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Rao RN, Chanda K. An assessment study of known pyrazolopyrimidines: Chemical methodology and cellular activity. Bioorg Chem 2020; 99:103801. [PMID: 32278206 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Heterocyclic compounds with nitrogen atom play a key role in the normal life cycle of a cell. Pyrazolopyrimidine is a privileged class of nitrogen containing fused heterocyclic compound contributing to a major portion of all lead molecules in medicinal chemistry. The thumbprint of pyrazolopyrimidine as a pharmacophore is always noticeable due to its analogy with the adenine base in DNA. Pyrazolopyrimidines are divided into five types [I, II, III, IV, V] based on the mechanism of action on the specific target conferring a wide scope of research which has accelerated the interest of researchers to investigate its biological profile. In 1956, the anti-cancer activity of pyrazolopyrimidine was evaluated for the first time with appreciable results. Since then, medicinal chemists centered their work on various methods of synthesis and evaluating the biological profile of pyrazolopyrimidine isomers. This report consists of novel methodologies followed to synthesize pyrazolopyrimidine isomers along with a note on their biological significance. To the best of our knowledge, this review article will be first of its kind to encompass different synthetic procedures along with anti-cancer, kinase inhibition, phosphodiesterase inhibition and receptor blocking activity of pyrazolopyrimidine moieties. IC50 values of potent compounds are added wherever necessary to understand the suitability of pyrazolopyrimidine skeletons for a specific biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nishanth Rao
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India
| | - Kaushik Chanda
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India
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2
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Seley-Radtke KL, Yates MK. The evolution of nucleoside analogue antivirals: A review for chemists and non-chemists. Part 1: Early structural modifications to the nucleoside scaffold. Antiviral Res 2018; 154:66-86. [PMID: 29649496 PMCID: PMC6396324 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This is the first of two invited articles reviewing the development of nucleoside-analogue antiviral drugs, written for a target audience of virologists and other non-chemists, as well as chemists who may not be familiar with the field. Rather than providing a simple chronological account, we have examined and attempted to explain the thought processes, advances in synthetic chemistry and lessons learned from antiviral testing that led to a few molecules being moved forward to eventual approval for human therapies, while others were discarded. The present paper focuses on early, relatively simplistic changes made to the nucleoside scaffold, beginning with modifications of the nucleoside sugars of Ara-C and other arabinose-derived nucleoside analogues in the 1960's. A future paper will review more recent developments, focusing especially on more complex modifications, particularly those involving multiple changes to the nucleoside scaffold. We hope that these articles will help virologists and others outside the field of medicinal chemistry to understand why certain drugs were successfully developed, while the majority of candidate compounds encountered barriers due to low-yielding synthetic routes, toxicity or other problems that led to their abandonment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Seley-Radtke
- 1000 Hilltop Circle, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Mary K Yates
- 1000 Hilltop Circle, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
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3
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Al-Jaeed N, Lahsasni S, Ghabbour HA, El-Sayed NNE. Crystal structure of N, N-dimethyl- N′-(2-methyl-4-oxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobenzo[4,5]thieno[2,3- d]pyrimidin-3(4 H)-yl)formimidamide, C 14H 18N 4OS. Z KRIST-NEW CRYST ST 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/ncrs-2016-0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
C14H18N4OS, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 15.479(4) Å, b = 13.203(3) Å, c = 7.3147(17) Å, β = 99.385(7)°, V = 1474.9(6) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt(F) = 0.070, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.197, T = 296(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Al-Jaeed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Girls Section, P.O. Box 22452 Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Siham Lahsasni
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Girls Section, P.O. Box 22452 Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hazem A. Ghabbour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riaydh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Nahed N. E. El-Sayed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Girls Section, P.O. Box 22452 Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
- National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Agouza, Giza 35521, Egypt
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Ismail NS, Ali EM, Ibrahim DA, Serya RA, Abou El Ella DA. Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine based scaffold derivatives targeting kinases as anticancer agents. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fjps.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Abdou NS, Serya RAT, Esmat A, Tolba MF, Ismail NSM, Abouzid KAM. Synthesis and in vitro antiproliferative activity of novel pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine derivatives. MEDCHEMCOMM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5md00127g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine derivatives were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their antiproliferative activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nermin S. Abdou
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Ain Shams University
- Cairo 11566
- Egypt
| | - Rabah A. T. Serya
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Ain Shams University
- Cairo 11566
- Egypt
| | - Ahmed Esmat
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Ain Shams University
- Cairo 11566
- Egypt
| | - Mai F. Tolba
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Ain Shams University
- Cairo 11566
- Egypt
| | - Nasser S. M. Ismail
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Ain Shams University
- Cairo 11566
- Egypt
| | - Khaled A. M. Abouzid
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Ain Shams University
- Cairo 11566
- Egypt
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Siddiqui AB, Trivedi AR, Kataria VB, Shah VH. 4,5-Dihydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine containing phenothiazines as antitubercular agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:1493-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Chauhan M, Kumar R. Medicinal attributes of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines: A review. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:5657-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Hassan MA, Seleem MA, Younes AMM, Taha MM, Abdel-Monsef ABH. Utility of (2,4-dioxo-1,4-dihydro-2H-quinazolin-3-yl)-acetic acid hydrazide in the synthesis of some heterocyclic nitrogen compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.5155/eurjchem.4.2.168-171.762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Synthesis and Reactions of 3-(2-Chloromethyl-carbonylamino)tetrachloroquinazolin-2,4-dione. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1155/2012/284947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of tetrachloroquinazolin-2,4-dione derivatives were synthesized using appropriate synthetic route and characterized by IR, 1H NMR, MS, and elemental analysis. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their preliminary in vitro antibacterial activity towards Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus.
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Prasad AK, Trikha S, Parmar VS. Nucleoside Synthesis Mediated by Glycosyl Transferring Enzymes. Bioorg Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1006/bioo.1998.1127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Koszalka GW, Averett DR, Fyfe JA, Roberts GB, Spector T, Biron K, Krenitsky TA. 6-N-substituted derivatives of adenine arabinoside as selective inhibitors of varicella-zoster virus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991; 35:1437-43. [PMID: 1656862 PMCID: PMC245186 DOI: 10.1128/aac.35.7.1437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of 6-alkylaminopurine arabinosides were synthesized and found to inhibit varicella-zoster virus (VZV). The antiviral activities of these nucleosides were limited to VZV. None of the other viruses tested in the herpesvirus family were affected. The in vitro antiviral potencies of the 18 arabinosides correlated with their efficiencies as substrates of the VZV-encoded thymidine kinase in all but one case. The arabinosides of 6-methylaminopurine and 6-dimethylaminopurine were the most potent analogs, with 50% inhibitory concentrations against VZV of 3 and 1 microM, respectively. They were not cytotoxic to uninfected MRC-5 cells, human Detroit 98 cells, or mouse L cells (50% inhibitory concentration, greater than 100 microM). Neither 6-methylaminopurine arabinoside nor 6-dimethylaminopurine arabinoside was detectably phosphorylated by either adenosine kinase or 2'-deoxycytidine kinase. These two alkylaminopurine arabinosides were also resistant to deamination catalyzed by adenosine deaminase. The VZV-dependent phosphorylation of these nucleosides offers the possibility of a potent and highly selective therapy for VZV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- G W Koszalka
- Wellcome Research Laboratories, Burroughs Wellcome Co., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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Averett DR, Koszalka GW, Fyfe JA, Roberts GB, Purifoy DJ, Krenitsky TA. 6-Methoxypurine arabinoside as a selective and potent inhibitor of varicella-zoster virus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991; 35:851-7. [PMID: 1649571 PMCID: PMC245119 DOI: 10.1128/aac.35.5.851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Seven 6-alkoxypurine arabinosides were synthesized and evaluated for in vitro activity against varicella-zoster virus (VZV). The simplest of the series, 6-methoxypurine arabinoside (ara-M), was the most potent, with 50% inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 3 microM against eight strains of VZV. This activity was selective. The ability of ara-M to inhibit the growth of a variety of human cell lines was at least 30-fold less (50% effective concentration, greater than 100 microM) than its ability to inhibit the virus. Enzyme studies suggested the molecular basis for these results. Of the seven 6-alkoxypurine arabinosides, ara-M was the most efficient substrate for VZV-encoded thymidine kinase as well as the most potent antiviral agent. In contrast, it was not detectably phosphorylated by any of the three major mammalian nucleoside kinases. Upon direct comparison, ara-M was appreciably more potent against VZV than either acyclovir or adenine arabinoside (ara-A). However, in the presence of an adenosine deaminase inhibitor, the arabinosides of adenine and 6-methoxypurine were equipotent but not equally selective; the adenine congener had a much less favorable in vitro chemotherapeutic index. Again, this result correlated with data from enzyme studies in that ara-A, unlike ara-M, was a substrate for two mammalian nucleoside kinases. Unlike acyclovir and ara-A, ara-M had no appreciable activity against other viruses of the herpes group. The potency and selectivity of ara-M as an anti-VZV agent in vitro justify its further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Averett
- Wellcome Research Laboratories, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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Vorbrüggen H. Advances in Amination of Nitrogen Heterocycles. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY VOLUME 49 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2725(08)60554-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Chapter 23. Nucleotide Metabolism in Parasitic Protozoa. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(08)61133-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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16
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Molina P, Arques A, Hernandez H. The synthesis of substituted pyrido[1′,2′:1,5]pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines. J Heterocycl Chem 1984. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570210311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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17
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Seela F, Steker H. Synthesis of 2′-deoxyribonucleosides of allopurinol by phase-transfer glycosylation. Tetrahedron Lett 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)91106-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Cottam HB, Revankar GR, Robins RK. A convenient synthesis of 6-amino-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylpyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-one and related 4,6-disubstituted pyrazolopyrimidine nucleosides. Nucleic Acids Res 1983; 11:871-82. [PMID: 6835838 PMCID: PMC325758 DOI: 10.1093/nar/11.3.871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The glycosylation of 4,6-dichloropyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine and 4-chloro-6-methylthiopyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine via the corresponding trimethylsilyl intermediate and tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-ribofuranose in the presence of trimethylsilyl triflate as a catalyst, gave selective glycosylation at N1 as the only nucleoside product. The intermediates 4,6-dichloro-1-(2,3,5-tri-O-acetyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)pyrazolo [3,4-d]pyrimidine 7 and 4-chloro-6-methylthio-1-(2,3,5-tri-O-acetyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)pyrazolo [3,4-d]pyrimidine 13 gave new and convenient synthetic routes to the inosine analog 1, the guanosine analog 2, the adenosine analog 3, and the isoguanosine analog 16. Glycosylation of the trimethylsilyl derivative of 6-chloropyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-4-one unexpectedly gave the N2-glycosyl isomer 20 as the major product. A number of new 4,6-disubstituted pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine nucleosides were prepared from these glycosyl intermediates.
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