1
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Tillinghast J, Drury S, Bowser D, Benn A, Lee KPK. Structural mechanisms for gating and ion selectivity of the human polyamine transporter ATP13A2. Mol Cell 2021; 81:4650-4662.e4. [PMID: 34715014 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in ATP13A2, also known as PARK9, cause a rare monogenic form of juvenile-onset Parkinson's disease named Kufor-Rakeb syndrome and other neurodegenerative diseases. ATP13A2 encodes a neuroprotective P5B P-type ATPase highly enriched in the brain that mediates selective import of spermine ions from lysosomes into the cytosol via an unknown mechanism. Here we present three structures of human ATP13A2 bound to an ATP analog or to spermine in the presence of phosphomimetics determined by cryoelectron microscopy. ATP13A2 autophosphorylation opens a lysosome luminal gate to reveal a narrow lumen access channel that holds a spermine ion in its entrance. ATP13A2's architecture suggests physical principles underlying selective polyamine transport and anticipates a "pump-channel" intermediate that could function as a counter-cation conduit to facilitate lysosome acidification. Our findings establish a firm foundation to understand ATP13A2 mutations associated with disease and bring us closer to realizing ATP13A2's potential in neuroprotective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Tillinghast
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Sydney Drury
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Darren Bowser
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Alana Benn
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Kenneth Pak Kin Lee
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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2
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Shang M, Ren M, Zhou C. Nitrogen Mustard Induces Formation of DNA–Histone Cross-Links in Nucleosome Core Particles. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:2517-2525. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengdi Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Mengtian Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Chuanzheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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3
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Nazifi SMR, Sadeghi-aliabadi H, Fassihi A, Aliomrani M, Saghaie L. Synthesis and antiproliferative evaluation of some iron chelators as polyamine transporter targeting agents. CAN J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2019-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of kojic acid derivatives based on monoamines, diamines, and triamines have been synthesized in good yield and purity. A spermidine (spd) rescue experiment was applied against MCF-7 cells to evaluate the polyamine transporter selectivity, and in vitro antiproliferative effects were determined against Hela and DU-145 cell lines. Overall, 5b showed the best selectivity for the polyamine transporter and antiproliferative effects. Therefore, the in-silico metabolism profile and ADMET properties of the title compounds were calculated by the PreADMET server. Additionally, physicochemical properties of ligands were predicted by using the Molinspiration online property calculation server.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mohamad Reza Nazifi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 81746-73461 Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hojjat Sadeghi-aliabadi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 81746-73461 Isfahan, Iran
| | - Afshin Fassihi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 81746-73461 Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Aliomrani
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Lotfollah Saghaie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 81746-73461 Isfahan, Iran
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4
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Ren M, Cheng Y, Duan Q, Zhou C. Transesterification Reaction and the Repair of Embedded Ribonucleotides in DNA Are Suppressed upon the Assembly of DNA into Nucleosome Core Particles †. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:926-934. [PMID: 30990021 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ribonucleotides can be incorporated into DNA through many different cellular processes, and abundant amounts of ribonucleotides are detected in genomic DNA. Embedded ribonucleotides lead to genomic instability through either spontaneous ribonucleotide cleavage via internal transesterification or by inducing mutagenesis, recombination, and chromosome rearrangements. Ribonucleotides misincorporated in genomic DNA can be removed by the ribonucleotide excision repair (RER) pathway in which RNase HII initiates the repair by cleaving the 5'-phosphate of the ribonucleotide. Herein, based on in vitro reconstituted nucleosome core particles (NCPs) containing a single ribonucleotide at different positions, we studied the kinetics of ribonucleotide cleavage via the internal transesterification reaction and repair of the ribonucleotides by RNase HII in NCPs. Our results show that ribonucleotide cleavage via the internal transesterification in NCPs is suppressed compared to that in free DNA. DNA bending and structural rigidity account for the suppressed ribonucleotide cleavage in NCPs. Ribonucleotide repair by RNase HII in NCPs exhibits a strong correlation between the translational and rotational positions of the ribonucleotides. An embedded ribonucleotide located at the entry site while facing outward in NCP is repaired as efficiently as that in free DNA. However, the repair of those located in the central part of NCPs and facing inward are inhibited by up to 273-fold relative to those in free dsDNA. The difference in repair efficiency appears to arise from their different accessibility to repair enzymes in NCPs. This study reveals that a ribonucleotide misincorporated in DNA assembled into NCPs is protected against cleavage. Hence, the spontaneous cleavage of the misincorporated ribonucleotides under physiological conditions is not an essential threat to the stability of chromatin DNA. Instead, their decreased repair efficiency in NCPs may result in numerous and persistent ribonucleotides in genomic DNA, which could exert other deleterious effects on DNA such as mutagenesis and recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengtian Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
| | - Yiran Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
| | - Qian Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
| | - Chuanzheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
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5
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Paterson BM, Cullinane C, Crouch PJ, White AR, Barnham KJ, Roselt PD, Noonan W, Binns D, Hicks RJ, Donnelly PS. Modification of Biodistribution and Brain Uptake of Copper Bis(thiosemicarbazonato) Complexes by the Incorporation of Amine and Polyamine Functional Groups. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:4540-4552. [PMID: 30869878 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of new bis(thiosemicarbazonato)copper(II) complexes featuring polyamine substituents via selective transamination reactions is presented. Polyamines of different lengths, with different ionizable substituent groups, were used to modify and adjust the hydrophilic/lipophilic balance of the copper complexes. The new analogues were radiolabeled with copper-64 and their lipophilicities estimated using distribution coefficients. The cell uptake of the new polyamine complexes was investigated with preliminary in vitro biological studies using a neuroblastoma cancer cell line. The in vivo biodistribution of three of the new analogues was investigated in vivo in mice using positron-emission tomography imaging, and one of the new complexes was compared to [64Cu]Cu(atsm) in an A431 squamous cell carcinoma xenograft model. Modification of the copper complexes with various amine-containing functional groups alters the biodistribution of the complexes in mice. One complex, with a pendent ( N, N-dimethylamino)ethane functional group, displayed tumor uptake similar to that of [64Cu]Cu(atsm) but higher brain uptake, suggesting that this compound has the potential to be of use in the diagnostic brain imaging of tumors and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carleen Cullinane
- The Centre for Molecular Imaging and Translational Research Laboratory , The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , Melbourne , Victoria 3000 , Australia
| | | | | | | | - Peter D Roselt
- The Centre for Molecular Imaging and Translational Research Laboratory , The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , Melbourne , Victoria 3000 , Australia
| | - Wayne Noonan
- The Centre for Molecular Imaging and Translational Research Laboratory , The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , Melbourne , Victoria 3000 , Australia
| | - David Binns
- The Centre for Molecular Imaging and Translational Research Laboratory , The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , Melbourne , Victoria 3000 , Australia
| | - Rodney J Hicks
- The Centre for Molecular Imaging and Translational Research Laboratory , The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , Melbourne , Victoria 3000 , Australia
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6
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Bai J, Zhang Y, Xi Z, Greenberg MM, Zhou C. Oxidation of 8-Oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine Leads to Substantial DNA-Histone Cross-Links within Nucleosome Core Particles. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:1364-1372. [PMID: 30412392 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
8-Oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine(8-oxodGuo) is a common primary product of cellular oxidative DNA damage. 8-OxodGuo is more readily oxidized than 2'-deoxyguanosine (dG); a two-electron oxidation generates a highly reactive intermediate (OGox), which forms covalent adducts with nucleophiles, including OH-, free amines, and the side chains of amino acids such as lysine. We determined here that K3Fe(CN)6 oxidation of 8-oxodGuo in nucleosome core particles (NCPs) produces high yields, quantitative (i.e., 100%) in some cases, of DNA-protein cross-links (DPCs). The efficiency of DPC formation was closely related to 8-oxodGuo base pairing and location within the NCP and was only slightly decreased by adding the DNA-protective polyamine spermine to the system. Using NCPs that contained histone mutants, we determined that DPCs result predominantly from OGox trapping by the N-terminal histone amine. The DPCs were stable under physiological conditions and therefore could have important biological consequences. For instance, the essentially quantitative yield of DPCs at some positions within NCPs would reduce the yield of the mutagenic DNA lesions spiroiminodihydantoin and guanidinohydantoin produced from the common intermediate OGox, which in turn would affect mutation signatures of oxidative stress in a position-dependent manner. In summary, our findings indicate that site-specific incorporation of 8-oxodGuo into NCPs, followed by its oxidation, leads to DPCs with an efficiency depending on 8-oxodGuo location and orientation. Given that 8-oxodGuo formation is widespread in genomic DNA and that DPC formation is highly efficient, DPCs may occur in eukaryotic cells and may affect several important biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
| | - Yingqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
| | - Zhen Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
| | - Marc M Greenberg
- Department of Chemistry , Johns Hopkins University , 3400 N. Charles Street , Baltimore , Maryland 21218 , United States
| | - Chuanzheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Tianjin 300071 , China
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7
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Structure–activity relationship of polyamine conjugates for uptake via polyamine transport system. Struct Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-018-1175-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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8
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Vanhoutte R, Kahler JP, Martin S, van Veen S, Verhelst SHL. Clickable Polyamine Derivatives as Chemical Probes for the Polyamine Transport System. Chembiochem 2018; 19:907-911. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roeland Vanhoutte
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine; KU Leuven; Herestraat 49 Box 802 3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Jan Pascal Kahler
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine; KU Leuven; Herestraat 49 Box 802 3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Shaun Martin
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine; KU Leuven; Herestraat 49 Box 802 3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Sarah van Veen
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine; KU Leuven; Herestraat 49 Box 802 3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Steven H. L. Verhelst
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine; KU Leuven; Herestraat 49 Box 802 3000 Leuven Belgium
- Leibniz Institute for Analytical Sciences ISAS; Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6b 44227 Dortmund Germany
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9
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Zappacosta R, Di Crescenzo A, Ettorre V, Fontana A, Pierini M, Siani G. Ionic Liquids as “Masking” Solvents of the Relative Strength of Bases in Proton Transfer Reactions. Chempluschem 2018; 83:35-41. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201700514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Romina Zappacosta
- Dipartimento di Farmacia; Università “G. d'Annunzio”; Via dei Vestini 31 66013 Chieti Italy
| | - Antonello Di Crescenzo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia; Università “G. d'Annunzio”; Via dei Vestini 31 66013 Chieti Italy
| | - Valeria Ettorre
- Dipartimento di Farmacia; Università “G. d'Annunzio”; Via dei Vestini 31 66013 Chieti Italy
| | - Antonella Fontana
- Dipartimento di Farmacia; Università “G. d'Annunzio”; Via dei Vestini 31 66013 Chieti Italy
| | - Marco Pierini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”; Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 00185 Roma Italy
| | - Gabriella Siani
- Dipartimento di Farmacia; Università “G. d'Annunzio”; Via dei Vestini 31 66013 Chieti Italy
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10
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Wang A, Zhou R, Zhou L, Sun K, Jiang J, Wei S. Positively charged phthalocyanine-arginine conjugates as efficient photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:1643-1651. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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11
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Interrogating alkyl and arylalkylpolyamino (bis)urea and (bis)thiourea isosteres as potent antimalarial chemotypes against multiple lifecycle forms of Plasmodium falciparum parasites. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:5131-43. [PMID: 25684422 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A new series of potent potent aryl/alkylated (bis)urea- and (bis)thiourea polyamine analogues were synthesized and evaluated in vitro for their antiplasmodial activity. Altering the carbon backbone and terminal substituents increased the potency of analogues in the compound library 3-fold, with the most active compounds, 15 and 16, showing half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50 values) of 28 and 30 nM, respectively, against various Plasmodium falciparum parasite strains without any cross-resistance. In vitro evaluation of the cytotoxicity of these analogues revealed marked selectivity towards targeting malaria parasites compared to mammalian HepG2 cells (>5000-fold lower IC50 against the parasite). Preliminary biological evaluation of the polyamine analogue antiplasmodial phenotype revealed that (bis)urea compounds target parasite asexual proliferation, whereas (bis)thiourea compounds of the same series have the unique ability to block transmissible gametocyte forms of the parasite, indicating pluripharmacology against proliferative and non-proliferative forms of the parasite. In this manuscript, we describe these results and postulate a refined structure-activity relationship (SAR) model for antiplasmodial polyamine analogues. The terminally aryl/alkylated (bis)urea- and (bis)thiourea-polyamine analogues featuring a 3-5-3 or 3-6-3 carbon backbone represent a structurally novel and distinct class of potential antiplasmodials with activities in the low nanomolar range, and high selectivity against various lifecycle forms of P. falciparum parasites.
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12
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Muth A, Madan M, Archer JJ, Ocampo N, Rodriguez L, Phanstiel O. Polyamine transport inhibitors: design, synthesis, and combination therapies with difluoromethylornithine. J Med Chem 2014; 57:348-63. [PMID: 24405276 DOI: 10.1021/jm401174a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The development of polyamine transport inhibitors (PTIs), in combination with the polyamine biosynthesis inhibitor difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), provides a method to target cancers with high polyamine requirements. The DFMO+PTI combination therapy results in sustained intracellular polyamine depletion and cell death. A series of substituted benzene derivatives were evaluated for their ability to inhibit the import of spermidine in DFMO-treated Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) and L3.6pl human pancreatic cancer cells. Several design features were discovered which strongly influenced PTI potency, sensitivity to amine oxidases, and cytotoxicity. These included changes in (a) the number of polyamine chains appended to the ring system, (b) the polyamine sequence, (c) the attachment linkage of the polyamine to the aryl core, and (d) the presence of a terminal N-methyl group. Of the series tested, the optimal design was N(1),N(1'),N(1″)-(benzene-1,3,5-triyltris(methylene))tris(N(4)-(4-(methylamino)butyl)butane-1,4-diamine, 6b, which contained three N-methylhomospermidine motifs. This PTI exhibited decreased sensitivity to amine oxidases and low toxicity as well as high potency (EC50 = 1.4 μM) in inhibiting the uptake of spermidine (1 μM) in DFMO-treated L3.6pl human pancreatic cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Muth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida , 4000 Central Florida Boulevard, Orlando, Florida 32816-2366, United States
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Muth A, Kamel J, Kaur N, Shicora AC, Ayene IS, Gilmour SK, Phanstiel O. Development of Polyamine Transport Ligands with Improved Metabolic Stability and Selectivity against Specific Human Cancers. J Med Chem 2013; 56:5819-28. [DOI: 10.1021/jm400496a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Muth
- Department of Medical Education, University of Central Florida College of Medicine,
12722 Research Parkway, Orlando, Florida 32826-3227, United States
- Department of Chemistry, 4000
Central Florida Boulevard, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Joseph Kamel
- Department of Medical Education, University of Central Florida College of Medicine,
12722 Research Parkway, Orlando, Florida 32826-3227, United States
| | - Navneet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, 4000
Central Florida Boulevard, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Allyson C. Shicora
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, 100 Lancaster Avenue, Wynnewood,
Pennsylvania 19096, United States
| | - Iraimoudi S. Ayene
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, 100 Lancaster Avenue, Wynnewood,
Pennsylvania 19096, United States
| | - Susan K. Gilmour
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, 100 Lancaster Avenue, Wynnewood,
Pennsylvania 19096, United States
| | - Otto Phanstiel
- Department of Medical Education, University of Central Florida College of Medicine,
12722 Research Parkway, Orlando, Florida 32826-3227, United States
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Arichi N, Yamamoto J, Takahata C, Sano E, Masuda Y, Kuraoka I, Iwai S. Strand breakage of a (6-4) photoproduct-containing DNA at neutral pH and its repair by the ERCC1-XPF protein complex. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:3526-34. [PMID: 23595295 DOI: 10.1039/c3ob00012e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The (6-4) photoproduct is one of the major UV-induced lesions in DNA. We previously showed that hydrolytic ring opening of the 5' base and subsequent hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond of the 3' component occurred when this photoproduct was treated with aqueous NaOH. In this study, we found that another product was obtained when the (6-4) photoproduct was heated at 90 °C for 6 h, in a 0.1 M solution of N,N'-dimethyl-1,2-ethanediamine adjusted to pH 7.4 with acetic acid. An analysis of the chemical structure of this product revealed that the 5' base was intact, whereas the glycosidic bond at the 3' component was hydrolyzed in the same manner. The strand break was detected for a 30-mer oligonucleotide containing the (6-4) photoproduct upon treatment with the above solution or other pH 7.4 solutions containing biogenic amines, such as spermidine and spermine. In the case of spermidine, the rate constant was calculated to be 1.4 × 10(-8) s(-1) at 37 °C. The strand break occurred even when the oligonucleotide was heated at 90 °C in 0.1 M sodium phosphate (pH 7.0), although this treatment produced several types of 5' fragments. The Dewar valence isomer was inert to this reaction. The product obtained from the (6-4) photoproduct-containing 30-mer was used to investigate the enzymatic processing of the 3' end bearing the damaged base and a phosphate. The ERCC1-XPF complex removed several nucleotides containing the damaged base, in the presence of replication protein A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihito Arichi
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
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15
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Weisell J, Vepsäläinen J, Peräkylä M. Tautomeric populations of the charged species of 1,12-diamino-3,6,9-triazadodecane (SpmTrien) studied with computer simulations and cluster expansions. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janne Weisell
- University of Eastern Finland; School of Pharmacy, Biocenter Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jouko Vepsäläinen
- University of Eastern Finland; School of Pharmacy, Biocenter Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikael Peräkylä
- University of Eastern Finland; Institute of Biomedicine, Finland
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A PBP 2 mutant devoid of the transpeptidase domain abolishes spermine-β-lactam synergy in Staphylococcus aureus Mu50. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 56:83-91. [PMID: 22005998 DOI: 10.1128/aac.05415-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exogenous spermine was reported to enhance the killing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) by β-lactams through a strong synergistic effect of unknown nature. Spermine alone also exerts an antimicrobial activity against S. aureus in a pH-dependent manner. MIC measurements revealed stronger effects of spermine under alkaline conditions, suggesting the nucleophilic property of spermine instead of its positive charge as the cause of adverse effects. A spontaneous suppressor mutant (MuM) of MRSA Mu50 was selected for spermine resistance and conferred complete abolishment of spermine-β-lactam synergy. In comparison to that in Mu50, the spermine MIC in MuM remained constant (64 mM) at pH 6 to 8; however, MuM, a heat-sensitive mutant, also grew in a very narrow pH range. Furthermore, MuM acquired a unique phenotype of vancomycin-spermine synergy. Genome resequencing revealed a 7-bp deletion in pbpB, which results in a truncated penicillin-binding protein 2 (PBP 2) without the transpeptidase domain at the C terminus while the N-terminal transglycosidase domain remains intact. The results of fluorescent Bocillin labeling experiments confirmed the presence of this defective PBP 2 in MuM. All the aforementioned phenotypes of MuM were reverted to those of Mu50 after complementation by the wild-type pbpB carried on a recombinant plasmid. The anticipated changes in cell wall metabolism and composition in MuM were evidenced by observations that the cell wall of MuM was more susceptible to enzyme hydrolysis and that MuM exhibited a lower level of autolytic activities. Pleiotropic alterations in gene expression were revealed by microarray analysis, suggesting a remarkable flexibility of MuM to circumvent cell wall damage by triggering adaptations that are complex but completely different from that of the cell wall stress stimulon. In summary, these results reveal phenotypic changes and transcriptome adaptations in a unique pbpB mutant and provide evidence to support the idea that exogenous spermine may perturb normal cell wall formation through its interactions with PBP 2.
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Abstract
The extent of ionization of the polyamines is an important factor in their interactions with cellular components. The pK(a) is the pH at which a functional group is 50% ionized. For compounds such as polyamines with more than one ionizable center (atom or functional group), there is a pK(a) value for each center of ionization. This chapter describes the pK(a) values for each amine group in many important polyamines, the factors influencing these values and methods for their determination using potentiometric titration and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian S Blagbrough
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
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18
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Bergeron RJ, Singh S, Bharti N, Jiang Y. Design, Synthesis, and Testing of Polyamine Vectored Iron Chelators. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2010; 2010:3631-3636. [PMID: 22013282 DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1258245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Iron chelators have been shown to control the growth of cancer cells in culture by sequestering exogenous iron in the media. Thus, the ligands prevent cellular access to the metal. However, because transferrin provides iron to tumor cells in animals, chelators have not been effective antitumor agents. Polyamine chelator conjugates in which the polyamine vectored ligands into cells were far more active than the free chelators themselves. However, the free ligands were not released from the vector once in the cell. The current study focuses on the synthesis and preliminary evaluation of a polyamine chelator conjugate capable of releasing the free ligand intracellularly via a nonspecific esterase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond J Bergeron
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Box 100485 JHMHC, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0485, USA
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Weisell J, Hyvönen MT, Häkkinen MR, Grigorenko NA, Pietilä M, Lampinen A, Kochetkov SN, Alhonen L, Vepsäläinen J, Keinänen TA, Khomutov AR. Synthesis and biological characterization of novel charge-deficient spermine analogues. J Med Chem 2010; 53:5738-48. [PMID: 20684609 DOI: 10.1021/jm100439p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Biogenic polyamines, spermidine and spermine, are positively charged at physiological pH. They are present in all cells and essential for their growth and viability. Here we synthesized three novel derivatives of the isosteric charge-deficient spermine analogue 1,12-diamino-3,6,9-triazadodecane (SpmTrien, 5a) that are N(1)-Ac-SpmTrien (5c), N(12)-Ac-SpmTrien (5b), and N(1),N(12)-diethyl-1,12-diamino-3,6,9-triazadodecane (N(1),N(12)-Et(2)-SpmTrien, 5d). 5a and 5d readily accumulated in DU145 cells at the same concentration range as natural polyamines and moderately competed for the uptake with putrescine (1) but not with spermine (4a) or spermidine (2). 5a efficiently down-regulated ornithine decarboxylase and decreased polyamine levels, while 5d proved to be inefficient, compared with N(1),N(11)-diethylnorspermine (6). None of the tested analogues were substrates for human recombinant spermine oxidase, but those having free aminoterminus, including 1,8-diamino-3,6-diazaoctane (Trien, 3a), were acetylated by mouse recombinant spermidine/spermine N(1)-acetyltransferase. 5a was acetylated to 5c and 5b, and the latter was further metabolized by acetylpolyamine oxidase to 3a, a drug used to treat Wilson's disease. Thus, 5a is a bioactive precursor of 3a with enhanced bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Weisell
- Department of Biosciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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Chadwick J, Jones M, Mercer AE, Stocks PA, Ward SA, Park BK, O’Neill PM. Design, synthesis and antimalarial/anticancer evaluation of spermidine linked artemisinin conjugates designed to exploit polyamine transporters in Plasmodium falciparum and HL-60 cancer cell lines. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:2586-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Revised: 02/16/2010] [Accepted: 02/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Novel isosteric charge-deficient spermine analogue--1,12-diamino-3,6,9-triazadodecane: synthesis, pK(a) measurement and biological activity. Amino Acids 2009; 38:501-7. [PMID: 19953281 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-009-0409-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 10/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ionic interactions are essential for the biological functions of the polyamines spermidine and spermine in mammalian physiology. Here, we describe a simple gram scale method to prepare 1,12-diamino-3,6,9-triazadodecane (SpmTrien), an isosteric charge-deficient spermine analogue. The protonation sites of SpmTrien were determined at pH range of 2.2-11.0 using two-dimensional (1)H-(15)N NMR spectroscopy, which proved to be more feasible than conventional methods. The macroscopic pK(a) values of SpmTrien (3.3, 6.3, 8.5, 9.5 and 10.3) are significantly lower than those of 1,12-diamino-4,9-diazadodecane (spermine). The effects of SpmTrien and its parent molecule, 1,8-diamino-3,6-diazaoctane (Trien), on cell growth and polyamine metabolism were investigated in DU145 prostate carcinoma cells. SpmTrien downregulated the biosynthetic enzymes ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and S-adenosyl-L: -methionine decarboxylase and decreased intracellular polyamine levels, whereas the effects of Trien alone were minor. Interestingly, both SpmTrien and Trien were able to partially overcome growth arrest induced by an ODC inhibitor, alpha-difluoromethylornithine, indicating that they are able to mimic some functions of the natural polyamines. Thus, SpmTrien is a novel tool to influence polyamine interaction sites at the molecular level and offers a new means to study the contribution of the protonation of spermine amino group(s) in the regulation of polyamine-dependent biological processes.
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Casero RA, Woster PM. Recent advances in the development of polyamine analogues as antitumor agents. J Med Chem 2009; 52:4551-73. [PMID: 19534534 DOI: 10.1021/jm900187v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Casero
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
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Zidovska A, Ewert KK, Quispe J, Carragher B, Potter CS, Safinya CR. The effect of salt and pH on block liposomes studied by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2009; 1788:1869-76. [PMID: 19559003 PMCID: PMC2740798 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2009.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2009] [Revised: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we have reported the discovery of block liposomes (BLs), a new class of liquid (chain-melted) vesicles, formed in mixtures of the curvature-stabilizing hexadecavalent cationic lipid MVLBG2, the neutral lipid 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DOPC), and water with no added salt. BLs consist of connected spheres, pears, tubes, or rods. Unlike in typical liposome systems, where spherical vesicles, tubular vesicles, and cylindrical micelles are separated on the macroscopic scale, shapes remain connected and are separated only on the nanometer scale within a single BL. Here, we report structural studies of the effect of salt and pH on the BL phase, carried out using differential interference contrast microscopy (DIC) and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM). Addition of salt screens the electrostatic interactions; in low-salt conditions, partial screening of electrostatic interactions leads to a shape transition from BLs to bilamellar vesicles, while in the high-salt regime, a shape transition from BLs to liposomes with spherical morphologies occurs. This demonstrates that strong electrostatic interactions are essential for BL formation. Understanding the control of liposome shape evolution is of high interest because such shape changes play an important role in many intracellular processes such as endocytosis, endoplasmatic reticulum-associated vesiculation, vesicle recycling and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Zidovska
- Materials, Physics, and Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Departments, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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Tsen C, Iltis M, Kaur N, Bayer C, Delcros JG, von Kalm L, Phanstiel O. A Drosophila Model To Identify Polyamine−Drug Conjugates That Target the Polyamine Transporter in an Intact Epithelium. J Med Chem 2007; 51:324-30. [DOI: 10.1021/jm701198s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chung Tsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816-2366, Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816-2368, and Groupe Cycle Cellulaire, UMR CNRS 6061 Génétique et Développement, IFR 97 Génomique Fonctionnelle et Santé, Faculté de Médecine, Université Rennes 1, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, CS 34317, F-35043 Rennes Cédex, France
| | - Mark Iltis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816-2366, Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816-2368, and Groupe Cycle Cellulaire, UMR CNRS 6061 Génétique et Développement, IFR 97 Génomique Fonctionnelle et Santé, Faculté de Médecine, Université Rennes 1, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, CS 34317, F-35043 Rennes Cédex, France
| | - Navneet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816-2366, Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816-2368, and Groupe Cycle Cellulaire, UMR CNRS 6061 Génétique et Développement, IFR 97 Génomique Fonctionnelle et Santé, Faculté de Médecine, Université Rennes 1, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, CS 34317, F-35043 Rennes Cédex, France
| | - Cynthia Bayer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816-2366, Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816-2368, and Groupe Cycle Cellulaire, UMR CNRS 6061 Génétique et Développement, IFR 97 Génomique Fonctionnelle et Santé, Faculté de Médecine, Université Rennes 1, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, CS 34317, F-35043 Rennes Cédex, France
| | - Jean-Guy Delcros
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816-2366, Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816-2368, and Groupe Cycle Cellulaire, UMR CNRS 6061 Génétique et Développement, IFR 97 Génomique Fonctionnelle et Santé, Faculté de Médecine, Université Rennes 1, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, CS 34317, F-35043 Rennes Cédex, France
| | - Laurence von Kalm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816-2366, Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816-2368, and Groupe Cycle Cellulaire, UMR CNRS 6061 Génétique et Développement, IFR 97 Génomique Fonctionnelle et Santé, Faculté de Médecine, Université Rennes 1, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, CS 34317, F-35043 Rennes Cédex, France
| | - Otto Phanstiel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816-2366, Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816-2368, and Groupe Cycle Cellulaire, UMR CNRS 6061 Génétique et Développement, IFR 97 Génomique Fonctionnelle et Santé, Faculté de Médecine, Université Rennes 1, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, CS 34317, F-35043 Rennes Cédex, France
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Boncher T, Bi X, Varghese S, Casero RA, Woster PM. Polyamine-based analogues as biochemical probes and potential therapeutics. Biochem Soc Trans 2007; 35:356-63. [PMID: 17371278 DOI: 10.1042/bst0350356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The polyamines putrescine, spermidine and spermine are ubiquitous polycationic compounds that are found in nearly every cell type, and are required to support a wide variety of cellular functions. The existence of multiple cellular effector sites for naturally occurring polyamines implies that there are numerous targets for polyamine-based therapeutic agents. Through a programme aimed at the synthesis and evaluation of biologically active polyamine analogues, our laboratory has identified three distinct structural classes of polyamine derivatives that exhibit promising biological activity in vitro. We have synthesized more than 200 symmetrically and unsymmetrically substituted alkylpolyamines that possess potent antitumour or antiparasitic activity, depending on their backbone architecture and terminal alkyl substituents. Along similar lines, we have developed novel polyamino(bis)guanidines and polyaminobiguanides that are promising antitrypanosomal agents and that interfere with biofilm formation in the pathogenic bacterium Yersinia pestis. Finally, we recently reported a series of PAHAs (polyaminohydroxamic acids) and PABAs (polyaminobenzamides) that inhibit HDACs (histone deacetylases), and in some cases are selective for individual HDAC isoforms. These studies support the hypothesis that polyamine-based small molecules can be developed for use as biochemical probes and as potential therapies for multiple diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Boncher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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Phanstiel O, Kaur N, Delcros JG. Structure-activity investigations of polyamine-anthracene conjugates and their uptake via the polyamine transporter. Amino Acids 2007; 33:305-13. [PMID: 17410331 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-007-0527-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2006] [Accepted: 02/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of polyamine conjugates were synthesized and evaluated for their ability to target the polyamine transporter (PAT) in two Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines (PAT-active CHO and PAT-inactive CHOMG). This systematic study identified salient features of the polyamine architecture required to target and enter cells via the PAT. Indeed, the separation of charges, the degree of N-alkylation, and the spacer unit connecting the N(1)-terminus to the appended cytotoxic component (anthracene) were found to be key contributors to optimal delivery via the PAT. Using the CHO screen, the homospermidine motif (e.g., 4,4-triamine) was identified as a polyamine vector, which could enable the selective import of large N(1)-substituents (i.e., naphthylmethyl, anthracenylmethyl and pyrenylmethyl), which were cytotoxic to cells. The cell selectivity of this approach was demonstrated in B-16 murine melanoma cells and normal melanocytes (Mel-A). Three polyamine areas (recognition and transport, vesicle sequestration and polyamine-target interactions) were identified for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Phanstiel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816-2366, USA.
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Strømgaard K, Piazzi L, Olsen CA, Franzyk H, Jaroszewski JW. Protolytic properties of polyamine wasp toxin analogues studied by 13C NMR spectroscopy. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2006; 44:1013-22. [PMID: 16941578 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.1890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Acid-base properties of the natural polyamine wasp toxin PhTX-433 (1) and seven synthetic analogues [PhTX-343 (2), PhTX-334 (3), PhTX-443 (4), PhTX-434 (5), PhTX-344 (6), PhTX-444 (7), and PhTX-333 (8)], each having four protolytic sites, were characterized by 13C NMR spectroscopy. Nonlinear, multiparameter, simultaneous fit of all chemical shift data obtained from the NMR titration curves yielded macroscopic pKa values as well as intrinsic chemical shift data of all differently protonated macrospecies. Analyses of the chemical shift data demonstrated strong interactions between all four sites and provided information about complex relationships between chemical shift values and protonation state. Deprotonation of fully protonated forms starts at the central amino group of the polyamine moiety, and the extent of this trend depends on the distance to the flanking, protonated amino groups. The pKa1 values of 1-8 are in the range 8.2-9.4. Hence, some of the toxins are incompletely protonated at the pH and ionic strength conditions used for assessment of their interactions with ionotropic glutamate and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and the degree of protonation is expected to have pharmacological importance in the ion-channel binding event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Strømgaard
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The Danish University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Bi X, Lopez C, Bacchi CJ, Rattendi D, Woster PM. Novel alkylpolyaminoguanidines and alkylpolyaminobiguanides with potent antitrypanosomal activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:3229-32. [PMID: 16616495 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2006] [Revised: 03/13/2006] [Accepted: 03/14/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A series of polyaminoguanidines and polyaminobiguanides were synthesized and evaluated as potential antitrypanosomal agents. These analogues inhibit trypanothione reductase (TR) with IC50 values as low as 0.95 microM, but do not inhibit the closely related human enzyme glutathione reductase (GR). The most effective analogues, 7a, 7b and 8d, inhibited parasitic growth in vitro with IC50 values of 0.18, 0.09 and 0.18 microM, respectively. These agents represent a promising new class of potential antitrypanosomal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdong Bi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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Seiler N. Pharmacological aspects of cytotoxic polyamine analogs and derivatives for cancer therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2005; 107:99-119. [PMID: 15963353 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
During the past 20 years, numerous derivatives and analogues of spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm) were synthesized with the aim to generate a new type of anticancer drug. The common denominator of most cytotoxic polyamine analogues is their lipophilicity, which is superior to that of the parent amines. The natural polyamines bind to polyanions and to proteins with anionic binding sites. Their hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity is balanced, allowing them to perform physiological functions by interacting with some of these anionic structures, without impairing the functionality of others. Because the attachment of lipophilic substituents to the polyamine backbone increases the binding energy, lipophilic polyamine derivatives affect secondary and tertiary structures of a larger number of macromolecules than do their natural counterparts. In addition, lipophilicity improves the blood-brain barrier transport and thus enhances CNS toxicity. Close structural analogues of spermidine and spermine mimic the natural polyamines in regulatory functions. The cytotoxic mechanisms of analogues with a less close structural resemblance to spermidine or spermine have not been completely clarified. The displacement of spermidine from functional binding sites and the consequent prevention of its physiological roles is a likely mechanism, but many others may play a role as well. Up to now, polyamine analogues were conceived without specific growth-related targets in mind. To develop therapeutically useful drugs, it will be imperative to identify specific targets and to design compounds that interact selectively with the target molecules. It will also be necessary to include, at an early state of the work, pharmacological and toxicological considerations, to avoid unproductive directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Seiler
- Laboratory of Nutritional Cancer Prevention, Institut de Recherche contre les Cancers de l'Appareil Digestif, Strasbourg Cedex 67091, France.
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Graminski GF, Carlson CL, Ziemer JR, Cai F, Vermeulen NMJ, Vanderwerf SM, Burns MR. Synthesis of bis-spermine dimers that are potent polyamine transport inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:35-40. [PMID: 11738568 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00659-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel spermine dimer analogues was synthesized and assessed for their ability to inhibit spermidine transport into MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma cells. Two spermine molecules were tethered via their N(1) primary amines with naphthalenedisulfonic acid, adamantanedicarboxylic acid and a series of aliphatic dicarboxylic acids. The linked spermine analogues were potent polyamine transport inhibitors and inhibited cell growth cytostatically in combination with a polyamine synthesis inhibitor. Variation in the linker length did not alter polyamine transport inhibition. The amount of charge on the molecule may influence the molecular interaction with the transporter since the most potent spermidine transport inhibitors contained 5-6 positive charges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard F Graminski
- Oridigm Corporation, 4010 Stone Way North, Suite 220, Seattle, WA 98103, USA.
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33
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Faaland CA, Thomas TJ, Balabhadrapathruni S, Langer T, Mian S, Shirahata A, Gallo MA, Thomas T. Molecular correlates of the action of bis(ethyl)polyamines in breast cancer cell growth inhibition and apoptosis. Biochem Cell Biol 2001. [PMID: 11012080 DOI: 10.1139/o00-017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyamines are known to be involved in cell growth regulation in breast cancer. To evaluate the efficacy of bis(ethyl)polyamine analogs for breast cancer therapy and to understand their mechanism of action we measured the effects of a series of polyamine analogs on cell growth, activities of enzymes involved in polyamine metabolism, intracellular polyamine levels, and the uptake of putrescine and spermidine using MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The IC50 values for cell growth inhibition of three of the compounds, N1,N12-bis(ethyl)spermine, N1,N11-bis(ethyl)norspermine, and N1,N14-bis(ethyl)homospermine, were in the range of 1-2 microM. Another group of three compounds showed antiproliferative activity at about 5 microM level. These compounds are also capable of suppressing colony formation in soft agar assay and inducing apoptosis of MCF-7 cells. The highly effective growth inhibitory agents altered the activity of polyamine biosynthetic and catabolic enzymes and down-regulated the transport of natural polyamines, although each compound produced a unique pattern of alterations in these parameters. HPLC analysis showed that cellular uptake of bis(ethyl)polyamines was highest for bis(ethyl)spermine. We also analyzed polyamine analog conformations and their binding to DNA minor or major grooves by molecular modelling and molecular dynamics simulations. Results of these analyses indicate that tetramine analogs fit well in the minor groove of DNA whereas, larger compounds extend out of the minor groove. Although major groove binding was also possible for the short tetramine analogs, this interaction led to a predominantly bent conformation. Our studies show growth inhibitory activities of several potentially important analogs on breast cancer cells and indicate that multiple sites are involved in the mechanism of action of these analogs. While the activity of an analog may depend on the sum of these different effects, molecular modelling studies indicate a correlation between antiproliferative activity and stable interactions of the analogs with major or minor grooves of DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Faaland
- Department of Environmental and Community Medicine, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick 08903, USA
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Yatin M, Venkataraman GM, Marcinek R, Ain KB. Polyamine synthesis and transport inhibition in a human anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cell line in vitro and as xenograft tumors. Thyroid 1999; 9:805-14. [PMID: 10482374 DOI: 10.1089/thy.1999.9.805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Polyamines are essential cellular components for neoplastic transformation and cell proliferation. Antineoplastic efforts that inhibit polyamine synthesis are insufficient to induce cytotoxicity, due to compensatory induction of polyamine transport. Treatment of an anaplastic human thyroid carcinoma cell line (DRO90-1) with a novel polymeric spermine conjugate (polyspermine; PSpm) caused in vitro cytotoxicity and inhibited the growth of xenograft tumors at low concentrations. Similar in vitro antineoplastic effects were noted with two other human anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cell lines. This coincided with inhibition of polyamine uptake and synthetic enzyme activities, with reduced ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (SAM-DC) but increased spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase (SSAT) activities, as measured in DRO90-1 cells. In subsequent studies using these cells, PSpm was effective in reducing the intracellular levels of all polyamines in vitro, resulting in cytotoxicity that was not reversed by administration of extracellular polyamines. Low-dose PSpm inhibited tumor growth in vivo, but high doses of PSpm potentiated xenograft tumor growth. PSpm degradation products produced with in vivo treatment may be produced that function as substrates for polyamine biosynthesis. These studies suggest that polyamine metabolism inhibition is a viable target for antineoplastic therapy of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma, although the in vivo response to PSpm suggests that this agent will have limited clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yatin
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE In this paper, the authors attempt to construct a mathematical model to correlate the biological activities of 63 polyamine transport inhibitors in L1210 cells with their physicochemical parameters. METHOD The inhibitory constants (Ki) were obtained from the published work of Bergeron et al. Non-weighted least square method was used in deriving the regression equations with a BMDP program. An AM1 subroutine of the HyperChem program was used to optimize the geometry and calculate the molecular dipole moments and the distance between two terminal amino groups. A CQSAR program was used to calculate Clog P (oct./w.). RESULTS A good correlation (r2 = 0.81) was obtained by using a five-parameter equation including the distance between two terminal amino groups (d), the number of cationic charge (Charge), molecular weight (MW), dipole moment (mu), and hydrogen bond forming ability (Hb). CONCLUSION This model accounts for 81% of the variance in the data and can be used to estimate transport-inhibitory activity of many other polyamine analogues. It gives some quantitative information about the relationship between the polyamine analogues' function as transport inhibitors and their molecular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Q Xia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90033, USA
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Tye CK, Kasinathan G, Barrett MP, Brun R, Doyle VE, Fairlamb AH, Weaver R, Gilbert IH. An approach to use an unusual adenosine transporter to selectively deliver polyamine analogues to trypanosomes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1998; 8:811-6. [PMID: 9871546 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(98)00095-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we describe an approach to selectively deliver compounds to trypanosomes using an adenosine transporter which is unique to the trypanosome. Various polyamine analogues have been attached to known substrates of this adenosine transporter. The compounds prepared interact specifically with the adenosine transporter, some with a similar efficiency to berenil, a known substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Tye
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, University of Wales Cardiff, UK
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Bernardo MA, Guerrero JA, García-España E, Luis SV, Llinares JM, Pina F, Ramírez JA, Soriano C. Thermodynamic, NMR and photochemical study on the acid–base behaviour of N,N′-dibenzylated polyamines and on their interaction with hexacyanocobaltate(III). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1039/p29960002335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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