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Ghose A, Lapitan P, Apte V, Ghosh A, Kandala A, Basu S, Parkes J, Shinde SD, Boussios S, Sharma A, Das P, Vasdev N, Rebuzzi SE, Ürün Y, Kanesvaran R, Maniam A, Banna GL. Antibody Drug Conjugates in Urological Cancers: A Review of the Current Landscape. Curr Oncol Rep 2024; 26:633-646. [PMID: 38652426 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-024-01524-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Our review delves into the progress across urological malignancies and discusses ongoing challenges and future directions in antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) development, emphasising their transformative potential in cancer care. RECENT FINDINGS ADCs have advanced from hematologic to solid tumours, notably in breast cancer, and are now pivotal in metastatic urological cancers as both monotherapies and in combination regimens, underscored by the FDA's approval of enfortumab vedotin and sacituzumab govitecan for metastatic urothelial cancer. Progress in metastatic prostate cancer, particularly with ADCs targeting PSMA and STEAP1, is noteworthy, although renal cell cancer presents ongoing challenges. There is a continual search for agents in the metastatic, relapsed testicular cancer landscape. ADCs have emerged as a pivotal innovation in oncology, blending targeted antibody therapy with potent cytotoxic drugs, significantly advancing treatment options for urological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruni Ghose
- Department of Medical Oncology, Barts Cancer Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
- Department of Medical Oncology, Medway NHS Foundation Trust, Kent, UK
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mount Vernon Cancer Centre, Mount Vernon and Watford NHS Trust, Watford, UK
- Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire Urological Cancer Centre, Department of Urology, Lister Hospital, East and North Herts NHS Trust, Stevenage, UK
- Immuno-Oncology Clinical Network, London, UK
- The Meet-URO Group, Italian Network for Research in Uro-Oncology, Milan, Italy
- British Oncology Network for Undergraduate Societies, London, UK
- United Kingdom and Ireland Global Cancer Network, London, UK
| | - Patricia Lapitan
- British Oncology Network for Undergraduate Societies, London, UK
- United Kingdom and Ireland Global Cancer Network, London, UK
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, UK
| | - Vedika Apte
- University College London Medical School, London, UK
- University College London Oncology Society, London, UK
| | - Adheesh Ghosh
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Sreejana Basu
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
- University College London Oncology Society, London, UK
| | - Jo Parkes
- Immuno-Oncology Clinical Network, London, UK
- Worcestershire Oncology Centre, Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust, Worcester, UK
- British Oncology Pharmacy Association, London, UK
| | - Sayali D Shinde
- Cancer Academic Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Stergios Boussios
- Department of Medical Oncology, Medway NHS Foundation Trust, Kent, UK
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Social Care, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, UK
- Kent and Medway Medical School, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
- AELIA Organisation, 9Th Km Thessaloniki - Thermi, 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anand Sharma
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mount Vernon Cancer Centre, Mount Vernon and Watford NHS Trust, Watford, UK
- Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire Urological Cancer Centre, Department of Urology, Lister Hospital, East and North Herts NHS Trust, Stevenage, UK
| | - Prantik Das
- Department of Oncology, University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust, Derby, UK
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Nikhil Vasdev
- Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire Urological Cancer Centre, Department of Urology, Lister Hospital, East and North Herts NHS Trust, Stevenage, UK
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
- Apollo Hospitals Educational and Research Foundation (AHERF), Chennai, India
| | - Sara E Rebuzzi
- The Meet-URO Group, Italian Network for Research in Uro-Oncology, Milan, Italy
- Medical Oncology Unit, Ospedale San Paolo, Savona, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Yüksel Ürün
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
- Ankara University Cancer Research Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ravindran Kanesvaran
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, SingHealth Duke-NUS Oncology Academic Clinical Programme, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Akash Maniam
- Department of Medical Oncology, Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth, UK.
- Faculty of Science and Health, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK.
- Caribbean Cancer Research Institute, Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago.
| | - Giuseppe L Banna
- The Meet-URO Group, Italian Network for Research in Uro-Oncology, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medical Oncology, Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth, UK
- Faculty of Science and Health, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
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Sasso J, Tenchov R, Bird R, Iyer KA, Ralhan K, Rodriguez Y, Zhou QA. The Evolving Landscape of Antibody-Drug Conjugates: In Depth Analysis of Recent Research Progress. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:1951-2000. [PMID: 37821099 PMCID: PMC10655051 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are targeted immunoconjugate constructs that integrate the potency of cytotoxic drugs with the selectivity of monoclonal antibodies, minimizing damage to healthy cells and reducing systemic toxicity. Their design allows for higher doses of the cytotoxic drug to be administered, potentially increasing efficacy. They are currently among the most promising drug classes in oncology, with efforts to expand their application for nononcological indications and in combination therapies. Here we provide a detailed overview of the recent advances in ADC research and consider future directions and challenges in promoting this promising platform to widespread therapeutic use. We examine data from the CAS Content Collection, the largest human-curated collection of published scientific information, and analyze the publication landscape of recent research to reveal the exploration trends in published documents and to provide insights into the scientific advances in the area. We also discuss the evolution of the key concepts in the field, the major technologies, and their development pipelines with company research focuses, disease targets, development stages, and publication and investment trends. A comprehensive concept map has been created based on the documents in the CAS Content Collection. We hope that this report can serve as a useful resource for understanding the current state of knowledge in the field of ADCs and the remaining challenges to fulfill their potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet
M. Sasso
- CAS,
A Division of the American Chemical Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Rumiana Tenchov
- CAS,
A Division of the American Chemical Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Robert Bird
- CAS,
A Division of the American Chemical Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | | | | | - Yacidzohara Rodriguez
- CAS,
A Division of the American Chemical Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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3
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Alameddine R, Mallea P, Shahab F, Zakharia Y. Antibody Drug Conjugates in Bladder Cancer: Current Milestones and Future Perspectives. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2023; 24:1167-1182. [PMID: 37403009 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-023-01114-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Over the last several years, the treatment landscape of urothelial carcinoma has witnessed an unprecedented expansion of therapeutic options including checkpoint inhibitors, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and antibody drug conjugates (ADC). Early trial data has shown that ADCs are safer and potentially effective treatment options in advanced bladder cancer as well as in the early disease. In particular, enfortumab-vedotin (EV) has shown promising results with a recent cohort of a clinical trial demonstrating that EV is effective as neoadjuvant monotherapy as well as in combination with pembrolizumab in metastatic setting. Similar promising results have been shown by other classes of ADC in other trials including sacituzumab-govitecan (SG) and oportuzumab monatox (OM). ADCs are likely to become a mainstay treatment option in the urothelial carcinoma playbook as either a monotherapy or combination therapy. The cost of the drug presents a real challenge, but further trial data may justify the use of the drug as mainstay treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raafat Alameddine
- Division of Hematology Oncology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Patrick Mallea
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Farhan Shahab
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Yousef Zakharia
- Division of Hematology Oncology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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Pryyma A, Matinkhoo K, Bu YJ, Merkens H, Zhang Z, Bénard F, Perrin DM. Synthesis and preliminary evaluation of octreotate conjugates of bioactive synthetic amatoxins for targeting somatostatin receptor (sstr2) expressing cells. RSC Chem Biol 2022; 3:69-78. [PMID: 35128410 PMCID: PMC8729174 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00036e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted cancer therapy represents a paradigm-shifting approach that aims to deliver a toxic payload selectively to target-expressing cells thereby sparing normal tissues the off-target effects associated with traditional chemotherapeutics. Since most targeted constructs rely on standard microtubule inhibitors or DNA-reactive molecules as payloads, new toxins that inhibit other intracellular targets are needed to realize the full potential of targeted therapy. Among these new payloads, α-amanitin has gained attraction as a payload in targeted therapy. Here, we conjugate two synthetic amanitins at different sites to demonstrate their utility as payloads in peptide drug conjugates (PDCs). As an exemplary targeting agent, we chose octreotate, a well-studied somatostatin receptor (sstr2) peptide agonist for the conjugation to synthetic amatoxins via three tailor-built linkers. The linker chemistry permitted the evaluation of one non-cleavable and two cleavable self-immolative conjugates. The immolating linkers were chosen to take advantage of either the reducing potential of the intracellular environment or the high levels of lysosomal proteases in tumor cells to trigger toxin release. Cell-based assays on target-positive Ar42J cells revealed target-specific reduction in viability with up to 1000-fold enhancement in bioactivity compared to the untargeted amatoxins. Altogether, this preliminary study enabled the development of a highly modular synthetic platform for the construction of amanitin-based conjugates that can be readily extended to various targeting moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla Pryyma
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Kaveh Matinkhoo
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Yong Jia Bu
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Helen Merkens
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Vancouver BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - Zhengxing Zhang
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Vancouver BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - Francois Bénard
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Vancouver BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - David M Perrin
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
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Walsh SJ, Bargh JD, Dannheim FM, Hanby AR, Seki H, Counsell AJ, Ou X, Fowler E, Ashman N, Takada Y, Isidro-Llobet A, Parker JS, Carroll JS, Spring DR. Site-selective modification strategies in antibody-drug conjugates. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:1305-1353. [PMID: 33290462 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00310g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) harness the highly specific targeting capabilities of an antibody to deliver a cytotoxic payload to specific cell types. They have garnered widespread interest in drug discovery, particularly in oncology, as discrimination between healthy and malignant tissues or cells can be achieved. Nine ADCs have received approval from the US Food and Drug Administration and more than 80 others are currently undergoing clinical investigations for a range of solid tumours and haematological malignancies. Extensive research over the past decade has highlighted the critical nature of the linkage strategy adopted to attach the payload to the antibody. Whilst early generation ADCs were primarily synthesised as heterogeneous mixtures, these were found to have sub-optimal pharmacokinetics, stability, tolerability and/or efficacy. Efforts have now shifted towards generating homogeneous constructs with precise drug loading and predetermined, controlled sites of attachment. Homogeneous ADCs have repeatedly demonstrated superior overall pharmacological profiles compared to their heterogeneous counterparts. A wide range of methods have been developed in the pursuit of homogeneity, comprising chemical or enzymatic methods or a combination thereof to afford precise modification of specific amino acid or sugar residues. In this review, we discuss advances in chemical and enzymatic methods for site-specific antibody modification that result in the generation of homogeneous ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Walsh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
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7
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Antibody-Drug Conjugates: The New Frontier of Chemotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155510. [PMID: 32752132 PMCID: PMC7432430 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have become promising antitumor agents to be used as one of the tools in personalized cancer medicine. ADCs are comprised of a drug with cytotoxic activity cross-linked to a monoclonal antibody, targeting antigens expressed at higher levels on tumor cells than on normal cells. By providing a selective targeting mechanism for cytotoxic drugs, ADCs improve the therapeutic index in clinical practice. In this review, the chemistry of ADC linker conjugation together with strategies adopted to improve antibody tolerability (by reducing antigenicity) are examined, with particular attention to ADCs approved by the regulatory agencies (the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA)) for treating cancer patients. Recent developments in engineering Immunoglobulin (Ig) genes and antibody humanization have greatly reduced some of the problems of the first generation of ADCs, beset by problems, such as random coupling of the payload and immunogenicity of the antibody. ADC development and clinical use is a fast, evolving area, and will likely prove an important modality for the treatment of cancer in the near future.
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Amani N, Dorkoosh FA, Mobedi H. ADCs, as Novel Revolutionary Weapons for Providing a Step Forward in Targeted Therapy of Malignancies. Curr Drug Deliv 2020; 17:23-51. [DOI: 10.2174/1567201816666191121145109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
:Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs), as potent pharmaceutical trojan horses for cancer treatment, provide superior efficacy and specific targeting along with low risk of adverse reactions compared to traditional chemotherapeutics. In fact, the development of these agents combines the selective targeting capability of monoclonal antibody (mAb) with high cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutics for controlling the neoplastic mass growth. Different ADCs (more than 60 ADCs) in preclinical and clinical trials were introduced in this novel pharmaceutical field. Various design-based factors must be taken into account for improving the functionality of ADC technology, including selection of appropriate target antigen and high binding affinity of fragment (miniaturized ADCs) or full mAbs (preferentially use of humanized or fully human antibodies compared to murine and chimeric ones), use of bispecific antibodies for dual targeting effect, linker engineering and conjugation method efficacy to obtain more controlled drug to antibody ratio (DAR). Challenging issues affecting therapeutic efficacy and safety of ADCs, including bystander effect, on- and off-target toxicities, multi drug resistance (MDR) are also addressed. 4 FDA-approved ADCs in the market, including ADCETRIS ®, MYLOTARG®, BESPONSA ®, KADCYLA®. The goal of the current review is to evaluate the key parameters affecting ADCs development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nooshafarin Amani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farid Abedin Dorkoosh
- Medical Biomaterial Research Center (MBRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Mobedi
- Novel Drug Delivery Systems (NDDS) Department, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran, Iran
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9
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Abstract
Click chemistry has found wide application in bioconjugation, enabling control over the site of modification in biomolecules. Demonstrations of this chemistry to construct chemically defined antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have increased in recent years, following studies that support benefits of homogeneity and site-specificity of drug placement on the antibody. In this chapter, a brief history of early applications of this chemistry in ADCs is presented. Examples of click chemistries that are utilized for ADC synthesis, including those currently undergoing clinical investigations, are enumerated. Protocols for two common conjugation methods based on carbonyl-aminooxy coupling and strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition are described.
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10
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Alteration of Physicochemical Properties for Antibody-Drug Conjugates and Their Impact on Stability. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:161-168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Li K, Zhang Z, Lin ZJ, Shi H, Ma Y. Accurate determination of drug-to-antibody ratio of interchain cysteine-linked antibody-drug conjugates by LC-HRMS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 412:833-840. [PMID: 31872274 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02280-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Accurate determination of the drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) of interchain cysteine-linked antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) is challenging. High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) analysis of the ADCs at the intact or subunit level provides a feasible way to measure the DAR. However, the measured DAR is usually lower than the true DAR because of the variation in ionization efficiency between different DAR species. In this work, we developed a novel standard-free HRMS method involving isotope-labeled payload conjugation, protease digestion, and liquid chromatography-HRMS (LC-HRMS) analysis for accurate determination of the DAR of the interchain cysteine-linked ADCs with cleavable or non-cleavable linkers. Isotope-labeled payload conjugations eliminated the structural and chemical differences between different DAR species and ensured that the drugs or payload-containing peptides could be separated from each other in the mass spectrometer. A papain digestion strategy for ADCs with cleavable linkers showed a DAR of 3.79, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 0.48 (n = 3). Similarly, the trypsin and chymotrypsin digestion strategy that is applicable to ADCs with non-cleavable linkers showed a DAR of 3.77 and an RSD of 0.86 (n = 3). The DAR determined by this method was consistent with the DAR of the ADCs that was measured by the UV/Vis method. This method will be very useful to researchers working in the field of ADC discovery and development. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Biomedical Research, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, 65409, USA
| | - Zhiling Zhang
- Department of Bioanalysis, Frontage Laboratories, Inc., Exton, PA, 19341, USA
| | - Zhongping John Lin
- Department of Bioanalysis, Frontage Laboratories, Inc., Exton, PA, 19341, USA
| | - Honglan Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Biomedical Research, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, 65409, USA
| | - Yinfa Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Biomedical Research, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, 65409, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, California State University, Sacramento, CA, 95819, USA.
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An Insight into Photophysical Investigation of (E)-2-Fluoro-N’-(1-(4-Nitrophenyl)Ethylidene)Benzohydrazide through Solvatochromism Approaches and Computational Studies. J Fluoresc 2019; 29:1013-1027. [DOI: 10.1007/s10895-019-02415-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Nakada T, Sugihara K, Jikoh T, Abe Y, Agatsuma T. The Latest Research and Development into the Antibody-Drug Conjugate, [fam-] Trastuzumab Deruxtecan (DS-8201a), for HER2 Cancer Therapy. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2019; 67:173-185. [PMID: 30827997 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c18-00744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A major limitation of traditional chemotherapy for cancer is dose-limiting toxicity, caused by the exposure of non-tumor cells to cytotoxic agents. Use of molecular targeted drugs, such as specific kinase inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies, is a possible solution to overcome this limitation and has achieved clinical success so far. Use of an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) is a rational strategy for improving efficacy and reducing systemic adverse events. ADCs use antibodies selectively to deliver a potent cytotoxic agent to tumor cells, thus drastically improving the therapeutic index of chemotherapeutic agents. Lessons learned from clinical failure of early ADCs during the 1980s to 90s have recently led to improvements in ADC technology, and resulted in the approval of four novel ADCs. Nonetheless, further advances in ADC technology are still required to streamline their clinical efficacy and reduce toxicity. [fam-] Trastuzumab deruxtecan (DS-8201a) is a next-generation ADC that satisfies these requirements based on currently available evidence. DS-8201a has several innovative features; a highly potent novel payload with a high drug-to-antibody ratio, good homogeneity, a tumor-selective cleavable linker, stable linker-payload in circulation, and a short systemic half-life cytotoxic agent in vivo; the released cytotoxic payload could exert a bystander effect. With respect to its preclinical profiles, DS-8201a could provide a valuable therapy with a great potential against HER2-expressing cancers in clinical settings. In a phase I trial, DS-8201a showed acceptable safety profiles with potential therapeutic efficacy, with the wide therapeutic index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nakada
- Research and Development Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd
| | | | - Takahiro Jikoh
- Research and Development Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd
| | - Yuki Abe
- Research and Development Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd
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Faridoon F, Shi W, Qin K, Tang Y, Li M, Guan D, Tian X, Jiang B, Dong J, Tang F, Huang W. New linker structures applied in glycosite-specific antibody drug conjugates. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo00646j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Two new linkers employed in glycosite-specific antibody–drug conjugates demonstrate efficient conjugation, enhanced stability, and fluorescence properties.
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15
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Johnston MC, Scott CJ. Antibody conjugated nanoparticles as a novel form of antibody drug conjugate chemotherapy. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2018; 30:63-69. [PMID: 30553522 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Antibody conjugated nanoparticles (ACNPs) represent a novel strategy for the development of therapies exploiting antibodies to augment the delivery of chemotherapy payloads. Following in the footsteps of the success of antibody drug conjugates (ADCs), ACNPs are only now reaching clinical evaluation. In this review we discuss the success of ADCs and explore the opportunities ACNPs offer, such as broad chemotherapy payload selection, high drug to antibody ratios and the ability to finely tailor drug release in comparison to ADCs. The ability of ACNPs to elicit increased avidity due to multivalent effects and the potential to use these modular platforms in immunotherapeutic approaches is also explored. Through addressing challenges that still remain in bringing these complex formulations to the clinic, ACNPs hold obvious potential for the treatment of a wide range of cancers and other diseases where selective targeting of drug agents is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Johnston
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J Scott
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE, United Kingdom.
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16
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Datta-Mannan A, Choi H, Stokell D, Tang J, Murphy A, Wrobleski A, Feng Y. The Properties of Cysteine-Conjugated Antibody-Drug Conjugates Are Impacted by the IgG Subclass. AAPS JOURNAL 2018; 20:103. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-018-0263-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Nasiri H, Valedkarimi Z, Aghebati‐Maleki L, Majidi J. Antibody‐drug conjugates: Promising and efficient tools for targeted cancer therapy. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:6441-6457. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Nasiri
- Immunology Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Department of ImmunologyFaculty of MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Student Research CommitteeTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Zahra Valedkarimi
- Immunology Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Department of ImmunologyFaculty of MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Student Research CommitteeTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Leili Aghebati‐Maleki
- Immunology Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Department of ImmunologyFaculty of MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Jafar Majidi
- Immunology Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Department of ImmunologyFaculty of MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
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18
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Buecheler JW, Winzer M, Weber C, Gieseler H. High-throughput oxidation screen of antibody-drug conjugates by analytical protein A chromatography following IdeS digest. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 70:625-635. [PMID: 29380379 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Oxidation of protein therapeutics is a major chemical degradation pathway which may impact bioactivity, serum half-life and stability. Therefore, oxidation is a relevant parameter which has to be monitored throughout formulation development. Methods such as HIC, RPLC and LC/MS achieve a separation of oxidized and non-oxidized species by differences in hydrophobicity. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) although are highly more complex due to the heterogeneity in linker, drug, drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) and conjugation site. The analytical protein A chromatography can provide a simple and fast alternative to these common methods. METHODS A miniature analytical protein A chromatography method in combination with an IdeS digest was developed to analyse ADCs. The IdeS digest efficiency of an IgG1 was monitored using SEC-HPLC and non-reducing SDS-PAGE. An antibody-fluorescent dye conjugate was conjugated at different dye-to-antibody ratios as model construct to mimic an ADC. KEY FINDINGS With IdeS, an almost complete digest of a model IgG1 can be achieved (digested protein amount >98%). This enables subsequent analytical protein A chromatography, which consequently eliminates any interference of payload with the stationary phase. CONCLUSION A novel high-throughput method for an interchain cysteine-linked ADC oxidation screens during formulation development was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob W Buecheler
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
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Wagh A, Song H, Zeng M, Tao L, Das TK. Challenges and new frontiers in analytical characterization of antibody-drug conjugates. MAbs 2018; 10:222-243. [PMID: 29293399 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2017.1412025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a growing class of biotherapeutics in which a potent small molecule is linked to an antibody. ADCs are highly complex and structurally heterogeneous, typically containing numerous product-related species. One of the most impactful steps in ADC development is the identification of critical quality attributes to determine product characteristics that may affect safety and efficacy. However, due to the additional complexity of ADCs relative to the parent antibodies, establishing a solid understanding of the major quality attributes and determining their criticality are a major undertaking in ADC development. Here, we review the development challenges, especially for reliable detection of quality attributes, citing literature and new data from our laboratories, highlight recent improvements in major analytical techniques for ADC characterization and control, and discuss newer techniques, such as two-dimensional liquid chromatography, that have potential to be included in analytical control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Wagh
- a Molecular & Analytical Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , New Jersey , USA
| | - Hangtian Song
- a Molecular & Analytical Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , New Jersey , USA
| | - Ming Zeng
- a Molecular & Analytical Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , New Jersey , USA
| | - Li Tao
- a Molecular & Analytical Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , New Jersey , USA
| | - Tapan K Das
- a Molecular & Analytical Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , New Jersey , USA
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Neupane R, Bergquist J. Analytical techniques for the characterization of Antibody Drug Conjugates: Challenges and prospects. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2017; 23:417-426. [PMID: 29183195 DOI: 10.1177/1469066717733919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Antibody drug conjugates are increasingly being researched for the treatment of cancer. Accurate and reliable characterization of ADCs is inevitable for their development as potential therapeutic agent. Different analytical techniques have been used in order to decipher heterogeneous nature of antibody drug conjugates, enabling successful characterization. This review will summarize specially three major analytical tools i.e. UV-Vis spectroscopy, liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry used in characterization of antibody drug conjugates. In this review, major challenges during analysis due to the inherent features of analytical techniques and antibody drug conjugates are summarized along with the modifications intended to address each challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabin Neupane
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Analytical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Bergquist
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Analytical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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21
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Bobály B, Fleury-Souverain S, Beck A, Veuthey JL, Guillarme D, Fekete S. Current possibilities of liquid chromatography for the characterization of antibody-drug conjugates. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 147:493-505. [PMID: 28688616 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Antibody Drug Conjugates (ADCs) are innovative biopharmaceuticals gaining increasing attention over the last two decades. The concept of ADCs lead to new therapy approaches in numerous oncological indications as well in infectious diseases. Currently, around 60 CECs are in clinical trials indicating the expanding importance of this class of protein therapeutics. ADCs show unprecedented intrinsic heterogeneity and address new quality attributes which have to be assessed. Liquid chromatography is one of the most frequently used analytical method for the characterization of ADCs. This review summarizes recent results in the chromatographic characterization of ADCs and supposed to provide a general overview on the possibilities and limitations of current approaches for the evaluation of drug load distribution, determination of average drug to antibody ratio (DARav), and for the analysis of process/storage related impurities. Hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC), reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC), size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and multidimensional separations are discussed focusing on the analysis of marketed ADCs. Fundamentals and aspects of method development are illustrated with applications for each technique. Future perspectives in hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC), HIC, SEC and ion exchange chromatography (IEX) are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Bobály
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | | | - Alain Beck
- Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Centre d'Immunologie, 5 Avenue Napoléon III, BP 60497, 74160 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Jean-Luc Veuthey
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Szabolcs Fekete
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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22
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Separation of antibody drug conjugate species by RPLC: A generic method development approach. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 137:60-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Targeted drug delivery through the traceless release of tertiary and heteroaryl amines from antibody-drug conjugates. Nat Chem 2016; 8:1112-1119. [PMID: 27874860 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The reversible attachment of a small-molecule drug to a carrier for targeted delivery can improve pharmacokinetics and the therapeutic index. Previous studies have reported the delivery of molecules that contain primary and secondary amines via an amide or carbamate bond; however, the ability to employ tertiary-amine-containing bioactive molecules has been elusive. Here we describe a bioreversible linkage based on a quaternary ammonium that can be used to connect a broad array of tertiary and heteroaryl amines to a carrier protein. Using a concise, protecting-group-free synthesis we demonstrate the chemoselective modification of 12 complex molecules that contain a range of reactive functional groups. We also show the utility of this connection with both protease-cleavable and reductively cleavable antibody-drug conjugates that were effective and stable in vitro and in vivo. Studies with a tertiary-amine-containing antibiotic show that the resulting antibody-antibiotic conjugate provided appropriate stability and release characteristics and led to an unexpected improvement in activity over the conjugates previously connected via a carbamate.
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Tsuchikama K, An Z. Antibody-drug conjugates: recent advances in conjugation and linker chemistries. Protein Cell 2016; 9:33-46. [PMID: 27743348 PMCID: PMC5777969 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-016-0323-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 431] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), a humanized or human monoclonal antibody conjugated with highly cytotoxic small molecules (payloads) through chemical linkers, is a novel therapeutic format and has great potential to make a paradigm shift in cancer chemotherapy. This new antibody-based molecular platform enables selective delivery of a potent cytotoxic payload to target cancer cells, resulting in improved efficacy, reduced systemic toxicity, and preferable pharmacokinetics (PK)/pharmacodynamics (PD) and biodistribution compared to traditional chemotherapy. Boosted by the successes of FDA-approved Adcetris® and Kadcyla®, this drug class has been rapidly growing along with about 60 ADCs currently in clinical trials. In this article, we briefly review molecular aspects of each component (the antibody, payload, and linker) of ADCs, and then mainly discuss traditional and new technologies of the conjugation and linker chemistries for successful construction of clinically effective ADCs. Current efforts in the conjugation and linker chemistries will provide greater insights into molecular design and strategies for clinically effective ADCs from medicinal chemistry and pharmacology standpoints. The development of site-specific conjugation methodologies for constructing homogeneous ADCs is an especially promising path to improving ADC design, which will open the way for novel cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoji Tsuchikama
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77054, USA.
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
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Antibody-drug conjugate characterization by chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1032:39-50. [PMID: 27451254 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Due to the inherent structure complexity and component heterogeneity of antibody drug conjugates (ADCs), separation technologies play a critical role in their characterization. In this review, we focus on chromatographic and electrophoretic approaches used to characterize ADCs with respect to drug-to-antibody ratio, drug distribution and conjugation sites, free small molecule drugs, charge variants, aggregates and fragments, etc. Chromatographic techniques including reversed-phase, ion exchange, size exclusion, hydrophobic interaction, two-dimensional liquid chromatography, and gas chromatography as well as capillary electrophoretic techniques including capillary electrophoresis sodium dodecyl sulfate, capillary zone electrophoresis and capillary isoelectric focusing are reviewed for their applications in the characterization of ADCs.
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26
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Lu J, Jiang F, Lu A, Zhang G. Linkers Having a Crucial Role in Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:561. [PMID: 27089329 PMCID: PMC4849017 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) comprised of a desirable monoclonal antibody, an active cytotoxic drug and an appropriate linker are considered to be an innovative therapeutic approach for targeted treatment of various types of tumors and cancers, enhancing the therapeutic parameter of the cytotoxic drug and reducing the possibility of systemic cytotoxicity. An appropriate linker between the antibody and the cytotoxic drug provides a specific bridge, and thus helps the antibody to selectively deliver the cytotoxic drug to tumor cells and accurately releases the cytotoxic drug at tumor sites. In addition to conjugation, the linkers maintain ADCs' stability during the preparation and storage stages of the ADCs and during the systemic circulation period. The design of linkers for ADCs is a challenge in terms of extracellular stability and intracellular release, and intracellular circumstances, such as the acid environment, the reducing environment and cathepsin, are considered as the catalysts to activate the triggers for initiating the cleavage of ADCs. This review discusses the linkers used in the clinical and marketing stages for ADCs and details the fracture modes of the linkers for the further development of ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Lu
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine & Translational Science, Hong Kong Baptist University Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen 518000, China.
| | - Feng Jiang
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine & Translational Science, Hong Kong Baptist University Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen 518000, China.
- Institute of Precision Medicine and Innovative Drug Discovery, HKBU (Haimen) Institute of Science and Technology, Haimen 226100, China.
| | - Aiping Lu
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine & Translational Science, Hong Kong Baptist University Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen 518000, China.
| | - Ge Zhang
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine & Translational Science, Hong Kong Baptist University Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen 518000, China.
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Zhu Y, Choi SH, Shah K. Multifunctional receptor-targeting antibodies for cancer therapy. Lancet Oncol 2015; 16:e543-e554. [DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(15)00039-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Akash MSH, Rehman K, Parveen A, Ibrahim M. Antibody-drug conjugates as drug carrier systems for bioactive agents. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2015.1038818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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29
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30
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McCombs JR, Owen SC. Antibody drug conjugates: design and selection of linker, payload and conjugation chemistry. AAPS JOURNAL 2015; 17:339-51. [PMID: 25604608 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-014-9710-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) have emerged as an important pharmaceutical class of drugs designed to harness the specificity of antibodies with the potency of small molecule therapeutics. The three main components of ADCs are the antibody, the linker, and the payload; the majority of early work focused intensely on improving the functionality of these pieces. Recently, considerable attention has been focused on developing methods to control the site and number of linker/drug conjugated to the antibody, with the aim of producing more homogenous ADCs. In this article, we review popular conjugation methods and highlight recent approaches including "click" conjugation and enzymatic ligation. We discuss current linker technology, contrasting the characteristics of cleavable and non-cleavable linkers, and summarize the essential properties of ADC payload, centering on chemotherapeutics. In addition, we report on the progress in characterizing to determine physicochemical properties and on advances in purifying to obtain homogenous products. Establishing a set of selection and analytical criteria will facilitate the translation of novel ADCs and ensure the production of effective biosimilars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R McCombs
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, 30 S. 2000 E., Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
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31
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Valliere-Douglass JF, Hengel SM, Pan LY. Approaches to Interchain Cysteine-Linked ADC Characterization by Mass Spectrometry. Mol Pharm 2014; 12:1774-83. [PMID: 25474122 DOI: 10.1021/mp500614p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) harness the cell-killing potential of cytotoxic agents and the tumor targeting specificity of monoclonal antibodies to selectively kill tumor cells. Recent years have witnessed the development of several promising modalities that follow the same basic principles of ADC based therapies but which employ unique cytotoxic agents and conjugation strategies in order to realize therapeutic benefit. The complexity and heterogeneity of ADCs present a challenge to some of the conventional analytical methods that industry has relied upon for biologics characterization. This current review will highlight some of the more recent methodological approaches in mass spectrometry that have bridged the gap that is created when conventional analytical techniques provide an incomplete picture of ADC product quality. Specifically, we will discuss mass spectrometric approaches that preserve and/or capture information about the native structure of ADCs and provide unique insights into the higher order structure (HOS) of these therapeutic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shawna M Hengel
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, Washington 98021, United States
| | - Lucy Y Pan
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, Washington 98021, United States
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Chari RVJ, Miller ML, Widdison WC. Antibody-drug conjugates: an emerging concept in cancer therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:3796-827. [PMID: 24677743 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201307628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 703] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Traditional cancer chemotherapy is often accompanied by systemic toxicity to the patient. Monoclonal antibodies against antigens on cancer cells offer an alternative tumor-selective treatment approach. However, most monoclonal antibodies are not sufficiently potent to be therapeutically active on their own. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) use antibodies to deliver a potent cytotoxic compound selectively to tumor cells, thus improving the therapeutic index of chemotherapeutic agents. The recent approval of two ADCs, brentuximab vedotin and ado-trastuzumab emtansine, for cancer treatment has spurred tremendous research interest in this field. This Review touches upon the early efforts in the field, and describes how the lessons learned from the first-generation ADCs have led to improvements in every aspect of this technology, i.e., the antibody, the cytotoxic compound, and the linker connecting them, leading to the current successes. The design of ADCs currently in clinical development, and results from mechanistic studies and preclinical and clinical evaluation are discussed. Emerging technologies that seek to further advance this exciting area of research are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi V J Chari
- ImmunoGen, Inc. 830 Winter St, Waltham, MA 02451 (USA) http://www.immunogen.com.
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Chari RVJ, Miller ML, Widdison WC. Antikörper-Wirkstoff-Konjugate: ein neues Konzept in der Krebstherapie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201307628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Feng Y, Zhu Z, Chen W, Prabakaran P, Lin K, Dimitrov DS. Conjugates of Small Molecule Drugs with Antibodies and Other Proteins. Biomedicines 2014; 2:1-13. [PMID: 28548057 PMCID: PMC5423484 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines2010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Conjugates of small molecule drugs with antibodies (ADCs) and with other proteins (protein-drug conjugates, PDC) are used as a new class of targeted therapeutics combining the specificity of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and other proteins with potent cytotoxic activity of small molecule drugs for the treatment of cancer and other diseases. A(P)DCs have three major components, antibody (targeting protein), linker and payload, the cytotoxic drug. Recently, advances in identifying targets, selecting highly specific mAbs of preferred isotypes, optimizing linker technology and improving chemical methods for conjugation have led to the approval of two ADCs by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and more than 30 ADCs in advanced clinical development. However, the complex and heterogeneous nature of A(P)DCs often cause poor solubility, instability, aggregation and eventually unwanted toxicity. This article reviews the main components of A(P)DCs, and discusses the choices for drugs, linkers and conjugation methods currently used. Future work will need to focus on developments and strategies for overcoming such major problems associated with the A(P)DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Feng
- Protein Interactions Group, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Zhongyu Zhu
- Protein Interactions Group, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Weizao Chen
- Protein Interactions Group, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Ponraj Prabakaran
- Protein Interactions Group, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Kedan Lin
- Genentech., San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Dimiter S Dimitrov
- Protein Interactions Group, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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35
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He H, Liang Q, Shin MC, Lee K, Gong J, Ye J, Liu Q, Wang J, Yang V. Significance and strategies in developing delivery systems for bio-macromolecular drugs. Front Chem Sci Eng 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-013-1362-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Okeley NM, Toki BE, Zhang X, Jeffrey SC, Burke PJ, Alley SC, Senter PD. Metabolic engineering of monoclonal antibody carbohydrates for antibody-drug conjugation. Bioconjug Chem 2013; 24:1650-5. [PMID: 24050213 DOI: 10.1021/bc4002695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The role that carbohydrates play in antibody function and pharmacokinetics has made them important targets for modification. The terminal fucose of the N-linked glycan structure, which has been shown to be involved in modulation of antibody-directed cellular cytotoxicity, is a particularly interesting location for potential modification through incorporation of alternative sugar structures. A library of fucose analogues was evaluated for their ability to incorporate into antibody carbohydrates in place of the native fucose. A number of efficiently incorporated molecules were identified, demonstrating the ability of fucosyltransferase VIII to utilize a variety of non-natural sugars as substrates. Among these structures was a thiolated analogue, 6-thiofucose, which was incorporated into the antibody carbohydrate with good efficiency. This unnatural thio-sugar could then be used for conjugation using maleimide chemistry to produce antibody-drug conjugates with pronounced cytotoxic activities and improved homogeneity compared to drug attachment through hinge disulfides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Okeley
- Seattle Genetics, Inc. , Bothell, Washington 98021, United States
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Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), which combine the specificity, favorable pharmacokinetics, and biodistribution of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) with the cytotoxic potency of a drug, are promising new therapies for cancer. Along with the development of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and cytotoxic drugs, the design of the linker is of essential importance, because it impacts the efficacy and tolerability of ADCs. The linker needs to provide sufficient stability during systemic circulation but allow for the rapid and efficient release of the cytotoxic drug in an active form inside the tumor cells. This review provides an overview of linker technologies currently used for ADCs and advances that have resulted in linkers with improved properties. Also provided is a brief summary of some considerations for the conjugation of antibody and drug linker such as drug-to-antibody ratio and site of conjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birte Nolting
- Biotherapeutics Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River, NY, USA
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Abstract
Toxin payloads, or drugs, are the crucial components of therapeutic antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). This review will give an introduction on the requirements that make a toxic compound suitable to be used in an antitumoral ADC and will summarize the structural and mechanistic features of four drug families that yielded promising results in preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Anderl
- Heidelberg Pharma GmbH, Ladenburg, Germany
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Abstract
This chapter describes an LC-ESI-MS method for the DAR and drug load distribution analysis that is suitable for lysine-linked ADCs. The ADC sample is desalted using a reversed-phase LC column with an acetonitrile gradient prior to online MS analysis. The MS spectrum is processed (deconvoluted) and converted to a series of zero charge state masses that corresponds to the increasing number of drugs in the ADC. Integration of the mass peak area allows the calculation of the DAR and drug load distribution of ADCs.
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Abstract
UV/Vis spectroscopy is a simple and convenient method to determine protein concentrations as well as the average number of drugs that are conjugated to the antibody in an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC). Using the measured absorbances of the ADC and the extinction coefficients of the antibody and the drug, the average drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) can be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
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Zuberbühler K, Casi G, Bernardes GJL, Neri D. Fucose-specific conjugation of hydrazide derivatives to a vascular-targeting monoclonal antibody in IgG format. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:7100-2. [PMID: 22684082 DOI: 10.1039/c2cc32412a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We describe a method that enables specific and efficient conjugation of hydrazide-moieties to an IgG targeting the tumor neovasculature. The resulting chemically defined, homogeneous hydrazone-linked IgG conjugates remain immunoreactive and have a half-life of approximately 18 hours at physiological pH and temperature suitable for localized delivery of toxic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Zuberbühler
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Wolfgang-Pauli Str. 10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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Dosio F, Brusa P, Cattel L. Immunotoxins and anticancer drug conjugate assemblies: the role of the linkage between components. Toxins (Basel) 2011; 3:848-83. [PMID: 22069744 PMCID: PMC3202854 DOI: 10.3390/toxins3070848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 07/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotoxins and antibody-drug conjugates are protein-based drugs combining a target-specific binding domain with a cytotoxic domain. Such compounds are potentially therapeutic against diseases including cancer, and several clinical trials have shown encouraging results. Although the targeted elimination of malignant cells is an elegant concept, there are numerous practical challenges that limit conjugates’ therapeutic use, including inefficient cellular uptake, low cytotoxicity, and off-target effects. During the preparation of immunoconjugates by chemical synthesis, the choice of the hinge component joining the two building blocks is of paramount importance: the conjugate must remain stable in vivo but must afford efficient release of the toxic moiety when the target is reached. Vast efforts have been made, and the present article reviews strategies employed in developing immunoconjugates, focusing on the evolution of chemical linkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Dosio
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, Torino 10125, Italy.
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Wakankar A, Chen Y, Gokarn Y, Jacobson FS. Analytical methods for physicochemical characterization of antibody drug conjugates. MAbs 2011; 3:161-72. [PMID: 21441786 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.3.2.14960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), formed through the chemical linkage of a potent small molecule cytotoxin (drug) to a monoclonal antibody, have more complex and heterogeneous structures than the corresponding antibodies. This review describes the analytical methods that have been used in their physicochemical characterization. The selection of the most appropriate methods for a specific ADC is heavily dependent on the properties of the linker, the drug, and the choice of attachment sites (lysines, inter-chain cysteines, Fc glycans). Improvements in analytical techniques such as protein mass spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis have significantly increased the quality of information that can be obtained for use in product and process characterization, and for routine lot release and stability testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Wakankar
- Late Stage Pharmaceutical and Processing Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Zhou L, Yu L, Ding M, Li J, Tan H, Wang Z, Fu Q. Synthesis and Characterization of pH-Sensitive Biodegradable Polyurethane for Potential Drug Delivery Applications. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma102346a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Zhou
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Lunquan Yu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Mingming Ding
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jiehua Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Hong Tan
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zhigao Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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Bánóczi Z, Gorka-Kereskényi Á, Reményi J, Orbán E, Hazai L, Tökési N, Oláh J, Ovádi J, Béni Z, Háda V, Szántay C, Hudecz F, Kalaus G, Szántay C. Synthesis and in vitro antitumor effect of vinblastine derivative-oligoarginine conjugates. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:1948-55. [PMID: 20973492 DOI: 10.1021/bc100028z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Vinblastine is a widely used anticancer drug with undesired side effects. Its conjugation with carrier molecules could be an efficient strategy to reduce these side effects. Besides this, the conjugate could exhibit increased efficiency against resistant cells, e.g., due to the altered internalization pathway. Oligoarginines, as cell-penetrating peptides, can transport covalently attached compounds into different kinds of cells and enhance the efficiency of those compounds. We report here the coupling of vinblastine through its carboxyl group at position 16 with the N-terminal amino function of L-Trp methyl ester. After hydrolysis of the ester group, 17-desacetylvinblastineTrp was conjugated to the N-terminal amino group of oligoarginine via the C-terminal carboxyl group of the Trp moiety in solution. The antitumor effect of conjugates was studied on sensitive and resistant human leukemia (HL-60) cells in vitro. Our data suggest that all conjugates investigated possess an antiproliferative effect against the studied cells. However, the effect was dependent on the number of Arg residues in the conjugates: Arg₈ > Arg₆ ≫ Arg₄. The conjugate with Arg₈ exhibited similar efficicacy as compared with free 17-desacetylvinblastineTrp. The in vitro studies also showed that the tubulin binding ability of vinblastine was essentially preserved even in the octaarginine conjugate. We also observed that two isomers were formed during conjugation. These isomers showed different levels of activity against tubulin polymerization in vitro and in vivo. The 17-desacetylvinblastineTrp-Arg₈-1 isomer conjugate possessed high selectivity against the mitotic spindles. HRMS and NMR data suggest that 17-desacetylvinblastineTrp-Arg₈-1 and 17-desacetylvinblastineTrp-Arg₈-2 are epimers at the tryptophan α carbon atom.
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Abstract
Liposomal nanocarriers anchored with a cell-penetrating peptide and a pH-sensitive PEG-shield where later has ability to provide simultaneously better systemic circulation and site-specific exposure of cell penetrating peptide. PEG chains were incorporated into the liposome membrane via the PEG-attached phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) residue with PEG and PE being conjugated with the lowered pH-degradable hydrazone bond (PEG-HZ-PE), while cell-penetrating peptide (TATp) was added as TATp-PEG-PE conjugate. Under normal conditions, liposome-grafted PEG "shielded" liposome-attached TATp moieties, since the PEG spacer for TATp attachment (PEG(1000)) was shorter than protective PEG(2000). PEGylated liposomes accumulate in targets via the EPR effect, but inside the "acidified" tumor or ischemic tissues lose their PEG coating because of the lowered pH-induced hydrolysis of HZ and penetrate inside cells via the now-exposed TATp moieties. pH-responsive behavior of these constructs is successfully tested in cell cultures in vitro as well as in tumors in experimental mice in vivo. These nanocarriers also showed enhanced pGFP transfection efficiency upon intratumoral administration in mice, compared to control pH nonsensitive counterpart. These results can be considered as an important step in the development of tumor-specific stimuli-sensitive drug and gene delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit A Kale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
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Maham A, Tang Z, Wu H, Wang J, Lin Y. Protein-based nanomedicine platforms for drug delivery. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2009; 5:1706-1721. [PMID: 19572330 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200801602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Protein-based nanomedicine platforms for drug delivery comprise naturally self-assembled protein subunits of the same protein or a combination of proteins making up a complete system. They are ideal for drug-delivery platforms due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability coupled with low toxicity. A variety of proteins have been used and characterized for drug-delivery systems, including the ferritin/apoferritin protein cage, plant-derived viral capsids, the small Heat shock protein (sHsp) cage, albumin, soy and whey protein, collagen, and gelatin. There are many different types and shapes that have been prepared to deliver drug molecules using protein-based platforms, including various protein cages, microspheres, nanoparticles, hydrogels, films, minirods, and minipellets. The protein cage is the most newly developed biomaterial for drug delivery and therapeutic applications. The uniform size, multifunctionality, and biodegradability push it to the frontier of drug delivery. In this Review, the recent strategic development of drug delivery is discussed with emphasis on polymer-based, especially protein-based, nanomedicine platforms for drug delivery. The advantages and disadvantages are also discussed for each type of protein-based drug-delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihui Maham
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
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Kwon YM, Li Y, Naik S, Liang JF, Huang Y, Park YJ, Yang VC. The ATTEMPTS delivery systems for macromolecular drugs. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2008; 5:1255-66. [DOI: 10.1517/17425240802498059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Krauer KG, Bell R, Pietersz GA. Aminopterin—Monoclonal antibody conjugates: antitumor activity and toxicity. Drug Deliv 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/10717549309031338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Abstract
The therapeutic activity of most anticancer drugs in clinical use is limited by their general toxicity to proliferating cells, including some normal cells. Although, chemists continue to develop novel cytotoxic agents with unique mechanisms of action, many of these compounds still lack tumor selectivity and have not been therapeutically useful. Monoclonal antibodies that bind to specific markers on the surface of tumor cells offer an alternative therapy that is tumor specific and thus less toxic. Although highly selective, very few monoclonal antibodies are therapeutically useful since they only display modest cell killing activity. The linkage of monoclonal antibodies to highly cytotoxic drugs can be viewed as a means of (a) conferring higher tumor selectivity to cytotoxic drugs that are too toxic to be used on their own or (b) conferring cell killing power to monoclonal antibodies that are tumor-specific but not sufficiently cytotoxic. This Account provides a brief history of the development of antibody-drug conjugates and shows how the lessons learned from the first generation of conjugates has guided the development of more effective antitumor agents. The three components of antibody-drug conjugates, that is, the monoclonal anitbody, the cytotoxic drug, and the linker connecting the drug to the antibody, have been methodically studied and optimized. The antimitotic drug maytansine was chosen for use in the targeted delivery approach because of its high in vitro potency. Analogues of maytansine bearing a disulfide substituent that allowed linkage to monoclonal antibodies via disulfide bonds were prepared. These analogues retain the high potency of the parent drug. The stability of the disulfide link in antibody-maytansinoid conjugates was varied by introduction of methyl substituents on the carbon atoms geminal to the disulfide link. The optimized disulfide linker was stable in circulation in vivo. The circulation half-life of the cytotoxic drug was increased from just a few hours for the unconjugated drug to several days for the conjugate. Upon binding of the conjugate to the tumor cell, internalization and lysosomal processing released the potent cytotoxic agent inside the cell. These conjugates displayed high target-specific cytotoxicity in vitro. The antitumor activity of these targeted agents was superior to that of the antibodies alone or the standard anticancer drugs in human tumor xenograft models. Several conjugates from this new class of tumor-targeted anticancer agents are currrently undergoing clinical evaluation. The progress made in the targeted delivery approach and initial clinical results opens the door to the future development of highly potent drugs that were too toxic on their own to be therapeutically useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi V J Chari
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 128 Sidney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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