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Dimitrov IV, Suonio EEK. Syntheses of Analogues of Propofol: A Review. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1707287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPropofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol) is an intravenous sedative/hypnotic agent that is used extensively for introduction and maintenance of general anaesthesia, sedation of critically ill patients and procedural sedation (e.g., endoscopy). Propofol has a rapid onset and offset of action and shows only minimal accumulation upon prolonged use. Propofol is only sparingly soluble in water and is currently marketed in 10% soybean oil-based lipid emulsion. Propofol’s anaesthetic properties were discovered over forty years ago, and it has been in clinical use for over thirty years. The main use of propofol remains as an anaesthetic but, over the years, analogues have been developed with varying properties from anticancer, anticonvulsant and antioxidant. In addition, large synthetic efforts have been made towards improving propofol’s water-solubility, its activity, and elucidating its structure–activity relationship and exact mechanism of action have been made. This review provides an overview of the research pertaining to propofol-like molecules and covers the efforts of synthetic chemists towards propofol analogues over the last 40 years.1 Introduction2 History3 Early Work4 Improving Water Solubility5 The Importance of the Phenol6 Exploring the Structure–Activity Relationship and Attempts to Improve Activity7 Anticancer Activity8 Anticonvulsant Properties9 Antioxidant Activity10 Photoactive Labelling to Elucidate Mechanism of Action11 Photoregulation12 Conclusion
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivaylo V. Dimitrov
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland
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Anifowose A, Yuan Z, Yang X, Pan Z, Zheng Y, Zhang Z, Wang B. Upregulation of p53 through induction of MDM2 degradation: Amino acid prodrugs of anthraquinone analogs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 30:126786. [PMID: 31753697 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we reported a class of MDM2-MDM4 dimerization inhibitors that upregulate p53 and showed potent anticancer activity in animal models. However, water solubility hinders their further development. Herein we describe our effort to develop a prodrug approach that overcomes the solubility problem. The prodrug of BW-AQ-238, a potent anthraquinone analog, was made by esterification of the hydroxyl group with various natural amino acids. Cytotoxicity of these compounds toward Hela and EU-1 cells, their aqueous solubility, and the release kinetics of these prodrugs in buffer and in the presence of hydrolytic enzymes were studied. The results demonstrate that the amino acid prodrug approach significantly improved the water solubility while maintaining the potency of the parent drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abiodun Anifowose
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Petit Science Center, 100 Piedmont Ave, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States
| | - Zhengnan Yuan
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Petit Science Center, 100 Piedmont Ave, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States
| | - Xiaoxiao Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Petit Science Center, 100 Piedmont Ave, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States.
| | - Zhixiang Pan
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Petit Science Center, 100 Piedmont Ave, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States
| | - Yueqin Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Petit Science Center, 100 Piedmont Ave, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States
| | - Zhongwei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Petit Science Center, 100 Piedmont Ave, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States
| | - Binghe Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Petit Science Center, 100 Piedmont Ave, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States.
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Yao Z, Du X, Liu H, Jiang H, Chen K. Synthesis and Structures of (S)- and (r)-2-[3-Cyano-4-(2-Thienyl)-5,6,7, 8-Tetrahydroquinolin-2-Ylsulfanyl]-3-Methyl-N-Phenylbutyramide. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.3184/030823406776331061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
( S)- and ( R)-2-[3-cyano-4-(2-thienyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinolin-2-ylsulfanyl]- N-phenyl-3-methylbutyramide (1a and 1b) were prepared from 2-thiophenaldehyde and D- and L-valines, respectively, and their crystal structures were elucidated by X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyi Yao
- The Center for Drug Discovery and Design, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200 031, P.R. China
- Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200 031, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojie Du
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Zhenjiang 212003, P.R. China
| | - Hong Liu
- The Center for Drug Discovery and Design, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200 031, P.R. China
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- The Center for Drug Discovery and Design, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200 031, P.R. China
| | - Kaixian Chen
- The Center for Drug Discovery and Design, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200 031, P.R. China
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Kitano H, Ito H, Itami K. Palladium-Catalyzed Esterification of Carboxylic Acids with Aryl Iodides. Org Lett 2018; 20:2428-2432. [PMID: 29617141 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The first palladium-catalyzed esterification of carboxylic acids with aryl iodides is described. A palladium-based catalytic system consisting of IBnF (1,3-bis((pentafluorophenyl)methyl)imidazole-2-ylidene) ligand was found to significantly accelerate the aryl-O bond-forming esterification reaction. A series of aryl iodides and carboxylic acids undergoes a palladium-catalyzed coupling reaction to provide the corresponding aryl esters in moderate to good yields. In addition, sterically hindered aryl iodides and carboxylic acids were well-tolerated yielding the corresponding aryl esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kitano
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) , Nagoya University , Chikusa , Nagoya 464-8602 , Japan
| | - Hideto Ito
- Graduate School of Science , Nagoya University , Chikusa , Nagoya 464-8602 , Japan.,JST-ERATO, Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project , Nagoya University , Chikusa , Nagoya 464-8602 , Japan
| | - Kenichiro Itami
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) , Nagoya University , Chikusa , Nagoya 464-8602 , Japan.,Graduate School of Science , Nagoya University , Chikusa , Nagoya 464-8602 , Japan.,JST-ERATO, Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project , Nagoya University , Chikusa , Nagoya 464-8602 , Japan
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Cai E, Guo S, Yang L, Han M, Xia J, Zhao Y, Gao X, Wang Y. Synthesis and antitumour activity of arctigenin amino acid ester derivatives against H22 hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Prod Res 2017; 32:406-411. [PMID: 28415847 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1314279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Arctigenin (ARG) is famous in its abundant pharmacological activity. However, many researches in it entered the bottleneck period because of its poor water solubility. The derivatives of ARG have been synthesised with five amino acids which have t-Butyloxy carbonyl (BOC) as a protective group. We examined the effects of removing BOC. The results showed that the amino acid derivatives without protective group have better water solubility and nitrite-clearing ability than ARG. Based on these results, ARG6' and ARG9' were selected at a dosage of 40 mg/kg to evaluate their antitumour activity. The percentage inhibition rate of ARG6' and ARG9' were 55.87 and 51.40, respectively, which was twice as much as ARG. Furthermore, they could increase liver and kidney indexes and produce less damage in these organs. In brief, this study provides a basis for new drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enbo Cai
- a College of Chinese Medicinal Material, Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun Jilin province , China
| | - Shijie Guo
- b Department of Neonatology , The First Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun Jilin province , China
| | - Limin Yang
- a College of Chinese Medicinal Material, Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun Jilin province , China
| | - Mei Han
- a College of Chinese Medicinal Material, Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun Jilin province , China
| | - Jing Xia
- a College of Chinese Medicinal Material, Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun Jilin province , China
| | - Yan Zhao
- a College of Chinese Medicinal Material, Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun Jilin province , China
| | - Xiaorui Gao
- a College of Chinese Medicinal Material, Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun Jilin province , China
| | - Yu Wang
- a College of Chinese Medicinal Material, Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun Jilin province , China
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Cai EB, Yang LM, Jia CX, Zhang WY, Zhao Y, Li W, Song XZ, Zheng ML. The Synthesis and Evaluation of Arctigenin Amino Acid Ester Derivatives. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2016; 64:1466-1473. [PMID: 27383415 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c16-0429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of arctigenin (ARG), a traditional medicine with many pharmacological activities, has been restricted due to its poor solubility in water. Five amino acid derivatives of ARG have been synthesized using glycine, o-alanine, valine, leucine, and isoleucine, which have t-butyloxy carbonyl (BOC) as a protective group. In this study, we examined the effects of removing these protective groups. The results showed that the amino acid derivatives have better solubility and nitrite-clearing ability than ARG. Among the compounds tested, the amino acid derivatives without protective group were the best. Based on these results, ARG and its two amino acid derivatives without protective group (ARG8, ARG10) were selected to evaluate their anti-tumor activity in vivo at a dosage of 40 mg/kg. The results indicated that ARG8 and ARG10 both exhibit more anti-tumor activity than ARG in H22 tumor-bearing mice. The tumor inhibition rates of ARG8 and ARG10 were 69.27 and 43.58%, which was much higher than ARG. Furthermore, the mice treated with these compounds exhibited less damage to the liver, kidney and immune organs compared with the positive group. Furthermore, ARG8 and ARG10 improved the serum cytokine levels significantly compared to ARG. In brief, this study provides a method to improve the water solubility of drugs, and we also provide a reference basis for new drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- En-Bo Cai
- College of Chinese Medicinal Material, Jilin Agricultural University
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Zhang H, Xu X, Chen Y, Qiu Y, Liu X, Liu BF, Zhang G. Phenyl acetate derivatives, fluorine-substituted on the phenyl group, as rapid recovery hypnotic agents with reflex depression. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 89:524-39. [PMID: 25462263 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.10.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of novel, potentially hypnotic fluorine-substituted phenyl acetate derivatives. We describe the structure-activity relationship that led us to the promising derivative: ethyl 2-(4-(2-(diethylamino)-2-oxoethoxy)-5-ethoxy-2-fluorophenyl) acetate (55). The unique pharmacological features of compound 55 are its relatively high affinity for the GABAA receptor, together with a unique affinity for the NMDA receptor, different to propanidid and AZD3043. In animal models, compound 55 showed stronger hypnotic potency and longer duration of LORR than propanidid and AZD3043, but also maintained a rapid recovery time to walking and behavioral recovery. In particular, compound 55 displayed reflex depression during infusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhang
- Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiangqing Xu
- Jiangsu Nhwa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 69 Democratic South Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Yin Chen
- Jiangsu Nhwa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 69 Democratic South Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Yinli Qiu
- Jiangsu Nhwa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 69 Democratic South Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Bi-Feng Liu
- Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Guisen Zhang
- Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Jiangsu Nhwa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 69 Democratic South Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China.
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Synthesis and evaluation of fluorine-substituted phenyl acetate derivatives as ultra-short recovery sedative/hypnotic agents. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96518. [PMID: 24796695 PMCID: PMC4010497 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Soft drugs are molecules that are purposefully designed to be rapidly metabolized (metabolically labile). In anesthesia, the soft drug is useful because it enables precise titration to effect and rapid recovery, which might allow swift and clear-headed recovery of consciousness and early home readiness. Propofol may cause delayed awakening after prolonged infusion. Propanidid and AZD3043 have a different metabolic pathway compared to propofol, resulting in a short-acting clinical profile. Fluorine imparts a variety of properties to certain medicines, including an enhanced absorption rate and improved drug transport across the blood-brain barrier. We hypothesized that the introduction of fluorine to the frame structure of propanidid and AZD3043 would further accelerate the swift and clear-headed recovery of consciousness. To test this hypothesis, we developed a series of fluorine-containing phenyl acetate derivatives. Methodology/Principal Findings Fluorine-containing phenyl acetate derivatives were synthesized, and their hypnotic potencies and durations of LORR following bolus or infusion administration were determined in mice, rats and rabbits. The metabolic half-lives in the blood of various species were determined chromatographically. In vitro radioligand binding and γ-aminobutyric acidA (GABAA) receptor electrophysiology studies were performed. Among the 12 synthesized fluorine-containing phenyl acetate derivatives, compound 5j induced comparable duration of LORR with AZD3043, but more rapid recovery than AZD3043, propanidid and propofol. The time of compound 5j to return to walk and behavioral recovery are approximately reduced by more than 50% compared to AZD3043 in mice and rats and rabbits. The HD50 of compound 5j decreased with increasing animal size. Conclusions/Significance The rapid recovery might make compound 5j suitable for precise titration and allow swift and clear-headed recovery of consciousness and early home readiness.
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Shimizu T, Koya S, Yamasaki R, Mutoh Y, Azumaya I, Katagiri K, Saito S. Acid-Mediated Ring-Expansion Reaction of N-Aryl-2-vinylazetidines: Synthesis and Unanticipated Reactivity of Tetrahydrobenzazocines. J Org Chem 2014; 79:4367-77. [DOI: 10.1021/jo500249c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Shimizu
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Koya
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Ryu Yamasaki
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Mutoh
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Isao Azumaya
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences at Kagawa Campus, Tokushima Bunri University, 1314-1 Shido, Sanuki, Kagawa 769-2193, Japan
| | - Kosuke Katagiri
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences at Kagawa Campus, Tokushima Bunri University, 1314-1 Shido, Sanuki, Kagawa 769-2193, Japan
| | - Shinichi Saito
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
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Bergagnini M, Fukushi K, Han J, Shibata N, Roussel C, Ellis TK, Aceña JL, Soloshonok VA. NH-type of chiral Ni(ii) complexes of glycine Schiff base: design, structural evaluation, reactivity and synthetic applications. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:1278-91. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob41959b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Matsuda N, Hirano K, Satoh T, Miura M. Copper-Catalyzed Amination of Ketene Silyl Acetals with Hydroxylamines: Electrophilic Amination Approach to α-Amino Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201206755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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12
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Matsuda N, Hirano K, Satoh T, Miura M. Copper-Catalyzed Amination of Ketene Silyl Acetals with Hydroxylamines: Electrophilic Amination Approach to α-Amino Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:11827-31. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201206755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Gao S, Hu M. Bioavailability challenges associated with development of anti-cancer phenolics. Mini Rev Med Chem 2010; 10:550-67. [PMID: 20370701 DOI: 10.2174/138955710791384081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Phenolics including many polyphenols and flavonoids have the potentials to become chemoprevention and chemotherapy agents. However, poor bioavailability limits their biological effects in vivo. This paper reviews the factors that affect phenolics absorption and their bioavailabilities from the points of view of their physicochemical properties and disposition in the gastrointestinal tract. The up-to-date research data suggested that solubility and metabolism are the primary reasons that limit phenolic aglycones' bioavailability although stability and poor permeation may also contribute to the poor bioavailabilities of the glycosides. Future investigations should further optimize phenolics' bioavailabilities and realize their chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic effects in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Gao
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 1441 Moursund Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Rigby-Jones AE, Sneyd JR, Vijn P, Boen P, Cross M. First administration to man of Org 25435, an intravenous anaesthetic: A Phase 1 Clinical Trial. BMC Anesthesiol 2010; 10:10. [PMID: 20587019 PMCID: PMC2914736 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2253-10-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Org 25435 is a new water-soluble alpha-amino acid ester intravenous anaesthetic which proved satisfactory in animal studies. This study aimed to assess the safety, tolerability and efficacy of Org 25435 and to obtain preliminary pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic data. Methods In the Short Infusion study 8 healthy male volunteers received a 1 minute infusion of 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 mg/kg (n = 2 per group); a further 10 received 3.0 mg/kg (n = 5) or 4.0 mg/kg (n = 5). Following preliminary pharmacokinetic modelling 7 subjects received a titrated 30 minute Target Controlled Infusion (TCI), total dose 5.8-20 mg/kg. Results Within the Short Infusion study, all subjects were successfully anaesthetised at 3 and 4 mg/kg. Within the TCI study 5 subjects were anaesthetised and 2 showed signs of sedation. Org 25435 caused hypotension and tachycardia at doses over 2 mg/kg. Recovery from anaesthesia after a 30 min administration of Org 25435 was slow (13.7 min). Pharmacokinetic modelling suggests that the context sensitive half-time of Org 25435 is slightly shorter than that of propofol in infusions up to 20 minutes but progressively longer thereafter. Conclusions Org 25435 is an effective intravenous anaesthetic in man at doses of 3 and 4 mg/kg given over 1 minute. Longer infusions can maintain anaesthesia but recovery is slow. Hypotension and tachycardia during anaesthesia and slow recovery of consciousness after cessation of drug administration suggest this compound has no advantages over currently available intravenous anaesthetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann E Rigby-Jones
- Peninsula College of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Plymouth, The John Bull Building, Research Way, Tamar Science Park, Plymouth PL6 8BU, UK.
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Altomare C, Trapani G, Latrofa A, Serra M, Sanna E, Biggio G, Liso G. Highly water-soluble derivatives of the anesthetic agent propofol: in vitro and in vivo evaluation of cyclic amino acid esters. Eur J Pharm Sci 2004; 20:17-26. [PMID: 13678789 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-0987(03)00161-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic amino acid esters of propofol were synthesized in an attempt to develop new water-soluble anesthetic agents. Their solubility and stability in aqueous solution, and their ability to release propofol in vitro under physiological conditions were determined. L-Proline (6a) and racemic nipecotic acid (6c) esters were found to be highly soluble in water. Sufficiently stable at physiological pH (half-lives >6 h), the alpha-amino acid esters, 6a and 6b, were found to be quantitatively hydrolyzed in plasma and liver esterase solutions within a few minutes, showing prodrug behavior. The in vitro activity of the esters, determined either by the [(35)S]tert-butylbicyclophosphorothionate ([(35)S]TBPS) binding assay or electrophysiological measurements of the action at cloned human receptors, proved to be a mechanism involving allosteric modulation of GABA(A) receptors. Indeed, L-proline (6a), and racemic pipecolinate (6b) and nipecotate (6c), like propofol, reduced [(35)S]TBPS binding, whereas isonipecotate (6d) showed bicuculline-like behavior, increasing [(35)S]TBPS binding. A nonlinear relation between GABA(A) receptor binding affinity and lipophilicity, as assessed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, emerged as a trend. The in vivo anticonvulsant and anesthetic activities of prolinate 6a, intraperitoneally administered in water solution, showed that is a water-soluble propofol prodrug candidate for developing formulations useful for parenteral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosimo Altomare
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy,
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Sewell JC, Sear JW. Derivation of preliminary three-dimensional pharmacophoric maps for chemically diverse intravenous general anaesthetics † †This work was supported in part by a project grant from the British Journal of Anaesthesia. It was presented in part at the Anaesthetic Research Society meeting, Cardiff, July 2002 and published in abstract form in the Br J Anaesth 2002; 89: 672–673P. Br J Anaesth 2004; 92:45-53. [PMID: 14665552 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aeh016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The molecular basis of i.v. general anaesthetic activity was investigated using comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA). METHODS The free plasma concentrations that abolish movement to a noxious stimulus for 14 structurally diverse i.v. anaesthetics were obtained from the literature. The compounds were randomly divided into a training set (n=10) to derive the activity model, and a separate test set (n=4) used to assess its predictive capability. The anaesthetic structures were aligned so as to maximize their similarities in molecular shape and electrostatic potential to conformers of the most active agent in the group, eltanolone. The conformers and alignments that showed the maximum similarity (calculated using combined Carbo indices) were retained, and used to derive the CoMFA models. RESULTS The final model explained 94.0% of the variance in the observed activities of the training set (n=10, P<0.0001) and was a good predictor of test set activity (n=4, r(2)=0.799). In contrast, a model based on non-polar solubility (LogP) explained only 78.3% of the variance in the observed activities of the training set (n=10, P=0.0007) and was a poor predictor for the test set (n=4, r(2)=0.272). Further analysis of the CoMFA results identified the spatial distribution of key areas where steric and electrostatic interactions are important in determining the activity of the 14 anaesthetics considered. CONCLUSIONS A single activity model can be formulated for i.v. general anaesthetics and preliminary pharmacophoric maps derived, which describe the molecular basis of their in vivo potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Sewell
- Nuffield Department of Anaesthetics, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
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Pau D, Belelli D, Callachan H, Peden DR, Dunlop JI, Peters JA, Guitart X, Gutierrez B, Lambert JJ. GABAA receptor modulation by the novel intravenous general anaesthetic E-6375. Neuropharmacology 2003; 45:1029-40. [PMID: 14614946 DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3908(03)00299-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
E-6375 (4-butoxy-2-[4-(2-cyanobenzoyl)-1-piperazinyl] pyrimidine hydrochloride) is a new intravenous general anaesthetic with an anaesthetic potency, in mice, comparable to propofol, or etomidate. Here, we examined the effect of E-6375 upon the GABAA receptor, a putative target of intravenous anaesthetic action. E-6375 reversibly enhanced GABA-evoked currents mediated by recombinant GABAA (alpha1beta2gamma2L) receptors expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes, with little effect on NMDA- and kainate-evoked currents mediated by NR1a/NR2A and GluR1o/GluR2o glutamate receptors, respectively. E-6375 prolonged the decay of GABA-evoked miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents recorded from rat Purkinje neurones demonstrating the anaesthetic also enhanced the activity of synaptic GABAA receptors. The GABA enhancing action of E-6375 on recombinant GABAA receptors was unaffected by the subtype of the alpha isoform (i.e. alphaxbeta2gamma2L; x=1-3) within the receptor, but was increased by the omission of the gamma2L subunit. Receptors incorporating beta2, or beta3, subunits were more sensitive to modulation by E-6375 than those containing the beta1 subunit. The selectivity of E-6375 was largely governed by the identity (serine or asparagine) of a single amino acid residue within the second transmembrane domain of the beta-subunit. The various in vivo actions of general anaesthetics may be mediated by GABAA receptor isoforms that have a differential distribution within the CNS. The identification of agents, such as E-6375, that discriminate between GABAA receptor subtypes may augur the development of general anaesthetics with an improved therapeutic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pau
- Neuroscience Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, The University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
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18
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Bennett DJ, Anderson A, Buchanan K, Byford A, Cooke A, Gemmell DK, Hamilton NM, Maidment MS, McPhail P, Stevenson DFM, Sundaram H, Vijn P. Novel water soluble 2,6-dimethoxyphenyl ester derivatives with intravenous anaesthetic activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:1971-5. [PMID: 12781176 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00346-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A number of water soluble bis-amino-2,6-dimethoxyphenyl ester derivatives were found to exhibit improved anaesthetic activity in mice relative to propofol 1. Of the analogues disclosed, 44 was further profiled in rodents and found to be a superior agent to propofol for the induction and maintenance of anaesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jonathan Bennett
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Organon Laboratories Ltd., Newhouse, Motherwell ML1 5SH, Scotland, UK.
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19
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Cooke A, Anderson A, Bennett J, Buchanan K, Gemmell D, Hamilton N, Maidment M, McPhail P, Stevenson D, Sundaram H. Novel alpha-amino-acid phenolic ester derivatives with intravenous anaesthetic activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:1107-10. [PMID: 12643922 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00025-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of alpha-amino-acid phenolic ester derivatives containing sulphide, sulphoxide, sulphone, ester and amide side chains were prepared and shown to display potent intravenous anaesthetic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Cooke
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organon Laboratories Ltd., Newhouse, Scotland, ML1 5SH, UK.
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20
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Liska R, Herzog D. New photocleavable structures. II. ?-Cleavable photoinitiators based on pyridines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.10859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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21
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Helfenbein J, Lartigue C, Noirault E, Azim E, Legailliard J, Galmier MJ, Madelmont JC. Isotopic effect study of propofol deuteration on the metabolism, activity, and toxicity of the anesthetic. J Med Chem 2002; 45:5806-8. [PMID: 12477364 DOI: 10.1021/jm020864q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The use of isotopic substitution to delay the oxidative metabolism of the anesthetic propofol 1 was studied. The aromatic hydrogens of propofol 1 were replaced by deuterium to produce the mono- and trideuterated derivatives 4 and 5. In vitro metabolic studies on human hepatic microsomes showed no isotopic effect in the para hydroxylation of propofol, and 1, 4, and 5 display similar hypnotic activity and toxicity in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Helfenbein
- ORPHACHEM, Rue Montalembert, BP 184, 63005 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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22
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Krasowski MD, Hong X, Hopfinger AJ, Harrison NL. 4D-QSAR analysis of a set of propofol analogues: mapping binding sites for an anesthetic phenol on the GABA(A) receptor. J Med Chem 2002; 45:3210-21. [PMID: 12109905 PMCID: PMC2864546 DOI: 10.1021/jm010461a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A training set of 27 propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol) analogues was used to construct four-dimensional (4D) quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models for three screens of biological activity: loss of righting reflex (LORR) in tadpoles, enhancement of agonist activity at the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA(A)) receptor, and direct (agonist-independent) activation of the receptor. The three resulting 4D-QSAR models are almost identical in form, and all suggest three key ligand-receptor interaction sites. The formation of an intermolecular hydrogen bond involving the proton of the ligand -OH group is the most important binding interaction. A hydrophobic pocket binding interaction involving the six-substituent is the second most significant binding site, and a similar hydrophobic pocket binding interaction near the two-substituent is the third postulated binding site from the 4D-QSAR models. A test set of eight compounds was used to evaluate the tadpole LORR 4D-QSAR model. Those compounds highly congeneric to the training set compounds were accurately predicted. However, compounds exploring substituent sites and/or electronic structures different from the training set were less well-predicted. Overall, the results show a striking similarity between the models of the sites responsible for anesthesia and those mediating effects of the training set of propofol analogues on the GABA(A) receptor; it follows that the GABA(A) receptor is therefore the likely site of propofol's anesthetic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Krasowski
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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