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Berrada S, Martínez-Balsalobre E, Larcher L, Azzoni V, Vasquez N, Da Costa M, Abel S, Audoly G, Lee L, Montersino C, Castellano R, Combes S, Gelot C, Ceccaldi R, Guervilly JH, Soulier J, Lachaud C. A clickable melphalan for monitoring DNA interstrand crosslink accumulation and detecting ICL repair defects in Fanconi anemia patient cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:7988-8004. [PMID: 37395445 PMCID: PMC10450163 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a genetic disorder associated with developmental defects, bone marrow failure and cancer. The FA pathway is crucial for the repair of DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs). In this study, we have developed and characterized a new tool to investigate ICL repair: a clickable version of the crosslinking agent melphalan which we name click-melphalan. Our results demonstrate that click-melphalan is as effective as its unmodified counterpart in generating ICLs and associated toxicity. The lesions induced by click-melphalan can be detected in cells by post-labelling with a fluorescent reporter and quantified using flow cytometry. Since click-melphalan induces both ICLs and monoadducts, we generated click-mono-melphalan, which only induces monoadducts, in order to distinguish between the two types of DNA repair. By using both molecules, we show that FANCD2 knock-out cells are deficient in removing click-melphalan-induced lesions. We also found that these cells display a delay in repairing click-mono-melphalan-induced monoadducts. Our data further revealed that the presence of unrepaired ICLs inhibits monoadduct repair. Finally, our study demonstrates that these clickable molecules can differentiate intrinsic DNA repair deficiencies in primary FA patient cells from those in primary xeroderma pigmentosum patient cells. As such, these molecules may have potential for developing diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Berrada
- Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille, France
| | | | - Lise Larcher
- University Paris Cité, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, INSERM U944, and CNRS UMR7212, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de biologie médicale de référence (LBMR) “Aplastic anemia”, Service d’Hématologie biologique, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Violette Azzoni
- Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Nadia Vasquez
- University Paris Cité, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, INSERM U944, and CNRS UMR7212, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de biologie médicale de référence (LBMR) “Aplastic anemia”, Service d’Hématologie biologique, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Da Costa
- University Paris Cité, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, INSERM U944, and CNRS UMR7212, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de biologie médicale de référence (LBMR) “Aplastic anemia”, Service d’Hématologie biologique, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Abel
- Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Gilles Audoly
- Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Lara Lee
- Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Camille Montersino
- Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Rémy Castellano
- Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Sébastien Combes
- Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Camille Gelot
- Inserm U830, PSL Research University, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Raphaël Ceccaldi
- Inserm U830, PSL Research University, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | | | - Jean Soulier
- University Paris Cité, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, INSERM U944, and CNRS UMR7212, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de biologie médicale de référence (LBMR) “Aplastic anemia”, Service d’Hématologie biologique, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Lachaud
- Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille, France
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Pahwa R, Chhabra J, Kumar R, Narang R. Melphalan: Recent insights on synthetic, analytical and medicinal aspects. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 238:114494. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Shatskiy A, Axelsson A, Stepanova EV, Liu JQ, Temerdashev AZ, Kore BP, Blomkvist B, Gardner JM, Dinér P, Kärkäs MD. Stereoselective synthesis of unnatural α-amino acid derivatives through photoredox catalysis. Chem Sci 2021; 12:5430-5437. [PMID: 34168785 PMCID: PMC8179686 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00658d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A protocol for stereoselective C-radical addition to a chiral glyoxylate-derived N-sulfinyl imine was developed through visible light-promoted photoredox catalysis, providing a convenient method for the synthesis of unnatural α-amino acids. The developed protocol allows the use of ubiquitous carboxylic acids as radical precursors without prior derivatization. The protocol utilizes near-stoichiometric amounts of the imine and the acid radical precursor in combination with a catalytic amount of an organic acridinium-based photocatalyst. Alternative mechanisms for the developed transformation are discussed and corroborated by experimental and computational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Shatskiy
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology SE-100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Anton Axelsson
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology SE-100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Elena V Stepanova
- Tomsk Polytechnic University Lenin Avenue 30 634050 Tomsk Russia
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospect 47 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Jian-Quan Liu
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology SE-100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Azamat Z Temerdashev
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Kuban State University Stavropolskaya St. 149 350040 Krasnodar Russia
| | - Bhushan P Kore
- Division of Applied Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology SE-100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Björn Blomkvist
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology SE-100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| | - James M Gardner
- Division of Applied Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology SE-100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Peter Dinér
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology SE-100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Markus D Kärkäs
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology SE-100 44 Stockholm Sweden
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Obłąk E, Futoma-Kołoch B, Wieczyńska A. Biological activity of quaternary ammonium salts and resistance of microorganisms to these compounds. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:22. [PMID: 33428020 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-02978-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium salts (QASs) are ubiquitous in nature, being found in organisms ranging from microorganisms to vertebrates (e.g., glycine betaine, carnitine) where they have important cellular functions. QASs are also obtained by chemical synthesis. These compounds, due to their diverse chemical structure (e.g. monomeric QAS or gemini) and their biological properties, are widely used in medicine (as disinfectants, drugs, and DNA carriers), industry, environmental protection and agriculture (as preservatives, biocides, herbicides and fungicides). Discussed chemical compounds reduce the adhesion of microorganisms to various biotic and abiotic surfaces and cause the eradication of biofilms produced by pathogenic microorganisms. The properties of these chemicals depend on their chemical structure (length of the alkyl chain, linker and counterion), which has a direct impact on the physicochemical and biological activity of these compounds. QASs by incorporation into the membranes, inhibit the activity of proteins (H+-ATPase) and disrupt the transport of substances to the cell. Moreover, in the presence of QASs, changes in lipid composition (qualitative and quantitative) of plasma membrane are observed. The widespread use of disinfectants in commercial products can induce resistance in microorganisms to these surfactants and even to antibiotics. In this article we discuss the biological activity of QASs as cationic surfactants against microorganisms and their resistance to these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Obłąk
- Department of Physico-Chemistry of Microorganisms, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Bożena Futoma-Kołoch
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63-77, 51-148, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Anna Wieczyńska
- Department of Physico-Chemistry of Microorganisms, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148, Wrocław, Poland
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Pocasap P, Weerapreeyakul N, Timonen J, Järvinen J, Leppänen J, Kärkkäinen J, Rautio J. Tyrosine-Chlorambucil Conjugates Facilitate Cellular Uptake through L-Type Amino Acid Transporter 1 (LAT1) in Human Breast Cancer Cell Line MCF-7. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062132. [PMID: 32244913 PMCID: PMC7139360 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
l-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) is an amino acid transporter that is overexpressed in several types of cancer and, thus, it can be a potential target for chemotherapy. The objectives of this study were to (a) synthesize LAT1-targeted chlorambucil derivatives and (b) evaluate their LAT1-mediated cellular uptake as well as antiproliferative activity in vitro in the human breast cancer MCF-7 cell line. Chlorambucil was conjugated to l-tyrosine—an endogenous LAT1 substrate—via either ester or amide linkage (compounds 1 and 2, respectively). While chlorambucil itself did not bind to LAT1, its derivatives 1 and 2 bound to LAT1 with a similar affinity as with l-tyrosine and their respective cellular uptake was significantly higher than that of chlorambucil in MCF-7. The results of our cellular uptake study are indicative of antiproliferative activity, as a higher intracellular uptake of chlorambucil derivatives resulted in greater cytotoxicity than chlorambucil by itself. LAT1 thus contributes to intracellular uptake of chlorambucil derivatives and, therefore, increases antiproliferative activity. The understanding gained from our research can be used in the development of LAT1-targeted anticancer drugs and prodrugs for site-selective and enhanced chemotherapeutic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piman Pocasap
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
- Human High Performance and Health Promotion Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Natthida Weerapreeyakul
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
- Human High Performance and Health Promotion Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Correspondence: (N.W.); (J.R.)
| | - Juri Timonen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; (J.T.); (J.J.); (J.L.); (J.K.)
| | - Juulia Järvinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; (J.T.); (J.J.); (J.L.); (J.K.)
| | - Jukka Leppänen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; (J.T.); (J.J.); (J.L.); (J.K.)
| | - Jussi Kärkkäinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; (J.T.); (J.J.); (J.L.); (J.K.)
| | - Jarkko Rautio
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; (J.T.); (J.J.); (J.L.); (J.K.)
- Correspondence: (N.W.); (J.R.)
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Rewak-Soroczyńska J, Paluch E, Siebert A, Szałkiewicz K, Obłąk E. Biological activity of glycine and alanine derivatives of quaternary ammonium salts (QASs) against micro-organisms. Lett Appl Microbiol 2019; 69:212-220. [PMID: 31260122 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium salts (QASs) are commonly used in medicine, agriculture and industry and their wide usage caused the development of microbial resistance, thus there is still a need for new effective antimicrobial agents. Present work describes the biological activity of alanine- (DMALM-n) and glycine-derived (DMGM-n) QASs against planktonic and biofilm forms of micro-organisms. The antimicrobial activity was dependent mainly on the hydrocarbon chain length and surfactants with 12-16 atoms of carbon in the alkyl chain were the most active ones. The lowest MIC value was determined for DMALM-14 against Rhodotorula rubra and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (2·5 µmol l- 1 ). Generally, alanine derivatives showed stronger effects against micro-organisms than glycine-derived QASs. Alanine-derived surfactants with 12-16 carbons in the alkyl chain had antiadhesive properties on the polystyrene surface, preventing cell attachment (about 70% of inhibition for C. albicans and 40% for S. epidermidis). Strong adhesion reduction was also observed on the stainless steel surface and the highest reduction was observed for C. albicans cells incubated on surface pretreated with DMGM-16. Moreover, DMGM-16 and DMALM-16 prevented C. albicans filamentation, one of the determinants of cell adhesion. Surfactants with C16 alkyl chain (DMGM-16 and DMALM-16) eradicated bacterial and yeast biofilm (from 60 to 90% of reduction observed after incubation of the previously grown biofilm in the presence of the highest tested concentration of the surfactant - 400 µmol l- 1 ) and reduced its viability. Strong antimicrobial activity as well as antiadhesive properties make alanine- and glycine-derived QASs the potential candidates for future application as disinfectants. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Cationic surfactants are used in many fields, among others in medicine, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry. Their usage on a large scale caused the development of microbial resistance mechanisms to such compounds. Thus, there is a need to synthesize new surfactants with potential application as effective disinfectants to combat both planktonic and biofilm forms of micro-organisms. Present work focuses on the antimicrobial activity of chosen quaternary ammonium salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rewak-Soroczyńska
- Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - E Paluch
- Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - A Siebert
- Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - K Szałkiewicz
- Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - E Obłąk
- Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
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Pradeepkumar P, Rajendran NK, Alarfaj AA, Munusamy MA, Rajan M. Deep Eutectic Solvent-Mediated FA-g-β-Alanine-co-PCL Drug Carrier for Sustainable and Site-Specific Drug Delivery. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2018; 1:2094-2109. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.8b00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Periyakaruppan Pradeepkumar
- Biomaterials in Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021, Tamil Nadu,India
| | - Naresh Kumar Rajendran
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - Abdullah A. Alarfaj
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Murugan A. Munusamy
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariappan Rajan
- Biomaterials in Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021, Tamil Nadu,India
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pH-Dependent Antibiotic Gatifloxacin Interacting with Cationic Surfactant: Insights from Spectroscopic and Chromatographic Measurements. J SOLUTION CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10953-018-0811-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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9
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Azeem W, John P, Nazar MF, Ashfaq M, Khan IU, Sharif S, Riaz A. Fixed-Dose Combination Antibiotics Interacting with a Quaternary Ammonium Disinfectant: Insights from Spectral and Chromatographic Measurements. J SOLUTION CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10953-018-0773-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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10
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Therapeutic journery of nitrogen mustard as alkylating anticancer agents: Historic to future perspectives. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 151:401-433. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Azeem W, John P, Nazar MF, Khan IU, Riaz A, Sharif S. Spectral and chromatographic characterization of fixed dose combination norfloxacin and metronidazole interacting with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. J Mol Liq 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2017.08.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Oblak E, Piecuch A, Maciaszczyk-Dziubinska E, Wawrzycka D. Quaternary ammonium salt N-(dodecyloxycarboxymethyl)- N,N,N-trimethyl ammonium chloride induced alterations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae physiology. J Biosci 2017; 41:601-614. [PMID: 27966483 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-016-9644-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the influence of the quaternary ammonium salt (QAS) called IM (N-(dodecyloxycarboxymethyl)- N,N,N-trimethyl ammonium chloride) on yeast cells of the parental strain and the IM-resistant mutant (EO25 IMR) growth. The phenotype of this mutant was pleiotropic. The IMR mutant exhibited resistance to ethanol, osmotic shock and oxidative stress, as well as increased sensitivity to UV. Moreover, it was noted that mutant EO25 appears to have an increased resistance to clotrimazole, ketoconazole, fluconazole, nystatin and cycloheximide. It also tolerated growth in the presence of crystal violet, DTT and metals (selenium, tin, arsenic). It was shown that the presence of IM decreased ergosterol level in mutant plasma membrane and increased its unsaturation. These results indicate changes in the cell lipid composition. Western blot analysis showed the induction of Pma1 level by IM. RT-PCR revealed an increased PMA1 expression after IM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Oblak
- Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, and Institute of Experimental Biology University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland,
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Tao R, Wang CZ, Ye JZ, Zhou H, Chen HX, Zhang CW. Antibacterial, cytotoxic and genotoxic activity of nitrogenated and haloid derivatives of C 50-C 60 and C 70-C 120 polyprenol homologs. Lipids Health Dis 2016; 15:175. [PMID: 27724930 PMCID: PMC5057508 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0345-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polyprenol is an important lipid with many bioactive effects. The study on differences in bioactive effects of polyprenol derivatives having different isoprene units are seldom reported and it is helpful to find out which type of polyprenol derivatives are effective for treating A549/HepG2 cells and E. coli /S. aureus. Methods All tested polyprenol derivatives were measured with inhibition halos by Oxford cup assays. MIC values were assessed by the broth dilution method. Time-killing curve studies were conducted in duplicate on separate days. Cytotoxicity study was measured by the MTT assay and genotoxic study was evaluated by comet assay. Results With regard to antibacterial activity, the sensitivities to the quaternary polyprenyl ammonium salt derivatives GAS and MAS were 31.3 μg/mL and 15.6–31.3 μg/mL, respectively. GAS and MAS exhibited cytotoxic activity toward HepG2 cells (IC50 of 10.1–11.6 μg/mL), which was stronger than that exhibited toward A549 cells (IC50 of 13.8–13.9 μg/mL). The bactericidal activity of MAS was stronger than that of GAS at the same concentration at least 48 h. The DNA damage in A549 and HepG2 cells exposed to all 10, 20 and 40 μg/mL MAS was statistically significant in comparison to the control. Our results indicate a dose-dependent increment in DNA damage in A549 and HepG2 cells exposed to 10, 20 and 40 μg/mL MAS for both the percentage of DNA in the tail and tail moment. Conclusion The quaternary ammonium salt derivatives GAS and MAS exhibited higher antibacterial (E. coli and S. aureus) and cytotoxic activity (A549 and HepG2 cells) than the other derivatives evaluated in this study. The DNA damage in HepG2 cells suggests that MAS induced A549 and HepG2 cells death via apoptotic pathway. Our results provide new evidence supporting the medical use of polyprenol derivatives against bacterial and tumor diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Tao
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210042, China.,Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, CAF, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Cheng-Zhang Wang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210042, China. .,Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, CAF, Beijing, 100091, China.
| | - Jian-Zhong Ye
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210042, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210042, China.,Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, CAF, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Hong-Xia Chen
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210042, China
| | - Chang-Wei Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210042, China
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Peyrode C, Weber V, Voissière A, Maisonial-Besset A, Vidal A, Auzeloux P, Gaumet V, Borel M, Dauplat MM, Quintana M, Degoul F, Rédini F, Chezal JM, Miot-Noirault E. Proteoglycans as Target for an Innovative Therapeutic Approach in Chondrosarcoma: Preclinical Proof of Concept. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:2575-2585. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Nazar MF, Azeem W, Rana UA, Ashfaq M, Lashin A, Al-Arifi N, Rahman HMAU, Lazim AM, Mahmood A. pH-dependent probing of levofloxacin assimilated in surfactant mediated assemblies: Insights from photoluminescent and chromatographic measurements. J Mol Liq 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2016.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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16
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Spectral-luminescent properties of pH-sensitive azo fluorophore in complexes with quaternary ammonium disinfectants. Colloid Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-015-3687-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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17
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Nazar MF, Mukhtar F, Ashfaq M, Rahman HMAU, Zafar MN, Sumrra SH. Physicochemical investigation of antibacterial Moxifloxacin interacting with quaternary ammonium disinfectants. FLUID PHASE EQUILIBRIA 2015; 406:47-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fluid.2015.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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18
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Sauerová P, Verdánová M, Mravec F, Pilgrová T, Venerová T, Hubálek Kalbáčová M, Pekař M. Hyaluronic acid as a modulator of the cytotoxic effects of cationic surfactants. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2015.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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19
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Zhu W, Fang S, Zhang Y, Li X. Functional vesicles formed by anticancer drug assembly. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 25:188-91. [PMID: 25515557 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.11.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In this Letter, a new type of nitrogen mustard conjugate vesicles is developed to improve the stability and efficiency of anticancer drug. Benzoic acid nitrogen mustard-peptide (AAAK) conjugate was designed and synthesized, which was found to self-assemble into vesicles in water. The formation of the vesicles was confirmed by dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and circular dichroism (CD). The degradation data revealed that the benzoic acid nitrogen mustard peptide (AAAK) conjugate vesicles are more stable than the parent drug in aqueous solution. Furthermore, MTT assay revealed that the free drug conjugate has similar antitumor activity against MCF-7, Hela, HepG-2 cell lines compared with the parent drug. The benzoic acid nitrogen mustard-peptide conjugate vesicles may have potential in the treatment of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Shuo Fang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yemin Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Xinsong Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
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20
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Nazar MF, Mukhtar F, Chaudry S, Ashfaq M, Mehmood S, Asif A, Rana UA. Biophysical probing of antibacterial Gemifloxacin assimilated in surfactant mediated molecular assemblies. J Mol Liq 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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21
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Hu L, Zhang A, Liu K, Lei S, Ou G, Cheng X. A facile method to prepare composite and porous polyphosphazene membranes and investigation of their properties. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra05612d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphosphazene/SiO2 composite membranes and porous polyphosphazene membranes were prepared and their properties were studied in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Hu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- South-central University for Nationalities
- Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Aiqing Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- South-central University for Nationalities
- Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Kai Liu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- South-central University for Nationalities
- Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Shan Lei
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- South-central University for Nationalities
- Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Guangxin Ou
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- South-central University for Nationalities
- Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Xinjian Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- South-central University for Nationalities
- Wuhan, P. R. China
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22
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Gómez-Bombarelli R, González-Pérez M, Calle E, Casado J. Potential of the NBP Method for the Study of Alkylation Mechanisms: NBP as a DNA-Model. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 25:1176-91. [DOI: 10.1021/tx300065v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Gómez-Bombarelli
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de
Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, Plaza de los Caídos, 1-5, E-37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Marina González-Pérez
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de
Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, Plaza de los Caídos, 1-5, E-37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Emilio Calle
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de
Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, Plaza de los Caídos, 1-5, E-37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Julio Casado
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de
Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, Plaza de los Caídos, 1-5, E-37008 Salamanca, Spain
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23
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Scutaru AM, Wenzel M, Gust R. Bivalent bendamustine and melphalan derivatives as anticancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:1604-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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24
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Quaternary ammonium-melphalan conjugate for anticancer therapy of chondrosarcoma: in vitro and in vivo preclinical studies. Invest New Drugs 2011; 30:1782-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s10637-011-9663-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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25
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Scutaru AM, Wenzel M, Scheffler H, Wolber G, Gust R. Optimization of the N-Lost Drugs Melphalan and Bendamustine: Synthesis and Cytotoxicity of a New Set of Dendrimer−Drug Conjugates as Tumor Therapeutic Agents. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:1728-43. [DOI: 10.1021/bc900453f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Scutaru
- Institute für Pharmazie, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin Luise Str. 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany, and Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 52, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Maxi Wenzel
- Institute für Pharmazie, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin Luise Str. 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany, and Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 52, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Heike Scheffler
- Institute für Pharmazie, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin Luise Str. 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany, and Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 52, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gerhard Wolber
- Institute für Pharmazie, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin Luise Str. 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany, and Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 52, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ronald Gust
- Institute für Pharmazie, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin Luise Str. 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany, and Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 52, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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26
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Comparative analysis of DNA alkylation by conjugates between pyrrole–imidazole hairpin polyamides and chlorambucil or seco-CBI. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:1236-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Revised: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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27
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He Q, Shi J, Chen F, Zhu M, Zhang L. An anticancer drug delivery system based on surfactant-templated mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Biomaterials 2010; 31:3335-46. [PMID: 20106517 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Three types of surfactant-templated mesoporous silica nanoparticles (Surf@MSNs) of 150-660 nm in diameter were developed as anticancer drug delivery systems. The Surf@MSNs exhibit the high drug (surfactant) loading capacities, the sustained drug (surfactant) release profiles and the high and long-term anticancer efficacy. The effects of the Surf@MSNs concentration, the type of the contained surfactants and the incubation time on the cytotoxicity and proliferative activity of MCF-7 cells were evaluated. A common anticancer drug CPT-11 was also loaded into surfactant-free MSNs (CPT@MSNs) and used as a reference for estimating the anticancer efficacies of Surf@MSNs. Surfactant-extracted MSNs exhibited neglectable cytotoxicity to MCF-7 cell, and free surfactants exhibited higher cytotoxicity than free CPT-11 at the same concentration. The endocytosis enhanced the drug uptake by MCF-7 cells and the anticancer efficacies of Surf@MSNs and CPT@MSNs, and more surfactants would be released in a longer term, which led to the more significant enhancement of the cytotoxicity, than CPT-11 with the process of incubation. Among the investigated Surf@MSNs, CTAB-contained MSNs (CTAB@MSNs) show remarkably higher long-term anticancer efficacy than CPT-11-loaded surfactant-free MSNs (CPT@MSNs), even at very low concentrations of 2-15 microg mL(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianjun He
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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28
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Vidal A, Chezal JM, Mounetou E. New quaternary ammonium oxicam derivatives: synthesis and in vitro antiosteoarthritis evaluation. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:405-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2009.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Revised: 08/03/2009] [Accepted: 09/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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29
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Ito E, Yip KW, Katz D, Fonseca SB, Hedley DW, Chow S, Xu GW, Wood TE, Bastianutto C, Schimmer AD, Kelley SO, Liu FF. Potential Use of Cetrimonium Bromide as an Apoptosis-Promoting Anticancer Agent for Head and Neck Cancer. Mol Pharmacol 2009; 76:969-83. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.109.055277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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30
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Larsen C, Ostergaard J, Larsen SW, Jensen H, Jacobsen S, Lindegaard C, Andersen PH. Intra-articular depot formulation principles: role in the management of postoperative pain and arthritic disorders. J Pharm Sci 2009; 97:4622-54. [PMID: 18306275 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The joint cavity constitutes a discrete anatomical compartment that allows for local drug action after intra-articular injection. Drug delivery systems providing local prolonged drug action are warranted in the management of postoperative pain and not least arthritic disorders such as osteoarthritis. The present review surveys various themes related to the accomplishment of the correct timing of the events leading to optimal drug action in the joint space over a desired time period. This includes a brief account on (patho)physiological conditions and novel potential drug targets (and their location within the synovial space). Particular emphasis is paid to (i) the potential feasibility of various depot formulation principles for the intra-articular route of administration including their manufacture, drug release characteristics and in vivo fate, and (ii) how release, mass transfer and equilibrium processes may affect the intra-articular residence time and concentration of the active species at the ultimate receptor site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Larsen
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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31
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Vidal A, Sabatini M, Rolland-Valognes G, Renard P, Madelmont JC, Mounetou E. Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of targeted tetracycline derivatives: Effects on inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:2368-74. [PMID: 17267227 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2006] [Revised: 12/22/2006] [Accepted: 01/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Among other non-antibiotic properties, tetracyclines inhibit matrix metalloproteinases and are currently under study for the treatment of osteoarthritis. Quaternary ammonium conjugates of tetracyclines were synthesized by direct alkylation of the amine function at the 4-position with methyl iodide. When tested in vitro, they inhibited cytokine-induced MMP expression to a lesser extent than parent tetracyclines. This was compensated by an improved inhibition of MMP catalytic activity. Since inhibition of collagen degradation was maintained these derivatives could be potent drug candidates for cartilage-targeted chondroprotective treatment.
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32
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Sun Q, Li RT, Guo W, Cui JR, Cheng TM, Ge ZM. Novel class of cyclophosphamide prodrug: Cyclophosphamide spiropiperaziniums (CPSP). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:3727-30. [PMID: 16682187 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2006] [Revised: 04/17/2006] [Accepted: 04/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel class of cyclophosphamide spiropiperaziniums was synthesized and evaluated for their in vivo anti-cancer activities against S180 and H22. Most of them exhibited definite activities. Especially, compounds 8b and 8k showed good anti-cancer activities, meanwhile, 8k also showed much lower toxicity than CP. Several interesting structure-activity relationships were revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Peking University, Beijing 100083, PR China
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33
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Wolf M, Bauder-Wüst U, Mohammed A, Schönsiegel F, Mier W, Haberkorn U, Eisenhut M. Alkylating benzamides with melanoma cytotoxicity. Melanoma Res 2004; 14:353-60. [PMID: 15457090 DOI: 10.1097/00008390-200410000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Radioiodinated N-(2-(diethylamino)ethyl)benzamides have recently been discovered as selective agents for melanotic melanoma and are used for scintigraphic imaging in nuclear medicine. Owing to the high binding capacity, benzamide derivatives conjugated with alkylating cytostatics were synthesized and tested for their potential for targeted drug delivery. Conjugates of chlorambucil with procainamide (1), diethylaminoethylamine (2) and 2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-ethylamine (3), as well as 4-(bis(2-chloroethyl)amino)- (6,7) and 4-(N,N-diethyltriazeno)-substituted (8-10) benzamides, were synthesized. Cell uptake studies with B16 melanoma cells revealed high uptake of radioiodinated 1 and 2, while radiolabelled chlorambucil was found to lack this characteristic. These results were confirmed by biodistribution studies in a mouse melanoma model. Viability measurements revealed that all chlorambucil-benzamide derivatives showed higher toxicity against B16 melanoma and SK-MEL-28 cells than did the parent chlorambucil itself, and that the triazene derivatives were more potent than dacarbazine, which is currently used as a standard cytostatic drug in melanoma therapy. Of all the compounds tested in this series, the triazenes 9 and 10 showed the most promising targeting effect. The toxicity of these compounds against hepatoma cells (MH3924A) and, to a lesser extent, against mouse fibroblast (NIH 3T3) and cervix carcinoma (HeLa) cells was also enhanced, but they were not as toxic as dacarbazine (HeLa). These findings support the concept of a selective, benzamide-mediated in vivo delivery of cytostatics in melanoma cells, leading to enhanced efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Wolf
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Centre Heidelberg and Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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34
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Rapp M, Giraud I, Maurizis JC, Madelmont JC. Synthesis and pharmacokinetic profile of a quaternary ammonium derivative of chlorambucil, a potential anticancer drug for the chemotherapy of chondrosarcoma. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:5007-12. [PMID: 14604663 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2003.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
As a part of our targeting program based on the affinity of the quaternary ammonium moiety for cartilage, our objective was to develop more selective anticancer drugs towards chondrosarcoma that would concentrate in this malignant cartilaginous tissue and so improve the therapeutic index through a reduction of side effects. For this purpose we have synthesized and labeled with 14C a quaternary ammonium (QA) derivative of chlorambucil. Biological studies performed in rats showed that [14C]-CQA and [14C]-chlorambucil exhibited different pharmacokinetic profiles. The blood elimination of [14C]-CQA was faster than that of parent compound. [14C]-CQA was principally excreted by the fecal way. However, until 15 min after administration, levels of radioactivity were measured in cartilaginous tissues of rats given [14C]-CQA which was not the case for the rats which had received [14C]-chlorambucil. Although rates of radioactivity were quantified only during 15 min, these results prove that the functionalization of chlorambucil by a quaternary ammonium group allows the molecule to be carried selectively to cartilaginous tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryse Rapp
- INSERM UMR 484, Rue Montalembert, BP 184, 63005 Clermont-Ferrand, Cedex, France.
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35
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Vijayaraghavan S, Jing B, Vrablik T, Chou TC, Regen SL. Enhanced hydrolytic stability and water solubility of an aromatic nitrogen mustard by conjugation with molecular umbrellas. Bioconjug Chem 2003; 14:667-71. [PMID: 12757393 DOI: 10.1021/bc034007s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chlorambucil, an aromatic nitrogen mustard, has been conjugated to putrescine- and spermidine-based scaffolds bearing one, two, and four persulfated cholic acid units. Those conjugates bearing two or four sterols show improved hydrolytic stability and water solubility relative to chlorambucil. A similar conjugate that contained only one sterol unit shows negligible improvement in hydrolytic stability but a significant increase in water solubility. Qualitatively, the hydrolytic stability within this series of conjugates parallels the shielding effects that have previously been found for related conjugates bearing a pendant, hydrophobic fluorescent probe. In vitro studies indicate that these conjugates possess modest to moderate activity against certain human lymphoblastic leukemia and human colon carcinoma cells.
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