1
|
Kovalev IS, Zyryanov GV, Santra S, Majee A, Varaksin MV, Charushin VN. Folic Acid Antimetabolites (Antifolates): A Brief Review on Synthetic Strategies and Application Opportunities. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196229. [PMID: 36234766 PMCID: PMC9573478 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimetabolites of folic acid represent a large group of drugs and drug candidates, including those for cancer chemotherapy. In this current review, the most common methods and approaches are presented for the synthesis of therapeutically significant antimetabolites of folic acid, which are Methotrexate (MTX), Raltitrexed (Tomudex, ZD1694), Pralatrexate, Pemetrexed, TNP-351, and Lometrexol. In addition, the applications or uses of these folic acid antimetabolites are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor S. Kovalev
- Department of Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Grigory V. Zyryanov
- Department of Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
- I. Ya. Postovskiy Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 620219 Yekaterinburg, Russia
- Correspondence: or (G.V.Z.); (A.M.)
| | - Sougata Santra
- Department of Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Adinath Majee
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan 731235, India
- Correspondence: or (G.V.Z.); (A.M.)
| | - Mikhail V. Varaksin
- Department of Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
- I. Ya. Postovskiy Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 620219 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Valery N. Charushin
- Department of Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
- I. Ya. Postovskiy Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 620219 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jiang Y, Mao Z, Guan Y, Pan H, Zhang X. Ru-catalyzed direct arene C–H amidation of pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines with sulfonyl azides. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
3
|
Wróbel A, Drozdowska D. Recent Design and Structure-Activity Relationship Studies on the Modifications of DHFR Inhibitors as Anticancer Agents. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:910-939. [PMID: 31622199 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666191016151018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) has been known for decades as a molecular target for antibacterial, antifungal and anti-malarial treatments. This enzyme is becoming increasingly important in the design of new anticancer drugs, which is confirmed by numerous studies including modelling, synthesis and in vitro biological research. This review aims to present and discuss some remarkable recent advances in the research of new DHFR inhibitors with potential anticancer activity. METHODS The scientific literature of the last decade on the different types of DHFR inhibitors has been searched. The studies on design, synthesis and investigation structure-activity relationships were summarized and divided into several subsections depending on the leading molecule and its structural modification. Various methods of synthesis, potential anticancer activity and possible practical applications as DHFR inhibitors of new chemical compounds were described and discussed. RESULTS This review presents the current state of knowledge on the modification of known DHFR inhibitors and the structures and searches for about eighty new molecules, designed as potential anticancer drugs. In addition, DHFR inhibitors acting on thymidylate synthase (TS), carbon anhydrase (CA) and even DNA-binding are presented in this paper. CONCLUSION Thorough physicochemical characterization and biological investigations highlight the structure-activity relationship of DHFR inhibitors. This will enable even better design and synthesis of active compounds, which would have the expected mechanism of action and the desired activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Wróbel
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, Białystok, Poland
| | - Danuta Drozdowska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, Białystok, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Srivastava N, Macha L, Ha HJ. Total Synthesis and Stereochemical Revision of Biemamides B and D. Org Lett 2019; 21:8992-8996. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b03394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin 17035, Korea
| | - Lingamurthy Macha
- Department of Chemistry, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin 17035, Korea
| | - Hyun-Joon Ha
- Department of Chemistry, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin 17035, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Espinosa-Bustos C, Frank A, Arancibia-Opazo S, Salas CO, Fierro A, Stark H. New lead elements for histamine H3 receptor ligands in the pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine class. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:2890-2893. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
6
|
Li H, Fang F, Liu Y, Xue L, Wang M, Guo Y, Wang X, Tian C, Liu J, Zhang Z. Inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase as antitumor agents: design, synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of novel nonclassical 6-substituted pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidines with a three- to five-carbon bridge. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:2674-2685. [PMID: 29691154 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Bridge homologation of the previously reported nonclassical two-carbon-bridged antifolate, 2,4-diamino-6-phenethylpyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidine (wm-5a), afforded the three-, four- and five-carbon-bridged antifolate analogues 3.1-3.5, 4.1-4.2 and 5.1-5.5. The target compounds, with substituents at various positions on the carbon bridges, were efficiently synthesized by aldol condensation or Wittig reaction and followed by reduction. Elongation of the two-carbon bridge to three-, four- or five-carbon bridges, and also saturation of the carbon bridges, provided compounds with good inhibitory activity against recombinant human DHFR (rhDHFR). Analogue 3.5, which has a three-carbon bridge, inhibited the proliferation of HL-60 and HCT116 cells to a greater extent than the other analogues. Compound 3.5 was also the most potent inhibitor of rhDHFR (IC50 = 0.06 μM), and was approximately 38-fold more potent than the two-carbon-bridged lead compound. Docking studies revealed that both the length and flexibility of the saturated carbon bridge in 3.5 were important for high potency. Flow cytometry studies indicated that compound 3.5 arrested HL-60 cells in the S-phase and induced apoptosis. Western blot analysis of HL-60 cells treated with 3.5 showed a dose-dependent upregulation of DHFR protein levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Perking University, 100191, China
| | - Fang Fang
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Perking University, 100191, China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Perking University, 100191, China
| | - Liangmin Xue
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Perking University, 100191, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Perking University, 100191, China
| | - Ying Guo
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Perking University, 100191, China
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Perking University, 100191, China
| | - Chao Tian
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Perking University, 100191, China
| | - Junyi Liu
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Perking University, 100191, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, 100191, China
| | - Zhili Zhang
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Perking University, 100191, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yadav VB, Rai P, Sagir H, Kumar A, Siddiqui IR. A green route for the synthesis of pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives catalyzed by β-cyclodextrin. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj03577b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The disclosed synthetic method for pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives offers several advantages such as non-toxic catalyst and aqueous reaction medium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vijay B. Yadav
- Laboratory of Green Synthesis
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Allahabad
- Allahabad
- India
| | - Pragati Rai
- Laboratory of Green Synthesis
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Allahabad
- Allahabad
- India
| | - Hozeyfa Sagir
- Laboratory of Green Synthesis
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Allahabad
- Allahabad
- India
| | - Akhilesh Kumar
- Laboratory of Green Synthesis
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Allahabad
- Allahabad
- India
| | - I. R. Siddiqui
- Laboratory of Green Synthesis
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Allahabad
- Allahabad
- India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Whitehead A, Zhang Y, McCabe Dunn J, Sherer EC, Lam YH, Stelmach J, Sun A, Shiroda M, Orr RK, Waddell ST, Raghavan S. Selective Formation of Functionalized α-Quaternary Malononitriles toward 5,5-Disubstituted Pyrrolopyrimidinones. Org Lett 2017; 19:4448-4451. [PMID: 28812897 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b01930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A modular, selective approach to complex α-tertiary substituted malononitriles is reported. The method takes advantage of β-ester-substituted α,α-dinitrile alkenes as highly reactive, chemoselective electrophiles for 1,4-additions with organometallic nucleophiles to produce functionally and sterically dense all-carbon quaternary centers. In the presence of a chiral ester auxiliary bearing an aromatic ring, the 1,4-addition occurs with good to excellent selectivity due to favorable cation-π interactions. The highly functionalized malononitriles represent versatile building blocks and can be applied toward efficient, highly selective syntheses of 5,5-disubstituted pyrrolopyrimidinones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan Whitehead
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc. , 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Yong Zhang
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc. , 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | | | | | | | - John Stelmach
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc. , 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Aaron Sun
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc. , 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Melisa Shiroda
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc. , 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | | | - Sherman T Waddell
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc. , 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Subharekha Raghavan
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc. , 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Saroha M, Khanna G, Khurana JM. Synthesis of Novel 5-Substituted 6-Phenylpyrrolo[2, 3-d
]pyrimidine Derivatives via One-pot Three-Component Reactions Under Catalyst-Free Condition. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201701234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Saroha
- Department of chemistry; University of Delhi; Delhi- 110007
| | - Garima Khanna
- Department of chemistry; University of Delhi; Delhi- 110007
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Karamthulla S, Jana A, Choudhury LH. Synthesis of Novel 5,6-Disubstituted Pyrrolo [2,3-d]Pyrimidine-2,4-Diones Via One-Pot Three-Component Reactions. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2017; 19:108-112. [PMID: 28036166 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.6b00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A simple and novel method for the synthesis of 5,6-disubstituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2,4-diones has been reported using arylglyoxal-based three-component reactions. Under microwave heating conditions, arylglyoxal, 6-amino uracil, or its derivatives reacts with various thiols in acetic acid medium to provide a series of pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2,4-diones (4) having a thioether and an aryl ring in 5 and 6 positions, respectively. On the other hand reaction of arylglyoxal, amino uracil and malononitrile in place of thiols, provided corresponding 5,6-disubstituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2,4-diones (5) with selectively converting one of the -CN to -CONH2 group both in conventional (method A) and microwave heating conditions (method B). This methodology is a simple and efficient protocol for the synthesis of diverse 5,6-disubstituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2,4-diones from the readily available starting materials in good yields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaik Karamthulla
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar, Patna-8001103, India
- Department
of Chemistry, Rayalaseema University, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh-518007, India
| | - Asim Jana
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar, Patna-8001103, India
| | - Lokman H. Choudhury
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar, Patna-8001103, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Seenaiah D, Rekha T, Padmaja A, Padmavathi V. Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of pyrimidinyl bis(benzazoles). Med Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-016-1758-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
12
|
Sun R, Song W, Ma C, Zhang H, Yu X. Titanium(IV) Chloride-Mediated Stereoselective α-Alkylidenation to Efficiently Assemble Multisubstituted 1,3-Dienes. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201601025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rengwei Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy; East China University of Science & Technology; Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China, Fax: (+86)-21-6425-1033; phone: (+86)-21-6425-2604
| | - Wei Song
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy; East China University of Science & Technology; Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China, Fax: (+86)-21-6425-1033; phone: (+86)-21-6425-2604
| | - Chunmei Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy; East China University of Science & Technology; Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China, Fax: (+86)-21-6425-1033; phone: (+86)-21-6425-2604
| | - Huiwen Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy; East China University of Science & Technology; Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China, Fax: (+86)-21-6425-1033; phone: (+86)-21-6425-2604
| | - Xinhong Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy; East China University of Science & Technology; Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China, Fax: (+86)-21-6425-1033; phone: (+86)-21-6425-2604
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rajeswari M, Saluja P, Khurana JM. A facile and green approach for the synthesis of spiro[naphthalene-2,5′-pyrimidine]-4-carbonitrile via a one-pot three-component condensation reaction using DBU as a catalyst. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra22817d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of novel spiro[naphthalene-2,5′-pyrimidine]-4-carbonitriles were synthesized using 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid, aldehydes and cyclohexylidene malononitrile in presence of DBU. The structures were confirmed by spectral data and X-Ray crystallography.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Rajeswari
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Delhi
- New Delhi-110 007
- India
| | - Pooja Saluja
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Delhi
- New Delhi-110 007
- India
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
A short and efficient synthetic protocol for the synthesis of 5-substituted-4,6-dioxo-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.05.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
15
|
Synthesis of benzohetero[3, 2-a]pyrimidines using cyclic β-keto lactone as a building block. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-008-0062-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
16
|
Zhu G, Liu Z, Xu Y, Mao Z. Synthesis of Pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine Analogues of the Potent Antitumor Agent N-{4-[3-(2,4-Diamino-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)-propyl]benzoyl}-L- glutamic Acid (TNP-351). HETEROCYCLES 2008. [DOI: 10.3987/com-08-11323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
17
|
Kidwai M, Singhal K, Kukreja S. One-pot synthesis of novel substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines using dry media. HETEROATOM CHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/hc.20355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
18
|
Gangjee A, Yang J, McGuire JJ, Kisliuk RL. Synthesis and evaluation of a classical 2,4-diamino-5-substituted-furo[2,3-d]pyrimidine and a 2-amino-4-oxo-6-substituted-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine as antifolates. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:8590-8. [PMID: 16990006 PMCID: PMC3850758 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2006] [Revised: 08/18/2006] [Accepted: 08/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two classical antifolates, a 2,4-diamino-5-substituted furo[2,3-d]pyrimidine and a 2-amino-4-oxo-6-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine, were synthesized as potential inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and thymidylate synthase (TS). The syntheses were accomplished by condensation of 2,6-diamino-3(H)-4-oxo-pyrimidine with alpha-chloro-ketone 21 to afford two key intermediates 23 and 24, followed by hydrolysis, coupling with l-glutamate diethyl ester and saponification of the diethyl ester to afford the classical antifolates 13 and 14. Compounds 13 and 14 with a single carbon atom bridge are both substrates for folylpoly-gamma-glutamate synthetase (FPGS), the enzyme responsible for forming critical poly-gamma-glutamate antifolate metabolites with increased potency and/or increased cell retention. Compound 14 is a highly efficient FPGS substrate demonstrating that 2,4-diamino-5-substituted furo[2,3-d]pyrimidines are important lead structures for the design of antifolates with FPGS substrate activity. It retains inhibitory potency for DHFR and TS compared to the two atom bridged analog 5. Compound 13 is a poor inhibitor of purified DHFR and TS, and both 13 and 14 are poor inhibitors of the growth of CCRF-CEM human leukemia cells in culture, indicating that single carbon bridged compounds in these series though conducive to FPGS substrate activity were not potent inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleem Gangjee
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 600 Forbes Avenue, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gangjee A, Yang J, Queener SF. Novel non-classical C9-methyl-5-substituted-2,4-diaminopyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines as potential inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase and as anti-opportunistic agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:8341-51. [PMID: 17010625 PMCID: PMC3850751 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2006] [Revised: 08/28/2006] [Accepted: 09/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Six novel C9-methyl-5-substituted-2,4-diaminopyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines 18-23 were synthesized as potential inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and as anti-opportunistic agents. These compounds represent the only examples of 9-methyl substitution in the carbon-carbon bridge of 2,4-diaminopyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines. The analogs 18-23 were synthesized in a concise eight-step procedure starting from the appropriate commercially available aromatic methyl ketones. The key step involved a Michael addition reaction of 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine to the appropriate 1-nitroalkene, followed by ring closure of the nitro adducts via a Nef reaction. The compounds were evaluated as inhibitors of DHFR from Pneumocystis carinii (pc), Toxoplasma gondii (tg), Mycobacterium avium (ma) and rat liver (rl). The biological result indicated that some of these analogs are potent inhibitors of DHFR and some have selectivity for pathogen DHFR. Compound 23 was a two digit nanomolar inhibitor of tgDHFR with 9.6-fold selectivity for tgDHFR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleem Gangjee
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 600 Forbes Avenue, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kidwai M, Singhal K, Rastogi S. Paal knorr reaction for novel pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines. J Heterocycl Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570430514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
21
|
Hilmy KMH. Synthesis of Non-Nucleosides: 7- and 1,3-Substituents of New Pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-ones on Antiviral Activity. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2006; 339:174-81. [PMID: 16586425 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.200500162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A series of non-nucleosides 9-47 were synthesized. Compounds 1-4 were reacted with formic acid (85%) to afford compounds 5-8. Then, the latter compounds were reacted with alkyl halides a-f (2-bromopropane, 2-bromobutane, benzyl bromide, benzyl chloromethyl ether, chloromethyl ethyl ether, phenacyl bromide) in the presence of NaH in dry DMF to give the desired compounds 9-47, which were evaluated for activity against herpes simplex virus type-II (HSV-II).
Collapse
|
22
|
Gangjee A, Zeng Y, McGuire JJ, Kisliuk RL. Synthesis of classical, four-carbon bridged 5-substituted furo[2,3-d]pyrimidine and 6-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine analogues as antifolates. J Med Chem 2005; 48:5329-36. [PMID: 16078850 PMCID: PMC2538949 DOI: 10.1021/jm058213s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report, for the first time, the biological activities of four-carbon-atom bridged classical antifolates on dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), thymidylate synthase (TS), and folylpolyglutamate synthetase (FPGS) as well as antitumor activity. Extension of the bridge homologation studies of classical two-carbon bridged antifolates, a 5-substituted 2,4-diaminofuro[2,3-d]pyrimidine (1) and a 6-subsituted 2-amino-4-oxopyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine (2), afforded two four-carbon bridged antifolates, analogues 5 and 6, with enhanced FPGS substrate activity and inhibitory activity against tumor cells in culture (EC(50) < or = 10(-7) M) compared with the two-carbon bridged analogues. These results support our original hypothesis that the distance and orientation of the side chain p-aminobenzoyl-L-glutamate moiety with respect to the pyrimidine ring are a crucial determinant of biological activity. In addition, this study demonstrates that, for classical antifolates that are substrates for FPGS, poor inhibitory activity against isolated target enzymes is not necessarily a predictor of a lack of antitumor activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleem Gangjee
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Gangjee A, Ye Z, Queener SF. Synthesis of three carbon atom bridged 2,4-diaminopyrrolo[2,3-d]-pyrimidines as nonclassical dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors. J Heterocycl Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570420614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
24
|
Gangjee A, Jain HD, McGuire JJ, Kisliuk RL. Benzoyl ring halogenated classical 2-amino-6-methyl-3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-5-substituted thiobenzoyl-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine antifolates as inhibitors of thymidylate synthase and as antitumor agents. J Med Chem 2005; 47:6730-9. [PMID: 15615522 DOI: 10.1021/jm040144e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to circumvent resistance to and toxicity of clinically used folate-based thymidylate synthase (TS) inhibitors that require folylpoly-gamma-glutamate synthetase (FPGS) for their antitumor activity, we designed and synthesized two classical 6-5 ring-fused analogues, N-[4-[(2-amino-6-methyl-3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)thio]-2'-fluorobenzoyl]-l-glutamic acid (4) and N-[4-[(2-amino-6-methyl-3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)thio]-2'-chlorobenzoyl]-l-glutamic acid (5), as TS inhibitors and antitumor agents. The key intermediates in the synthesis of these classical analogues were the mercaptans 10 and 11, which were obtained from the corresponding nitro compounds 6 and 7 respectively, by reduction of the nitro groups followed by diazotization of the amines. The syntheses of analogues 4 and 5 were achieved via the oxidative addition of the sodium salt of ethyl 2-halo-substituted-4-mercaptobenzoate (16 or 17) to 2-amino-6-methyl-3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine (18) in the presence of iodine. The esters obtained from the reaction were deprotected and coupled with diethyl-l-glutamate followed by saponification. Compounds 4 and 5 were both more potent inhibitors of human TS (IC(50) values of 54 and 51 nM, respectively) than were PDDF and the clinically used ZD1694 and LY231514. Compounds 4 and 5 were not substrates for human FPGS up to 250 muM. In addition, 4 and 5 were growth inhibitory against CCRF-CEM cells as well as a number of other tumor cell lines in culture, and protection studies established TS as the principal target of these analogues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleem Gangjee
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Gangjee A, Zeng Y, McGuire JJ, Mehraein F, Kisliuk RL. Synthesis of Classical, Three-Carbon-Bridged 5-Substituted Furo[2,3-d]pyrimidine and 6-Substituted Pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine Analogues as Antifolates. J Med Chem 2004; 47:6893-901. [PMID: 15615538 DOI: 10.1021/jm040123k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bridge homologation of the previously reported classical two-carbon-bridged antifolates, a 5-substituted 2,4-diaminofuro[2,3-d]pyrimidine (1) [which is a 6-regioisomer of LY231514 (Alimta)] and a 6-subsituted 2-amino-4-oxopyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine, afforded the three-carbon-bridged antifolates analogues 4 and 5, with enhanced inhibitory activity against tumor cells in culture (EC(50) values in the 10(-8)-10(-7) M range or less). These two analogues were synthesized via a 10-step synthetic sequence starting from methyl 4-bromobenzoate (14), which was elaborated to the alpha-chloromethyl ketone (8) followed by condensation with 2,6-diamino-pyrimidin-4-one (7) to afford the substituted furo[2,3-d]pyrimidine 9 and the pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine 10. Subsequent coupling of each regioisomer with diethyl-l-glutamate followed by saponification afforded 4 and 5. The biological results indicate that elongation of the C8-C9 bridge of the classical 5-substituted 2,4-diaminofuro[2,3-d]pyrimidine and 6-substituted 2-amino-4-oxopyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine are highly conducive to antitumor activity in vitro, despite a lack of increase in inhibitory activity against the target enzymes. This supports our original hypothesis that truncation of the B-ring of a highly potent 6-6 ring system to a 6-5 ring system can be compensated by bridge homologation to restore the overall length of the molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleem Gangjee
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Taylor EC, Liu B. A new and efficient synthesis of pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine anticancer agents: Alimta (LY231514, MTA), homo-Alimta, TNP-351, and some aryl 5-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines. J Org Chem 2004; 68:9938-47. [PMID: 14682686 DOI: 10.1021/jo030248h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Alimta, as well as homo-Alimta, a nonbridged analogue of Alimta, and TNP-351 have been prepared by a new method that involves Michael addition of the appropriate 1-nitroalkene with 2,6-diamino-3H-pyrimidin-4-one or 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine, followed by a Nef reaction of the resulting primary nitro Michael adduct. Spontaneous intramolecular cyclization of the resulting aldehyde with the pyrimidine 6-amino group yields the corresponding pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine. A series of previously unknown 5-arylpyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines was prepared by the same methodology from the above pyrimidines and nitrostyrenes. It has been found that the intermediate primary nitro Michael adduct can be prepared in a single step by sonication of a mixture of an arylaldehyde, nitromethane, and the 6-aminopyrimidine in acetic acid containing ammonium acetate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward C Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Barlocco D. Monitor: molecules and profiles. Drug Discov Today 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6446(02)02204-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
28
|
Aso K, Imai Y, Yukishige K, Ootsu K, Akimoto H. Pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine thymidylate synthase inhibitors: design and synthesis of one-carbon bridge derivatives. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2001; 49:1280-7. [PMID: 11605654 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.49.1280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives was designed and synthesized as thymidylate synthase (TS) inhibitors. Molecular design was performed on the human TS complex model built on the basis of the reported structure of TS-deoxyuridinemonophosphate (dUMP)-CB3717 ternary complex. From a docking study, we expected that a one-carbon bridge between pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine and an aromatic ring was suitable. Moreover, we found that the bridge carbon could be replaced with an alkyl group to fill out the unoccupied space. Based on this design, we synthesized five pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives with one-carbon bridge and evaluated their TS inhibitory activities. All synthesized compounds inhibited TS more potently than compound 2 (LY231514), and the C8-ethyl analogue (7) showed a remarkable inhibitory activity against TS (IC50=0.017 microM).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Aso
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd., Osaka, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Loukas YL. Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system: an instant and architecture-free predictor for improved QSAR studies. J Med Chem 2001; 44:2772-83. [PMID: 11495588 DOI: 10.1021/jm000226c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The application of an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) has been developed for obtaining sufficient quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) with high accuracy. To this end, a data set of 68 pyrimidines derivatives as DHFR inhibitors, described first in the excellent independent studies of Hansch et al. (J. Med. Chem. 1982, 25, 777-784 and J. Med. Chem. 1991, 34, 46-54) and later by So and Richards (J. Med. Chem. 1992, 35, 3201-3207), was examined. The ANFIS system, first time applied in the literature to QSAR studies, was trained using a hybrid algorithm consisting of back-propagation and least-squares estimation while the optimum number and shape of membership functions were obtained through the subtractive clustering algorithm. Prior to the development and evaluation of the ANFIS system, geometry optimization of the examined compounds was performed, deriving a series of diverse descriptors from which the best subset was selected by using a hybrid genetic algorithm system. The predictive abilities of the resulting models compared to those produced from classical multivariate regression such as linear and nonlinear (quadratic) partial least squares regression (PLS and QPLS, respectively). The ANFIS method outperformed both the PLS models as well as the published results, leading to substantial gain in both the prediction ability and the computation speed (almost instant training).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y L Loukas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 157 71 Athens, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Gangjee A, Yu J, McGuire JJ, Cody V, Galitsky N, Kisliuk RL, Queener SF. Design, synthesis, and X-ray crystal structure of a potent dual inhibitor of thymidylate synthase and dihydrofolate reductase as an antitumor agent. J Med Chem 2000; 43:3837-51. [PMID: 11052789 DOI: 10.1021/jm000200l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel N-¿2-amino-4-methyl[(pyrrolo[2, 3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl¿-L-glutamic acid (3a) was designed and synthesized as a potent dual inhibitor of thymidylate synthase (TS) and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and as an antitumor agent. Compound 3b, the N7-benzylated analogue of 3a, was also synthesized as an antitumor agent. The synthesis of 3a was accomplished via a 12-step sequence which involved the synthesis of 2-amino-4-methylpyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine (10) in 5 steps from 2-acetylbutyrolactone. Protection of the 2-amino group of 10 and regioselective iodination at the 5-position followed by palladium-catalyzed coupling afforded intermediate 14 which was converted to 3a by reduction and saponification. Similar synthetic methodology was used for 3b. X-ray crystal structure of the ternary complex of 3a, DHFR, and NADPH showed that the pyrrolo[2, 3-d]pyrimidine ring binds in a "2,4-diamino mode" in which the pyrrole nitrogen mimics the 4-amino moiety of 2,4-diaminopyrimidines. This is the first example of a classical pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine antifolate shown to have this alternate mode of binding to DHFR. Compounds 3a and 3b were more inhibitory than LY231514 against TS from Lactobacillus casei and Escherichia coli. Analogue 3a was also more inhibitory against DHFR from human, Toxoplasma gondii, and Pneumocystis carinii. Evaluation of 3a against methotrexate (MTX)-resistant cell lines with defined mechanisms indicated that cross-resistance of 3a was much lower than that of MTX. Metabolite protection studies and folylpoly-gamma-glutamate synthetase studies suggest that the antitumor activity of 3a against the growth of tumor cells in culture is a result of dual inhibition of TS and DHFR. Compound 3a inhibited the growth of CCRF-CEM and FaDu cells in culture at ED(50) values of 12.5 and 7.0 nM, respectively, and was more active against FaDu cells than MTX. In contrast, compound 3b was inactive against both cell lines. Compound 3a was evaluated in the National Cancer Institute in vitro preclinical antitumor screening program and afforded IG(50) values in the nanomolar range against a number of tumor cell lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Gangjee
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Gangjee A, Zeng Y, McGuire JJ, Kisliuk RL. Effect of C9-methyl substitution and C8-C9 conformational restriction on antifolate and antitumor activity of classical 5-substituted 2,4-diaminofuro[2,3-d]pyrimidines. J Med Chem 2000; 43:3125-33. [PMID: 10956221 DOI: 10.1021/jm000130i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
N-[4-[1-methyl-2-(2,4-diaminofuro[2, 3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl]-L-glutamic acid (5) and its C8-C9 conformationally restricted E- and Z-isomers (6 and 7) were designed and synthesized in order to investigate the effect of incorporating a methyl group at the C9 position and of conformational restriction at the C8-C9 bridge of N-[4-[2-(2,4-diaminofuro[2, 3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl]-L-glutamic acid (1) with respect to dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitory activity as well as antitumor activity. The compounds were synthesized by a Wittig reaction of 2,4-diamino-5-(chloromethyl)furo[2,3-d]pyrimidine with ethyl 4-acetylbenzoate followed by catalytic reduction, hydrolysis, and standard peptide coupling with diethyl L-glutamate. The biological results indicated that the addition of a 9-methyl group to the C8-C9 bridge, as in 5, increased recombinant human (rh) DHFR inhibitory potency (IC(50) = 0.42 microM) as well as the potency against the growth inhibition of tumor cells in culture (CCRF-CEM EC(50) = 29 nM, A253 EC(50) = 28.5 nM, and FaDu EC(50) = 17.5 nM) compared with the 9-desmethyl analogue 1. However, the conformationally restricted 4:1 Z/E mixture of 7 and 6 was less potent than 5 in both assays, and the pure E-isomer 6 was essentially inactive. These three classical analogues were also evaluated as inhibitors of Lactobacillus casei, Escherichia coli, and rat and rh thymidylate synthase (TS) and were found to be weak inhibitors. All three analogues 5-7 were good substrates for human folylpolyglutamate synthetase (FPGS). These data suggested that FPGS is relatively tolerant to different conformations in the bridge region. Further evaluation of the cytotoxicity of 5 and 7 in methotrexate (MTX)-resistant CCRF-CEM cell sublines suggested that polyglutamylation was crucial for their mechanism of action. Metabolite protection studies of 5 implicated DHFR as the primary intracellular target. Compound 5 showed GI(50) values in 10(-9)-10(-7) M range against more than 30 tumor cell lines in culture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Gangjee
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kokuryo Y, Nakatani T, Kakinuma M, Kabaki M, Kawata K, Kugimiya A, Kawada K, Matsumoto M, Suzuki R, Ohtani M. New gamma-fluoromethotrexates modified in the pteridine ring: synthesis and in vitro immunosuppressive activity. Eur J Med Chem 2000; 35:529-34. [PMID: 10889331 DOI: 10.1016/s0223-5234(00)00147-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Our continuing program to develop new antifolate drugs useful against rheumatoid arthritis led us to modify the pteridine ring of gamma-fluoromethotrexate. Pyrrolopyrimidine derivatives 1e and 1t were found to exhibit potent suppressive effects on the responses of both T and B cells to mitogens, although tetrahydropyridopyrimidine derivatives 2e and 2t and quinazoline derivatives 3e, 3t and 4e showed very weak suppressive activities. Thus, conversion of the pteridine ring of gamma-fluoromethotrexate to a pyrrolopyrimidine ring led to a new potential antirheumatic compound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Kokuryo
- Shionogi Research Laboratories, Shionogi & Co. Ltd., Fukushima-ku, 553-0002, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Taylor EC, Liu B. Exploitation of a new route to fused pyrroles: Synthesis of TNP-351, homo-MTA and 5-arylpyrrolo[2,3-]pyrimidines. Tetrahedron Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(99)00677-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
34
|
Kita Y, Sano A, Yamaguchi T, Oka M, Gotanda K, Matsugi M. Radical Addition Reaction of Brominated Active Methylene Compounds to Enol Ethers Using 2,2‘-Azobis(2,4- dimethyl-4-methoxyvaleronitrile) (V-70) as an Initiator. J Org Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jo981900p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Kita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, and Tokyo Research Laboratories, Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., 1633, Matoba, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-1101, Japan
| | - Atsunori Sano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, and Tokyo Research Laboratories, Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., 1633, Matoba, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-1101, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, and Tokyo Research Laboratories, Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., 1633, Matoba, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-1101, Japan
| | - Masahisa Oka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, and Tokyo Research Laboratories, Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., 1633, Matoba, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-1101, Japan
| | - Kentoku Gotanda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, and Tokyo Research Laboratories, Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., 1633, Matoba, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-1101, Japan
| | - Masato Matsugi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, and Tokyo Research Laboratories, Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., 1633, Matoba, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-1101, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Selassie CD, Gan WX, Kallander LS, Klein TE. Quantitative structure-activity relationships of 2, 4-diamino-5-(2-X-benzyl)pyrimidines versus bacterial and avian dihydrofolate reductase. J Med Chem 1998; 41:4261-72. [PMID: 9784101 DOI: 10.1021/jm970776j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) have been formulated for a set of 15 2,4-diamino-5-(2-X-benzyl)pyrimidines versus dihydrofolate reductase from Lactobacillus casei and chicken liver. QSARs were also developed for comprehensive data sets containing mono-, di-, and trisubstituted benzyl derivatives. Particular emphasis was placed on the role played by ortho substituents in the overall binding process and subsequent inhibition of the catalytic process in both the prokaryotic and eucaryotic DHFRs. Comparisons between the two QSARs reveal subtle differences at specific positions which can be optimized to design more selective antibacterial agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C D Selassie
- Department of Chemistry, Pomona College, Claremont, California 91711, and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Rosowsky A, Papoulis AT, Queener SF. 2,4-Diamino-6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[d]pyrimidine analogues of trimethoprim as inhibitors of Pneumocystis carinii and Toxoplasma gondii dihydrofolate reductase. J Med Chem 1998; 41:913-8. [PMID: 9526565 DOI: 10.1021/jm970614n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Three previously unreported (R,S)-2,4-diamino-5-[(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl) alkyl]-6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[d]pyrimidines 15a-c were synthesized as analogues of trimethoprim (TMP) and were tested as inhibitors of Pneumocystis carinii, Toxoplasma gondii, and rat liver dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). The length of the alkyl bridge between the cyclopenta[d]pyrimidine and trimethoxyphenyl moiety ranged from one in 15a to three carbons in 15c. The products were tested as competitive inhibitors of the reduction of dihydrofolate by Pneumocystis carinii, Toxoplasma gondii, and rat liver DHFR. Compounds 15a-c had IC50 values of > 32, 1.8 and 1.3 microM, respectively, against P. carinii DHFR, as compared to 12 microM for TMP. Against the T. gondii enzyme, 15a-c had IC50 values of 21, 0.14 and 0.14 microM, respectively, as compared to 2.7 microM for TMP. Inhibitors 15b and 15c with two- and three-carbon bridges were significantly more potent than 15a against all three enzymes. Unlike TMP, 15b and 15c were better inhibitors of the rat liver enzyme than of the microbial enzymes. The potency of 15b and 15c against rat liver DHFR was less than has been reported for the corresponding 6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[d]pyrimidines with a classical p-aminobenzoyl-L-glutamate side chain as inhibitors of bovine, murine, and human DHFR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Rosowsky
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Brobey RK, Iwakura M, Itoh F, Aso K, Horii T. Enzyme-inhibition system for identifying potential antimalarials that target highly drug-resistant mutants of Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase. Parasitol Int 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5769(98)00004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
|
38
|
Gangjee A, Vasudevan A, Queener SF. Conformationally restricted analogues of trimethoprim: 2,6-diamino-8-substituted purines as potential dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors from Pneumocystis carinii and Toxoplasma gondii. J Med Chem 1997; 40:3032-9. [PMID: 9301665 DOI: 10.1021/jm970271t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-two 2,6-diamino-8-substituted purines (2-23) were synthesized, in which rotation around the two flexible bonds of trimethoprim (TMP), linking the pyrimidine ring to the side chain phenyl ring, was restricted by incorporation into a purine ring, in an attempt to increase the potency and selectivity of TMP against dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) from the organisms that often cause fatal opportunistic infections in patients with AIDS, i.e., Pneumocystis carinii (pc) and Toxoplasma gondii (tg). The syntheses of analogues 2-20 were achieved via a one-pot reaction of 2,4,5,6-tetraaminopyrimidine and the appropriately substituted benzaldehyde or phenyl acetaldehyde, in acidic methoxyethanol. Analogues 21-23 were synthesized via nucleophilic displacement of 2,6-diamino-8-(chloromethyl)purine with the appropriate anilines or 2-naphthalenethiol. The compounds were evaluated as inhibitors of pcDHFR and tgDHFR with rat liver (rl) DHFR as the mammalian reference enzyme. Compound 11, the 3',4'-dichlorophenyl analogue, was as potent as TMP and had a selectivity ratio of 13 for pcDHFR, which ranked it as one of the three most selective inhibitors of pcDHFR (compared to rlDHFR) known to date. It also displayed a selectivity ratio of 38 for tgDHFR. None of the other analogues showed any improvement compared to TMP in potency or selectivity. In the preclinical in vitro screening program of the National Cancer Institute, compound 11 showed a GI50 of 10(-6) M for the inhibition of the growth of 17 tumor cell lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Gangjee
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Gangjee A, Mavandadi F, Queener SF. Effect of N9-methylation and bridge atom variation on the activity of 5-substituted 2,4-diaminopyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines against dihydrofolate reductases from Pneumocystis carinii and Toxoplasma gondii. J Med Chem 1997; 40:1173-7. [PMID: 9089339 DOI: 10.1021/jm960717q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The effect of N9-methylation and bridge atom variation on inhibitory potency and selectivity of 2,4-diaminopyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines against dihydrofolate reductases (DHFR) was studied. Specifically three nonclassical 2,4-diamino-5-((N-methylanilino)methyl)pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines with 2',5'-dimethoxyphenyl (2), 3',4'-dichlorophenyl (3), 1'-naphthyl (4), one classical analogue with a 4'-L-glutamate substituent (10), and four nonclassical 2,4-diamino-5-((phenylthio)methyl)pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines with 3',4'-dimethoxyphenyl (5), 3',4'-dichlorophenyl (6), 1'-naphthyl (7), and 2'-naphthyl (8) substituents were synthesized. The classical and nonclassical analogues were obtained by displacement of the intermediate 2,4-diamino-5-bromomethylpyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine, 14, with appropriately substituted N-methylaniline, thiophenols, or 4-(N-methylamino)benzoyl-L-glutamate. Compounds 2-8 and 10 were evaluated against Pneumocystis carinii (pc), Toxoplasma gondii (tg), and rat liver (rl) DHFRs. The N-methyl and thiomethyl analogues were more inhibitory than their corresponding anilinomethyl analogues (previously reported) against all three DHFRs. The inhibitory potency of these analogues was greater against rlDHFR than against tgDHFR which resulted in a loss of selectivity for tgDHFR compared to the N9-H analogues. The classical N9-methyl analogue 10 was more potent and about 2-fold more selective against tgDHFR than its corresponding desmethyl analogue. All of the analogues, 2-8 and 10, were more selective than trimetrexate (TMQ) against pcDHFR (except 4) and significantly more selective than TMQ against tgDHFR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Gangjee
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Taylor EC, Mao Z. A Ring-Transformation/Ring-Annulation Strategy for the Synthesis of the DHFR Inhibitor, TNP-351: A Correction. J Org Chem 1996; 61:7973-7974. [PMID: 11667765 DOI: 10.1021/jo961230s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward C. Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Brobey RK, Sano G, Itoh F, Aso K, Kimura M, Mitamura T, Horii T. Recombinant Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase-based in vitro screen for antifolate antimalarials. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1996; 81:225-37. [PMID: 8898337 DOI: 10.1016/0166-6851(96)02704-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We describe the system for screening the effective antifolate antimalarials that uses the recombinant Plasmodium falciparum DHFR domain of the bifunctional DHFR-TS expressed in Escherichia coli, and were designed with amino acid alterations found in the DHFR genes of the antifolate resistant strains. The validity of the screen was verified by the subsequent examination of several substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines for their antimalarial activity. Among the 120 chemical derivatives, 5 compounds were identified by their preferential inhibition of the drug sensitive pfDHFR to that of the mammalian isoenzyme. As compared to the sensitive enzyme, the decrease in response of the cycolguanil-resistant and pyrimethamine-resistant enzymes to the selected compounds were relatively moderate. This gave folds decrease in sensitivity of 0.8-7.5 and 3.6-29, respectively, while those for cycloguanil and pyrimethamine were 400 and 308. The compounds inhibited the growth of drug-sensitive cultured P. falciparum with 50% effective concentrations of the ranged 0.17-30 nM. As contrasted with the sensitive strain, the fold decrease in sensitivity of the resistant parasites were 0.9-2 and 15-50 in the case of the test compounds, while those for cycloguanil and pyrimethamine were 690 and 20,500. Moreover, the most selective pyrrolo-pyrimidine (P-1) showed in vivo activity against P. berghei in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R K Brobey
- Department of Molecular Protozoology, Osaka University, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Badawey ESAM. Synthesis andin vitroevaluation of some new pyrimidines and related condensed ring systems as potential anticancer agents. J Heterocycl Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570330202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
43
|
Synthesis and reactions of 2-deoxy-?-D-ribofuranosyl derivatives of 3-aryl-4H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-imines. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00824307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
44
|
Taylor EC. New antitumor agents from inhibitors of folate-dependent enzymes. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01185583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
45
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND The discovery and clinical development of new drugs to treat cancer at Lilly Research Laboratories has undergone significant change during the past 15 years. During the early 1980s drug discovery relied heavily on a panel of syngeneic murine solid tumour models to identify new agents for clinical trial. New classes of oncolytic agents identified by this methodology include the difluoronucleoside antimetabolites, diarylsulfonylureas, and a series of folate-based enzyme inhibitors. Within the folate-based discovery programme at Lilly, a broad understanding of the structure activity relationships of folate antimetabolites and the biochemical basis of folate transport, processing, and enzyme inhibition has enabled a more rational approach for drug discovery. CURRENT STUDIES Folate receptor binding properties are being studied to predict tumour sensitivities and tissue toxicities. This information, together with knowledge of a compound's ability to undergo polyglutamation via the enzyme folylpolyglutamate synthase, assist in the more rational selection of agents with designed cellular selectivities. Ultimately, the complex metabolic pathways involving folate metabolism provide numerous targets for enzyme inhibition. Inhibitors of purine biosynthesis and thymidylate synthesis have demonstrated broad activity in preclinical models of disease including several human tumour xenografts, and are undergoing clinical testing. The folate-based drug discovery programme serves as a model for other biochemically based drug discovery programs including those based in drug resistance, signal transduction and cell cycle control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H L Pearce
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Rosowsky A, Bader H, Wright JE, Moran RG. 5-Deaza-7-desmethylene analogues of 5,10-methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid and related compounds: Synthesis andin vitrobiological activity. J Heterocycl Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570310522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
47
|
A short and efficient synthesis of echiguanines A and B: Potent inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol-4-kinase. Tetrahedron Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)76939-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
48
|
Itoh F, Russello O, Akimoto H, Beardsley GP. Novel pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine antifolate TNP-351: cytotoxic effect on methotrexate-resistant CCRF-CEM cells and inhibition of transformylases of de novo purine biosynthesis. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1994; 34:273-9. [PMID: 8033293 DOI: 10.1007/bf00686032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
N-[4-[3-(2,4-Diamino-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5- yl)propyl]benzoyl]-L-glutamic acid (TNP-351), characterized by a pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine ring, is a novel antifolate that exhibits potent antitumor activities against mammalian solid tumors. The mechanism of action of TNP-351 was evaluated using some methotrexate-resistant CCRF-CEM human lymphoblastic leukemia cell lines as well as partially purified enzymes folylpolyglutamate synthetase (FPGS), aminoimidazolecarboxamide ribonucleotide transformylase (AICARTFase), and glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase (GARTFase) from parent CCRF-CEM cells. TNP-351 was found to inhibit the growth of L1210 and CCRF-CEM cells in culture, with the doses effective against 50% of the cells (ED50 values) being 0.79 and 2.7 nM, respectively. The growth inhibition caused by TNF-351 was reversed by leucovorin or a combination of hypoxanthine and thymidine. The methotrexate-resistant CCRF-CEM cell line, which has an impaired methotrexate transport, showed less resistance to TNP-351 than to methotrexate. TNP-351 was also found to be an excellent substrate for FPGS with a Michaelis constant (Km) of 1.45 microM and a maximum of velocity (Vmax) of 1,925 pmol h-1 mg-1. Inhibitory activities of TNF-351-Gn (n = 1-6) for AICARTFase were found to be significantly enhanced with increasing glutamyl chain length [inhibition constants (Ki): G1, 52 microM; G6, 0.07 microM]. Neither TNP-351 nor its polyglutamates were very strong inhibitors of GARTFase. These findings have significant implications regarding the mechanism of action of TNP-351.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Itoh
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories III, Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Taylor EC. Design and synthesis of inhibitors of folate-dependent enzymes as antitumor agents. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1993; 338:387-408. [PMID: 8304144 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-2960-6_80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E C Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, New Jersey 08544
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Gangjee A, Devraj R, Queener SF, Kisliuk RL. Novel 2,4-diamino-5-substituted furo[2,3-d]-pyrimidines as potential antifolates. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1993; 338:445-8. [PMID: 8304155 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-2960-6_89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Gangjee
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|