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Rostampour S, Eslami F, Babaei E, Mostafavi H, Mahdavi M. An Active Compound from the Pyrazine Family Induces Apoptosis by Targeting the Bax/Bcl2 and Survivin Expression in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia K562 Cells. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2024; 24:203-212. [PMID: 38038011 DOI: 10.2174/0118715206272359231121105713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been established that pyrazine derivatives, which have widespread bioactivities, can effectively treat cancer. OBJECTIVES In this study, we investigated the effects of 2-methoxy-5-(oxiran-2-ylmethyl) phenyl pyrazine-2- carboxylate (2-mOPP), a new pyrazine derivative, on proliferation, viability, and apoptosis induction in human leukemia K562 cells. METHODS For this purpose, the K562 cells were treated with various concentrations (20-120 μM) of the 2-mOPP for 24-72 hours. Cell viability was determined by MTT growth inhibition assay. Apoptotic activity of 2-mOPP was investigated morphologically by Hoechst staining, cell surface expression assay of phosphatidylserine by Annexin-V/PI technique, as well as DNA fragmentation assay. The effect of 2-mOPP on the K562 cell cycle was studied by flow cytometry. To determine the impact of 2-mOPP on the expression of intrinsic apoptosis-related genes, Bcl2 (anti-apoptotic), Bax (pro-apoptotic), and Survivin genes expression levels were evaluated before and after treatment with 2-mOPP through Real-Time PCR analysis. RESULTS The results revealed that 2-mOPP inhibited viability with IC50 of 25μM in 72 h. Morphological changes assessment by fluorescence microscopy, Annexin V/PI double staining by flow cytometry, and DNA ladders formation upon cell treatment with the 2-mOPP showed that this compound induces apoptosis at IC50 value. Cell cycle arrest was observed in the G0/G1 phase, and the sub-G1 cell population (the sign of apoptosis) increased in a time-dependent manner. Low expression levels of Bcl2 and Survivin in K562 cells were observed 24-72 h after treatment. Along with the down-regulation of Survivin and Bcl2, the expression of Bax was increased after treatment with 2-mOPP. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that the new pyrazine derivative plays a crucial role in blocking the proliferation of the leukemic cells by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeedeh Rostampour
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farhad Eslami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Babaei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Mostafavi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Majid Mahdavi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Cole MS, Howe MD, Buonomo JA, Sharma S, Lamont EA, Brody SI, Mishra NK, Minato Y, Thiede JM, Baughn AD, Aldrich CC. Cephem-Pyrazinoic Acid Conjugates: Circumventing Resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200995. [PMID: 35697660 PMCID: PMC9474573 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading source of infectious disease mortality globally. Antibiotic-resistant strains comprise an estimated 10 % of new TB cases and present an urgent need for novel therapeutics. β-lactam antibiotics have traditionally been ineffective against M. tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of TB, due to the organism's inherent expression of β-lactamases that destroy the electrophilic β-lactam warhead. We have developed novel β-lactam conjugates, which exploit this inherent β-lactamase activity to achieve selective release of pyrazinoic acid (POA), the active form of a first-line TB drug. These conjugates are selectively active against M. tuberculosis and related mycobacteria, and activity is retained or even potentiated in multiple resistant strains and models. Preliminary mechanistic investigations suggest that both the POA "warhead" as well as the β-lactam "promoiety" contribute to the observed activity, demonstrating a codrug strategy with important implications for future TB therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm S. Cole
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryUniversity of Minnesota308 Harvard St SEMinneapolisMinnesota 55455USA
| | - Michael D. Howe
- Department of Microbiology, ImmunologyUniversity of Minnesota Medical School689 23 Ave SEMinneapolisMinnesota 55455USA
| | - Joseph A. Buonomo
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryUniversity of Minnesota308 Harvard St SEMinneapolisMinnesota 55455USA
| | - Sachin Sharma
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryUniversity of Minnesota308 Harvard St SEMinneapolisMinnesota 55455USA
| | - Elise A. Lamont
- Department of Microbiology, ImmunologyUniversity of Minnesota Medical School689 23 Ave SEMinneapolisMinnesota 55455USA
| | - Scott I. Brody
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryUniversity of Minnesota308 Harvard St SEMinneapolisMinnesota 55455USA
| | - Neeraj K. Mishra
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryUniversity of Minnesota308 Harvard St SEMinneapolisMinnesota 55455USA
- Department of BiotechnologyGandhi Institute of Technology and Management (GITAM) School of ScienceDeemed to be UniversityGandhi nagarRushikonda, Visakhapatnam-530045Andhra PradeshIndia
| | - Yusuke Minato
- Department of Microbiology, ImmunologyUniversity of Minnesota Medical School689 23 Ave SEMinneapolisMinnesota 55455USA
- Department of MicrobiologyFujita Health University School of Medicine1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-choToyoakeAichi 470-1192Japan
| | - Joshua M. Thiede
- Department of Microbiology, ImmunologyUniversity of Minnesota Medical School689 23 Ave SEMinneapolisMinnesota 55455USA
| | - Anthony D. Baughn
- Department of Microbiology, ImmunologyUniversity of Minnesota Medical School689 23 Ave SEMinneapolisMinnesota 55455USA
| | - Courtney C. Aldrich
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryUniversity of Minnesota308 Harvard St SEMinneapolisMinnesota 55455USA
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Alghamdi S, Asif M. Pyrazinamide Analogs Designed for Rational Drug Designing Strategies against Resistant Tuberculosis. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162022030037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Valente E, Testa B, Constantino L. Activation of benzoate model prodrugs by mycobacteria. Comparison with mammalian plasma and liver hydrolysis. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 162:105831. [PMID: 33839258 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Due to difficulties in drug penetration in M. tuberculosis, a prodrug approach based on mycobacterial activation appears as a promising strategy to increase the delivery of antitubercular drugs to the target microorganisms. Esters have been successful used by us and others to deliver drugs to mycobacteria, however because very little is known about the metabolic hydrolysis of esters by mycobacteria in connection with prodrug activation, we decided to study the process further. For that we selected a series of 13 benzoates with different chain lengths and ramifications in the alkoxy side as model prodrugs and examined their hydrolysis by a mycobacterial homogenate, comparing the results with those obtained parallelly in human plasma and in total rat liver homogenate. In all biological media, the benzoates with a linear alkyl group showed a parabolic dependence between log(k) and logP (or the number of carbons of the linear alkyl chain) that reached a maximal value for the n-butyl chain. Considering linear correlations for the total number of compounds between log(k) and chosen descriptors, for mycobacterial esterases, pKa of the leaving alcohol (pKaLG) seem to be the most important descriptor. Plasma esterases seem to be quite sensitive to the Taft polarity parameter σ* and also to pKaLG and less sensitive to steric effects. Liver esterases seem to be more sensitive to the Taft steric descriptor ESc. Lipophilicity correlates weakly with log(k) in all the 3 media, however, is more important when one looks for mycobacterial activation selectivity in relation to plasma metabolism or in relation to liver homogenate metabolism. The importance of lipophilicity increases further when biparametric expressions are considered. We showed that it is easy to activate a wide variety of benzoate esters using a mycobacterial homogenate. The data also suggest that with careful design is possible to obtain tuberculostatic prodrug esters sensitive to mycobacterial hydrolases while reasonably resistant to plasma and liver hydrolysis. One important observation is that mycobacterial hydrolysis is less affected by bulky substituents than liver homogenate or plasma hydrolysis. tert-Butyl is probably the substituent in the alkoxy side that seems more adequate to resist simultaneously plasma and liver metabolism, while allowing activation by mycobacterial esterases. Hexyl is also a good option for the medicinal chemist if a linear alkoxy chain is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emília Valente
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Luís Constantino
- Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences (iMed.UL), Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
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Juhás M, Kučerová L, Horáček O, Janďourek O, Kubíček V, Konečná K, Kučera R, Bárta P, Janoušek J, Paterová P, Kuneš J, Doležal M, Zitko J. N-Pyrazinoyl Substituted Amino Acids as Potential Antimycobacterial Agents-The Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Enantiomers. Molecules 2020; 25:E1518. [PMID: 32230728 PMCID: PMC7181131 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), each year causing millions of deaths. In this article, we present the synthesis and biological evaluations of new potential antimycobacterial compounds containing a fragment of the first-line antitubercular drug pyrazinamide (PZA), coupled with methyl or ethyl esters of selected amino acids. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated on a variety of (myco)bacterial strains, including Mtb H37Ra, M. smegmatis, M. aurum, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and fungal strains, including Candida albicans and Aspergillus flavus. Emphasis was placed on the comparison of enantiomer activities. None of the synthesized compounds showed any significant activity against fungal strains, and their antibacterial activities were also low, the best minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value was 31.25 µM. However, several compounds presented high activity against Mtb. Overall, higher activity was seen in derivatives containing ʟ-amino acids. Similarly, the activity seems tied to the more lipophilic compounds. The most active derivative contained phenylglycine moiety (PC-ᴅ/ʟ-Pgl-Me, MIC < 1.95 µg/mL). All active compounds possessed low cytotoxicity and good selectivity towards Mtb. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study comparing the activities of the ᴅ- and ʟ-amino acid derivatives of pyrazinamide as potential antimycobacterial compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Juhás
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (L.K.); (O.H.); (O.J.); (V.K.); (K.K.); (R.K.); (P.B.); (J.J.); (J.K.); (M.D.)
| | - Lucie Kučerová
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (L.K.); (O.H.); (O.J.); (V.K.); (K.K.); (R.K.); (P.B.); (J.J.); (J.K.); (M.D.)
| | - Ondřej Horáček
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (L.K.); (O.H.); (O.J.); (V.K.); (K.K.); (R.K.); (P.B.); (J.J.); (J.K.); (M.D.)
| | - Ondřej Janďourek
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (L.K.); (O.H.); (O.J.); (V.K.); (K.K.); (R.K.); (P.B.); (J.J.); (J.K.); (M.D.)
| | - Vladimír Kubíček
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (L.K.); (O.H.); (O.J.); (V.K.); (K.K.); (R.K.); (P.B.); (J.J.); (J.K.); (M.D.)
| | - Klára Konečná
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (L.K.); (O.H.); (O.J.); (V.K.); (K.K.); (R.K.); (P.B.); (J.J.); (J.K.); (M.D.)
| | - Radim Kučera
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (L.K.); (O.H.); (O.J.); (V.K.); (K.K.); (R.K.); (P.B.); (J.J.); (J.K.); (M.D.)
| | - Pavel Bárta
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (L.K.); (O.H.); (O.J.); (V.K.); (K.K.); (R.K.); (P.B.); (J.J.); (J.K.); (M.D.)
| | - Jiří Janoušek
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (L.K.); (O.H.); (O.J.); (V.K.); (K.K.); (R.K.); (P.B.); (J.J.); (J.K.); (M.D.)
| | - Pavla Paterová
- University Hospital Hradec Králové, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sokolská 581, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic;
| | - Jiří Kuneš
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (L.K.); (O.H.); (O.J.); (V.K.); (K.K.); (R.K.); (P.B.); (J.J.); (J.K.); (M.D.)
| | - Martin Doležal
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (L.K.); (O.H.); (O.J.); (V.K.); (K.K.); (R.K.); (P.B.); (J.J.); (J.K.); (M.D.)
| | - Jan Zitko
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (L.K.); (O.H.); (O.J.); (V.K.); (K.K.); (R.K.); (P.B.); (J.J.); (J.K.); (M.D.)
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6
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Novel pyrazine based anti-tubercular agents: Design, synthesis, biological evaluation and in silico studies. Bioorg Chem 2020; 96:103610. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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7
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8
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A one-pot and three-component synthetic approach for the preparation of asymmetric and multi-substituted 1,4-dihydropyrazines. Tetrahedron Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.151257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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9
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Pinto Carneiro S, Moine L, Tessier B, Nicolas V, dos Santos O, Fattal E. Pyrazinoic acid-Poly(malic acid) biodegradable nanoconjugate for efficient intracellular delivery. PRECISION NANOMEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.33218/prnano2(3).190523.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease affecting mostly lungs, that is still considered a health global problem as it causes millions of deaths worldwide. Current treatment is effective but associated with severe adverse effects due to the high doses of each anti-tuberculosis drug daily administrated by oral therapy. For the first time, a pyrazinoic acid (PA) biodegradable nanoconjugate was synthesized and developed for pulmonary administration in an attempt to reduce the administered doses by achieving a high drug payload and controlled release at the target site. The conjugate was synthesized by coupling pyrazinoic acid on carboxylic groups of poly(malic acid), which is a biodegradable and biocompatible polymer, and posteriorly self-assembled into nanoconjugates. Characterization confirmed the formation of nanometric, spherical and negatively charged pyrazinoic acid nanoconjugate (NC-PA). NC-PA was stable for 60 days at 4 and 37°C and able to deliver PA in a sustained release manner over time. On macrophages, they exhibited no cell toxicity for a wide range of concentrations (from 1 to 100 µg/mL), demonstrating the safety of NC-PA. In addition, the nanoconjugate was efficiently taken up by RAW 264.7 cells over 6 hours reaching a maximum value after 3 hours of incubation. In conclusion, innovative nanoconjugates are a promising alternative to deliver drugs directly to the lungs and contributing to improving tuberculosis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Orlando dos Santos
- Laboratório de Fitotecnologia, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto
| | - Elias Fattal
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud
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Zaorska E, Hutsch T, Gawryś-Kopczyńska M, Ostaszewski R, Ufnal M, Koszelewski D. Evaluation of thioamides, thiolactams and thioureas as hydrogen sulfide (H2S) donors for lowering blood pressure. Bioorg Chem 2019; 88:102941. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.102941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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11
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Afinjuomo F, Barclay TG, Parikh A, Song Y, Chung R, Wang L, Liu L, Hayball JD, Petrovsky N, Garg S. Design and Characterization of Inulin Conjugate for Improved Intracellular and Targeted Delivery of Pyrazinoic Acid to Monocytes. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E243. [PMID: 31121836 PMCID: PMC6572292 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11050243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The propensity of monocytes to migrate into sites of mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) infection and then become infected themselves makes them potential targets for delivery of drugs intracellularly to the tubercle bacilli reservoir. Conventional TB drugs are less effective because of poor intracellular delivery to this bacterial sanctuary. This study highlights the potential of using semicrystalline delta inulin particles that are readily internalised by monocytes for a monocyte-based drug delivery system. Pyrazinoic acid was successfully attached covalently to the delta inulin particles via a labile linker. The formation of new conjugate and amide bond was confirmed using zeta potential, Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1HNMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed that no significant change in size after conjugation which is an important parameter for monocyte targeting. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to establish the change in thermal properties. The analysis of in-vitro release demonstrated pH-triggered drug cleavage off the delta inulin particles that followed a first-order kinetic process. The efficient targeting ability of the conjugate for RAW 264.7 monocytic cells was supported by cellular uptake studies. Overall, our finding confirmed that semicrystalline delta inulin particles (MPI) can be modified covalently with drugs and such conjugates allow intracellular drug delivery and uptake into monocytes, making this system potentially useful for the treatment of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franklin Afinjuomo
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
| | - Thomas G Barclay
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
| | - Ankit Parikh
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
| | - Yunmei Song
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
| | - Rosa Chung
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
| | - Lixin Wang
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
| | - Liang Liu
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
| | - John D Hayball
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Vaxine Pty. Ltd., Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia.
- Department of Endocrinology, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia.
| | - Sanjay Garg
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
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Khani-Meinagh H, Mostafavi H, Reiling N, Mahdavi M, Zarrini G. Design, synthesis and evaluation of biological activities of some novel anti-TB agents with bio-reducible functional group. BIOIMPACTS : BI 2019; 9:199-209. [PMID: 31799156 PMCID: PMC6879708 DOI: 10.15171/bi.2019.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: With regard to the anti-mycobacterial activity of 2-pyrazinoic acid esters (POEs), recent studies have shown that both pyrazine core and alkyl part of POE interact with the fatty acid synthase type (I) (FAS (I)) precluding a complex formation between NADPH and FAS (I). Methods: Considering this interaction at the reductase site of FAS (I) responsible for reduction of β-ketoacyl-CoA to β-hydroxyacyl-CoA, we hypothesized that POE containing a bioreducible center in its alkyl part might show an increased anti-tubercular activity due to the involvement of FAS (I) in extra bio-reduction reaction. Thus, we synthesized novel POEs, confirmed their structures by spectral data, and subsequently evaluated their anti-mycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) (H37Rv) strain at 10 μg/mL concentration. Results: Compounds 3c, 3j, and 3m showed higher activity with regard to the inhibition of Mtb growth by 45.4, 45.7, and 51.2% respectively. Unexpectedly, the maltol derived POE 3l having the lowest log p value among the POEs indicated the highest anti-mycobacterial growth activity with 56% prevention. Compounds 3c and 3l showed no remarkable cytotoxicity on human macrophages at 10 μg/mL concentration as analyzed by xCELLigence real-time cell analysis. In further experiments, some of the tested POEs, unlike pyrazinamide (PZA), exhibited significant antibacterial and also anti-fungal activities. POEs showed an enhanced bactericidal activity on gram-positive bacteria as shown for Staphylococcus aureus , e.g. compound 3b with a MIC value of 125 μg/mL but not E. coli as a gram-negative bacteria, except for maltol derived POE (3l) that showed an inverse activity in the susceptibility test. In the anticancer activity test against the human leukemia K562 cell lines using MTT assay, compounds 3e and 3j showed the highest cytotoxic effect with IC50 values of 25±8.0 μΜ and 25±5.0 μΜ, respectively. Conclusion: It was found that the majority of POEs containing a bioreducible center showed higher inhibitory activities on Mtb growth when compared to the similar compounds without a bio-reducible functional group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Khani-Meinagh
- Department of Organic and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 5166614766, Iran
| | - Hossein Mostafavi
- Department of Organic and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 5166614766, Iran
| | - Norbert Reiling
- Division of Microbial Interface Biology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Parkallee 22, D-23845 Borstel, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Majid Mahdavi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Zarrini
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
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Larsen EM, Johnson RJ. Microbial esterases and ester prodrugs: An unlikely marriage for combating antibiotic resistance. Drug Dev Res 2018; 80:33-47. [PMID: 30302779 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The rise of antibiotic resistance necessitates the search for new platforms for drug development. Prodrugs are common tools for overcoming drawbacks typically associated with drug formulation and delivery, with ester prodrugs providing a classic strategy for masking polar alcohol and carboxylic acid functionalities and improving cell permeability. Ester prodrugs are normally designed to have simple ester groups, as they are expected to be cleaved and reactivated by a wide spectrum of cellular esterases. However, a number of pathogenic and commensal microbial esterases have been found to possess significant substrate specificity and can play an unexpected role in drug metabolism. Ester protection can also introduce antimicrobial properties into previously nontoxic drugs through alterations in cell permeability or solubility. Finally, mutation to microbial esterases is a novel mechanism for the development of antibiotic resistance. In this review, we highlight the important pathogenic and xenobiotic functions of microbial esterases and discuss the development and application of ester prodrugs for targeting microbial infections and combating antibiotic resistance. Esterases are often overlooked as therapeutic targets. Yet, with the growing need to develop new antibiotics, a thorough understanding of the specificity and function of microbial esterases and their combined action with ester prodrug antibiotics will support the design of future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik M Larsen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bloomsburg University, Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania
| | - R Jeremy Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana
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14
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Montgomery SA, Young EF, Durham PG, Zulauf KE, Rank L, Miller BK, Hayden JD, Lin FC, Welch JT, Hickey AJ, Braunstein M. Efficacy of pyrazinoic acid dry powder aerosols in resolving necrotic and non-necrotic granulomas in a guinea pig model of tuberculosis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204495. [PMID: 30261007 PMCID: PMC6160074 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
New therapeutic strategies are needed to treat drug resistant tuberculosis (TB) and to improve treatment for drug sensitive TB. Pyrazinamide (PZA) is a critical component of current first-line TB therapy. However, the rise in PZA-resistant TB cases jeopardizes the future utility of PZA. To address this problem, we used the guinea pig model of TB and tested the efficacy of an inhaled dry powder combination, referred to as Pyrazinoic acid/ester Dry Powder (PDP), which is comprised of pyrazinoic acid (POA), the active moiety of PZA, and pyrazinoic acid ester (PAE), which is a PZA analog. Both POA and PAE have the advantage of being able to act on PZA-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. When used in combination with oral rifampicin (R), inhaled PDP had striking effects on tissue pathology. Effects were observed in lungs, the site of delivery, but also in the spleen and liver indicating both local and systemic effects of inhaled PDP. Tissue granulomas that harbor M. tuberculosis in a persistent state are a hallmark of TB and they pose a challenge for therapy. Compared to other treatments, which preferentially cleared non-necrotic granulomas, R+PDP reduced necrotic granulomas more effectively. The increased ability of R+PDP to act on more recalcitrant necrotic granulomas suggests a novel mechanism of action. The results presented in this report reveal the potential for developing therapies involving POA that are optimized to target necrotic as well as non-necrotic granulomas as a means of achieving more complete sterilization of M. tuberculosis bacilli and preventing disease relapse when therapy ends.
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MESH Headings
- Aerosols
- Animals
- Antitubercular Agents/administration & dosage
- Antitubercular Agents/pharmacokinetics
- Bacterial Load
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Dry Powder Inhalers
- Granuloma, Respiratory Tract/drug therapy
- Granuloma, Respiratory Tract/microbiology
- Granuloma, Respiratory Tract/pathology
- Guinea Pigs
- Male
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/drug effects
- Necrosis
- Pyrazinamide/administration & dosage
- Pyrazinamide/analogs & derivatives
- Pyrazinamide/pharmacokinetics
- Respiratory Tract Absorption
- Rifampin/administration & dosage
- Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/drug therapy
- Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/pathology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/drug therapy
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/microbiology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A. Montgomery
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ellen F. Young
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Phillip G. Durham
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Katelyn E. Zulauf
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Laura Rank
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Brittany K. Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jennifer D. Hayden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Feng-Chang Lin
- Department of Biostatistics and North Carolina Translational and Clinical Sciences Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - John T. Welch
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Anthony J. Hickey
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Miriam Braunstein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Achieving High 1
H Nuclear Hyperpolarization Levels with Long Lifetimes in a Range of Tuberculosis Drug Scaffolds. Chemistry 2017; 23:16990-16997. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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16
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Larsen EM, Stephens DC, Clarke NH, Johnson RJ. Ester-prodrugs of ethambutol control its antibacterial activity and provide rapid screening for mycobacterial hydrolase activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:4544-4547. [PMID: 28882482 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.08.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
M. tuberculosis contains an unusually high number of serine hydrolases by proteome percentage compared to other common bacteria or humans. This letter describes a method to probe the global substrate specificity of mycobacterial serine hydrolases with ester-protected prodrugs of ethambutol, a first-line antibiotic treatment for TB. These compounds were synthesized directly from ethambutol using a selective o-acylation to yield products in high yield and purity with minimal workup. A library of derivatives was screened against M. smegmatis, a non-infectious model for M. tuberculosis, which displayed significantly lowered biological activity compared to ethambutol. Incubation with a general serine hydrolase reactivated each derivative to near-ethambutol levels, demonstrating that esterification of ethambutol should provide a simple screen for mycobacterial hydrolase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik M Larsen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, 4600 Sunset Ave., Indianapolis, IN 46208, USA
| | - Dominique C Stephens
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, 4600 Sunset Ave., Indianapolis, IN 46208, USA
| | - Nathan H Clarke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, 4600 Sunset Ave., Indianapolis, IN 46208, USA
| | - R Jeremy Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, 4600 Sunset Ave., Indianapolis, IN 46208, USA.
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17
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Liu W, Chen C, Zhou P. Concise Access to α-Arylketothioamides by Redox Reaction between Acetophenones, Elemental Sulfur and DMF. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201700866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Weibing Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering; Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology; 2 Guandu Road Maoming 525000 P. R. China
| | - Cui Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering; Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology; 2 Guandu Road Maoming 525000 P. R. China
| | - Peng Zhou
- College of Chemical Engineering; Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology; 2 Guandu Road Maoming 525000 P. R. China
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18
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Zhang Z, Ordonez AA, Smith-Jones P, Wang H, Gogarty KR, Daryaee F, Bambarger LE, Chang YS, Jain SK, Tonge PJ. The biodistribution of 5-[18F]fluoropyrazinamide in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected mice determined by positron emission tomography. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170871. [PMID: 28151985 PMCID: PMC5289470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
5-[18F]F-pyrazinamide (5-[18F]F-PZA), a radiotracer analog of the first-line tuberculosis drug pyrazinamide (PZA), was employed to determine the biodistribution of PZA using PET imaging and ex vivo analysis. 5-[18F]F-PZA was synthesized in 60 min using a halide exchange reaction. The overall decay-corrected yield of the reaction was 25% and average specific activity was 2.6 × 106 kBq (70 mCi)/μmol. The biodistribution of 5-[18F]F-PZA was examined in a pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis mouse model, where rapid distribution of the tracer to the lung, heart, liver, kidney, muscle, and brain was observed. The concentration of 5-[18F]F-PZA was not significantly different between infected and uninfected lung tissue. Biochemical and microbiological studies revealed substantial differences between 5-F-PZA and PZA. 5-F-PZA was not a substrate for pyrazinamidase, the bacterial enzyme that activates PZA, and the minimum inhibitory concentration for 5-F-PZA against M. tuberculosis was more than 100-fold higher than that for PZA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Zhang
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Department of Radiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Alvaro A. Ordonez
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Center for Tuberculosis Research and Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter Smith-Jones
- The Facility for Experimental Radiopharmaceutical Manufacturing, Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Hui Wang
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Department of Radiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Kayla R. Gogarty
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Department of Radiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Fereidoon Daryaee
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Department of Radiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Lauren E. Bambarger
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Center for Tuberculosis Research and Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yong S. Chang
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Center for Tuberculosis Research and Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sanjay K. Jain
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Center for Tuberculosis Research and Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SKJ); (PJT)
| | - Peter J. Tonge
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Department of Radiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SKJ); (PJT)
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19
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Antimycobacterial activity of pyrazinoate prodrugs in replicating and non-replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2016; 99:11-16. [PMID: 27449999 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is an important infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and responsible for thousands of deaths every year. Although there are antimycobacterial drugs available in therapeutics, just few new chemical entities have reached clinical trials, and in fact, since introduction of rifampin only two important drugs had reached the market. Pyrazinoic acid (POA), the active agent of pyrazinamide, has been explored through prodrug approach to achieve novel molecules with anti-Mtb activity, however, there is no activity evaluation of these molecules against non-replicating Mtb until the present. Additionally, pharmacokinetic must be preliminary evaluated to avoid future problems during clinical trials. In this paper, we have presented six POA esters as prodrugs in order to evaluate their anti-Mtb activity in replicating and non-replicating Mtb, and these showed activity highly influenced by medium composition (especially by albumin). Lipophilicity seems to play the main role in the activity, possibly due to controlling membrane passage. Novel duplicated prodrugs of POA were also described, presenting interesting activity. Cytotoxicity of these prodrugs set was also evaluated, and these showed no important cytotoxic profile.
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20
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Young EF, Perkowski E, Malik S, Hayden JD, Durham PG, Zhong L, Welch JT, Braunstein MS, Hickey AJ. Inhaled Pyrazinoic Acid Esters for the Treatment of Tuberculosis. Pharm Res 2016; 33:2495-505. [PMID: 27351427 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-1974-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Analog development of existing drugs and direct drug delivery to the lungs by inhalation as treatments for multiple and extensively drug resistant (MDR and XDR) tuberculosis (TB) represent new therapeutic strategies. Pyrazinamide (PZA) is critical to drug sensitive TB therapy and is included in regimens for MDR TB. However, PZA-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) strains threaten its use. Pyrazinoic acid esters (PAEs) are PZA analogs effective against Mtb in vitro, including against the most common PZA resistant strains. However, PAEs require testing for TB efficacy in animal models. METHODS PAEs were delivered daily as aqueous dispersions from a vibrating mesh nebulizer to Mtb infected guinea pigs for 4 weeks in a regimen including orally administered first-line TB drugs. RESULTS PAEs tested as a supplement to oral therapy significantly reduced the organ bacterial burden in comparison to infected, untreated control animals. Thus, PAE aerosol therapy is a potentially significant addition to the regimen for PZA resistant MDR-TB and XDR-TB treatment. Interestingly, low dose oral PZA treatment combined with standard therapy also reduced bacterial burden. This observation may be important for PZA susceptible disease treatment. CONCLUSION The present study justifies further evaluation of PZA analogs and their lung delivery to treat TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- E F Young
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, USA
| | - E Perkowski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, USA
| | - S Malik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, USA
| | - J D Hayden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, USA
| | - P G Durham
- RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, USA
| | - L Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, 12222, USA
| | - J T Welch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, 12222, USA
| | - Miriam S Braunstein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, USA. .,School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 6211 Marsico Hall, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599-7290, USA.
| | - Anthony J Hickey
- RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, USA.
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21
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High Systemic Exposure of Pyrazinoic Acid Has Limited Antituberculosis Activity in Murine and Rabbit Models of Tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:4197-205. [PMID: 27139472 DOI: 10.1128/aac.03085-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrazinamide (PZA) is a prodrug requiring conversion to pyrazinoic acid (POA) by an amidase encoded by pncA for in vitro activity. Mutation of pncA is the most common cause of PZA resistance in clinical isolates. To determine whether the systemic delivery of POA or host-mediated conversion of PZA to POA could circumvent such resistance, we evaluated the efficacy of orally administered and host-derived POA in vivo Dose-ranging plasma and intrapulmonary POA pharmacokinetics and the efficacy of oral POA or PZA treatment against PZA-susceptible tuberculosis were determined in BALB/c and C3HeB/FeJ mice. The activity of host-derived POA was assessed in rabbits infected with a pncA-null mutant and treated with PZA. Median plasma POA values for the area under the concentration-time curve from 0 h to infinity (AUC0-∞) were 139 to 222 μg·h/ml and 178 to 287 μg·h/ml after doses of PZA and POA of 150 mg/kg of body weight, respectively, in mice. Epithelial lining fluid POA concentrations in infected mice were comparable after POA and PZA administration. In chronically infected BALB/c mice, PZA at 150 mg/kg reduced lung CFU counts by >2 log10 after 4 weeks. POA was effective only at 450 mg/kg, which reduced lung CFU counts by ∼0.7 log10 POA had no demonstrable bactericidal activity in C3HeB/FeJ mice, nor did PZA administered to rabbits infected with a PZA-resistant mutant. Oral POA administration and host-mediated conversion of PZA to POA producing plasma POA exposures comparable to PZA administration was significantly less effective than PZA. These results suggest that the intrabacillary delivery of POA and that producing higher POA concentrations at the site of infection will be more effective strategies for maximizing POA efficacy.
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22
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Nusrath Unissa A, Hanna LE, Swaminathan S. A Note on Derivatives of Isoniazid, Rifampicin, and Pyrazinamide Showing Activity Against ResistantMycobacterium tuberculosis. Chem Biol Drug Des 2016; 87:537-50. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ameeruddin Nusrath Unissa
- Centre for Biomedical Informatics; National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis; Chennai Tamil Nadu 600 031 India
| | - Luke Elizabeth Hanna
- Scientist D; Division of Clinical Research; National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis; Chennai Tamil Nadu 600 031 India
| | - Soumya Swaminathan
- Director General; Indian Council of Medical Research; Ansari Nagar New Delhi 110 029 India
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23
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Pires D, Valente E, Simões MF, Carmo N, Testa B, Constantino L, Anes E. Esters of Pyrazinoic Acid Are Active against Pyrazinamide-Resistant Strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Other Naturally Resistant Mycobacteria In Vitro and Ex Vivo within Macrophages. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:7693-9. [PMID: 26438493 PMCID: PMC4649235 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00936-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyrazinamide (PZA) is active against major Mycobacterium tuberculosis species (M. tuberculosis, M. africanum, and M. microti) but not against M. bovis and M. avium. The latter two are mycobacterial species involved in human and cattle tuberculosis and in HIV coinfections, respectively. PZA is a first-line agent for the treatment of human tuberculosis and requires activation by a mycobacterial pyrazinamidase to form the active metabolite pyrazinoic acid (POA). As a result of this mechanism, resistance to PZA, as is often found in tuberculosis patients, is caused by point mutations in pyrazinamidase. In previous work, we have shown that POA esters and amides synthesized in our laboratory were stable in plasma (M. F. Simões, E. Valente, M. J. Gómez, E. Anes, and L. Constantino, Eur J Pharm Sci 37:257-263, 2009, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2009.02.012). Although the amides did not present significant activity, the esters were active against sensitive mycobacteria at concentrations 5- to 10-fold lower than those of PZA. Here, we report that these POA derivatives possess antibacterial efficacy in vitro and ex vivo against several species and strains of Mycobacterium with natural or acquired resistance to PZA, including M. bovis and M. avium. Our results indicate that the resistance probably was overcome by cleavage of the prodrugs into POA and a long-chain alcohol. Although it is not possible to rule out that the esters have intrinsic activity per se, we bring evidence here that long-chain fatty alcohols possess a significant antimycobacterial effect against PZA-resistant species and strains and are not mere inactive promoieties. These findings may lead to candidate dual drugs having enhanced activity against both PZA-susceptible and PZA-resistant isolates and being suitable for clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pires
- Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Emília Valente
- Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marta Filipa Simões
- Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nuno Carmo
- Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Bernard Testa
- Department of Pharmacy, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luís Constantino
- Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Elsa Anes
- Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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24
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Liu W, Chen C, Liu H. Dimethylamine as the key intermediate generated in situ from dimethylformamide (DMF) for the synthesis of thioamides. Beilstein J Org Chem 2015; 11:1721-6. [PMID: 26664591 PMCID: PMC4660898 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.11.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An improved and efficient method for the synthesis of thioamides is presented. For this transformation, dimethylamine as the key intermediate is generated in situ from dimethylformamide (DMF). All the tested substrates produced the desired products with excellent isolated yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibing Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, 2 Guandu Road, Maoming 525000, P. R. China, ; Tel: +86-668-2923956
| | - Cui Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, 2 Guandu Road, Maoming 525000, P. R. China, ; Tel: +86-668-2923956
| | - Hailing Liu
- College Analytical and Testing Centre, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai St., Haidian District, Beijing 100875, P. R. China; Tel: +86-15010928428
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25
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Synthesis and biological activity of alkynoic acids derivatives against mycobacteria. Chem Phys Lipids 2015; 194:125-38. [PMID: 26256431 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
2-Alkynoic acids have bactericidal activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis but their activity fall sharply as the length of the carbon chain increased. In this study, derivatives of 2-alkynoic acids were synthesized and tested against fast- and slow-growing mycobacteria. Their activity was first evaluated in M. smegmatis against their parental 2-alkynoic acids, as well as isoniazid, a first-line antituberculosis drug. The introduction of additional unsaturation or heteroatoms into the carbon chain enhanced the antimycobacterial activity of longer chain alkynoic acids (more than 19 carbons long). In contrast, although the modification of the carboxylic group did not improve the antimycobacterial activity, it significantly reduced the toxicity of the compounds against eukaryotic cells. Importantly, 4-(alkylthio)but-2-ynoic acids, had better bactericidal activity than the parental 2-alkynoic acids and on a par with isoniazid against the slow-grower Mycobacterium bovis BCG. These compounds had also low toxicity against eukaryotic cells, suggesting that they could be potential therapeutic agents against other types of topical mycobacterial infections causing skin diseases including Mycobacterium abscessus, Mycobacterium ulcerans, and Mycobacterium leprae. Moreover, they provide a possible scaffold for future drug development.
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26
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Baranyai Z, Krátký M, Vinšová J, Szabó N, Senoner Z, Horváti K, Stolaříková J, Dávid S, Bősze S. Combating highly resistant emerging pathogen Mycobacterium abscessus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis with novel salicylanilide esters and carbamates. Eur J Med Chem 2015. [PMID: 26210507 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the Mycobacterium genus over one hundred species are already described and new ones are periodically reported. Species that form colonies in a week are classified as rapid growers, those requiring longer periods (up to three months) are the mostly pathogenic slow growers. More recently, new emerging species have been identified to lengthen the list, all rapid growers. Of these, Mycobacterium abscessus is also an intracellular pathogen and it is the most chemotherapy-resistant rapid-growing mycobacterium. In addition, the cases of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection are also increasing. Therefore there is an urgent need to find new active molecules against these threatening strains. Based on previous results, a series of salicylanilides, salicylanilide 5-chloropyrazinoates and carbamates was designed, synthesized and characterised. The compounds were evaluated for their in vitro activity on M. abscessus, susceptible M. tuberculosis H37Rv, multidrug-resistant (MDR) M. tuberculosis MDR A8, M. tuberculosis MDR 9449/2006 and on the extremely-resistant Praha 131 (XDR) strains. All derivatives exhibited a significant activity with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) in the low micromolar range. Eight salicylanilide carbamates and two salicylanilide esters exhibited an excellent in vitro activity on M. abscessus with MICs from 0.2 to 2.1 μM, thus being more effective than ciprofloxacin and gentamicin. This finding is potentially promising, particularly, as M. abscessus is a threateningly chemotherapy-resistant species. M. tuberculosis H37Rv was inhibited with MICs from 0.2 μM, and eleven compounds have lower MICs than isoniazid. Salicylanilide esters and carbamates were found that they were effective also on MDR and XDR M. tuberculosis strains with MICs ≥1.0 μM. The in vitro cytotoxicity (IC50) was also determined on human MonoMac-6 cells, and selectivity index (SI) of the compounds was established. In general, salicylanilide derivatives substituted by halogens on both salicyl and aniline rings showed better activity, than 4-benzoylaniline derivatives. The ester or carbamate bond formation of parent salicylanilides mostly retained or improved antimycobacterial potency with moderate selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsa Baranyai
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/A, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary, P.O. Box 32, 1518 Budapest 112, Hungary.
| | - Martin Krátký
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Jarmila Vinšová
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Nóra Szabó
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Korányi National Institute for Tuberculosis and Respiratory Medicine, Pihenő út 1, Budapest H-1122, Hungary.
| | - Zsuzsanna Senoner
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Korányi National Institute for Tuberculosis and Respiratory Medicine, Pihenő út 1, Budapest H-1122, Hungary
| | - Kata Horváti
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/A, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary, P.O. Box 32, 1518 Budapest 112, Hungary.
| | - Jiřina Stolaříková
- Laboratory for Mycobacterial Diagnostics and Tuberculosis, Regional Institute of Public Health in Ostrava, Partyzánské Náměstí 7, 702 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic.
| | - Sándor Dávid
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/A, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary, P.O. Box 32, 1518 Budapest 112, Hungary; Laboratory of Bacteriology, Korányi National Institute for Tuberculosis and Respiratory Medicine, Pihenő út 1, Budapest H-1122, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Bősze
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/A, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary, P.O. Box 32, 1518 Budapest 112, Hungary.
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27
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Giunta D, Sechi B, Solinas M. Novozym-435 as efficient catalyst for the synthesis of benzoic and (hetero)aromatic carboxylic acid esters. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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Stehr M, Elamin AA, Singh M. Pyrazinamide: the importance of uncovering the mechanisms of action in mycobacteria. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2015; 13:593-603. [PMID: 25746054 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2015.1021784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pyrazinamide (PZA) is still one of the key drugs used in current therapeutic regimens for tuberculosis (TB). Despite its importance for TB therapy, the mode of action of PZA remains unknown. PZA has to be converted to its active form pyrazinoic acid (POA) by the nicotinamidase PncA and is then excreted by an unknown efflux pump. At acidic conditions, POA is protonated to HPOA and is reabsorbed into the cell where it causes cellular damage. For a long time, it has been thought that PZA/POA has no defined target of action, but recent studies have shown that both PZA and POA have several different targets interfering with diverse biochemical pathways, especially in the NAD(+) and energy metabolism. PZA resistance seems to depend not only on a defective pyrazinamidase but is also rather a result of the interplay of many different enzyme targets and transport mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Stehr
- LIONEX Diagnostics and Therapeutics GmbH, Salzdahlumer Straße 196, D-38126, Braunschweig, Germany
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29
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Desai NC, Trivedi AR, Somani HC, Bhatt KA. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of 1,4-dihydropyridine Derivatives as Potent Antitubercular Agents. Chem Biol Drug Des 2015; 86:370-7. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nisheeth C. Desai
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry; Department of Chemistry, (UGC NON-SAP & DST-FIST Sponsored); Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University; Mahatma Gandhi Campus Bhavnagar Gujarat 364 002 India
| | - Amit R. Trivedi
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry; Department of Chemistry, (UGC NON-SAP & DST-FIST Sponsored); Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University; Mahatma Gandhi Campus Bhavnagar Gujarat 364 002 India
| | - Hardik C. Somani
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry; Department of Chemistry, (UGC NON-SAP & DST-FIST Sponsored); Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University; Mahatma Gandhi Campus Bhavnagar Gujarat 364 002 India
| | - Kandarp A. Bhatt
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry; Department of Chemistry, (UGC NON-SAP & DST-FIST Sponsored); Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University; Mahatma Gandhi Campus Bhavnagar Gujarat 364 002 India
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30
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Salicylanilide pyrazinoates inhibit in vitro multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains, atypical mycobacteria and isocitrate lyase. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 53:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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31
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Fernandes JPDS, Pavan FR, Leite CQF, Felli VMA. Synthesis and evaluation of a pyrazinoic acid prodrug in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Saudi Pharm J 2013; 22:376-80. [PMID: 25161383 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused mainly by infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis affecting more than ten million people around the world. Despite TB can be treated, the rise of MDR-TB and XDR-TB cases put the disease in a worrying status. As pyrazinamide-resistant strains exhibit low or none pyrazinamidase activity, it is proposed that the active form of pyrazinamide (PZA) is pyrazinoic acid (POA), although this acid has poor penetration in mycobacteria. In this work, we present a convenient one-pot synthesis of 2-chloroethyl pyrazinoate, and its activity in M. tuberculosis H37Rv (ATCC27294) in MIC assay using the MABA technique. The obtained MIC of the compound was 3.96 g/mL, and discussion about the activity profile of some previously evaluated pyrazinoates is also performed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernando Rogerio Pavan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of São Paulo (UNESP), Brazil
| | - Clarice Queico Fujimura Leite
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of São Paulo (UNESP), Brazil
| | - Veni Maria Andres Felli
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Brazil
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32
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Yadav AK, Srivastava VP, Yadav LDS. Metal-Free, One-Pot Oxidative Conversion of Aldehydes to Primary Thioamides in Aqueous Media. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2013.808350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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33
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Sayahi H, Pugliese KM, Zimhony O, Jacobs WR, Shekhtman A, Welch JT. Analogs of the antituberculous agent pyrazinamide are competitive inhibitors of NADPH binding to M. tuberculosis fatty acid synthase I. Chem Biodivers 2013; 9:2582-96. [PMID: 23161636 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201200291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Analogs of pyrazinamide (=pyrazine-2-carboxamide; PZA), an essential component of short-course antituberculous chemotherapy, such as 5-chloropyrazinamide (5-Cl-PZA) act as competitive inhibitors of NADPH binding to purified mycobacterial fatty acid synthase I (FAS I) as shown by Saturation Transfer Difference (STD) NMR studies. In addition, pyrazinoic acid esters (POE) and 5-Cl-POE reversibly bind to FAS I with the relatively greater affinity of longer-chain esters for FAS I, clear from the STD amplification factors. The competitive binding of PZA and 5-Cl-PZA clearly illustrates that both agents bind FAS. In contrast to PZA, at low NADPH concentrations 5-Cl-PZA is a cooperative inhibitor of NADPH binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halimah Sayahi
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, SUNY, 1400 Washington Ave, Albany, NY 12222, USA
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34
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Akgün H, Karamelekoğlu I, Berk B, Kurnaz I, Sarıbıyık G, Oktem S, Kocagöz T. Synthesis and antimycobacterial activity of some phthalimide derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:4149-54. [PMID: 22633120 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Structurally modified phthalimide derivatives were prepared through condensation of phthalic and tetrafluorophthalic anhydride with selected sulfonamides with variable yields. All compounds were screened for their antimycobacterium activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra (ATCC 25177) using a micro broth dilution technique. The fluorinated derivatives (compounds 2c, 2d, 2f and 2h) had antimycobacterium activity comparable with classical sulfonamide drugs. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of compounds 2c, 2d, 2f and 2h was greater than that of isoniazid (MIC<0.02 μg/mL) and in vitro activity was greater than that of pyrazinamide, another first line antimycobacterium drug (MIC 50-100 μg/mL). The new compounds could be considered new lead compounds in the treatment of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hülya Akgün
- Yeditepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kayisdagi Cad., 34755 Istanbul, Turkey.
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35
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Trivedi A, Dodiya D, Dholariya B, Kataria V, Bhuva V, Shah V. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Some Novel 1,4-Dihydropyridines as Potential AntiTubercular Agents. Chem Biol Drug Des 2011; 78:881-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2011.01233.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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36
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Trivedi AR, Dodiya DK, Dholariya BH, Kataria VB, Bhuva VR, Shah VH. Synthesis and biological evaluation of some novel N-aryl-1,4-dihydropyridines as potential antitubercular agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:5181-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.07.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 05/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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37
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Valente E, Simões MF, Testa B, Constantino L. Development of a method to investigate the hydrolysis of xenobiotic esters by a Mycobacterium smegmatis homogenate. J Microbiol Methods 2011; 85:98-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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38
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Synthesis and antimycobacterial activity of a series of ferrocenyl derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:31-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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39
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Fernandes JPS, Pasqualoto KFM, Felli VMA, Ferreira EI, Brandt CA. QSAR modeling of a set of pyrazinoate esters as antituberculosis prodrugs. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2010; 343:91-7. [PMID: 20099263 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.200900216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is an infection caused mainly by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A first-line antimycobacterial drug is pyrazinamide (PZA), which acts partially as a prodrug activated by a pyrazinamidase releasing the active agent, pyrazinoic acid (POA). As pyrazinoic acid presents some difficulty to cross the mycobacterial cell wall, and also the pyrazinamide-resistant strains do not express the pyrazinamidase, a set of pyrazinoic acid esters have been evaluated as antimycobacterial agents. In this work, a QSAR approach was applied to a set of forty-three pyrazinoates against M. tuberculosis ATCC 27294, using genetic algorithm function and partial least squares regression (WOLF 5.5 program). The independent variables selected were the Balaban index (J), calculated n-octanol/water partition coefficient (ClogP), van-der-Waals surface area, dipole moment, and stretching-energy contribution. The final QSAR model (N = 32, r(2) = 0.68, q(2) = 0.59, LOF = 0.25, and LSE = 0.19) was fully validated employing leave-N-out cross-validation and y-scrambling techniques. The test set (N = 11) presented an external prediction power of 73%. In conclusion, the QSAR model generated can be used as a valuable tool to optimize the activity of future pyrazinoic acid esters in the designing of new antituberculosis agents.
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40
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Simões MF, Valente E, Gómez MJR, Anes E, Constantino L. Lipophilic pyrazinoic acid amide and ester prodrugs. Eur J Pharm Sci 2009; 37:257-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2009.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2009] [Revised: 02/19/2009] [Accepted: 02/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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41
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of some new 1,4-dihydropyridines containing different ester substitute and diethyl carbamoyl group as anti-tubercular agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:1579-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.12.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2008] [Revised: 12/28/2008] [Accepted: 12/31/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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42
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Chung WJ, Kornilov A, Brodsky BH, Higgins M, Sanchez T, Heifets LB, Cynamon MH, Welch J. Inhibition of M. tuberculosis in vitro in monocytes and in mice by aminomethylene pyrazinamide analogs. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2008; 88:410-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2008.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2008] [Revised: 05/16/2008] [Accepted: 06/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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43
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Ngo SC, Zimhony O, Chung WJ, Sayahi H, Jacobs WR, Welch JT. Inhibition of isolated Mycobacterium tuberculosis fatty acid synthase I by pyrazinamide analogs. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51:2430-5. [PMID: 17485499 PMCID: PMC1913273 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01458-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An analog of pyrazinamide (PZA), 5-chloropyrazinamide (5-Cl-PZA), has previously been shown to inhibit mycobacterial fatty acid synthase I (FASI). FASI has been purified from a recombinant strain of M. smegmatis (M. smegmatis Deltafas1 attB::M. tuberculosis fas1). Following purification, FASI activity and inhibition were assessed spectrophotometrically by monitoring NADPH oxidation. The observed inhibition was both concentration and structure dependent, being affected by both substitution at the 5 position of the pyrazine nucleus and the nature of the ester or N-alkyl group. Under the conditions studied, both 5-Cl-PZA and PZA exhibited concentration and substrate dependence consistent with competitive inhibition of FASI with K(i)s of 55 to 59 microM and 2,567 to 2,627 microM, respectively. The results were validated utilizing a radiolabeled fatty acid synthesis assay. This assay showed that FASI was inhibited by PZA and pyrazinoic acid as well as by a series of PZA analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana C Ngo
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany-SUNY, Albany, NY 12222, USA
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44
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Janin YL. Antituberculosis drugs: ten years of research. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:2479-513. [PMID: 17291770 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2006] [Revised: 12/26/2006] [Accepted: 01/17/2007] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is today amongst the worldwide health threats. As resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis have slowly emerged, treatment failure is too often a fact, especially in countries lacking the necessary health care organisation to provide the long and costly treatment adapted to patients. Because of lack of treatment or lack of adapted treatment, at least two million people will die of tuberculosis this year. Due to this concern, this infectious disease was the focus of renewed scientific interest in the last decade. Regimens were optimized and much was learnt on the mechanisms of action of the antituberculosis drugs used. Moreover, the quest for original drugs overcoming some of the problems of current regimens also became the focus of research programmes and many new series of M. tuberculosis growth inhibitors were reported. This review presents the drugs currently used in antituberculosis treatments and the most advanced compounds undergoing clinical trials. We then provide a description of their mechanism of action along with other series of inhibitors known to act on related biochemical targets. This is followed by other inhibitors of M. tuberculosis growth, including recently reported compounds devoid of a reported mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves L Janin
- URA 2128 CNRS-Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
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45
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Zimhony O, Vilchèze C, Arai M, Welch JT, Jacobs WR. Pyrazinoic acid and its n-propyl ester inhibit fatty acid synthase type I in replicating tubercle bacilli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 51:752-4. [PMID: 17101678 PMCID: PMC1797748 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01369-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of different analogs of pyrazinamide on Mycobacterium tuberculosis fatty acid synthase type I (FASI) in replicating bacilli was studied. Palmitic acid biosynthesis was diminished by 96% in bacilli treated with n-propyl pyrazinoate, 94% in bacilli treated with 5-chloro-pyrazinamide, and 97% in bacilli treated with pyrazinoic acid, the pharmacologically active agent of pyrazinamide. We conclude that the minimal structure of pyrazine ring with an acyl group is sufficient for FASI inhibition and antimycobacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren Zimhony
- Infectious Diseases Division, Kaplan Medical Center, The Hebrew University and Hadassah Jerusalem, P.O. Box 1, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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46
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Milczarska B, Foks H, Zwolska Z. Studies on Pyrazine Derivatives, XLII: Synthesis and Tuberculostatic Activity of 6-(1,4-Dioxa-8-azaspiro- [4, 5]-decano)- and 6-(1-Ethoxycarbonylpiperazino)- pyrazinocarboxylic Acid Derivatives. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/104265090902741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Milczarska
- a Department of Organic Chemistry , Medical University of Gdańsk , Gdańsk , Poland
| | - Henryk Foks
- a Department of Organic Chemistry , Medical University of Gdańsk , Gdańsk , Poland
| | - Zofia Zwolska
- b Department of Microbiology , Institute of Tuberculosis and Pulmonary Diseases , Warsaw , Poland
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47
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Milczarska B, Foks H, Zwolska Z. Studies on Pyrazine Derivatives, XLIII: Synthesis and Antituberculosis Activity of 6-(1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinolino) and 6-(1,3,3-Trimethyl-6-azabicyclo-[3, 2, 1]-octano)-pyrazinocarboxylic Acid Derivatives. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2005. [DOI: 10.1080/104265090917835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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48
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Terreni M, Villani P. New anti-Mycobacterium agents: recent advances in patent literature. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.11.2.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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49
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Abrous L, Jokiel PA, Friedrich SR, Hynes J, Smith AB, Hirschmann R. Novel chimeric scaffolds to extend the exploration of receptor space: hybrid beta-D-glucose-benzoheterodiazepine structures for broad screening. Effect of amide alkylation on the course of cyclization reactions. J Org Chem 2004; 69:280-302. [PMID: 14725439 DOI: 10.1021/jo0352068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
New molecular platforms which are hybrids of two scaffolds-namely, beta-d-glucose and benzodiazepine, each able to bind several proteins-were designed, synthesized and functionalized to serve as probes for broad biological screening. Herein, we describe the syntheses and chemical properties of these novel chimeric scaffolds. Attempted cyclization of the functionalized analogues (-)-96 and (-)-97 afforded the corresponding dimers (-)-98 and (-)-99, respectively, under a variety of reaction conditions, even at concentrations of only 0.001 N. Consideration of factors affecting the conformation of amide bonds and their effects on cyclization reactions led us to alkylate the amide bond. As expected, the cyclization of the N-methyl derivative (-)-110 afforded exclusively the unimolecular cyclization product (+)-111. These compounds are only now undergoing broad screening and represent therefore at present a "prospecting library."
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Affiliation(s)
- Leïla Abrous
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Chemistry, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
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50
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Seitz LE, Suling WJ, Reynolds RC. Synthesis and antimycobacterial activity of pyrazine and quinoxaline derivatives. J Med Chem 2002; 45:5604-6. [PMID: 12459027 DOI: 10.1021/jm020310n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of pyrazine and quinoxaline derivatives have been synthesized, and their activity against M. tuberculosis (Mtb) and Mycobacterium avium (MAC) are reported. The 4-acetoxybenzyl ester of pyrazinoic acid and 4'-acetoxybenzyl 2-quinoxalinecarboxylate showed excellent activity against Mtb (MIC ranges of less than 1-6.25 microg/mL) but only modest activity against MAC (MICs of 4-32 microg/mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lainne E Seitz
- Organic Chemistry Department, Southern Research Institute, P.O. Box 55305, Birmingham, Alabama 35255-5305, USA
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