1
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Sarkar S, Kalek M. Metal-Free S-Arylation of Phosphorothioate Diesters and Related Compounds with Diaryliodonium Salts. Org Lett 2023; 25:671-675. [PMID: 36662120 PMCID: PMC9903330 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c04310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We developed a direct metal-free S-arylation of phosphorothioate diesters using diaryliodonium salts. The method allows for the preparation under simple conditions of a broad range of S-aryl phosphorothioates, including complex molecules (e.g., dinucleotide or TADDOL derivatives), as well as other related organophosphorus compounds arylated at a chalcogen. The reaction proceeds with a full retention of the stereogenic center at the phosphorus atom, opening convenient access to P-chiral products. The mechanism of the reaction was established using DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeep Sarkar
- Centre
of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2C, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland,Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Kalek
- Centre
of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2C, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland,
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2
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Shuto S. Cyclic ADP-Carbocyclic-Ribose and -4-Thioribose, as Stable Mimics of Cyclic ADP-Ribose, a Ca 2+-Mobilizing Second Messenger. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2018; 66:155-161. [PMID: 29386466 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c17-00668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR), a general mediator involved in Ca2+ signaling, has the characteristic 18-membered ring consisting of an adenine, two riboses and a pyrophosphate, in which the two primary hydroxy groups of the riboses are linked by a pyrophosphate unit. This review focuses on chemical synthetic studies of cADPR analogues of biological importance. Although cADPR analogues can be synthesized by enzymatic and chemo-enzymatic methods using ADP-ribosyl cyclase, the analogues obtained by these methods are limited due to the substrate-specificity of the enzymes. Consequently, chemical synthetic methods providing a greater variety of cADPR analogues are required. Although early chemical synthetic studies demonstrated that construction of the large 18-membered ring structure is difficult, the construction was achieved using the phenylthiophosphate-type substrates by treating with AgNO3 or I2. This is now a general method for synthesizing these types of biologically important cyclic nucleotides. Using this method as the key step, the chemically and biologically stable cADPR mimic, cADP-carbocyclic-ribose (cADPcR) and -4-thioribose (cADPtR), were synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Shuto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University
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3
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Wang X, Zhang X, Zhang K, Hu J, Liu Z, Jin H, Zhang L, Zhang L. Calcium-Mobilizing Behaviors of Neutral Cyclic ADP-Ribose Mimics that Integrate Modifications to the Nucleobase, Northern Ribose and Pyrophosphate. Chembiochem 2018; 19:1444-1451. [PMID: 29633462 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic adenosine diphosphate ribose (cADPR) is an endogenous Ca2+ mobilizer involved in diverse cellular processes. Mimics of cADPR play a crucial role in investigating the molecular mechanism(s) of cADPR-mediated signaling. Here, compound 3, a mimic of cADPR in which a neutral triazole moiety and an ether linkage were introduced to substitute the pyrophosphate and "northern" ribose components, respectively, was synthesized for the first time. The pharmacological activities in Jurkat cells indicated that this mimic is capable of penetrating plasma membrane and inciting Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) through the action of ryanodine receptors (RyRs) and triggering Ca2+ influx. Furthermore, a uridine moiety was introduced in place of adenine and the new cADPR mimics 4 and 5 were synthesized. The results of biological investigation showed that these mimics also targeted RyRs and retained moderate Ca2+ agonistic activities. The results indicated that the neutral cADPR mimics had the same targets for inducing Ca2+ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Kehui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jianxing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zhenming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hongwei Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Liangren Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Lihe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
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4
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Takano S, Tsuzuki T, Murayama T, Kameda T, Kumaki Y, Sakurai T, Fukuda H, Watanabe M, Arisawa M, Shuto S. Synthesis of 8-Substituted Analogues of Cyclic ADP-4-Thioribose and Their Unexpected Identification as Ca 2+-Mobilizing Full Agonists. J Med Chem 2017. [PMID: 28636353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of 8-substituted analogues of cyclic ADP-4-thioribose (cADPtR, 3), which is a stable equivalent of Ca2+-mobilizing second messenger cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR, 1), were designed as potential pharmacological tools for studies on cADPR-modulated Ca2+ signaling pathways. These 8-amino analogue (8-NH2-cADPtR, 4), 8-azido analogue (8-N3-cADPtR, 5), and 8-chloro analogue (8-Cl-cADPtR, 6) were efficiently synthesized, where the stereoselective N1-β-thioribosyladenine ring closure reaction via an α/β-equilibrium of the 1-aminothioribose derivative and construction of the characteristic 18-membered pyrophosphate ring by Ag+-promoted activation of a phenyl phosphorothioate type substrate were the two key steps. Although 8-NH2-cADPR (2) is a well-known potent antagonist against cADPR-inducing Ca2+-release, the 4-thioribose congener 8-NH2-cADPtR turned out unexpectedly to be a full agonist in sea urchin egg homogenate evaluation system. This important finding suggested that the ring-oxygen in the N1-ribose of cADPR analogues is essential for the antagonistic activity in the Ca2+-signaling pathway, which can contribute to clarify the structure-agonist/antagonist activity relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Takashi Murayama
- Department of Pharmacology, Juntendo University School of Medicine , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Tomoshi Kameda
- Computational Biology Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , Aomi, Koutou-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kumaki
- Faculty of Sciences, Hokkaido University , Kita-11, Nishi-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Takashi Sakurai
- Department of Pharmacology, Juntendo University School of Medicine , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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5
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Song S, Zhang Y, Yeerlan A, Zhu B, Liu J, Jiao N. Cs2
CO3
-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling of Thiols with Phosphonates and Arenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201612190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Song Song
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; Xue Yuan Rd. 38 Beijing 100191 China
| | - Yiqun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; Xue Yuan Rd. 38 Beijing 100191 China
| | - Adeli Yeerlan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; Xue Yuan Rd. 38 Beijing 100191 China
| | - Bencong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; Xue Yuan Rd. 38 Beijing 100191 China
| | - Jianzhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; Xue Yuan Rd. 38 Beijing 100191 China
| | - Ning Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; Xue Yuan Rd. 38 Beijing 100191 China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai 200032 China
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6
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Song S, Zhang Y, Yeerlan A, Zhu B, Liu J, Jiao N. Cs 2 CO 3 -Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling of Thiols with Phosphonates and Arenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:2487-2491. [PMID: 28112850 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201612190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
An efficient Cs2 CO3 -catalyzed oxidative coupling of thiols with phosphonates and arenes that uses molecular oxygen as the oxidant is described. These reactions provide not only a novel alkali metal salt catalyzed aerobic oxidation, but also an efficient approach to thiophosphates and sulfenylarenes, which are ubiquitously found in pharmaceuticals and pesticides. The reaction proceeds under simple and mild reaction conditions, tolerates a wide range of functional groups, and is applicable to the late-stage synthesis and modification of bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Song
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Rd. 38, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yiqun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Rd. 38, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Adeli Yeerlan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Rd. 38, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Bencong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Rd. 38, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jianzhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Rd. 38, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Ning Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Rd. 38, Beijing, 100191, China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
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7
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Mahal A, D'Errico S, Borbone N, Pinto B, Secondo A, Costantino V, Tedeschi V, Oliviero G, Piccialli V, Piccialli G. Synthesis of cyclic N (1)-pentylinosine phosphate, a new structurally reduced cADPR analogue with calcium-mobilizing activity on PC12 cells. Beilstein J Org Chem 2015; 11:2689-2695. [PMID: 26877790 PMCID: PMC4734301 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.11.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic N1-pentylinosine monophosphate (cpIMP), a novel simplified inosine derivative of cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) in which the N1-pentyl chain and the monophosphate group replace the northern ribose and the pyrophosphate moieties, respectively, was synthesized. The role played by the position of the phosphate group in the key cyclization step, which consists in the formation of a phosphodiester bond, was thoroughly investigated. We have also examined the influence of the phosphate bridge on the ability of cpIMP to mobilize Ca2+ in PC12 neuronal cells in comparison with the pyrophosphate bridge present in the cyclic N1-pentylinosine diphosphate analogue (cpIDP) previously synthesized in our laboratories. The preliminary biological tests indicated that cpIMP and cpIDP induce a rapid increase of intracellular Ca2+ concentration in PC12 neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Mahal
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Stefano D'Errico
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Nicola Borbone
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Brunella Pinto
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Agnese Secondo
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze e Scienze Riproduttive ed Odontostomatologiche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Valeria Costantino
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Valentina Tedeschi
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze e Scienze Riproduttive ed Odontostomatologiche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giorgia Oliviero
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Piccialli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Gennaro Piccialli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy.,Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Council Research of Italy, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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8
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Takano S, Tsuzuki T, Murayama T, Sakurai T, Fukuda H, Arisawa M, Shuto S. Synthesis of 7-Deaza-cyclic Adenosine-5'-diphosphate-carbocyclic-ribose and Its 7-Bromo Derivative as Intracellular Ca(2+)-Mobilizing Agents. J Org Chem 2015; 80:6619-27. [PMID: 26075947 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic ADP-carbocyclic-ribose (cADPcR, 3) is a biologically and chemically stable equivalent of cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR, 1), a Ca(2+)-mobilizing second messenger. We became interested in the biological activity of the 7-deaza analogues of cADPcR, i.e., 7-deaza-cADPcR (7) and its 7-bromo derivative, i.e., 7-deaza-7-Br-cADPcR (8), because 7-deazaadenosine is an efficient bioisostere of adenosine. The synthesis of 7 and 8 required us to construct the key N1-carbocyclic-ribosyl-7-deazaadenosine structure. Therefore, we developed a general method for preparing N1-substituted 7-deazaadenosines by condensing a 2,3-disubstituted pyrrole nucleoside with amines. Using this method, we prepared the N1-carbocyclic ribosyl 7-deazaadenosine derivative 10a, from which we then synthesized the target 7-deaza-cADPcR (7) via an Ag(+)-promoted intramolecular condensation to construct the 18-membered pyrophosphate ring structure. The corresponding 7-bromo derivative 8, which was the first analogue of cADPR with a substitution at the 7-position, was similarly synthesized. Biological evaluation for Ca(2+)-mobilizing activity in the sea urchin egg homogenate system indicated that 7-deaza-cADPcR (7) and 7-deaza-7-Br-cADPcR (8) acted as a full agonist and a partial agonist, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Takashi Murayama
- §Department of Pharmacology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Takashi Sakurai
- §Department of Pharmacology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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9
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Zhang L, Yue J, Zhang LH. Cyclic adenosine 5'-diphosphoribose (cADPR) mimics used as molecular probes in cell signaling. CHEM REC 2015; 15:511-23. [PMID: 25707449 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201402072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic adenosine 5'-diphosphate ribose (cADPR) is a second messenger in the Ca(2+) signaling pathway. To elucidate its molecular mechanism in calcium release, a series of cADPR analogues with modification on ribose, nucleobase, and pyrophosphate have been investigated. Among them, the analogue with the modification of the northern ribose by ether linkage substitution (cIDPRE) exhibits membrane-permeate Ca(2+) agonistic activity in intact HeLa cells, human T cells, mouse cardiac myocytes and neurosecretory PC12 cell lines; thus, cIDPRE and coumarin-caged cIDPRE are valuable probes to investigate the cADPR-mediated Ca(2+) signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangren Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China.
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10
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Swarbrick J, Graeff R, Zhang H, Thomas MP, Hao Q, Potter BVL. Cyclic adenosine 5'-diphosphate ribose analogs without a "southern" ribose inhibit ADP-ribosyl cyclase-hydrolase CD38. J Med Chem 2014; 57:8517-29. [PMID: 25226087 PMCID: PMC4207131 DOI: 10.1021/jm501037u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic adenosine 5'-diphosphate ribose (cADPR) analogs based on the cyclic inosine 5'-diphosphate ribose (cIDPR) template were synthesized by recently developed stereo- and regioselective N1-ribosylation. Replacing the base N9-ribose with a butyl chain generates inhibitors of cADPR hydrolysis by the human ADP-ribosyl cyclase CD38 catalytic domain (shCD38), illustrating the nonessential nature of the "southern" ribose for binding. Butyl substitution generally improves potency relative to the parent cIDPRs, and 8-amino-N9-butyl-cIDPR is comparable to the best noncovalent CD38 inhibitors to date (IC50 = 3.3 μM). Crystallographic analysis of the shCD38:8-amino-N9-butyl-cIDPR complex to a 2.05 Å resolution unexpectedly reveals an N1-hydrolyzed ligand in the active site, suggesting that it is the N6-imino form of cADPR that is hydrolyzed by CD38. While HPLC studies confirm ligand cleavage at very high protein concentrations, they indicate that hydrolysis does not occur under physiological concentrations. Taken together, these analogs confirm that the "northern" ribose is critical for CD38 activity and inhibition, provide new insight into the mechanism of cADPR hydrolysis by CD38, and may aid future inhibitor design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna
M. Swarbrick
- Wolfson
Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Graeff
- Department
of Physiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hongmin Zhang
- Department
of Physiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mark P. Thomas
- Wolfson
Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Quan Hao
- Department
of Physiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Barry V. L. Potter
- Wolfson
Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom,Phone: ++44-1225-386639. Fax: ++44-1225-386114. E-mail:
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11
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Tsuzuki T, Takano S, Sakaguchi N, Kudoh T, Murayama T, Sakurai T, Hashii M, Higashida H, Weber K, Guse AH, Kameda T, Hirokawa T, Kumaki Y, Arisawa M, Potter BVL, Shuto S. Design, Synthesis, and Chemical and Biological Properties of Cyclic ADP-4-Thioribose as a Stable Equivalent of Cyclic ADP-Ribose. MESSENGER (LOS ANGELES, CALIF. : PRINT) 2014; 3:35-51. [PMID: 27200225 PMCID: PMC4869844 DOI: 10.1166/msr.2014.1035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Here we describe the successful synthesis of cyclic ADP-4-thioribose (cADPtR, 3), designed as a stable mimic of cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR, 1), a Ca2+-mobilizing second messenger, in which the key N1-β-thioribosyladenosine structure was stereoselectively constructed by condensation between the imidazole nucleoside derivative 8 and the 4-thioribosylamine 7 via equilibrium in 7 between the α-anomer (7α) and the β-anomer (7β) during the reaction course. cADPtR is, unlike cADPR, chemically and biologically stable, while it effectively mobilizes intracellular Ca2+ like cADPR in various biological systems, such as sea urchin homogenate, NG108-15 neuronal cells, and Jurkat T-lymphocytes. Thus, cADPtR is a stable equivalent of cADPR, which can be useful as a biological tool for investigating cADPR-mediated Ca2+-mobilizing pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayoshi Tsuzuki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takano
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Natsumi Sakaguchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Takashi Kudoh
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Takashi Murayama
- Department of Pharmacology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Takashi Sakurai
- Department of Pharmacology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Minako Hashii
- Department of Biophysical Genetics, Takaramachi, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Haruhiro Higashida
- Department of Biophysical Genetics, Takaramachi, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Karin Weber
- The Calcium Signalling Group, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Center of Experimental Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas H. Guse
- The Calcium Signalling Group, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Center of Experimental Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tomoshi Kameda
- Computational Biology Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Aomi, Koutou-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Takatsugu Hirokawa
- Computational Biology Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Aomi, Koutou-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kumaki
- Faculty of Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-11, Nishi-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Arisawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Barry V. L. Potter
- Wolfson Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Satoshi Shuto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
- Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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12
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Zhou Y, Yu P, Jin H, Yang Z, Yue J, Zhang L, Zhang L. Synthesis and calcium mobilization activity of cADPR analogues which integrate nucleobase, northern and southern ribose modifications. Molecules 2012; 17:4343-56. [PMID: 22491682 PMCID: PMC6268930 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17044343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 03/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel cADPR mimics, which integrate nucleobase, northern and southern ribose modifications were synthesized. The key steps of the synthesis were a Cu(I)-catalyzed Hüisgen [3+2] cycloaddition and a microwave-assisted intramolecular pyrophosphorylation. Preliminary biological investigations showed that these cADPR mimics are membrane-permeating agonists of the calcium signaling pathway. The introduction of chlorine or fluorine at the 2'-position of the southern riboses led to a decrease of activity. The existence of a hydrophobic group on the 3'-OH of the southern riboses does not obviously alter the agonistic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Peilin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hongwei Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhenjun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jianbo Yue
- Department of Physiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Liangren Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel: +86-10-8280-2567, Fax: +86-10-8280-5063
| | - Lihe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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13
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Swarbrick JM, Potter BVL. Total synthesis of a cyclic adenosine 5'-diphosphate ribose receptor agonist. J Org Chem 2012; 77:4191-7. [PMID: 22283398 PMCID: PMC3343700 DOI: 10.1021/jo202319f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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Stable cyclic adenosine 5′-diphosphate ribose
(cADPR) analogues
are chemical biology tools that can probe the Ca2+ release
mechanism and structure–activity relationships of this emerging
potent second messenger. However, analogues with an intact “northern”
ribose have been inaccessible due to the difficulty of generating
the sensitive N1-ribosyl link. We report the first
total synthesis of the membrane permeant, hydrolytically stable, cADPR
receptor agonist 8-Br-N1-cIDPR via regio- and stereoselective N1-ribosylation of protected 8-bromoinosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Swarbrick
- Wolfson Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bath, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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14
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Qi N, Jung K, Wang M, Na LX, Yang ZJ, Zhang LR, Guse AH, Zhang LH. A novel membrane-permeant cADPR antagonist modified in the pyrophosphate bridge. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:9462-4. [PMID: 21785757 DOI: 10.1039/c1cc13062e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A concise method for the formation of cyclopyrophosphate of cIDPRE as well as sulfur and selenium-substituted pyrophosphate cIDPRE analogues (P(1)(S)-cIDPRE, P(1)(Se)-cIDPRE, P(2)(S)-cIDPRE and P(2)(Se)-cIDPRE) was reported and one of the P(S)-diastereoisomers, P(1)(S)-cIDPRE-1, is a novel membrane-permeant cADPR antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural & Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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15
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Dong M, Kirchberger T, Huang X, Yang ZJ, Zhang LR, Guse AH, Zhang LH. Trifluoromethylated cyclic-ADP-ribose mimic: synthesis of 8-trifluoromethyl-N(1)-[(5''-O-phosphorylethoxy)methyl]-5'-O-phosphorylinosine-5',5''-cyclic pyrophosphate (8-CF(3)-cIDPRE) and its calcium release activity in T cells. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:4705-15. [PMID: 20740240 DOI: 10.1039/c0ob00090f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A convenient trifluoromethylation method was firstly applied to the synthesis of 8- CF(3)-purine nucleosides. On the basis of this method, new protection and deprotection strategies were developed for the successful synthesis of the trifluoromethylated cyclic-ADP-ribose mimic, 8-CF(3)-cIDPRE 1. Using intact, fura-2-loaded Jurkat T cells compound 1 and 2',3'-O-isopropylidene 8-CF(3)-cIDPRE 14 were characterized as membrane-permeant cADPR agonists. Contrary to the 8-substituted cADPR analogues that mainly act as antagonists of cADPR in cells, 8-substituted cIDPRE derivatives were shown to be Ca(2+) mobilizing agonists. Here we report that even compound 1, the 8-substituted cIDPRE with the strong electron withdrawing CF(3) group, behaves as an agonist in T cells. Interestingly, also the partially protected 2',3'-O-isopropylidene 8-CF(3)-cIDPRE activated Ca(2+) signaling indicating only a minor role for the hydroxyl groups of the southern ribose of cADPR for its biological activity. To our knowledge 8-CF(3)-cIDPRE 1 is the first reported fluoro substituted cADPR mimic and 8-CF(3)-cIDPRE 1 and compound 14 are promising molecular probes for elucidating the mode of action of cADPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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16
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A solid-phase approach to the synthesis of N-1-alkyl analogues of cyclic inosine-diphosphate-ribose (cIDPR). Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Wu H, Yang Z, Zhang L, Zhang L. Concise synthesis of novel acyclic analogues of cADPR with an ether chain as the northern moiety. NEW J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/b9nj00595a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Design and synthesis of 4″,6″-unsaturated cyclic ADP-carbocyclic-ribose, a Ca2+-mobilizing agent selectively active in T cells. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.07.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Li L, Zhang G, Zhu A, Zhang L. A convenient preparation of 5-iodo-1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazole: multicomponent one-pot reaction of azide and alkyne mediated by CuI-NBS. J Org Chem 2008; 73:3630-3. [PMID: 18357998 DOI: 10.1021/jo800035v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The system of CuI and NBS was found to provide both I (+) and Cu (+) for the first time. An efficient method for preparation of 5-iodo-1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazole was achieved by multicomponent one-pot reaction of azides with alkynes in the presence of the novel CuI and NBS catalytic system. The high tolerance of various sensitive groups revealed the potential applications of this method in organic synthesis and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjun Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Henan Normal University, XinXiang 453007, P. R. China
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20
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Adenine-based calcium signal pathway messengers: Synthesis and agonistic properties of cyclic ADP-ribose analogs. PURE APPL CHEM 2008. [DOI: 10.1351/pac200880081821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A series of cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) analogs, in which modifications mainly focused on riboses, was synthesized in order to explore the molecular mechanism of calcium release regulated by cADPR. Biological activities investigated in intact T-lymphocytes showed that the structurally simplified analogs, N1-ethoxymethyl-substituted cyclic inosine diphosphoribose (cIDPRE), N1,N9-diethoxymethyl-substituted cyclic inosine diphosphoribose (cIDPDE), and N1-ethoxymethyl-substituted cyclic adenosine diphosphoribose (cADPRE) in which the northern ribose or both northern and southern riboses were replaced by ether linkages are membrane-permeant and induce calcium release from intracellular stores. This research has provided novel molecules to probe cADPR-mediated calcium signaling and enlarges our knowledge of the structure-activity relationships of cADPR analogs.
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21
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Kudoh T, Matsuda A, Shuto S, Murayama T, Ogawa Y. Synthesis of cyclic ADP-carbocylcic-xylose and its 3"-O-methyl analogue as stable and potent Ca2+ -mobilizing agents. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2006; 25:583-99. [PMID: 16838847 DOI: 10.1080/15257770600685867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that 3"-deoxy-cyclic ADP-carbocyclic-ribose (3"-deoxy-cADPcR, 3) is a stable and highly potent analogue of cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR, 1), a Ca2+ -mobilizing second messenger. From these results, we newly designed another 3"-modified analogues of cADPcR and identified the N1-"xylo"-type carbocyclic analogue, i.e., cADPcX (4), as one of the most potent cADPR-related compounds reported so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kudoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
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22
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Evans AM, Wyatt CN, Kinnear NP, Clark JH, Blanco EA. Pyridine nucleotides and calcium signalling in arterial smooth muscle: from cell physiology to pharmacology. Pharmacol Ther 2005; 107:286-313. [PMID: 16005073 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
It is generally accepted that the mobilisation of intracellular Ca2+ stores plays a pivotal role in the regulation of arterial smooth muscle function, paradoxically during both contraction and relaxation. However, the spatiotemporal pattern of different Ca2+ signals that elicit such responses may also contribute to the regulation of, for example, differential gene expression. These findings, among others, demonstrate the importance of discrete spatiotemporal Ca2+ signalling patterns and the mechanisms that underpin them. Of fundamental importance in this respect is the realisation that different Ca2+ storing organelles may be selected by the discrete or coordinated actions of multiple Ca2+ mobilising messengers. When considering such messengers, it is generally accepted that sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) stores may be mobilised by the ubiquitous messenger inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate. However, relatively little attention has been paid to the role of Ca2+ mobilising pyridine nucleotides in arterial smooth muscle, namely, cyclic adenosine diphosphate-ribose (cADPR) and nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP). This review will therefore focus on these novel mechanisms of calcium signalling and their likely therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mark Evans
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biology, Bute Building, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9TS, UK.
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23
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Guse AH. Second messenger function and the structure-activity relationship of cyclic adenosine diphosphoribose (cADPR). FEBS J 2005; 272:4590-7. [PMID: 16156781 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04863.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) is a Ca2+ mobilizing second messenger found in various cell types, tissues and organisms. Receptor-mediated formation of cADPR may proceed via transmembrane shuttling of the substrate NAD and involvement of the ectoenzyme CD38, or via so far unidentified ADP-ribosyl cyclases located within the cytosol or in internal membranes. cADPR activates intracellular Ca2+ release via type 2 and 3 ryanodine receptors. The exact molecular mechanism, however, remains to be elucidated. Possibilities are the direct binding of cADPR to the ryanodine receptor or binding via a separate cADPR binding protein. In addition to Ca2+ release, cADPR also evokes Ca2+ entry. The underlying mechanism(s) may comprise activation of capacitative Ca2+ entry and/or activation of the cation channel TRPM2 in conjunction with adenosine diphosphoribose. The development of novel cADPR analogues revealed new insights into the structure-activity relationship. Substitution of either the northern ribose or both the northern and southern ribose resulted in much simpler molecules, which still retained significant biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas H Guse
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Center of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Cellular Signal Transduction, Hamburg, Germany.
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24
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Hashii M, Shuto S, Fukuoka M, Kudoh T, Matsuda A, Higashida H. Amplification of depolarization-induced and ryanodine-sensitive cytosolic Ca2+ elevation by synthetic carbocyclic analogs of cyclic ADP-ribose and their antagonistic effects in NG108-15 neuronal cells. J Neurochem 2005; 94:316-23. [PMID: 15998283 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03197.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized analogs modified in the ribose unit (ribose linked to N1 of adenine) of cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR), a Ca2+-mobilizing second messenger. The biological activities of these analogs were determined in NG108-15 neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid cells that were pre-loaded with fura-2 acetoxymethylester and subjected to whole-cell patch-clamp. Application of the hydrolysis-resistant cyclic ADP-carbocyclic-ribose (cADPcR) through patch pipettes potentiated elevation of the cytoplasmic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) at the depolarized membrane potential. The increase in [Ca2+]i evoked upon sustained membrane depolarization was significantly larger in cADPcR-infused cells than in non-infused cells and its degree was equivalent to or significantly greater than that induced by cADPR or beta-NAD+. 8-Chloro-cADPcR and two inosine congeners (cyclic IDP-carbocyclic-ribose and 8-bromo-cyclic IDP-carbocyclic-ribose) did not induce effects similar to those of cADPcR or cADPR. Instead, 8-chloro-cADPcR together with cADPR or cADPcR caused inhibition of the depolarization-induced [Ca2+]i increase as compared with either cADPR or cADPcR alone. These results demonstrated that our cADPR analogs have agonistic or antagonistic effects on the depolarization-induced [Ca2+]i increase and suggested the presence of functional reciprocal coupling between ryanodine receptors and voltage-activated Ca2+ channels via cADPR in mammalian neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minako Hashii
- Department of Biophysical Genetics, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan.
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25
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Guse AH, Gu X, Zhang L, Weber K, Krämer E, Yang Z, Jin H, Li Q, Carrier L, Zhang L. A minimal structural analogue of cyclic ADP-ribose: synthesis and calcium release activity in mammalian cells. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:15952-9. [PMID: 15713671 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m414032200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) is an endogenous Ca(2+)-mobilizing second messenger in many cell types and organisms. Although the biological activity of several modified analogues of cADPR has been analyzed, most of these structures were still very similar to the original molecule. Recently, we have introduced simplified analogues in which the northern ribose (N(1)-linked ribose) was replaced by an ether strand. Here we also demonstrate that the southern ribose (N(9)-linked ribose) can be replaced by an ether strand resulting in N(1)-[(phosphoryl-O-ethoxy)-methyl]-N(9)-[(phosphoryl-O-ethoxy)-methyl]-hypoxanthinecyclic pyrophosphate (cIDP-DE). This minimal structural analogue of cyclic ADP-ribose released Ca(2+) from intracellular stores of permeabilized Jurkat T lymphocytes. In intact T lymphocytes initial subcellular Ca(2+) release events, global Ca(2+) release, and subsequent global Ca(2+) entry were observed. Cardiac myocytes freshly prepared from mice responded to cIDP-DE by increased recruitment of localized Ca(2+) signals and by global Ca(2+) waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas H Guse
- Institute of Biochemistry, Cellular Signal Transduction and Pharmacology, University Hospital Hamburg Eppendorf, Center of Experimental Medicine, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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26
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Kunerth S, Langhorst MF, Schwarzmann N, Gu X, Huang L, Yang Z, Zhang L, Mills SJ, Zhang LH, Potter BVL, Guse AH. Amplification and propagation of pacemaker Ca2+ signals by cyclic ADP-ribose and the type 3 ryanodine receptor in T cells. J Cell Sci 2004; 117:2141-9. [PMID: 15054112 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.01063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Ligation of the T-cell receptor/CD3 complex results in global Ca(2+) signals that are essential for T-cell activation. We have recently reported that these global Ca(2+) signals are preceded by localized pacemaker Ca(2+) signals. Here, we demonstrate for the first time for human T cells that an increase in signal frequency of subcellular pacemaker Ca(2+) signals at sites close to the plasma membrane, in the cytosol and in the nucleus depends on the type 3 ryanodine receptor (RyR) and its modulation by cyclic ADP-ribose. The spatial distribution of D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors and RyRs indicates a concerted action of both of these receptors/Ca(2+) channels in the generation of initial pacemaker signals localized close to the plasma membrane. Inhibition or knockdown of RyRs resulted in significant decreases in (1) the frequency of initial pacemaker signals localized close to the plasma membrane, and (2) the frequency of localized pacemaker Ca(2+) signals in the inner cytosol. Moreover, upon microinjection of cyclic ADP-ribose or upon extracellular addition of its novel membrane-permeant mimic N-1-ethoxymethyl-substituted cyclic inosine diphosphoribose, similarly decreased Ca(2+) signals were observed in both type 3 RyR-knockdown cells and in control cells microinjected with the RyR antagonist Ruthenium Red. Taken together, our results show that, under physiological conditions in human T cells, RyRs play crucial roles in the local amplification and the spatiotemporal development of subcellular Ca(2+) pacemaker signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Kunerth
- University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I: Cellular Signal Transduction, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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