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Jeelani M, Fouotsa H, Mohammed OA, Alfaifi J, Adebayo S, Ahmed MM, Yahia AIO, Eissa H, Bahashwan E, Mohammed NA, Alotaibi YA, Asiri AY, Rezigallah A, Alharthi MH, Dzoyem JP, Isa AI. Naturally occurring benzophenones and xanthones from Garcinia smeathmannii (Planch. & Triana) Oliv. displayed anti-inflammatory effects by modulating the activities of inflammatory mediators in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1370073. [PMID: 38887547 PMCID: PMC11180795 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1370073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: There is a growing interest in studying natural products for the identification of novel lead compounds for drug development for treating inflammatory diseases. Although some studies have focused anti-inflammatory activity of benzophenones and xanthones, exploring additional targets such as enzymes and cytokines, involved in their inflammatory response could provide more comprehensive understanding of the compounds' anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, four xanthones ananixanthone (1), smeathxanthone A (2), smeathxanthone B (3), and 1,3,5,8-tetrahydroxy-2-(3-methybut-2-enyl)-4-(3,7-dimethyloct-2,6-dienyl) xanthone (4); and three benzophenones guttiferone O (5), guttiferone M (6), and aristophenone A (7) from Garcinia smeathmannii (Planch. & Triana) Oliv. were investigated for their effect on nitric oxide production, cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase inhibition, and Th1/Th2 cytokines production in activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Methods: The Griess reagent method and the ferrous oxidation-xylenol orange assay were used to evaluate the inhibition of NO production and the 15-lipoxygenase activity respectively. Cyclooxygenase activity was assessed using the fluorometric COX activity assay kit and measurement of Th1/Th2 cytokines was performed using a flow cytometer. Results: All the tested compounds exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition of NO production with varying degrees of inhibitory effects on 15-LOX activity. Compound (6), displays the best inhibitory effect on COX-1/COX-2 activity. A general trend of the tested compounds on cytokines profiles revealed that compound (5) showed a pronounced enhancement of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10). Conclusion: This observation supports future exploration of ananixanthone (1), guttiferone O (5), and guttiferone (6) as potential candidates for the development of anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Jeelani
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hugues Fouotsa
- Department of Engineering Process, National Higher Polytechnic School of Douala, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Osama A. Mohammed
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jaber Alfaifi
- Department of Child Health College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salmon Adebayo
- Neoteriks Health Research and Innovation, Avon, IN, United States
| | - Mohammad Muzammil Ahmed
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Majmaah University, Al Majma’ah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Hanan Eissa
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Emad Bahashwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nahid Ahmed Mohammed
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yousef Ayesh Alotaibi
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashwaq Yahya Asiri
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Assad Rezigallah
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muffarah Hamid Alharthi
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, College of Medicine University of Bisha, Bisha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jean Paul Dzoyem
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Adamu Imam Isa
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha, Saudi Arabia
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Kim SH, Song GY, Sok DE, Ahn BZ. Anti-cell adhesive effect of phenylacetylshikonin analogues related to their cytotoxicity in A549 cells. Arch Pharm Res 2012; 20:155-7. [PMID: 18975194 DOI: 10.1007/bf02974003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/1996] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
An attempt to estabilish the relationship between anti-cell adhesive action of phenylacetylshikonin anallogues and their cytotoxicity against A549 cells was done. In the one hour incubation with A549 cells, alpha-methoxyphenylacetyl-(9), alpha-acetoxyphenylacetyl-(13), 3,4-methylen-edioxyphenylacetyl-(15) and 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)-phenylacetylshikonin (17) analogues showed a high anti-cell adhesive activity (IC(100) value, 4-8 mug/ml), while halophenylacetyl-and dimethoxy-or trimethoxyphenylacetyl analogues expressed no activity at 40 mug/ml, indicating that the presence of a bulky group at C'-alpha and a polar group at C-4 of phenylacetyl moiety may be important. A similar structure activity relationship exists for the 48 hr cytotoxocity (ED(50)) of phenylacetylshikonin analogues in A 549 cells, but not in either K562 or L1210 cells. Furthermore, the difference between IC(100) values for anti-cell adhesive activity and ED(50) values for cytotoxicity of potent compound in A549 cells was not so great (1.5 to 3 times). Based on these observations, it is proposed that the anti-cell adhesive action of phenylacetylshikonins might be responsible for their cytotoxicity in A549 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, 305-764, Taejon, Korea
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Araya-Maturana R, Delgado-Castro T, Gárate M, Ferreira J, Pavani M, Pessoa-Mahana H, Cassels BK. Effects of 4,4-dimethyl-5,8-dihydroxynaphtalene-1-one and 4,4-dimethyl-5,8-dihydroxytetralone derivatives on tumor cell respiration. Bioorg Med Chem 2002; 10:3057-60. [PMID: 12110329 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(02)00154-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A set of structurally related compounds incorporating a carbonyl group in the ortho position with regard to a phenol function were tested against the TA3 mouse carcinoma cell line and its multidrug-resistant variant TA3-MTX-R. The series consists of 2'-hydroxyacetophenone, 4'-hydroxyacetophenone 2',5'-dihydroxyacetophenone, 4-acetyl-3,3-dimethyl-5-hydroxy-2-morpholino-2,3-dihydrobenzobfuran, five 4,4-dimethyl-5,8-dioxygenated naphtalene-1-ones and three 4,4-dimethyl-5,8-dioxygenated tetralones. A tentative structure-activity relationship was found for this family of substances, suggesting that a coplanar ortho-carbonyl-1,4-hydroquinone motif is able to cause inhibition of cellular respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramiro Araya-Maturana
- Department of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Casilla 233, Santiago 1, Chile.
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Davies MW, Johnson CN, Harrity JP. Synthesis of Novel Quinone Boronic Ester Derivatives via a Highly Regioselective Cr-Mediated Benzannulation Reaction and Their Application in Pd-Catalyzed Coupling Processes. J Org Chem 2001; 66:3525-32. [PMID: 11348140 DOI: 10.1021/jo010098f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the synthesis and reactivity of a novel class of quinone boronic esters. These compounds are prepared utilizing a highly regioselective Dötz annulation of Fischer carbene complexes with alkynylboronates. All substrates studied to date provided a single regioisomeric arylboronic ester product; the origin of this selectivity is discussed in the context of steric and electronic effects. Additionally, these compounds have been found to undergo Pd-catalyzed coupling reactions with a range of aryl and allyl halides and provides a strategy for the selective and predictable preparation of highly substituted quinones and hydroquinones. Finally, the propensity of this technique to prepare highly functionalized aromatic compounds in an expeditious fashion is demonstrated in the total synthesis of dimeric carbazole (+/-)-bis-N-dimethylbismurrayaquinone-A 33.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Davies
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K
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7
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Frühauf HW. Metal-Assisted Cycloaddition Reactions in Organotransition Metal Chemistry. Chem Rev 1997; 97:523-596. [PMID: 11848882 DOI: 10.1021/cr941164z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 441] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Werner Frühauf
- Anorganisch Chemisch Laboratorium, J. H. van't Hoff Research Instituut, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, NL-1018 WV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Yagi Y, Bevis DJ, Hart KL, Hess GF, Dinh DM, Keiser BJ, Larsen SD, Spilman CH. Screening for inhibitors of the HMG-CoA reductase promoter in HepG2 cells: Identification of four non-oxysterol inhibitors. Drug Dev Res 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2299(199701)40:1<41::aid-ddr4>3.0.co;2-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Batt DG. 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors and their anti-inflammatory activities. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1992; 29:1-63. [PMID: 1475368 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(08)70004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A wide variety of agents have been reported as 5-LO inhibitors. The majority of the series appear to be lipophilic reducing agents, including phenols, partially saturated aromatics, and compounds containing heteroatom-heteroatom bonds. Many of these are not selective 5-LO inhibitors, but often affect CO and other LOs as well. In vivo systemic activity for many of these has been, in general, disappointing, probably because of poor bioavailability caused by lipophilicity and metabolic instability (oxidation, and conjugation of phenolic compounds). However, topically a number of agents have shown promise for skin inflammation, with Syntex's lonapalene the most advanced of these. Most results published to date appear more disappointing in the allergy/asthma field. More excitingly, a few structural types are selective 5-LO inhibitors which have shown systemic activity in vivo and in the clinic. Abbott's zileuton (136) appears to be one of the leading compounds in this category, along with other hydroxamates such as BW-A4C (129) from Burroughs-Wellcome. Recent selective non-reducing agents such as Wyeth-Ayerst's Wy-50,295 (143) and the similar ICI compounds such as ICI 216800 (145) also hold promise. The enantiospecific effects of (106) and (145) are especially interesting for the design of new inhibitors. If compounds like these validate the hypothesis that inhibition of 5-LO will have a significant anti-inflammatory effect, a redoubling of effort throughout the industry to find second- and third-generation selective agents may be expected. Part of the difficulty in interpreting and comparing the 5-LO literature is the plethora of test methods and activity criteria. As pointed out in the introduction, inhibition of product release from cells, often stimulated with A23187, has commonly been used to demonstrate 5-LO inhibition. However, this type of assay cannot be assumed to be diagnostic for 5-LO inhibition. Only if specificity for 5-LO product generation and (ideally) activity in cell-free enzymes is also shown should mechanistic interpretations be made. Recently, a new class of compounds was found at Merck which inhibited LT biosynthesis without inhibiting 5-LO, but apparently by a novel, specific mechanism. L-655,240 (169) and L-663,536 (MK-886) (170) were both active in human ISN, with IC50 values in the low micromolar range. Both also orally inhibited GPB (< 1 mg/kg). MK-886 was effective in Ascaris-induced asthma in squirrel monkeys, in rat carrageenan pleurisy, in rat Arthus pleurisy, and (topically) in guinea-pig ear oedema induced by A23187.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Batt
- Inflammatory Diseases Research, Du Pont Merck Pharmaceutical Co., Wilmington, DE 19880-0353
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