1
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Holan M, Tucker K, Dyatkina N, Liu H, Kinkade A, Wang G, Jin Z, Prhavc M. Synthesis and Anti-Hepatitis B Activities of 3′-Fluoro-2′-Substituted Apionucleosides. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27082413. [PMID: 35458620 PMCID: PMC9025269 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside analogues have excellent records as anti-HBV drugs. Chronic infections require long-term administration ultimately leading to drug resistance. Therefore, the search for nucleosides with novel scaffolds is of high importance. Here we report the synthesis of novel 2′-hydroxy- and 2′-hydroxymethyl-apionucleosides, 4 and 5, corresponding triphosphates and phosphoramidate prodrugs. Triphosphate 38 of 2′-hydroxymethyl-apionucleoside 5 exhibited potent inhibition of HBV polymerase with an IC50 value of 120 nM. In an HBV cell-based assay, the phosphoramidate prodrug 39 demonstrated potent activity with an EC50 value of 7.8 nM.
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2
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Mahmoudian M, Dawson M. Chemoenzymatic Production of the Antiviral Agent Epivir™. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1201/b14856-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
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3
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Dioxaphosphorinane-constrained nucleic Acid dinucleotides as tools for structural tuning of nucleic acids. J Nucleic Acids 2012; 2012:215876. [PMID: 23150809 PMCID: PMC3488415 DOI: 10.1155/2012/215876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe a rational approach devoted to modulate the sugar-phosphate backbone geometry of nucleic acids. Constraints were generated by connecting one oxygen of the phosphate group to a carbon of the sugar moiety. The so-called dioxaphosphorinane rings were introduced at key positions along the sugar-phosphate backbone allowing the control of the six-torsion angles α to ζ defining the polymer structure. The syntheses of all the members of the D-CNA family are described, and we emphasize the effect on secondary structure stabilization of a couple of diastereoisomers of α,β-D-CNA exhibiting wether B-type canonical values or not.
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4
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Korneli C, David F, Biedendieck R, Jahn D, Wittmann C. Getting the big beast to work--systems biotechnology of Bacillus megaterium for novel high-value proteins. J Biotechnol 2012; 163:87-96. [PMID: 22750448 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2012.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The high industrial relevance of the soil bacterium Bacillus megaterium as host for recombinant proteins is driving systems-wide analyses of its metabolic and regulatory networks. The present review highlights novel systems biology tools available to unravel the various cellular components on the level of metabolic and regulatory networks. These provide a rational platform for systems metabolic engineering of B. megaterium. In line, a number of interesting studies have particularly focused on studying recombinant B. megaterium in its industrial bioprocess environment thus integrating systems metabolic engineering with systems biotechnology and providing the full picture toward optimal processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Korneli
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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5
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Liang Y, Hnatiuk N, Rowley JM, Whiting BT, Coates GW, Rablen PR, Morton M, Howell AR. Access to Oxetane-Containing psico-Nucleosides from 2-Methyleneoxetanes: A Role for Neighboring Group Participation? J Org Chem 2011; 76:9962-74. [DOI: 10.1021/jo201565h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanke Liang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060,
United States
| | - Nathan Hnatiuk
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060,
United States
| | - John M. Rowley
- Department
of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - Bryan T. Whiting
- Department
of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - Geoffrey W. Coates
- Department
of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - Paul R. Rablen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania 19081-1397,
United States
| | - Martha Morton
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060,
United States
| | - Amy R. Howell
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060,
United States
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6
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Chavain N, Herdewijn P. 2′-Deoxy-2′-α-C-(hydroxymethyl)adenosine as Potential anti-HCV Agent. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201001448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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7
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Noonan GM, Cobley CJ, Lebl T, Clarke ML. Asymmetric Hydroformylation of an Enantiomerically Pure Bicyclic Lactam: Efficient Synthesis of Functionalised Cyclopentylamines. Chemistry 2010; 16:12788-91. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201002233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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8
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Yamada K, Hayakawa H, Sakata S, Ashida N, Yoshimura Y. Synthesis and antiviral evaluation of α-d-2′,3′-didehydro-2′,3′-dideoxy-3′-C-hydroxymethyl nucleosides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:6013-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.08.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Revised: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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9
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Dupouy C, Lavedan P, Escudier JM. Synthesis and Structure of Dinucleotides with S-Type Sugar Puckering and Noncanonical ε and ζ Torsion Angle Combination (ν2,ε,ζ-D-CNA). European J Org Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200701022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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10
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Vary PS, Biedendieck R, Fuerch T, Meinhardt F, Rohde M, Deckwer WD, Jahn D. Bacillus megaterium—from simple soil bacterium to industrial protein production host. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 76:957-67. [PMID: 17657486 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-007-1089-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2007] [Revised: 06/11/2007] [Accepted: 06/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus megaterium has been industrially employed for more than 50 years, as it possesses some very useful and unusual enzymes and a high capacity for the production of exoenzymes. It is also a desirable cloning host for the production of intact proteins, as it does not possess external alkaline proteases and can stably maintain a variety of plasmid vectors. Genetic tools for this species include transducing phages and several hundred mutants covering the processes of biosynthesis, catabolism, division, sporulation, germination, antibiotic resistance, and recombination. The seven plasmids of B. megaterium strain QM B1551 contain several unusual metabolic genes that may be useful in bioremediation. Recently, several recombinant shuttle vectors carrying different strong inducible promoters and various combinations of affinity tags for simple protein purification have been constructed. Leader sequences-mediated export of affinity-tagged proteins into the growth medium was made possible. These plasmids are commercially available. For a broader application of B. megaterium in industry, sporulation and protease-deficient as well as UV-sensitive mutants were constructed. The genome sequence of two different strains, plasmidless DSM319 and QM B1551 carrying seven natural plasmids, is now available. These sequences allow for a systems biotechnology optimization of the production host B. megaterium. Altogether, a "toolbox" of hundreds of genetically characterized strains, genetic methods, vectors, hosts, and genomic sequences make B. megaterium an ideal organism for industrial, environmental, and experimental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia S Vary
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA
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11
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Wengel J, Svendsen ML, J⊘rgensen PN, Nielsen C. Synthesis of Novel 3′-C-(Hydroxymethyl)thymidines and Oligodeoxynucleotide Analogues Containing Compressed 3′-C-Hydroxymethyl-Linked Phosphodiester Backbones. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/15257779508009485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Blanco JM, Caamaño O, Fernández F, Rodríguez-Borges JE, Balzarini J, de Clercq E. Carbocyclic analogues of nucleosides from bis-(Hydroxymethyl)-cyclopentane: synthesis, antiviral and cytostatic activities of adenosine, inosine and uridine analogues. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2003; 51:1060-3. [PMID: 12951448 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.51.1060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Six new carbocyclic nucleosides were prepared by constructing a purine base (in compounds 9-11) or pyrimidine base (in 6-8) on the amino groups of (+/-)-(1 beta,2 alpha,4 beta)-4-amino-1,2-cyclopentanedimethanol (4) and (+/-)-(1 beta,3 alpha,4 beta)-4-amino-1,3-cyclopentanedimethanol (5), and their activities against a variety of viruses and tumour cell lines were determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Blanco
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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13
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Lamberth C. NUCLEOSIDES WITH A CARBON BRIDGE BETWEEN SUGAR AND NUCLEOBASE: THE CHEMISTRY OF 1′-HOMONUCLEOSIDES AND REVERSED NUCLEOSIDES. A REVIEW. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2002. [DOI: 10.1080/00304940209355752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Kato K, Yamamura S. Synthesis of nucleosides having unusual branched sugars as potential antiviral agents. NUCLEOSIDES & NUCLEOTIDES 1999; 18:657-8. [PMID: 10432661 DOI: 10.1080/15257779908041532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Enantiomerically pure novel nucleosides having unusual branched sugars were synthesized in a stereospecific manner from a common chiral pool of (S, S)-1,4-bis(benzyloxy)-2,3-epoxybutane and evaluated for antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kato
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Kayaku Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Pavey JB, Lawrence AJ, Potter AJ, Cosstick R, O'Neil IA. The synthesis of 2′-homouridine, its incorporation into a dinucleoside monophosphate and hydrolytic behaviour of the dimer. Tetrahedron Lett 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(98)01478-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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16
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Santana L, Teijeira M, Uriarte E, Balzarini J, De Clercq E. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 1,2-disubstituted carbonucleosides of 2-amino-6-substituted purine and 8-azapurine. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1998; 8:1349-52. [PMID: 9871764 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(98)00216-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
One, two-disubstituted carbocyclic nucleoside analogues bearing a 2-amino-6-substituted (chloro, hydroxy or amino) purine or 8-azapurine base were prepared by constructing the base about (+/-)-2-aminocyclopentane methanol, and their activities against a selection of viruses and tumor cells were determined in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Santana
- Laboratorio de Química Farmaceútica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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17
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18
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Chun MW, Shin DH, Moon HR, Lee J, Park H, Jeong LS. Syntheses and antiviral activities of 1,3-dioxolanyl-, 1,3-oxathiolanyl- and 1,3-dithiolanylnucleosides with 2-hydroxymethyl substituents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(97)00250-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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20
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Synthesis and antiviral activity of fluoro sugar nucleosides 2: Synthesis and biological evaluations of 2′, 3′-dideoxy-2′-fluoro-3′-C-hydroxymethyl-β-D-arabinofuranosyl nucleosides. Arch Pharm Res 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02976899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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21
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Brånalt J, Kvarnström I, Classon B, Samuelsson B. Synthesis of [4,5-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-2-yl]nucleosides as Potential Inhibitors of HIV via Stereospecific Base-Induced Rearrangement of a 2,3-Epoxy Thioacetate(1). J Org Chem 1996; 61:3604-3610. [PMID: 11667205 DOI: 10.1021/jo960009c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of [4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-2-yl]nucleosides is described. 2,3-Epoxy alcohol 10 was converted in one pot into thioacetate 11. Treatment of 11 under mild alkaline conditions gave thiirane 12 with inversion of configuration at C-2. We also found that thioacetate 11 rearranges into thiirane 14 under mild acidic conditions. This rearrangement reaction was shown by independent synthesis to proceed with net retention of configuration at C-2. We have proposed a tentative mechanism which may explain the results obtained. Opening of thiiranes 12 and 14 followed by deprotection gave (2R,3R)-2-thiothreitol (23) and (2S,3R)-2-thioerythritol (25), respectively. Regioselective silylation of the primary hydroxyl groups of 23 followed by treatment with trimethyl orthoformate gave 2-methoxy-1,3-oxathiolanes 26 and 27. Condensation with silylated bases followed by deprotection and separation of the anomers gave the oxathiolanylnucleosides. Compounds 29-31, 34, and 35 were found to be inactive when tested for inhibition of HIV-1 activity in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Brånalt
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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22
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Brånalt J, Kvarnström I, Classon B, Samuelsson B. Synthesis of [4,5-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl]nucleosides as Potential Inhibitors of HIV. J Org Chem 1996; 61:3599-3603. [PMID: 11667204 DOI: 10.1021/jo960008k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of 1,3-dioxolan-2-ylnucleosides and related chemistry is described. We have shown that 2-methoxy-1,3-dioxolane (6) reacts with silylated thymine and trimethylsilyl triflate to give the acyclic formate ester 1-[2-(formyloxy)ethyl]thymine (8) rather than 1-(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)thymine (7). A tentative mechanism which could explain this result is discussed. On the other hand, 2-methoxy-1,3-dioxolane 13c reacts with silylated bases to give [4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl]nucleosides, thus representing the first examples of this novel class of compounds. The nature of the nucleobase and the hydroxyl protecting groups was found to have great influence on the reaction and on the stability of the nucleosides. Compounds 16 and 18 were found to be inactive when tested for anti HIV-1 activity in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Brånalt
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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23
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Brånalt J, Kvarnström I, Classon B, Samuelsson B. Synthesis of [4,5-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-dithiolan-2-yl]nucleosides as Potential Inhibitors of HIV(1). J Org Chem 1996; 61:3611-3615. [PMID: 11667206 DOI: 10.1021/jo952228o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of [4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-dithiolan-2-yl]nucleosides is described. (2S,3S)-1,2:3,4-Diepoxybutane (13) was reacted with potassium thiocyanate to give (2R,3R)-1,2:3,4-diepithiobutane (14). Thiiranering opening with acetate followed by deacetylation gave (2R,3R)-2,3-dithiothreitol (19) which was silylated and treated with trimethyl orthoformate to give the 2-methoxy-1,3-dithiolane 20. Condensation of 20 with silylated thymine, uracil, N(4)-benzoylcytosine and 6-chloropurine using a modified Vorbrüggen procedure, followed by deprotection, gave the nucleoside analogues. Compounds 26, 28, and 30 were found to be inactive when tested for anti-HIV activity in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Brånalt
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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24
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Mikhailopulo IA, Poopeiko NE, Tsvetkova TM, Marochkin AP, Balzarini J, De Clercq E. Synthesis and antiviral activity of 3'-C-branched-3'-deoxy analogues of adenosine. Carbohydr Res 1996; 285:17-28. [PMID: 9011376 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(96)90162-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of some 3'-C-branched-3'-deoxy adenine nucleosides is described. Starting from the known 3-deoxy-3-C-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2;5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-allof uranose (1), a versatile glycosylating agent, namely 1,2-di-O-acetyl-5-O-benzoyl-3-deoxy-3-C-(mesyloxymethyl)-beta-D-ri bofuranose (6), was prepared in three steps. Condensation of the latter with bis(trimethysilylated) N6-benzoyladenine in the presence of tin(IV) chloride gave the N9-beta-nucleoside 7. Compound 7 was converted into (i) 9-[3-C-(azidomethyl)-3-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranosyl]adenine (10), (ii) 9-[3-C-(azidomethyl)-2,3-dideoxy-beta-D-glycero-pent-2-enofuran osyl]adenine (14) and 9-[2-azido-3-C-(azidomethyl)-2,3-dideoxy-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl]a denine (15), and (iii) 9-[3-deoxy-2-O,3-C-(methylene)-beta-D-ribofuranosyl]adenine (16). None of the tested nucleosides showed marked cytostatic or antiviral activity in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Mikhailopulo
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Byelorussian Academy of Sciences, Byelorussia
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25
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Jeong LS, Marquez VE. Use of a cyclic sulfite as an epoxide surrogate in the regioselective synthesis of a carbocyclic ring-enlarged 4′,1′a-methano oxetanocin analogue. Tetrahedron Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(96)00289-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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26
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Jørgensen PN, Wengel J. Stereoselective synthesis of C-branched nucleoside analogues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-5995(96)80014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
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27
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28
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Wengel J, Schinazi RF, Caruthers MH. Stereoselective synthesis, chemistry and antiviral evaluation of 1-(2,3-dideoxy-3-C-hydroxymethyl-beta-D-threo-pentofuranosyl)thymine derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 1995; 3:1223-9. [PMID: 8564413 DOI: 10.1016/0968-0896(95)00089-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel 3'-C-branched 2',3'-dideoxynucleosides have been synthesized and evaluated as anti-HIV agents. Hydroboration of 2',3'-dideoxy-3'-C-methylene nucleoside proceeded regio- and stereoselectively to give 1-(2,3-dideoxy-3-C-hydroxy methyl-5-O-trityl-beta-D-threo-pentofuranosyl)thymine (5) after oxidation. 3'-C-Chloromethyl and 3'-C-iodomethyl 5'-O-protected 2',3'-dideoxynucleosides 9 and 12 were obtained from 5 by reaction with carbon tetrachloride/triphenylphosphine and methyltriphenoxyphosphonium iodide, respectively. Arbuzov reaction of 12 with triethyl phosphite afforded 3'-C-(diethyl-phosphono)methyl 5'-O-protected 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside 14. Compounds 5, 9, 12 and 14 were detritylated to give 1-(3-C-chloromethyl-2,3-dideoxy-beta-D-threo-pentofuranosyl)thymine (10), 1-(2,3-dideoxy-3-C-hydroxymethyl-beta-D-threo-pentofuranosyl)-thymine (11), 1-(2,3-dideoxy-3-C-iodomethyl-beta-D-threo-pentofuranosyl)thymine (13) and 1-(2,3-dideoxy-3-C-(O,O'-diethylphosphono)methyl-beta-D-threo- pentofuranosyl)thymine (15), respectively. These nucleoside analogues were evaluated for antiviral activity against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in vitro. Compound 5 demonstrated selective antiviral activity against HIV-1 but not HSV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wengel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder 80309-0215, USA
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29
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Hammerschmidt F, Öhler E, Polsterer JP, Zbiral E, Balzarini J, Declercq E. Ein einfacher Weg zu 3′-Desoxy-α-L- und 3′-Desoxy-β-D-apionucleosiden. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.199519950376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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30
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Synthesis of 2′,3′-dideoxycyclo-2′-pentenyl-3′-C-hydroxymethyl carbocyclic nucleoside analogues as potential anti-viral agents. Tetrahedron 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4020(94)01067-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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31
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32
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Mann J, Tench AJ, Weymouth-Wilson AC, Shaw-Ponter S, Young RJ. Two synthetic routes to 2′,3′-dideoxy-3′-C-(hydroxymethyl)-4′-thionucleosides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1039/p19950000677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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33
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Balzarini J. Metabolism and mechanism of antiretroviral action of purine and pyrimidine derivatives. PHARMACY WORLD & SCIENCE : PWS 1994; 16:113-26. [PMID: 8032337 DOI: 10.1007/bf01880662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Unlike herpes viruses, human immunodeficiency virus and other retroviruses do not encode specific enzymes required for the metabolism of the purine or pyrimidine nucleotides to their corresponding 5'-triphosphates. Therefore, 2',3'-dideoxynucleosides and acyclic nucleoside phosphonates must be phosphorylated and metabolized by host cell kinases and other enzymes of purine and/or pyrimidine metabolism. Different animal species (or even different cell types within one animal species) may differ in the efficiency of conversion of these drugs to their antivirally active metabolite(s). Three 2',3'-dideoxynucleosides are officially licensed for clinical use [i.e., zidovudine (3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxythymidine, AZT), didanosine (2',3'-dideoxyinosine, DDI) and zalcitabine (2',3'-dideoxycytidine, DDC)]. A number of other 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside analogues [among them stavudine (2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxythymidine, D4T), 2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thiacytidine (3TC), 2',3'-dideoxy-5-fluoro-3'-thiacytidine (FTC) and the acyclic nucleoside phosphonate 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine (PMEA)] are currently under clinical investigation and are candidate compounds for eventual licensing as anti-AIDS drugs. The metabolic pathways, antimetabolic effects and mechanism of antiviral action of these nucleoside analogues will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Balzarini
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
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New diastereospecific synthesis of 2′,3′-dideoxy-2′- or 3′-C2-branched- or 2′,3′-α-fused-isoxazolidine nucleosides directly from the seconucleoside. Tetrahedron 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)90437-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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35
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Diastereospecific synthesis of 2′- or 3′-c-branched nucleosides through intramolecular free-radical capture by silicon-tethered acetylene. Tetrahedron 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)90435-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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36
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Mikhailov SN, Efimtseva EV, Meshkov SV, Kern ER. Nucleoside Analogues on the Basis of 4(R),5(R)-Dihydroxymethyl-2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1080/15257779408013267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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37
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Bonnal C, Chavis C, Lucas M. Synthesis of meso-2′,3′-dideoxy-3′β-hydroxymethyl carbocyclic nucleosides as potential antiviral drugs. Unusual competitive 2-O-versus N1-alkylation of 3-substituted pyrimidines under Mitsunobu conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1039/p19940001401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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38
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Mann J, Weymouth-Wilson AC. Photocatalysed addition of alcohols to 5-substituted 2,5-dihydrofuran-2-ones: novel synthesis of (3′R)-2′,3′-dideoxy-3′-hydroxymethyl nucleosides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1039/p19940003141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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39
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Semizarov DG, Victorova LS, Krayevsky AA, Kukhanova MK. Modified nucleoside 5'-triphosphates containing 2',3'-fused three-membered rings as substrates for different DNA polymerases. FEBS Lett 1993; 327:45-8. [PMID: 7687565 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(93)81036-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
5'-Triphosphates of 1-(2',3'-epithio-2',3'-dideoxy-beta-D- lyxofuranosyl)thymine, 1-(2',3'-epithio-2',3'-dideoxy-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)thymine and 2',3'-lyxoanhydrothymidine have been shown to be termination substrates for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV) reverse transcriptases as well as DNA polymerase I from E. coli and DNA polymerase beta from rat liver. At the same time they do not terminate DNA synthesis catalysed by DNA polymerase epsilon from human placenta. Km values of ltTTP, rtTTP and laTTP incorporation into the DNA chain during catalysis by AMV reverse transcriptase agree closely with each other being 1.5-2.5 times higher than Km value for dTTP. Furthermore, Vmax values for modified substrates are only 2-3 times lower than Vmax for dTTP. The evidence favours the hypothesis of high affinity of modified nucleotides with a flattened furanosyl ring for DNA polymerase active sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Semizarov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow
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40
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Plavec J, Fabre-Buet V, Uteza V, Grouiller A, Chattopadhyaya J. Conformational studies on some Cl'-branched beta-D-nucleosides by 1H-NMR spectroscopy and molecular mechanics calculations. JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL METHODS 1993; 26:317-34. [PMID: 8409204 DOI: 10.1016/0165-022x(93)90033-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Solution structures of 1-(beta-D-psicofuranosyl)thymine (HMT) (5) and 1-(1'-cyano-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-thymine (CNT) (6) based on 3JH,H coupling constants (1H-NMR at 500 MHz) and nOe enhancement studies were further refined by molecular mechanics calculations using the AMBER force field. These complementary NMR-molecular mechanics studies helped us to define the torsion angles inside the NMR-defined conformational hyperspace. Atom-centered monopole charges were derived for molecular mechanics calculations by fitting the molecular electrostatic potential on freely optimized geometries of 5 and 6 using HF/3-21G level of theory by GAUSSIAN 92 program. The conformation of 5 and 6 can be summarized as follows: (i) the pseudorotational analyses showed that the North conformer is predominant in both 5 (> 70%) and 6 (97%). While the molecular mechanics could correctly predict the energetic preference of North over South type puckered sugar moiety for 5 and 6 it could not provide any clue to the fact that the 1'-CN group in CNT (6) drives the pseudorotational equilibrium more effectively towards North than 1'-CH2OH in HMT (5). (ii). The NMR-observed preference of anti over syn conformation across the glycosyl bond in 5 and 6 was correctly shown by the energetic preference of anti conformers by approx. 10 kJ/mol. (iii) The populations of the staggered rotamers across C4'-C5' (gamma +, gamma t and gamma -) calculated from 3J4'5' and 3J4'5" coupling constants from NMR spectroscopy show that gamma + and gamma t rotamers are preferred. Molecular mechanics calculations are also in an excellent agreement here with the results of solution studies: in 5 gamma + and gamma t rotamers are equally populated and a small energy difference in potential energy is established, while in 6 the larger energy difference in potential energy is found which reflects a higher preference for gamma + rotamer in solution. The energetic preferences found among the lowest energy conformers of 5 (North-gamma +/gamma t-anti-epsilon t1) and 6 (North-gamma +/gamma t-anti) in molecular mechanics calculations are in an excellent agreement with the preferences of the major conformers found by NMR spectroscopy in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Plavec
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Uppsala, Sweden
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De Clercq E. Antiviral agents: characteristic activity spectrum depending on the molecular target with which they interact. Adv Virus Res 1993; 42:1-55. [PMID: 8430518 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60082-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The target protein (enzyme) with which antiviral agents interact determines their antiviral activity spectrum. Based on their activity spectrum, antiviral compounds could be divided into the following classes: (1) sulfated polysaccharides (i.e., dextran sulfate), which interact with the viral envelope glycoproteins and are inhibitory to a broad variety of enveloped viruses (i.e., retro-, herpes-, rhabdo-, and arenaviruses): (2) SAH hydrolase inhibitors (i.e., neplanocin A derivatives), which are particularly effective against poxvirus, (-)RNA viruses (paramyxovirus, rhabdovirus), and (+/-)RNA virus (reovirus); (3) OMP decarboxylase inhibitors (i.e., pyrazofurin) and CTP synthetase inhibitors (i.e., cyclopentenylcytosine), which are active against a broad range of DNA, (+)RNA, (-)RNA, and (+/-)RNA viruses; (4) IMP dehydrogenase inhibitors (i.e., ribavirin), which are also active against various (+)RNA and (-)RNA viruses and, in particular, ortho- and paramyxoviruses; (5) acyclic guanosine analogs (i.e., ganciclovir) and carbocyclic guanosine analogs (i.e., cyclobut-G), which are particularly active against herpesviruses (i.e., HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV, CMV); (6) thymidine analogs (i.e., BVDU, BVaraU), which are specifically active against HSV-1 and VZV because of their preferential phosphorylation by the virus-encoded thymidine kinase; (7) acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (i.e., HPMPA, HPMPC, PMEA, FPMPA), which, depending on the structure of the acyclic side chain, span an activity spectrum from DNA viruses (papova-, adeno-, herpes-, hepadna-, and poxvirus) to retroviruses (HIV); (8) dideoxynucleoside analogs (i.e., AZT, DDC), which act as chain terminators in the reverse transcriptase reaction and thus block the replication of retroviruses as well as hepadnaviruses; and (9) the TIBO, HEPT, and other TIBO-like compounds, which interact specifically with the reverse transcriptase of HIV-1 and thus block the replication of HIV-1, but not of HIV-2 or any other retrovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- E De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
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Synthesis of [1α,2β,3α]-5-amino-[2,3-bis(benzoyloxymethyl)cyclobutyl] imidazoles : important precursors to new anti-viral purine nucleosides. Tetrahedron Lett 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)73946-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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44
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Abstract
This mini-review describes the structure-activity relationships of several series of new nucleoside analogues. It also points to the possibilities of finding new molecular modifications which could lead to antivirals with activity both against human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) and herpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Herdewijn
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Rega Instituut, Leuven, Belgium
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Ioannidis P, Classon B, Samuelsson B, Kvarnström I. Synthesis of Some 2′,3′-Dideoxy-2′-C-Methyl-Substituted Nucleosides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1080/07328319208018336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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46
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47
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Abstract
HIV inhibitors targeted at the virus-associated reverse transcriptase (RT) can be divided into two groups, depending on whether they are targeted at the substrate or nonsubstrate binding site. To the first group belong the 2',3'-dideoxynucleosides (i.e., DDC, DDI), 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxynucleosides (i.e., AZT), 3'-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxynucleosides (i.e., FLT), 2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxynucleosides (i.e., D4C, D4T) and carbocyclic derivatives thereof (i.e., carbovir), 2'-fluoro-ara-2',3'-dideoxynucleosides, 1,3-dioxolane derivatives (i.e., 2',3'-dideoxyl-3'-thiacytidine), oxetanocin analogues and carbocyclic derivatives thereof (i.e., cyclobut-G) and the 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine (PMEA) and 9-(3-fluoro-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine (FPMPA) derivatives. These compounds need to be phosphorylated intracellularly to their triphosphate forms before they act as competitive inhibitors or alternate substrates (chain terminators) of HIV RT. The second group includes the tetrahydro-imidazo[4,5,l-jk][1,4]-benzodiazepin-2(1H)one (TIBO), 1-[(2-hydroxyethoxy)-methyl]-6-(phenylthio)thymine (HEPT), dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e]-[1,4]diazepin-6-one (nevirapine) and pyridin-2(1H)one derivatives, which interact as such, noncompetitively, with a specific allosteric binding site of HIV-1 RT. Compounds belonging to the two different groups may give rise to synergism which combined, and, likewise, viral resistance to the compounds may arise through different mutations, depending on the nature of the compounds and the group to which they belong.
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Affiliation(s)
- E De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
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48
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Xi Z, Agback P, Plavec J, Sandström A, Chattopadhyaya J. New stereocontrolled synthesis of isomeric C-branched-β-D-nucleosides by intramolecular free-radical cyclization- opening reactions based on temporary silicon connection. Tetrahedron 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)88147-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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49
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Abstract
Structure and biological activity of thirty-six new nucleoside antibiotics which appeared after the 1988 review are described. New synthetic analogs of neplanocin and oxetanocin are also described with special emphasis on their antiviral activities. New biosynthetic findings on nikkomycins, blasticidin S, and griseolic acid are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Isono
- Antibiotics Laboratory, RIKEN, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, Saitama-ken, Japan
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50
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Synthesis of furo[2,3-c]pyran-β-d-nucleosides by radical-cyclization & their conformational analysis by 500 mhz 1h-nmr spectroscopy. Tetrahedron 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)91032-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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