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Chiodi D, Ishihara Y. The role of the methoxy group in approved drugs. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 273:116364. [PMID: 38781921 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The methoxy substituent is prevalent in natural products and, consequently, is present in many natural product-derived drugs. It has also been installed in modern drug molecules with no remnant of natural product features because medicinal chemists have been taking advantage of the benefits that this small functional group can bestow on ligand-target binding, physicochemical properties, and ADME parameters. Herein, over 230 methoxy-containing small-molecule drugs, as well as several fluoromethoxy-containing drugs, are presented from the vantage point of the methoxy group. Biochemical mechanisms of action, medicinal chemistry SAR studies, and numerous X-ray cocrystal structures are analyzed to identify the precise role of the methoxy group for many of the drugs and drug classes. Although the methoxy substituent can be considered as the hybridization of a hydroxy and a methyl group, the combination of these functionalities often results in unique effects that can amount to more than the sum of the individual parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Chiodi
- Department of Chemistry, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Ishihara
- Department of Chemistry, Vividion Therapeutics, 5820 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
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2
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Viveros-Ceballos JL, Matías-Valdez LA, Sayago FJ, Cativiela C, Ordóñez M. New approaches towards the synthesis of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro isoquinoline-3-phosphonic acid (Tic P). Amino Acids 2021; 53:451-459. [PMID: 33646426 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-02962-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Two new strategies for the efficient synthesis of racemic 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-phosphonic acid (TicP) (±)-2 have been developed. The first strategy involves the electron-transfer reduction of the easily obtained α,β-dehydro phosphonophenylalanine followed by a Pictet-Spengler cyclization. The second strategy involves a radical decarboxylation-phosphorylation reaction on 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (Tic). In both strategies, the highly electrophilic N-acyliminium ion is formed as a key intermediate, and the target compound is obtained in good yield using mild reaction conditions and readily available starting materials, complementing existing methodologies and contributing to the easy accessibility of (±)-2 for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Viveros-Ceballos
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas-IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Lizeth A Matías-Valdez
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas-IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Francisco J Sayago
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, ISQCH, Universidad de Zaragoza, CSIC, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Carlos Cativiela
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, ISQCH, Universidad de Zaragoza, CSIC, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Mario Ordóñez
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas-IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
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3
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Breen CP, Jamison TF. Continuous Flow Synthesis of ACE Inhibitors From N-Substituted l-Alanine Derivatives. Chemistry 2019; 25:14527-14531. [PMID: 31625640 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A strategy for the continuous flow synthesis of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors is described. An optimization effort guided by in situ IR analysis resulted in a general amide coupling approach facilitated by N-carboxyanhydride (NCA) activation that was further characterized by reaction kinetics analysis in batch. The three-step continuous process was demonstrated by synthesizing 8 different ACE inhibitors in up to 88 % yield with throughputs in the range of ≈0.5 g h-1 , all while avoiding both isolation of reactive intermediates and process intensive reaction conditions. The process was further developed by preparing enalapril, a World Health Organization (WHO) essential medicine, in an industrially relevant flow platform that scaled throughput to ≈1 g h-1 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Breen
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Timothy F Jamison
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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4
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Ju S, Qian M, Xu G, Yang L, Wu J. Chemoenzymatic Approach to (
S
)‐1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydroisoquinoline Carboxylic Acids Employing D‐Amino Acid Oxidase. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201900178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuyun Ju
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological EngineeringZhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 People's Republic of China
| | - Mingxin Qian
- Tongli Biomedical Co., Ltd 1# Guotai North Road, Zhangjiagang Economic Development Zone Zhangjiagang 215600, Jiangsu People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Xu
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological EngineeringZhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 People's Republic of China
| | - Lirong Yang
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological EngineeringZhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 People's Republic of China
| | - Jianping Wu
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological EngineeringZhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 People's Republic of China
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Albano G, Aronica LA. Potentiality and Synthesis of O- and N-Heterocycles: Pd-Catalyzed Cyclocarbonylative Sonogashira Coupling as a Valuable Route to Phthalans, Isochromans, and Isoindolines. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201701041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gianluigi Albano
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale; University of Pisa; Via G. Moruzzi 13 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Laura Antonella Aronica
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale; University of Pisa; Via G. Moruzzi 13 56124 Pisa Italy
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6
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Van der Poorten O, Knuhtsen A, Sejer Pedersen D, Ballet S, Tourwé D. Side Chain Cyclized Aromatic Amino Acids: Great Tools as Local Constraints in Peptide and Peptidomimetic Design. J Med Chem 2016; 59:10865-10890. [PMID: 27690430 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Constraining the conformation of flexible peptides is a proven strategy to increase potency, selectivity, and metabolic stability. The focus has mostly been on constraining the backbone dihedral angles; however, the correct orientation of the amino acid side chains (χ-space) that constitute the peptide pharmacophore is equally important. Control of χ-space utilizes conformationally constrained amino acids that favor, disfavor, or exclude the gauche (-), the gauche (+), or the trans conformation. In this review we focus on cyclic aromatic amino acids in which the side chain is connected to the peptide backbone to provide control of χ1- and χ2-space. The manifold applications for cyclized analogues of the aromatic amino acids Phe, Tyr, Trp, and His within peptide medicinal chemistry are showcased herein with examples of enzyme inhibitors and ligands for G protein-coupled receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Van der Poorten
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bio-Engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Astrid Knuhtsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen , Jagtvej 162, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel Sejer Pedersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen , Jagtvej 162, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steven Ballet
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bio-Engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dirk Tourwé
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bio-Engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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7
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Viveros-Ceballos JL, Ordóñez M, Sayago FJ, Jiménez AI, Cativiela C. First Synthesis of (R)- and (S)-1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-phosphonic Acid (TicP) Using a Pictet-Spengler Reaction. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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8
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Kotha S, Deodhar D, Khedkar P. Diversity-oriented synthesis of medicinally important 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (Tic) derivatives and higher analogs. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 12:9054-91. [PMID: 25299735 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01446d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (Tic) is a constrained analog of phenylalanine (Phe). The Tic unit has been identified as a core structural element present in several peptide-based drugs and forms an integral part of various biologically active compounds. This report covers the biological significance of the Tic core and provides a detailed account of various synthetic approaches available for the construction of Tic derivatives. Along with the traditional methods such as the Pictet-Spengler and Bischler-Nepieralski reactions, we cover various recent approaches such as enyne metathesis, [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition and the Diels-Alder reaction to generate Tic derivatives. In addition, syntheses of higher analogs of Tic are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sambasivarao Kotha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay, Powai, Mumbai - 400 076, India.
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9
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Tarkiainen EK, Tornio A, Holmberg MT, Launiainen T, Neuvonen PJ, Backman JT, Niemi M. Effect of carboxylesterase 1 c.428G > A single nucleotide variation on the pharmacokinetics of quinapril and enalapril. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 80:1131-8. [PMID: 25919042 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of the carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) c.428G > A (p.G143E, rs71647871) single nucleotide variation (SNV) on the pharmacokinetics of quinapril and enalapril in a prospective genotype panel study in healthy volunteers. METHODS In a fixed-order crossover study, 10 healthy volunteers with the CES1 c.428G/A genotype and 12 with the c.428G/G genotype ingested a single 10 mg dose of quinapril and enalapril with a washout period of at least 1 week. Plasma concentrations of quinapril and quinaprilat were measured for up to 24 h and those of enalapril and enalaprilat for up to 48 h. Their excretion into the urine was measured from 0 h to 12 h. RESULTS The area under the plasma concentration-time curve from 0 h to infinity (AUC0-∞) of active enalaprilat was 20% lower in subjects with the CES1 c.428G/A genotype than in those with the c.428G/G genotype (95% confidence interval of geometric mean ratio 0.64, 1.00; P = 0.049). The amount of enalaprilat excreted into the urine was 35% smaller in subjects with the CES1 c.428G/A genotype than in those with the c.428G/G genotype (P = 0.044). The CES1 genotype had no significant effect on the enalaprilat to enalapril AUC0-∞ ratio or on any other pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic parameters of enalapril or enalaprilat. The CES1 genotype had no significant effect on the pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic parameters of quinapril. CONCLUSIONS The CES1 c.428G > A SNV decreased enalaprilat concentrations, probably by reducing the hydrolysis of enalapril, but had no observable effect on the pharmacokinetics of quinapril.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Katriina Tarkiainen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aleksi Tornio
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko T Holmberg
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Terhi Launiainen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pertti J Neuvonen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Janne T Backman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Niemi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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10
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Calaza MI, Sayago FJ, Laborda P, Cativiela C. Synthesis of [c]-Fused Bicyclic Proline Analogues. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201403121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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11
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Pandey G, Varkhedkar R, Tiwari D. Efficient access to enantiopure 1,3-disubstituted isoindolines from selective catalytic fragmentation of an original desymmetrized rigid overbred template. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:4438-48. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00229j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Enantiopure 1,3-disubstituted isoindolines are synthesized from selective C–C bond fragmentation of a rigid overbred template, obtained through an asymmetric desymmetrization reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Pandey
- Molecular Synthesis Laboratory
- Centre of Biomedical Research (CBMR)
- Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences Campus
- Lucknow-226 014
- India
| | - Rajesh Varkhedkar
- Molecular Synthesis Laboratory
- Centre of Biomedical Research (CBMR)
- Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences Campus
- Lucknow-226 014
- India
| | - Divya Tiwari
- Molecular Synthesis Laboratory
- Centre of Biomedical Research (CBMR)
- Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences Campus
- Lucknow-226 014
- India
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12
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Abstract
During the past decade isoindoline-based ligands became the subject of growing interest due to their modular set-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Róbert Csonka
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Pannonia
- 8201 Veszprém
- Hungary
| | - Gábor Speier
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Pannonia
- 8201 Veszprém
- Hungary
| | - József Kaizer
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Pannonia
- 8201 Veszprém
- Hungary
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13
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Li AZ, Xu WJ. Crystal structure of [(2S)-1-[(3S)-3-carboxy-6,7-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetra-hydroisoquinolin-2-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl][(2S)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl]azanium chloride acetonitrile monosolvate. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2014; 70:o1126-7. [PMID: 25484709 PMCID: PMC4257232 DOI: 10.1107/s160053681402090x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The title compound (trivial name moexipril hydro-chloride) crystallizes as the aceto-nitrile monosolvate, C27H35N2O7 (+)·Cl(-)·C2H3N, with the salt comprising a U-shaped cation and a chloride anion. The conformation of the cation is stabilized by a weak intra-molecular N(+)-H⋯O hydrogen bond and the tetra-hydro-pyridine ring adopts a boat conformation. The dihedral angle between the planes of the benzene rings is 85.6 (1)°. In the crystal, the cations and anions form tight ionic pairs by strong inter-molecular O-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds. C-H⋯Cl and C-H⋯N hydrogen bonds link these ionic pairs and the aceto-nitrile solvate mol-ecules into puckered layers parallel to (100).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-zhen Li
- Shenzhen Salubris Pharmaceuticals CO., Ltd, Guangdong Shenzhen 361021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen-jie Xu
- Shenzhen Salubris Pharmaceuticals CO., Ltd, Guangdong Shenzhen 361021, People’s Republic of China
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14
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Kotha S, Goyal D, Chavan AS. Diversity-Oriented Approaches to Unusual α-Amino Acids and Peptides: Step Economy, Atom Economy, Redox Economy, and Beyond. J Org Chem 2013; 78:12288-313. [DOI: 10.1021/jo4020722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sambasivarao Kotha
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
| | - Deepti Goyal
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
| | - Arjun S. Chavan
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
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15
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Fan M, Ma D. Palladium-Catalyzed Direct Functionalization of 2-Aminobutanoic Acid Derivatives: Application of a Convenient and Versatile Auxiliary. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:12152-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201306583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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16
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Fan M, Ma D. Palladium-Catalyzed Direct Functionalization of 2-Aminobutanoic Acid Derivatives: Application of a Convenient and Versatile Auxiliary. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201306583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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17
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Chrysant SG, Chrysant GS. Pharmacological and Clinical Profile of Moexipril: A Concise Review. J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 44:827-36. [PMID: 15286086 DOI: 10.1177/0091270004267194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are effective and safe antihypertensive drugs, with the exception of the rare occasion of angioedema. These drugs have demonstrated additional cardiovascular protective effects to their blood pressure lowering, and their combination with the diuretic hydrochlorothiazide potentiates their antihypertensive effectiveness. Moexipril is a long-acting ACE inhibitor suitable for once-daily administration, and like some ACE inhibitors, moexipril is a prodrug and needs to be hydrolyzed in the liver into its active carboxylic metabolite, moexiprilat, to become effective. Moexipril alone and in combination with low-dose hydrochlorothiazide has been shown in clinical trials to be effective in lowering blood pressure and be well tolerated and safe given in single daily doses. In this review, the pharmacological profile of this drug and its clinical usefulness are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven G Chrysant
- University of Oklahoma and the Oklahoma Cardiovascular and Hypertension Center, Oklahoma City, USA.
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18
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Cameron RT, Coleman RG, Day JP, Yalla KC, Houslay MD, Adams DR, Shoichet BK, Baillie GS. Chemical informatics uncovers a new role for moexipril as a novel inhibitor of cAMP phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4). Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 85:1297-305. [PMID: 23473803 PMCID: PMC3625111 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PDE4 is one of eleven known cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase families and plays a pivotal role in mediating hydrolytic degradation of the important cyclic nucleotide second messenger, cyclic 3′5′ adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). PDE4 inhibitors are known to have anti-inflammatory properties, but their use in the clinic has been hampered by mechanism-associated side effects that limit maximally tolerated doses. In an attempt to initiate the development of better-tolerated PDE4 inhibitors we have surveyed existing approved drugs for PDE4-inhibitory activity. With this objective, we utilised a high-throughput computational approach that identified moexipril, a well tolerated and safe angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, as a PDE4 inhibitor. Experimentally we showed that moexipril and two structurally related analogues acted in the micro molar range to inhibit PDE4 activity. Employing a FRET-based biosensor constructed from the nucleotide binding domain of the type 1 exchange protein activated by cAMP, EPAC1, we demonstrated that moexipril markedly potentiated the ability of forskolin to increase intracellular cAMP levels. Finally, we demonstrated that the PDE4 inhibitory effect of moexipril is functionally able to induce phosphorylation of the small heat shock protein, Hsp20, by cAMP dependent protein kinase A. Our data suggest that moexipril is a bona fide PDE4 inhibitor that may provide the starting point for development of novel PDE4 inhibitors with an improved therapeutic window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T. Cameron
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, CMVLS, Glasgow University, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Ryan G. Coleman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jon P. Day
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, CMVLS, Glasgow University, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Krishna C. Yalla
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, CMVLS, Glasgow University, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Miles D. Houslay
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH UK
| | - David R. Adams
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Brian K. Shoichet
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - George S. Baillie
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, CMVLS, Glasgow University, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +44 01413301662.
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Morán-Ramallal R, Gotor-Fernández V, Laborda P, Sayago FJ, Cativiela C, Gotor V. Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of 1,3-Dihydro-2H-isoindole-1-carboxylic Acid Methyl Ester: Asymmetric Transformations toward Isoindoline Carbamates. Org Lett 2012; 14:1696-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol300250h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Morán-Ramallal
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Vicente Gotor-Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Pedro Laborda
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea, Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Sayago
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea, Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Carlos Cativiela
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea, Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Vicente Gotor
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
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20
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Benavente D, Chue CD, Ferro CJ. The importance of renin-angiotensin blockade in patients with cardio-renal disease. J Ren Care 2010; 36 Suppl 1:97-105. [PMID: 20586905 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-6686.2010.00166.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The existence of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system was first postulated over 100 years ago. Following the identification of all the major components, came the discovery of their potential pathogenicity in cardiovascular and renal disease. The introduction of drugs that inhibit the synthesis or actions of this system has prompted a number of trials that have largely shaped how cardiovascular and renal disease is managed today. The continued discovery of yet more components of this system promises to further our understanding of its influence on disease processes and herald the development of more highly selective drugs, ensuring that the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system will continue to be a key area of interest for many years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Benavente
- Department of Nephrology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
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21
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Adang AEP, Hermkens PHH, Linders JTM, Ottenheijm HCJ, van Staveren CJ. Case histories of peptidomimetics: Progression from peptides to drugs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/recl.19941130202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Benavente D, Mrcp CDC, Ferro CJ. Principales componentes del sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona: historia, modulación farmacológica e impacto clínico. REVISTA MÉDICA CLÍNICA LAS CONDES 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s0716-8640(10)70567-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Zhang Y, Feng J, Liu C, Zhang L, Jiao J, Fang H, Su L, Zhang X, Zhang J, Li M, Wang B, Xu W. Design, synthesis and preliminary activity assay of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid derivatives as novel Histone deacetylases (HDACs) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:1761-72. [PMID: 20171895 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2010] [Revised: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Ulysse LG, Yang Q, McLaws MD, Keefe DK, Guzzo PR, Haney BP. Process Development and Pilot-Scale Synthesis of New Cyclization Conditions of Substituted Phenylacetamides to Tetrahydroisoquinoline-2-ones Using Eaton’s Reagent. Org Process Res Dev 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/op9002533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luckner G. Ulysse
- Chemical Development Department, AMRI, P.O. Box 15098, Albany, New York 12212-5098, U.S.A
| | - Qiang Yang
- Chemical Development Department, AMRI, P.O. Box 15098, Albany, New York 12212-5098, U.S.A
| | - Mark D. McLaws
- Chemical Development Department, AMRI, P.O. Box 15098, Albany, New York 12212-5098, U.S.A
| | - Daniel K. Keefe
- Chemical Development Department, AMRI, P.O. Box 15098, Albany, New York 12212-5098, U.S.A
| | - Peter R. Guzzo
- Chemical Development Department, AMRI, P.O. Box 15098, Albany, New York 12212-5098, U.S.A
| | - Brian P. Haney
- Chemical Development Department, AMRI, P.O. Box 15098, Albany, New York 12212-5098, U.S.A
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Kálai T, Schindler J, Balog M, Fogassy E, Hideg K. Synthesis and resolution of new paramagnetic α-amino acids. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lipase-catalyzed kinetic and dynamic kinetic resolution of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-1-carboxylic acid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2007.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Mueller S, Paegelow I, Reissmann S. Hypothesized and found mechanisms for potentiation of bradykinin actions. SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 2006; 6:5-18. [PMID: 32327962 PMCID: PMC7169587 DOI: 10.1002/sita.200500061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2005] [Revised: 11/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Potentiation of hormone actions can occur by different mechanisms, including inhibition of degrading enzymes, interaction with the hormone receptor leading to stabilization of bioactive conformation or leading to receptor homo- and hetero-oligomerization, receptor phosphorylation and dephosphorylation or can occur by directly influencing the signal transduction and ion channels. In this review the potentiation of bradykinin actions in different systems by certain compounds will be reviewed. Despite many long years of experimental research and investigation the mechanisms of potentiating action remain not fully understood. One of the most contradictory findings are the distinct differences between the inhibition of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme and the potentiation of the bradykinin induced smooth muscle reaction. Contradictory findings and hypothesized mechanisms in the literature are discussed in this review and in some cases compared to own results. Investigation of potentiating actions was extended from hypotension, smooth muscle reaction and cellular actions to activation of immunocompetent cells. In our opinion the potentiation of bradykinin action can occur by different mechanisms, depending on the system and the applied potentiating factor used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Mueller
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Biological and Pharmaceutical Faculty, Friedrich‐Schiller‐University Jena, Jena, Germany. Fax: +49 3641 949352
| | - Inge Paegelow
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Mueller S, Gothe R, Siems WD, Vietinghoff G, Paegelow I, Reissmann S. Potentiation of bradykinin actions by analogues of the bradykinin potentiating nonapeptide BPP9alpha. Peptides 2005; 26:1235-47. [PMID: 15949642 PMCID: PMC7115577 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2005.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2004] [Revised: 12/10/2004] [Accepted: 03/21/2005] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic analogues of the bradykinin potentiating nonapeptide BPP9alpha indicate significantly different structural requirements for potentiation of the bradykinin (BK)-induced smooth muscle contraction (GPI) and the inhibition of isolated somatic angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE). The results disprove the ACE inhibition as the only single mechanism and also the direct interaction of potentiating peptides with the bradykinin receptors in transfected COS-7 cells as molecular mechanism of potentiation. Our results indicate a stimulation of inositol phosphates (IPn) formation independently from the B2 receptor. Furthermore, the results with La3+ support the role of extracellular Ca2+ and its influx through corresponding channels. The missing effect of calyculin on the GPI disproves the role of phosphatases in the potentiating action. These experimental studies should not only contribute to a better understanding of the potentiating mechanisms but also incorporate a shift in the research towards the immune system, in particular towards the immunocompetent polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The chemotaxis of these cells can be potentiated most likely by exclusive inhibition of the enzymatic degradation of bradykinin. Thus the obtained results give evidence that the potentiation of the bradykinin action can occur by different mechanisms, depending on the system and on the applied potentiating factor.
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Key Words
- aa, arachidonic acid
- aba, 4-azidobenzoic acid
- ace, angiotensin i-converting enzyme
- aloc, allyl oxycarbonyl
- asa, 4-azidosalicylic acid
- bk, bradykinin
- bkr, bradykinin receptor
- bkr-b1, bradykinin b1 receptor
- bkr-b2, bradykinin b2 receptor
- boc, tert-butyloxycarbonyl
- bpa, p-benzoylphenylalanine
- bpp, bradykinin potentiating peptide
- bpp9α, bradykinin potentiating peptide 9α (pyr-trp-pro-arg-pro-gln-ile-pro-pro)
- bop, benzotriazole-1-yl-oxy-tris (dimethylamino) phosphonium hexafluorophosphate
- dcm, dichloromethane
- dde, n-(1-(4,4-dimethyl-2,6-dioxocyclohexylidene)ethyl
- ddz, α,α-dimethyl-3,5-dimethoxy-benzyloxycarbonyl
- deae, diethylaminoethyl
- diea, diisopropylethylamine
- dic, diisopropylcarbodiimide
- dmem, dulbecco's modified eagle's medium
- dmf, n,n-dimethylformamide
- dmso, dimethylsulfoxide
- dte, dithioerithritol
- ed, effective dose
- fmoc, 9-fluorenylmethyl oxycarbonyl
- ɛabu(ßphe), erythro-α-amino-ß-phenyl-butyric acid
- fr190997, 8-[2,6-dichloro-3-[n-(e)-4-(n-methylcarbamoyl)cinnamidoacetyl]-n-methylamino]benzyloxy]-2-methyl-4-(2-pyridyl-methoxy)quinoline
- gpi, guinea pig ileum
- hoat, 1-hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole
- hbtu, 2-(1h-benzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidinium hexafluorophosphate
- hobt, 1-hydroxybenzotriazole
- hocr, hydroxycrotonic acid
- hycram, hydroxycrotonyl amidomethyl linker
- ip3, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
- ipn, inositol phosphates
- j526, pyr-trp-pro-lys(asa)-pro-gln-ile-pro-pro
- j527, pro-trp-pro-lys-pro-gln-ile-pro-pro
- j725, darg-arg-pro-hyp-gly-thi-ser-pro-ɛabu(ßph)-arg
- mem, eagle's minimal essential medium
- mtr, methoxytrimethylbenzene sulphonyl
- pd0, palladium tetrakis triphenylphosphine
- pmn, polymorphonuclear leukocytes (neutrophils)
- ram, ramiprilat
- tbtu, 2-(1h-benzotriazol-1-yl)1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidinium tetrafluoroborate
- tfa, trifluoroacetic acid
- trt, triphenylmethyl
- potentiation
- bradykinin
- bradykinin potentiating peptide
- angiotensin i-converting enzyme
- inositol phosphate
- arachidonic acid
- ca2+-influx
- protein phosphatases
- polymorphonuclear leukocytes
- chemotaxis
- smooth muscle contraction
- radioligand binding
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Mueller
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Biological and Pharmaceutical Faculty, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Rita Gothe
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Biological and Pharmaceutical Faculty, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Wolf-Dieter Siems
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology (FMP), Campus Berlin-Buch, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gabriele Vietinghoff
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Inge Paegelow
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Siegmund Reissmann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Biological and Pharmaceutical Faculty, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +49 3641 350; fax: +49 3641 352.
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Chen FL, Sung K. An exception of eschweiler-clarke methylation: Cyclocondensation of α-amino amides with formaldehyde and formic acid. J Heterocycl Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570410507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are effective and safe antihypertensive drugs with the exception of the rare occurrence of angioedema. These drugs have demonstrated additional cardiovascular protective effects to their blood pressure lowering and their combination with the diuretic hydrochlorothiazide potentiates their antihypertensive effectiveness. Moexipril (Univasc, Bayer) is a long-acting ACE inhibitor suitable for once-daily administration and, like enalapril, is a prodrug and needs to be hydrolyzed in the liver into its active carboxylic metabolite, moexiprilat, in order to become effective. Moexipril alone and in combination with low-dose hydrochlorothiazide has been shown in clinical trials to be effective in lowering blood pressure and to be well-tolerated and safe given in single daily doses. In this review, the pharmacological profile of this drug and its clinical usefulness will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven G Chrysant
- University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma Cardiovascular and Hypertension Center, 5850 W Wilshire Blvd, Oklahoma City, OK 73132-4904, USA.
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Li J, Guo Y, Zografi G. The solid-state stability of amorphous quinapril in the presence of beta-cyclodextrins. J Pharm Sci 2002; 91:229-43. [PMID: 11782912 DOI: 10.1002/jps.10014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The major objective of this study was to investigate the effects of beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) and hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-beta-CD) on the solid-state chemical reactivity of the drug, quinapril, when amorphous samples are prepared by colyophilization of quinapril and each of these beta-CDs. For comparison, a physical mixture with beta-CD and colyophilized mixtures with trehalose and dextran were also prepared and subjected to a similar chemical stability test at 80 degrees C followed by HPLC analysis. Significant inhibition of degradation was observed only for colyophilized miscible mixtures with beta-CD and HP-beta-CD at molar ratios in excess of 1:1. Colyophilized mixtures with trehalose and dextran, shown to have phase separated, and the physical mixture with beta-CD exhibited no inhibiting effects. This suggests that specific molecular complexation is responsible for the significant inhibition by the beta-CDs. The tendency of quinapril to form molecular complexes in solution with the beta-CDs was measured by (1)H solution NMR, by estimating complexation constants from the chemical shift of specific groups on quinapril. Supporting evidence for solid-state complexation was provided by FTIR analysis. DSC and TSC measurements indicated that the beta-CDs do not have high enough glass transition temperatures to reduce reactivity by reducing molecular mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjiang Li
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Ave., Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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McKenna JM, Moliterni J, Qiao Y. The scope and limitations of the Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reactions of 6- and 8-substituted 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylates. Tetrahedron Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)01132-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Sánchez R, Luna H, Pérez HI, Manjarrez N, Solı́s A. Evaluation of animal liver acetone powders for the resolution of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(01)00275-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ameur Meziane MA, Royer S, Bazureau JP. A practical ‘one-pot’ synthesis of ethyl isoquinoline-3-carboxylate by domino reactions: a potential entry to constrained nonproteogenic amino acid derivatives. Tetrahedron Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)02128-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Czombos J, Aelterman W, Tkachev A, Martins JC, Tourwé D, Péter A, Tóth G, Fülöp F, De Kimpe N. Convenient synthesis of 3,4-methano-1,2,3, 4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid and its derivatives as doubly constrained nonproteinogenic amino acid derivatives. J Org Chem 2000; 65:5469-75. [PMID: 10970283 DOI: 10.1021/jo9917994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Three strategies for the synthesis of the novel, doubly constrained, 3,4-methano-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid and its derivatives were evaluated. Only cyclocondensation of the mono(triphenyl)phosphonium salt derived from 1, 2-bis(bromomethyl)benzene with N-alkoxycarbonyloxamates in 1, 2-dimethoxyethane in the presence of potassium carbonate and subsequent cyclopropanation with dimethylsulfoxonium methylide in dimethyl sulfoxide furnished suitable O- and N-protected derivatives of 3,4-methano-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in a convenient way. A detailed 2D DQF-COSY and 2D NOESY NMR analysis of the rotational isomerism of the latter bicyclic amino acid derivatives was performed. Various O- and N-protection protocols were worked out to afford access to a whole range of new derivatives of the title amino acid, suitable for peptide synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Czombos
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Agricultural and Applied Biological Sciences, University of Gent, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
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Guo Y, Byrn SR, Zografi G. Effects of lyophilization on the physical characteristics and chemical stability of amorphous quinapril hydrochloride. Pharm Res 2000; 17:930-5. [PMID: 11028937 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007519003070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To prepare amorphous quinapril hydrochloride (QHCl) by lyophilization and to compare its physical characteristics and chemical stability as a function of the initial pH of the pre-lyophilized solution. METHODS Amorphous QHCl samples were prepared by lyophilization from aqueous solutions. Solid-state characteristics were evaluated by DSC, PXRD, and optical microscopy. Chemical degradation was monitored by an HPLC assay. RESULTS Amorphous QHCl samples obtained from lyophilization exhibited variable glass transition temperatures, depending on the pH and/or concentration of the starting aqueous solutions. Neutralized quinapril (Q) in the amorphous form, which has a Tg of 51 degrees C, lower than that of its HCl salt (91 degrees C), was significantly more reactive than QHCl at the same temperature. The Tg of lyophilized samples prepared at various initial pH values correlated well with values predicted for mixtures of QHCl and Q. Their different reaction rates were related to their glass transition temperature, consistent with the results from earlier studies obtained with amorphous samples made by precipitation from an organic solution and grinding of the crystal solvate. CONCLUSIONS Lyophilization of different QHCl solutions produces mixtures of amorphous QHCl and its neutralized form Q, with Tg values intermediate to the values of QHCl and Q. As the fraction of Q increases the overall rate of chemical degradation increases relative to QHCl alone, primarily due to the increase in molecular mobility induced by the plasticizing effects of Q.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Guo
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53706, USA
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Insaf SS, Witiak DT. Synthesis of All Distinct α-Methyl-Substituted Isomers of Amino Bis(2,2′-Ethanoic Acid) Diethyl Ester and Ethylene Diamine Tetraacetic Acid Tetraethyl Ester Scaffolds. Tetrahedron 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(00)00103-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the relationships between the solid-state chemical instability and physical characteristics of a model drug, quinapril hydrochloride (QHCl), in the amorphous state. Amorphous QHCl samples were prepared by rapid evaporation from dichloromethane solution and by grinding and subsequent heating of the crystalline form. Physical characteristics, including the glass transition temperature and molecular mobility, were determined using differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, powder x-ray diffractometry, polarizing microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and infrared spectroscopy. The amorphous form of QHCl, produced by both methods, has a T(g) of 91 degrees C. Isothermal degradation studies showed that cyclization of QHCl occurred at the same rate for amorphous samples prepared by the two methods. The activation energy was determined to be 30 to 35 kcal/mol. The rate of the reaction was shown to be affected by sample weight, dilution through mixing with another solid, and by altering the pressure above the sample. The temperature dependence for chemical reactivity below T(g) correlated very closely with the temperature dependence of molecular mobility. Above T(g), however, the reaction was considerably slower than predicted from molecular mobility. From an analysis of all data, it appears that agglomeration and sintering of particles caused by softening of the solid, particularly above T(g), and a resulting reduction of the particle surface/volume ratio play a major role in affecting the reaction rate by decreasing the rate of removal of the gaseous HCl product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Guo
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Kurosawa Y, Kojima K, Kato M, Ohashi R, Minami K, Narita H. Protective action of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors on cardiac hypertrophy in the aortic-banded rat. JAPANESE HEART JOURNAL 1999; 40:645-54. [PMID: 10888384 DOI: 10.1536/jhj.40.645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Imidapril, enalapril and quinapril were subcutaneously administered to aortic-banded rats by osmotic minipumps to compare the suppressive actions of these angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors on pressure-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Among the three drugs tested, imidapril was most potent for the prevention of cardiac hypertrophy, although equipotent hypotensive doses were used. Imidapril reduced both serum and cardiac ACE activities, while enalapril reduced only the former. Quinapril also reduced both, however, it was less potent at reducing the former compared to imidapril. Moreover, only imidapril significantly decreased left ventricular end diastolic pressure, which tended to be increased by aortic-banding. The lipophilicity of ACE inhibitors could not explain the more potent suppressive action of imidapril on cardiac hypertrophy because the lipophilicity of imidaprilat, an active metabolite of imidapril, was as low as an active metabolite of enalapril; i.e., much lower than an active metabolite of quinapril. The efficacy of ACE inhibitors on pressure-induced cardiac hypertrophy depends not only on an inhibitory effect on cardiac ACE activity, but also on other actions such as their effect on left ventricular end diastolic pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kurosawa
- Discovery Research Laboratory, Tanabe Seiyaku Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
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Altamura M, Meini S, Quartara L, Maggi CA. Nonpeptide antagonists for kinin receptors. REGULATORY PEPTIDES 1999; 80:13-26. [PMID: 10235630 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-0115(99)00003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Kinins are a family of small peptides acting as mediators of inflammation and pain in the peripheral and central nervous system. The two main 'kinins' in mammals are the nonapeptide bradykinin (BK, Arg1-Pro2-Pro3-Gly4-Phe5-Ser6-Pro7-Phe8-Arg9) and the decapeptide kallidin (KD, [Lys0]-BK, Lys1-Arg2-Pro3-Pro4-Gly5-Phe6-Ser7-Pro8-Phe9- Arg10). Their biological actions are mediated by two distinct receptors, termed B1 and B2. Kinin B and B2 receptor antagonists may be useful drugs endowed with analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties, with potential use in asthma, allergic rhinitis and other diseases. The first nonpeptide kinin B2 receptor antagonist, WIN 64338, was reported in 1993. Despite its low selectivity, the compound provided a reference for pharmacological and modeling studies. Several quinoline and imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivatives have been shown by Fujisawa to possess high affinity and selectivity for kinin B2 receptors. Among them, FR 173657 displayed excellent in vitro and in vivo antagonistic activity, while FR 190997 emerged as the first nonpeptide agonist for B2 receptor. Two structurally related Fournier compounds were recently published. Other kinin B2 receptor ligands were obtained by rational design, through library screening or from natural sources. The only example of a nonpeptide kinin B1 receptor ligand has been reported in a patent by Sanofi.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Altamura
- Menarini Ricerche S.p.A., Firenze, Italy.
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Gibson (née Thomas) SE, Guillo N, Tozer MJ. Towards control of χ-space: Conformationally constrained analogues of Phe, Tyr, Trp and His. Tetrahedron 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(98)00942-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Yamada Y, Ando K, Komiyama K, Shibata S, Nakamura I, Hayashi Y, Ikegami K, Uchida I. Novel low molecular renin inhibitors which show good oral blood pressure lowering effects in marmosets. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(97)00323-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Stimpel M, Bonn R, Koch B, Dickstein K. Pharmacology and Clinical Use of the New ACE-Inhibitor Moexipril. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1527-3466.1995.tb00304.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hoyer D, Awad MM, Salvino JM, Seoane PR, Dolle RE, Houck WT, Sawutz DG. Ace inhibitors as a template for the design of bradykinin B2 receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-894x(95)00037-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Delaney NG, Barrish JC, Neubeck R, Natarajan S, Cohen M, Rovnyak GC, Huber G, Murugesan N, Girotra R, Sieber-McMaster E, Robl JA, Asaad MM, Cheung HS, Bird J, Waldron T, Petrillo EW. Mercaptoacyl dipeptides as dual inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzyme and neutral endopeptidase. Preliminary structure-activity studies. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)80371-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Steinbaugh B, Hamilton H, Patt W, Rapundalo S, Batley B, Lunney E, Ryan M, Hicks G. Tetrahydroisoquinoline as a phenylalanine replacement in renin inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)80557-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Majer P, Slaninová J, Lebl M. Synthesis of methylated phenylalanines via hydrogenolysis of corresponding 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acids. Synthesis and biological activity of oxytocin analogs with methylated phenylalanines in position 2. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN RESEARCH 1994; 43:62-8. [PMID: 8138352 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1994.tb00376.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A new method of synthesizing ortho-methylated phenylalanines has been developed. Phenylalanines with at least one free ortho-position undergo a Pictet-Spengler cyclization with formaldehyde followed by hydrogenolytic splitting of the endocyclic benzylic C--N bond of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines and afford corresponding ortho-methyl derivatives. Repeating this reaction sequence on the ortho-substituted phenylalanines yielded ortho,ortho-disubstituted derivatives, and para-substituted phenylalanines yielded ortho,para-disubstituted analogs. Our modified method of cyclization preserved the configuration at the chiral center: hydrogenolysis, on the other hand, led to racemization. Incorporation of the methylated phenylalanines into position 2 of oxytocin led to, in the case of the D-isomers, potent uterotonic inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Majer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Prague
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Cirrincione G, Almerico AM, Dattolo G, Aiello E, Diana P, Mingoia F. Polycondensed nitrogen heterocycles. Part24. Pyrrolo[3,4-c]isoquinolinone by thermal rearrangement of a pyrrolylbenzotriazinone. J Heterocycl Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570290542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Goto N, Kamata T, Ikegami K. Trace analysis of quinapril and its active metabolite, quinaprilat, in human plasma and urine by gas chromatography-negative-ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1992; 578:195-201. [PMID: 1400797 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(92)80416-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A highly specific and sensitive method for the simultaneous determination of quinapril and its active metabolite, quinaprilat, in human plasma and urine by gas chromatography-negative-ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry is described. Quinapril and quinaprilat were extracted from human plasma and urine by using a Bond-Elut C18 cartridge. The plasma or urine extract was treated with pentafluorobenzyl bromide followed by trifluoroacetic anhydride to convert quinapril and quinaprilat into their pentafluorobenzyl-trifluoroacetyl derivatives, which were analysed by a selected-ion monitoring method using deuterium-labelled internal standards. The limits of quantitation for both quinapril and quinaprilat were 0.05 ng/ml in plasma and 0.5 ng/ml in urine. The proposed method is applicable to pharmacokinetic and clinical pharmacological studies with satisfactory reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Goto
- Research Laboratories, Yoshitomi Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., Saitama, Japan
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50
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Goto N, Sato T, Shigetoshi M, Ikegami K. Determination of dioxopiperazine metabolites of quinapril in biological fluids by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1992; 578:203-6. [PMID: 1400798 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(92)80417-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The dioxopiperazine metabolites of quinapril in plasma and urine were extracted with hexane-dichloroethane (1:1) under acidic conditions. Following derivatization with pentafluorobenzyl bromide and purification of the desired reaction products using a column packed with silica gel, the metabolites were analysed separately by capillary column gas chromatography-electron-impact mass spectrometry with selected-ion monitoring. The limits of quantitation for the metabolites were 0.2 ng/ml in plasma and 1 ng/ml in urine. The limits of detection were 0.1 ng/ml in plasma and 0.5 ng/ml in urine, at a single-to-noise ratio of greater than 3 and greater than 5, respectively. The proposed method is applicable to pharmacokinetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Goto
- Research Laboratories, Yoshitomi Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., Saitama, Japan
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