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Alapid AAI, Abd. Majid R, Ibraheem ZO, Mediani A, Ismail IS, Unyah NZ, Alhassan Abdullahi S, Nordin N, Nasiru Wana M, Basir R. Investigation of Andrographolide Effect on Non-Infected Red Blood Cells Using the 1H-NMR-Based Metabolomics Approach. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11080486. [PMID: 34436427 PMCID: PMC8400355 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11080486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Andrographolide (AG) has been shown to have several medicinal and pharmaceutical effects, such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-malarial activities. Moreover, studies to assess the pharmacological effect of AG on the metabolic changes of uninfected red blood cells (uRBCs) have not yet been investigated. This study aims to evaluate the pharmacological effects of AG compared to chloroquine (CQ) on the metabolic variations of uRBCs in vitro using a proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR)-based metabolomics approach coupled with multivariate data analysis (MVDA). Forty-one metabolites were successfully identified by 1H-NMR. The results of the unsupervised data analysis principal component analysis (PCA) showed ideal differentiation between AG and CQ. PC1 and PC2 accounted for 71.4% and 17.7% of the explained variation, respectively, with a total variance of 89.10%. Based on S-plot and VIP values, a total of 28 and 32 metabolites were identified as biomarkers in uRBCs-AG and uRBCs-CQ, respectively. In uRBCs treated with AG, ten metabolic pathways were determined to be disturbed, including riboflavin metabolism, d-glutamate and d-glutamine metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism, glutathione metabolism, proline and arginine metabolism, arginine biosynthesis, citrate cycle, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and pyruvate metabolism as well as alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism. In contrast, in CQ-treated uRBCs, nine affected metabolic pathways were determined, which involved the same metabolic pathways for uRBCs-AG, except for glutathione metabolism. These findings suggest an evident relationship between AG and CQ associated with metabolic changes in intact RBCs after being exposed to the treatment. The metabolomics results could allow useful comprehensive insights into the underlying mechanism of the action of AG and CQ on red blood cells. Consequently, the 1H-NMR-based metabolomics approach was successfully utilized to identify the pharmacological effects of AG and CQ on the metabolic variations of uRBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Ahmad Issa Alapid
- Medical Parasitology Unit, Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.A.I.A.); (N.Z.U.)
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science-Alasaba, University of Gharyan, Gharyan 010101, Libya
| | - Roslaini Abd. Majid
- Faculty of Medicine and Defence Health, National Defence University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia;
| | - Zaid O. Ibraheem
- Department of Pharmacy, Al Rafidain University College, Al Mustansyria, Baghdad 10052, Iraq;
| | - Ahmed Mediani
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Intan Safinar Ismail
- Natural Medicine and Products Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Ngah Zasmy Unyah
- Medical Parasitology Unit, Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.A.I.A.); (N.Z.U.)
| | - Sharif Alhassan Abdullahi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Kano 700241, Nigeria;
| | - Norshariza Nordin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Mohammed Nasiru Wana
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Bauchi, Bauchi 740272, Nigeria;
| | - Rusliza Basir
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-124-747-459
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Douša M. The determination of pharmaceutically active thiols using hydrophilic interaction chromatography followed postcolumn derivatization with o -phthaldialdehyde and fluorescence detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 156:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Gowda GAN, Raftery D. Whole Blood Metabolomics by 1H NMR Spectroscopy Provides a New Opportunity To Evaluate Coenzymes and Antioxidants. Anal Chem 2017; 89:4620-4627. [PMID: 28318242 PMCID: PMC6245939 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Conventional human blood metabolomics employs serum or plasma and provides a wealth of metabolic information therein. However, this approach lacks the ability to measure and evaluate important metabolites such as coenzymes and antioxidants that are present at high concentrations in red blood cells. As an important alternative to serum/plasma metabolomics, we show here that a simple 1H NMR experiment can simultaneously measure coenzymes and antioxidants in extracts of whole human blood, in addition to the nearly 70 metabolites that were shown to be quantitated in serum/plasma recently [ Anal. Chem. 2015 , 87 , 706 - 715 ]. Coenzymes of redox reactions: oxidized/reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+ and NADH) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+ and NADPH); coenzymes of energy including adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and adenosine monophosphate (AMP); and antioxidants, the sum of oxidized and reduced glutathione (GSSG and GSH) can be measured with essentially no additional effort. A new method was developed for detecting many of these unstable species without affecting other blood/blood plasma metabolites. The identities of coenzymes and antioxidants in blood NMR spectra were established combining 1D/2D NMR techniques, chemical shift databases, pH measurements and, finally, spiking with authentic compounds. This is the first study to report identification of major coenzymes and antioxidants and quantify them, simultaneously, with the large pool of other metabolites in human blood using NMR spectroscopy. Considering that the levels of coenzymes and antioxidants represent a sensitive measure of cellular functions in health and numerous diseases, the NMR method presented here potentially opens a new chapter in the metabolomics of blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. A. Nagana Gowda
- Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Daniel Raftery
- Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
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Agarwal A, Prasad S, Naik RM. Inhibitory kinetic spectrophotometric method for the quantitative estimation of d -penicillamine at micro levels. Microchem J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Huang C, Liu Y, Wu L, Zhao H. Synthesis of chiral fluorescence silver nano-clusters and study on the aggregation-induced emission enhancement and chiral flip. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra22102e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Using racemic GSH as ligand, AgNCs with aggregation-induced emission enhancement and chiral flip were synthesized with solid-phase synthesis method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Huang
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- Third Military Medical University
- Chongqing 400038
- China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- Third Military Medical University
- Chongqing 400038
- China
| | - Liping Wu
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- Third Military Medical University
- Chongqing 400038
- China
| | - Huawen Zhao
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- Third Military Medical University
- Chongqing 400038
- China
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Chen W, Zhao Y, Seefeldt T, Guan X. Determination of thiols and disulfides via HPLC quantification of 5-thio-2-nitrobenzoic acid. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 48:1375-80. [PMID: 18926658 PMCID: PMC2684446 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2008] [Revised: 07/12/2008] [Accepted: 08/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This work presents an assay for total thiols and total disulfides in biological samples via HPLC quantification of 5-thio-2-nitrobenzoic acid (TNB) derived from the reaction of thiols with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB, Ellman's reagent). This method also provides simultaneous quantification of glutathione (GSH) via the measurement of the GSH-DTNB adduct (GSH-TNB). By using 326nm as the detecting wavelength, the HPLC detection limit for TNB and the GSH-TNB adduct was determined to be 15 and 7.5pmol respectively. A recovery study with OVCAR-3 cells revealed that the recovery yields for TNB in the procedures for determining non-protein thiols, protein thiols, non-protein disulfides, and protein disulfides were 99.4+/-1.2% (n=3), 98.1+/-5.0% (n=3), 95.6+/-0.9% (n=3), and 96.6+/-2.3% (n=3) respectively. The recovery yield for GSH-TNB in the procedures for determining non-protein thiols, protein thiols, non-protein disulfides, and protein disulfides was 99.0+/-0.3% (n=3), 95.1+/-4.9% (n=3), 96.8+/-0.6% (n=3), and 95.1+/-2.9% (n=3) respectively. The reproducibility, expressed as the relative standard deviation for the analyte, for TNB was determined to be 2.8% (n=6) for non-protein thiols, 3.9% (n=6) for protein thiols, 3.6% (n=6) for non-protein disulfides and 4.6% (n=6) for protein disulfides. The reproducibility for GSH-TNB was determined to be 1.6% (n=6) for non-protein thiols and 2.6% (n=6) for non-protein disulfides. By comparing the amount of GSH determined in a biological sample before NaBH(4) reduction with that after the reduction, this method can provide information associated with thiol glutathionylation which would be useful for protein glutathionylation study. This method should be applicable to cellular, subcellular, protein, or other biomatrix samples for thiol and disulfide quantification and will be a useful analytical method in the study of thiol redox state and thiol glutathionylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, United States
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Seefeldt T, Zhao Y, Chen W, Raza AS, Carlson L, Herman J, Stoebner A, Hanson S, Foll R, Guan X. Characterization of a novel dithiocarbamate glutathione reductase inhibitor and its use as a tool to modulate intracellular glutathione. J Biol Chem 2008; 284:2729-2737. [PMID: 19049979 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m802683200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiol redox state (TRS) is an important parameter to reflect intracellular oxidative stress and is associated with various normal and abnormal biochemical processes. Agents that can be used to increase intracellular TRS will be valuable tools in TRS-related research. Glutathione reductase (GR) is a critical enzyme in the homeostasis of TRS. The enzyme catalyzes the reduction of GSSG to GSH to maintain a high GSH:GSSG ratio. Inhibition of the enzyme can be used to increase TRS. Despite the reports of various GR inhibitors, N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosourea, an anticancer drug with IC(50) = 647 microm against yeast GR, remains the most commonly used GR inhibitor in the literature. However, the toxicity caused by nonspecific interactions, as well as inhibition of DNA synthesis, complicates the use of N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosourea as a GR inhibitor. We report 2-acetylamino-3-[4-(2-acetylamino-2-carboxyethylsulfanylthiocarbonylamino)phenylthiocarbamoylsulfanyl]propionic acid (2-AAPA) as a novel irreversible GR inhibitor. 2-AAPA was prepared by one-step synthesis from commercially available reagents. The K(i) and k(inact) of 2-AAPA against yeast GR were determined to be 56 microm and 0.1 min(-1), respectively. At the concentration that produced >80% yeast GR inhibition, 2-AAPA showed no inhibition against glutamylcysteine synthetase, glutathione synthetase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase, but minimal inhibition against glutathione S-transferase and glutathione peroxidase. In CV-1 cells, 2-AAPA (0.1 mm) produced 97% GR inhibition, 25% GSH reduction, and a 5-fold increase in GSSG in 20 min. The compound can be a useful tool in TRS-related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Seefeldt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007
| | - Yong Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007
| | - Ashraf S Raza
- Covance Bioanalytical Services LLC, Indianapolis, Indiana 46214
| | - Laura Carlson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007
| | - Jocqueline Herman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007
| | - Adam Stoebner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007
| | - Sarah Hanson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007
| | - Ryan Foll
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007
| | - Xiangming Guan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007.
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Giustarini D, Dalle-Donne I, Colombo R, Milzani A, Rossi R. An improved HPLC measurement for GSH and GSSG in human blood. Free Radic Biol Med 2003; 35:1365-72. [PMID: 14642384 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2003.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The pathophysiological sequelae of oxidative/nitrosative stress are notoriously difficult to quantify. Despite these impediments, the medical significance of oxidative/nitrosative stress has become increasingly recognized to the point that it is now considered to be a component of virtually every disease. The level of oxidative stress can be quantified in blood by the measurement of the increase in glutathione disulfide (GSSG) and the decrease in the GSH/GSSG ratio, which has been shown to be altered in a variety of human diseases such as lung inflammation, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, chronic renal failure, malignant disorders, and diabetes. Among the proposed methods for GSH/GSSG detection, the amino group derivatization with 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene followed by HPLC separation has the advantage of allowing evaluation of both parameters within a single run contemporaneously. However, it has been shown that the application of this method on blood samples is not reproducible. In this report, we offer an explanation for these experimental limits and suggest some modifications that allow the application of this method to blood samples. The modified method has a low detection limit (0.5 microM, i.e., 1.4 pmoles) and a high reproducibility with a within-run imprecision of less than 2%. It could have a wide application as it is simple, virtually artifact-free, and not time-consuming, especially for large-scale screening studies.
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Pastore A, Federici G, Bertini E, Piemonte F. Analysis of glutathione: implication in redox and detoxification. Clin Chim Acta 2003; 333:19-39. [PMID: 12809732 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-8981(03)00200-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 784] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutathione is a ubiquitous thiol-containing tripeptide, which plays a central role in cell biology. It is implicated in the cellular defence against xenobiotics and naturally occurring deleterious compounds, such as free radicals and hydroperoxides. Glutathione status is a highly sensitive indicator of cell functionality and viability. Its levels in human tissues normally range from 0.1 to 10 mM, being most concentrated in liver (up to 10 mM) and in the spleen, kidney, lens, erythrocytes and leukocytes. In humans, GSH depletion is linked to a number of disease states including cancer, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases. The present review proposes an analysis of the current knowledge about the methodologies for measuring glutathione in human biological samples and their feasibility as routine methods in clinical chemistry. Furthermore, it elucidates the fundamental role of glutathione in pathophysiological conditions and its implication in redox and detoxification process. TESTS AVAILABLE Several methods have been optimised in order to identify and quantify glutathione forms in human biological samples. They include spectrophotometric, fluorometric and bioluminometric assays, often applied to HPLC analysis. Recently, a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry technique for glutathione determination has been developed that, however, suffers from the lack of total automation and the high cost of the equipment. CONCLUSION Glutathione is a critical factor in protecting organisms against toxicity and disease. This review may turn useful for analysing the glutathione homeostasis, whose impairment represents an indicator of tissue oxidative status in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pastore
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Children's Hospital and Research Institute Bambino Gesù, Piazza S. Onofrio, 4-00165 Rome, Italy.
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Ryckebusch A, Deprez-Poulain R, Maes L, Debreu-Fontaine MA, Mouray E, Grellier P, Sergheraert C. Synthesis and in vitro and in vivo antimalarial activity of N1-(7-chloro-4-quinolyl)-1,4-bis(3-aminopropyl)piperazine derivatives. J Med Chem 2003; 46:542-57. [PMID: 12570376 DOI: 10.1021/jm020960r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Three series of monoquinolines consisting of a 1,4-bis(3-aminopropyl)piperazine linker and a large variety of terminal groups were synthesized. Our aim was to prove that in related bisquinoline, it is the second quinoline moiety that is responsible for cytotoxicity and that it is not an absolute requirement for overcoming resistance to chloroquine (CQ). Eleven compounds displayed a higher selectivity index (ratio CC50/IC50 activity) than CQ, and one of them cured mice infected by Plasmodium berghei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adina Ryckebusch
- UMR 8525 CNRS, Université de Lille II, Institut de Biologie et Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 rue du Professeur Calmette, B.P. 447, 59021 Lille Cedex, France
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Rossi R, Milzani A, Dalle-Donne I, Giustarini D, Lusini L, Colombo R, Di Simplicio P. Blood Glutathione Disulfide: In Vivo Factor or in Vitro Artifact? Clin Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/48.5.742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBackground: The reported mean concentration of glutathione disulfide (GSSG) in human blood/erythrocytes varies widely (1 to >500 μmol/L), as does that of reduced glutathione (GSH) to a lesser extent. We have identified and investigated possible pitfalls in measurement of both GSH and GSSG.Methods: We measured GSH and GSSG using a spectrophotometer with a modification of the GSH recycling method; the same samples were also measured by reversed-phase HPLC after derivatization of thiols (dithiothreitol was used to reduce disulfides) with monobromobimane. The thiol-bimane adduct was measured by a fluorescence detector.Results: Measured GSH/GSSG concentrations were affected by the following: (a) oxidation of thiols in acidified samples; (b) oxidation after restoring neutral-alkaline pH; (c) oxidation during acid deproteinization; (d) shift in the GSH/GSSG equilibrium because of irreversible blocking of free thiols; and (e) reaction of electrophiles with amino groups. In particular, oxidation during sample deproteinization with acid influenced and produced artifacts (30–150 μmol/L GSSG was produced by this procedure); this phenomenon was directly correlated with the presence of oxygenated hemoglobin, being minimized by both oxygen deprivation and incubation in an atmosphere of 5% carbon monoxide.Conclusions: GSSG is present in healthy human blood at low concentrations (2–6 μmol/L), and most published data on GSSG may be affected by artifacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranieri Rossi
- Department of Neuroscience, Pharmacology Unit, Via A. Moro 4, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Aldo Milzani
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biophysics of Cytoskeleton, Department of Biology, Via Celoria 26, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Isabella Dalle-Donne
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biophysics of Cytoskeleton, Department of Biology, Via Celoria 26, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Giustarini
- Department of Neuroscience, Pharmacology Unit, Via A. Moro 4, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Lusini
- Department of Neuroscience, Pharmacology Unit, Via A. Moro 4, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Roberto Colombo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biophysics of Cytoskeleton, Department of Biology, Via Celoria 26, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Di Simplicio
- Department of Neuroscience, Pharmacology Unit, Via A. Moro 4, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
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Girault S, Grellier P, Berecibar A, Maes L, Lemière P, Mouray E, Davioud-Charvet E, Sergheraert C. Antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxicity of bis-, tris-, and tetraquinolines with linear or cyclic amino linkers. J Med Chem 2001; 44:1658-65. [PMID: 11356101 DOI: 10.1021/jm001096a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bisquinoline heteroalkanediamines were structurally modified in order to study the effects of enhanced bulkiness and rigidity on both their activity on strains of Plasmodium falciparum expressing different degrees of chloroquine (CQ) resistance and their cytotoxicity toward mammalian cells. While cyclization yielded molecules of greater rigidity that were not more active than their linear counterparts, they were characterized by an absence of cytotoxicity. Alternatively, dimerization of these compounds led to tetraquinolines that are very potent for CQ-resistant strains and noncytotoxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Girault
- UMR CNRS 8525, Université de Lille II, Institut de Biologie et Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 rue du Professeur Calmette, B.P. 447, 59021 Lille Cedex, France
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13
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Girault S, Grellier P, Berecibar A, Maes L, Mouray E, Lemière P, Debreu MA, Davioud-Charvet E, Sergheraert C. Antimalarial, antitrypanosomal, and antileishmanial activities and cytotoxicity of bis(9-amino-6-chloro-2-methoxyacridines): influence of the linker. J Med Chem 2000; 43:2646-54. [PMID: 10893302 DOI: 10.1021/jm990946n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Forty bis(9-amino-6-chloro-2-methoxyacridines), in which acridine moieties are joined by alkanediamines, polyamines, or polyamines substituted by a side chain, were synthesized and tested for their in vitro activity upon the erythrocytic stage of Plasmodium falciparum, trypomastigote stage of Trypanosoma brucei, and amastigote stage of Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania infantum as well as for their cytotoxic effects upon MRC-5 cells. Results clearly showed the importance of the nature of the linker and of its side chain for antiparasitic activity, cytotoxicity, and cellular localization. Among several compounds devoid of cytotoxic effects at 25 microM upon MRC-5 cells, one displayed IC(50) values ranging from 8 to 18 nM against different P. falciparum strains while three others totally inhibited T. brucei at 1.56 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Girault
- UMR 8525 CNRS, Université de Lille II, Institut de Biologie et Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 rue du Professeur Calmette, BP 447, 59021 Lille, France
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14
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Gotti R, Pomponio R, Andrisano V, Cavrini V. Analytical study of penicillamine in pharmaceuticals by capillary zone electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 1999; 844:361-9. [PMID: 10636700 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00340-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ability of capillary zone electrophoresis in the development of analytical methods devoted to the quality control of the thiol drug penicillamine is shown. Using 50 mM phosphate running buffer (pH 2.5), good quantitations of underivatized penicillamine and its disulfide were achieved; detection at 200 nm allowed checking the presence of the disulfide impurity in pharmaceuticals. The use of 1,1-[ethenylidenebis(sulfonyl)]bis-benzene as a thiol specific reagent resulted in an increased sensitivity for the quantitation of D-penicillamine (limit of detection at 200 nm wavelength was 1.5 microM). Introducing beta-cyclodextrin as chiral selector in the running buffer, enantioseparation of D-L-penicillamine was obtained; for this purpose (+)-camphor-10-sulfonic acid, a chiral ion-pairing reagent, was found to be an essential additive in obtaining a baseline separation. The resulting enantioseparative system was validated in order to evaluate the presence of the toxic L-penicillamine enantiomer in pharmaceutical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Italy
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Russell J, McKeown JA, Hensman C, Smith WE, Reglinski J. HPLC determination of biologically active thiols using pre-column derivatisation with 5,5'-dithio-(bis-2-nitrobenzoic acid). J Pharm Biomed Anal 1997; 15:1757-63. [PMID: 9260673 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(96)02019-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
5,5'-Dithio-(bis-2-nitrobenzoic acid), Ellmans reagent (ESSE), is used as a pre-column derivatisation reagent for the determination of biologically active thiols by HPLC. D-penicillamine, N-acetyl-d-penicillamine, N-acetylcysteine, cysteine, captopril and thiomalic acid all give well resolved derivatives. The calibration graph and reproducibility (%R.S.D. +/- 1.3%) for the analysis of glutathione indicates that the method could be used for quantitative analysis. ESSE is widely used as a reagent in thiol determinations by electronic spectroscopy via the detection of the Ellmans anion (ES-) generated without any prior separation procedures. However, there are considerable reservations over its use for the spectrophotometric determination of thiols because of the possibility of side reactions which generate another Ellmans based species (ESO2-). The assay described determines the thiol as a derivatised mixed disulphide (ESSR) and since speciation between the anion ES- and the oxidation product ESO2- occurs it enables the process of oxidation to be monitored simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Russell
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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Reglinski J, Watson ID. An analytical perspective of NMR spectroscopy of biological fluids and cells. Ann Clin Biochem 1996; 33 ( Pt 4):290-307. [PMID: 8836387 DOI: 10.1177/000456329603300404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Reglinski
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Strathclyde University, Glasgow
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Russell J, Spickett CM, Reglinski J, Smith WE, McMurray J, Abdullah IB. Alteration of the erythrocyte glutathione redox balance by N-acetylcysteine, captopril and exogenous glutathione. FEBS Lett 1994; 347:215-20. [PMID: 8034006 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(94)00548-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the thiol containing compounds N-acetylcysteine and captopril on glutathione metabolism in human erythrocytes has been investigated non-invasively using 1H spin echo NMR. N-Acetylcysteine was found to increase the reduced form of glutathione while captopril increased the oxidized form, but no changes in the total glutathione concentration were observed. Incubation of the cells with buthionine sulphoximine to inhibit de novo glutathione synthesis did not affect the response. The results show that these compounds act by altering the redox balance of glutathione rather than by stimulating its synthesis, and that their mechanisms of action are different, and not simply due to the presence of the thiol group.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Russell
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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Garner M, Armstrong DR, Reglinski J, Smith W, Wilson R, McKillop JH. The structure of methimazole and its consequences for current therapeutic models of graves' disease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)80361-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Schiller J, Arnhold J, Gründer W, Arnold K. The action of hypochlorous acid on polymeric components of cartilage. BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY HOPPE-SEYLER 1994; 375:167-72. [PMID: 8011173 DOI: 10.1515/bchm3.1994.375.3.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The action of sodium hypochlorite on N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, chondroitinsulfate and hyaluronic acid was studied by 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) in order to model some aspects of degradation processes caused by neutrophils on carbohydrate polymers of cartilage in rheumatoid arthritis. N-Acetyl side groups of carbohydrate monomers and chondroitinsulfate yield a resonance at 2.01-2.04 ppm in proton NMR-spectra. This resonance is observed in hyaluronic acid solutions only after a prolonged incubation to yield shorter polymeric chains. Sodium hypochlorite causes a continuous decrease of the line for N-acetyl groups. Two new resonances appear in the 1H-NMR spectra. An intermediate product, assumed as a chlorinated product of N-acetyl side chains, shows a chemical shift of about 2.35 ppm. This intermediate is hydrolyzed to a carbohydrate ring and acetate (1.90 ppm). Sodium hypochlorite acts in all systems investigated mainly on N-acetyl groups. Only small effects on the carbohydrate ring were found under our experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Schiller
- Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik, Universität Leipzig, Germany
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Mason RP, Cha GH, Gorrie GH, Babcock EE, Antich PP. Glutathione in whole blood: a novel determination using double quantum coherence transfer proton NMR spectroscopy. FEBS Lett 1993; 318:30-4. [PMID: 8436221 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(93)81321-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Double quantum selective coherence transfer proton NMR spectroscopy has been used to observe glutathione in whole blood. The efficient water suppression of this technique avoids the need to resuspend the cells in D2O, hence avoiding equilibrium and kinetic isotope effects. Using this method we estimate the concentration of glutathione in fresh whole rabbit blood at approximately 1.7 mM.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Mason
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235-9058
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