03/2007] [Accepted: 11/05/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As the world's population continues to soar, contraception has become increasingly important. Recently, men have expressed willingness to share the burden of family planning. Thus, safe, effective and reversible male contraceptives would satisfy an urgent need among couples. Currently, there are several promising non-hormonal contraceptives at various stages of research and development. In addition, major advances in genomic and proteomic research have been instrumental in identifying and characterizing genes and proteins expressed uniquely in the testis or other male reproductive organs, which might become 'druggable' targets for non-hormonal male contraceptive development in the future. Through committed research, advocacy and support, male contraceptives are likely to become a valuable addition to the current choices of family planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores D Mruk
- Population Council, Center for Biomedical Research, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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21
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Tash JS, Attardi B, Hild SA, Chakrasali R, Jakkaraj SR, Georg GI. A novel potent indazole carboxylic acid derivative blocks spermatogenesis and is contraceptive in rats after a single oral dose. Biol Reprod 2008; 78:1127-38. [PMID: 18218612 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.106.057810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Women have historically been the focus for development of new contraceptive methods. The National Institutes of Health, World Health Organization, and Institute of Medicine have stressed the need to develop nonhormonal, nonsteroidal male contraceptive agents. We report results from initial dose-ranging studies of a new indazole carboxylic acid analogue, gamendazole. An infertility rate of 100% was achieved in seven out of seven proven-fertile male rats 3 wk after a single oral dose of 6 mg/kg of gamendazole. Fertility returned by 9 wk in four of seven animals, with typical numbers of normal-appearing conceptuses. A fertility rate of 100% returned in four of six animals that became infertile at a single oral dose of 3 mg/kg of gamendazole. No differences in mating behavior were observed in either of the gamendazole-treated groups versus the control (vehicle-only) group. In the animals that showed reversible infertility, a transient increase in circulating FSH levels coincided with an initial decline in inhibin B levels after administration of gamendazole, but no other significant changes in circulating reproductive hormones were observed. Gamendazole inhibited production of inhibin B by primary Sertoli cells in vitro with a median inhibitory concentration of 6.8 thorn+/- 3.0 (SEM) (3/4)x 10(-10) M, suggesting that Sertoli cells are a primary target. A biotinylated gamendazole analogue revealed cytoplasmic and perinuclear binding of gamendazole in primary Sertoli cells. Gamendazole represents the most potent new oral antispermatogenic indazole carboxylic acid to date. Our results, however, demonstrate that additional dose-finding studies are required to improve reversibility and widen the therapeutic window before more detailed drug development of this potential nonhormonal male contraceptive agent can occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph S Tash
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA.
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22
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Chen HW, Hsu RT, Chang MY, Chang NC. Efficient Synthesis of Fused Bicyclic Glutarimides. Its Application to (±)-Alloyohimbane and Louisianin D. Org Lett 2006; 8:3033-5. [PMID: 16805545 DOI: 10.1021/ol060958k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] The reaction of alpha-sulfonyl acetamide 1 with various cyclic unsaturated esters 2 to fused bicyclic glutarimides is reported. Syntheses of (+/-)-alloyohimbane (4) and louisianin D (5) have been accomplished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Wei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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23
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Synthesis of N-Benzyl 3,5-Disubstituted Piperidines via Double Michael Addition Strategy. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2005. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2005.26.3.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Cosentino MJ, Matlin SA. Pharmacological developments in male contraception. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2005; 6:635-53. [PMID: 15989632 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.6.6.635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
To date, the current methods of male contraception are limited to condoms, coitus interruptus and vasectomy, all of which are beset with difficulties. The condom is inconvenient, dulls sensation, and although somewhat effective against sexually transmitted disease, has an increased failure rate over time of usage. Coitus interruptus reduces the pleasurable aspects of intercourse and is plagued with a high failure rate. Vasectomy is virtually sterilisation. The current research into new forms of contraception is as diverse as the mechanisms controlling male fertility. The majority of effort has focused on antispermatogenic agents. Hormonal agents that suppress spermatogenesis appear nearest to final development and are primarily centred around various testosterone esters. These can be administered alone or in combination with progestogens. Another promising line of study centres on gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonism resulting in suppression of gonadotropins. Non-hormonal antispermatogenic agents include numerous phytochemicals, and testicular enzyme inhibitors. Post-testicular approaches to male contraception include agents that interfere with sperm metabolism, motility, maturation or transport. This review summarises recent clinical and animal studies on these compounds with emphasis on their mechanism of action, advantages and drawbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Cosentino
- Department of Biology, Millersville University, Millersville, PA 17551, USA
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Hild SA, Attardi BJ, Reel JR. The Ability of a Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Antagonist, Acyline, to Prevent Irreversible Infertility Induced by the Indenopyridine, CDB-4022, in Adult Male Rats: The Role of Testosterone1. Biol Reprod 2004; 71:348-58. [PMID: 15044265 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.103.026989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Intratesticular testosterone (ITT) is known to play a critical role in the maintenance of spermatogenesis. We have used acyline, a GnRH antagonist, to suppress testosterone (T) production, and acyline and T implants to study the prevention of irreversible infertility induced by CDB-4022. Vehicle or acyline was administered to proven fertile male rats (n = 5/group) at a dose (210 microg/day) that completely suppressed (P < 0.05) T production, as measured by serum T, and testicular function, either before, concurrent with, or after vehicle or a single oral dose of 2.5 mg CDB-4022/kg (Week 0). Vehicle-treated males remained fertile, whereas acyline-treated males exhibited transitory infertility. CDB-4022 alone caused irreversible infertility in all males. Importantly, CDB-4022-treated males recovered fertility when acyline was started before CDB-4022 (Weeks -4 to 0; Weeks -4-9), but not when acyline was administered concurrently with or after CDB-4022 (Weeks 0-9; Weeks 10-19). At the end of this study (Week 34), testes weights, spermatid head counts (SHC), and tubule differentiation indices (TDI) were suppressed (P < 0.05) in infertile CDB-4022-treated males, but in rats that recovered fertility, these parameters were similar (P > 0.05) to those in vehicle-treated males. In addition, serum inhibin B and epididymal androgen-binding protein levels were nondetectable in infertile CDB-4022-treated rats. To test whether suppression of ITT was critical for prevention of CDB-4022-induced infertility, proven fertile rats (n = 7-8/group) received vehicle, acyline alone, or acyline and a T implant for 4 wk before CDB-4022 (Week 0). The T implant increased ITT in acyline-treated rats. Although ITT was lower (P < 0.05) in the T-implanted males than in untreated rats, it was sufficient to sustain spermiogenesis. Serum rFSH levels were also elevated in rats treated with acyline + T as compared with acyline alone during the treatment interval, but rFSH was still lower than in vehicle-treated rats. Rats in all treatment groups were rendered infertile initially, but the acyline + CDB-4022-treated rats recovered fertility by Week 10. In contrast, rats treated with CDB-4022 alone or acyline + T + CDB-4022 remained infertile until at least Week 16. Testes weights, SHC, and TDI were within normal ranges for acyline + CDB-4022-treated rats, but were decreased (P < 0.05) in CDB-4022- or acyline + T + CDB-4022-treated rats. Serum inhibin B levels were nondetectable by Week 1 in males rendered irreversibly infertile by CDB-4022; levels increased transiently and returned to baseline in rats protected by acyline pretreatment. These data indicate that pretreatment with acyline was able to prevent irreversible infertility in CDB-4022-treated rats, whereas posttreatment with acyline did not promote spermatogonial differentiation, as has been observed by others in rats that received GnRH analogs and various other testicular toxicants. Suppression of ITT and possibly rFSH by acyline appeared to be crucial in preventing irreversible infertility induced by CDB-4022. In this regard, our results are similar to those of investigators who have studied other testicular toxicants. Continued development of CDB-4022 as a potential male contraceptive will depend largely on its safety profile and whether its antispermatogenic activity is reversible in primates.
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Meistrich ML, Shetty G. Inhibition of spermatogonial differentiation by testosterone. JOURNAL OF ANDROLOGY 2003; 24:135-48. [PMID: 12634296 DOI: 10.1002/j.1939-4640.2003.tb02652.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marvin L Meistrich
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
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Bonanomi M, Lucente G, Silvestrini B. Male fertility: core chemical structure in pharmacological research. Contraception 2002; 65:317-20. [PMID: 12020786 DOI: 10.1016/s0010-7824(02)00303-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Research in male fertility is of interest in connection with both contraception and treatment of sterility. Several compounds have been shown to inhibit fertility by various mechanisms. The most significant of them are reviewed, including some recently described indazole carboxylic acids. Concerning sterility treatment, no effective treatment is so far available, with the exception of hormonal dysfunctions. The hypothesized role of an excess of free radicals in male sterility suggests a potential therapeutic value of free radicals scavengers. In this connection, indazole derivatives appear of special interest, as some of them display an anti-denaturant activity resulting in a peculiar scavenger-like activity. Some synthetic approaches are proposed, leading to new compounds of potential interest either as male contraceptives or in the treatment of male sterility.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bonanomi
- Bioprogress, Via Paduni 240-03012 Anagni, Italy
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Hild SA, Reel JR, Larner JM, Blye RP. Disruption of spermatogenesis and Sertoli cell structure and function by the indenopyridine CDB-4022 in rats. Biol Reprod 2001; 65:1771-9. [PMID: 11717140 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod65.6.1771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The present studies were undertaken to determine the testicular cell type(s) affected by the antispermatogenic indenopyridine CDB-4022. At the oral threshold dose (2.5 mg/kg), CDB-4022 induced infertility in all males. CDB-4022 did not alter (P > 0.05) Leydig cell function as assessed by circulating testosterone, seminal vesicle, and ventral prostate weights or body weight gain compared to controls. Conversely, CDB-4022 reduced (P < 0.05) testicular weight, spermatid head counts, and percentage of seminiferous tubules undergoing spermatogenesis. In a second study, adult male rats received a maximally effective oral dose of CDB-4022 (12.5 mg/kg), dipentylphthalate (DPP; 2200 mg/kg; a Sertoli cell toxicant), or vehicle and were necropsied 3, 6, or 12 h after dosing to determine acute effects. Serum inhibin B levels were suppressed (P < 0.05) by 6 h after CDB-4022 or DPP treatment, but epididymal androgen-binding protein (ABP) levels were not altered (P > 0.05), compared to controls. CDB-4022 and DPP increased (P < 0.05) the percentage of tubules with apoptotic germ cells, particularly differentiating spermatogonia and spermatocytes, by 12 h after dosing. Microscopic examination of the testis indicated a greater degree of vacuolation in Sertoli cells and initial signs of apical germ cell sloughing/shedding by 3 or 12 h after CDB-4022 or DPP treatment, respectively. In a third study, prepubertal male rats were treated with vehicle, 12.5 mg/kg of CDB-4022, or 2200 mg/kg of DPP, and the efferent ducts of the right testis were ligated 23 h before necropsy. Seminiferous tubule fluid secretion (difference in weight of testes), serum inhibin B levels, and ABP levels in the unligated epididymis were reduced (P < 0.05) at 24 and 48 h after dosing in CDB-4022- and DPP-treated rats compared to controls. Collectively, these data suggest that CDB-4022 disrupts spermatogenesis by inducing apoptosis in early stage germ cells via a direct action on the Sertoli cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Hild
- BIOQUAL, Inc., Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA.
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Hild SA, Meistrich ML, Blye RP, Reel JR. Lupron depot prevention of antispermatogenic/antifertility activity of the indenopyridine, CDB-4022, in the rat. Biol Reprod 2001; 65:165-72. [PMID: 11420236 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod65.1.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The goals of this study were to determine the CDB-4022 dose-response relationship for induction of acute decreases in testicular weight and germ cell depopulation in rats; establish the threshold dose of CDB-4022 required to induce infertility; and investigate whether CDB-4022-induced testicular damage could be prevented by a GnRH agonist (Lupron Depot). Reduction of testis weight and germ cell depopulation were observed 7 days after a single oral dose of 1 mg CDB-4022/kg, whereas 0.5 mg/kg had no observable effect. These effects were maximal at 12.5 or 25 mg CDB-4022/kg. After a single oral dose of either 2.5 or 5 mg/kg, CDB-4022 induced infertility in five of five treated rats by Week 5, whereas only one of five males was rendered infertile at a dose of 1 mg/kg. Proven fertile male rats (6/group) were treated with vehicle, CDB-4022 alone (2.5 mg/kg on Day 0), CDB-4022 plus Lupron Depot (on Weeks -1, 2, 5, and 8), or Lupron Depot alone. Control males demonstrated normal fertility throughout a 32-wk cohabitation period. Five of six rats were rendered transiently infertile with Lupron Depot alone, but all recovered fertility. CDB-4022 treatment resulted in infertility in all six rats, and only one of six regained fertility. Combined treatment also caused infertility in all six rats, but four of six recovered fertility (P = 0.08 compared to CDB-4022 alone). Testicular weight was decreased in the three treatment groups compared to vehicle controls; testicular weights were ranked from highest to lowest as follows: vehicle > Lupron Depot > Lupron Depot + CDB-4022 > CDB-4022. The tubule differentiation index of Lupron Depot-treated rats (96 +/- 4%) was not different from vehicle-treated rats (100%). CDB-4022 treatment decreased the number of differentiating tubules (15 +/- 8%). Lupron Depot plus CDB-4022 treatment resulted in a greater number of differentiating tubules (53 +/- 12%) than CDB-4022 alone, but this was still lower than vehicle- or Lupron Depot-treated rats. These data indicate that 2.5 mg/kg of CDB-4022 was the oral threshold dose that caused testicular damage rendering the majority of adult male rats permanently infertile within the study interval; 12.5 mg/kg of CDB-4022 induced maximal testicular damage. Suppression of gonadotropins and/or testosterone production by treatment with Lupron Depot before and after CDB-4022 prevented the CDB-4022-induced irreversible testicular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Hild
- BIOQUAL, Inc., Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA.
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Upton C, Osborne RH, Jaffar M. Conformationally-restricted ligands for the histamine H1 receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:1277-9. [PMID: 10866399 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00199-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Potent H1-antagonistic activity in a series of novel indeno[2,1-c]pyridines and their 4-arylpiperidinol precursors is reported; one compound shows an in vitro activity four times that of the standard mepyramine that it was screened against. Their failure to translate this protection to in vivo tests is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Upton
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, UK.
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Fail PA, Anderson SA, Cook CE. 28-day toxicology test: indenopyridine RTI 4587-056 in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Reprod Toxicol 2000; 14:265-74. [PMID: 10838128 DOI: 10.1016/s0890-6238(00)00077-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The potential toxicity of RTI 4587-056, a hexahydroindenopyridine analog of SANDOZ 20-438, was examined in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Testicular, intestinal, and erythropoietic histology was assessed after 28 days of gavage treatment at 0, 10, and 100 mg/kg/day. During the first 10 days, dose-related clinical signs included mild to moderate lethargy shortly after dosing, lower consumption of feed and water, and body weight loss or decreased weight gain. Tolerance developed, such that lethargy disappeared and weight gains were equivalent to the control group during the second through fourth weeks. The compound did not affect intestinal epithelium or bone marrow. RTI 4587-056 was a highly effective antispermatogenic agent at both doses causing epididymal hypospermia and testicular atrophy. Based upon the Spermatogenic Index ratings, still lower doses would be effective male contraceptive agents. RTI 4587-056 has potential as a male contraceptive without overt side effects. Further testing is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Fail
- Chemistry and Life Sciences Unit, Research Triangle Institute, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA.
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Jump JM, McPhail AT, Cook C. Reversal of expected stereochemical outcome in the oppolzer reaction of a cyclic N-enoylsultam: Enantioselective synthesis and absolute configuration of antispermatogenic hexahydroindeno[1,2-c]pyridines. Tetrahedron Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(97)00714-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Chapter 19. Male Contraception. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(08)61477-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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