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Masand VH, Al-Hussain S, Alzahrani AY, Al-Mutairi AA, Sultan Alqahtani A, Samad A, Alafeefy AM, Jawarkar RD, Zaki MEA. Unveiling dynamics of nitrogen content and selected nitrogen heterocycles in thrombin inhibitors: a ceteris paribus approach. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2024; 19:991-1009. [PMID: 38898679 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2024.2368743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the progress in comprehending molecular design principles and biochemical processes associated with thrombin inhibition, there is a crucial need to optimize efforts and curtail the recurrence of synthesis-testing cycles. Nitrogen and N-heterocycles are key features of many anti-thrombin drugs. Hence, a pragmatic analysis of nitrogen and N-heterocycles in thrombin inhibitors is important throughout the drug discovery pipeline. In the present work, the authors present an analysis with a specific focus on understanding the occurrence and distribution of nitrogen and selected N-heterocycles in the realm of thrombin inhibitors. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A dataset comprising 4359 thrombin inhibitors is used to scrutinize various categories of nitrogen atoms such as ring, non-ring, aromatic, and non-aromatic. In addition, selected aromatic and aliphatic N-heterocycles have been analyzed. RESULTS The analysis indicates that ~62% of thrombin inhibitors possess five or fewer nitrogen atoms. Substituted N-heterocycles have a high occurrence, like pyrrolidine (23.24%), pyridine (20.56%), piperidine (16.10%), thiazole (9.61%), imidazole (7.36%), etc. in thrombin inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS The majority of active thrombin inhibitors contain nitrogen atoms close to 5 and a combination of N-heterocycles like pyrrolidine, pyridine, piperidine, etc. This analysis provides crucial insights to optimize the transformation of lead compounds into potential anti-thrombin inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay H Masand
- Department of Chemistry, Vidya Bharati Mahavidyalaya, Amravati, India
| | - Sami Al-Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Y Alzahrani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, King Khalid University, Mohail Asser, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aamal A Al-Mutairi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arwa Sultan Alqahtani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Samad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Ahmed M Alafeefy
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA [UiTM], Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rahul D Jawarkar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Dr Rajendra Gode Institute of Pharmacy, Amravati, India
| | - Magdi E A Zaki
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Peptidomimetic inhibitors of TMPRSS2 block SARS-CoV-2 infection in cell culture. Commun Biol 2022; 5:681. [PMID: 35804152 PMCID: PMC9270327 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03613-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) primes the SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) protein for host cell entry and represents a promising target for COVID-19 therapy. Here we describe the in silico development and in vitro characterization of peptidomimetic TMPRSS2 inhibitors. Molecular docking studies identified peptidomimetic binders of the TMPRSS2 catalytic site, which were synthesized and coupled to an electrophilic serine trap. The compounds inhibit TMPRSS2 while demonstrating good off-target selectivity against selected coagulation proteases. Lead candidates are stable in blood serum and plasma for at least ten days. Finally, we show that selected peptidomimetics inhibit SARS-CoV-2 Spike-driven pseudovirus entry and authentic SARS-CoV-2 infection with comparable efficacy as camostat mesylate. The peptidomimetic TMPRSS2 inhibitors also prevent entry of recent SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern Delta and Omicron BA.1. In sum, our study reports antivirally active and stable TMPRSS2 inhibitors with prospects for further preclinical and clinical development as antiviral agents against SARS-CoV-2 and other TMPRSS2-dependent viruses. This study describes the development and characterization of peptidomimetic inhibitors of TMPRSS2, which primes the Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. The inhibitors are shown to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection in cells as efficiently as camostat mesylate.
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3
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Zhao F, Ai HJ, Wu XF. Copper-Catalyzed Substrate-Controlled Carbonylative Synthesis of α-Keto Amides and Amides from Alkyl Halides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200062. [PMID: 35175679 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Controllable production of α-keto amides and amides from the same substrates is an attractive goal in the field of transition-metal-catalyzed (double-)carbonylation. Herein, a novel copper-catalyzed highly selective double carbonylation of alkyl bromides has been developed. Moderate to good yields of α-keto amides were obtained as the only products. In the case of alkyl iodides, double- and mono-carbonylation can be achieved controllably under different conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqian Zhao
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Han-Jun Ai
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Xiao-Feng Wu
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany.,Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 116023, Dalian, Liaoning, China
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4
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Zhao F, Ai H, Wu X. Copper‐Catalyzed Substrate‐Controlled Carbonylative Synthesis of α‐Keto Amides and Amides from Alkyl Halides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202200062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fengqian Zhao
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Han‐Jun Ai
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Xiao‐Feng Wu
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences 116023 Dalian Liaoning China
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5
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Pitti V, Sarma Vangala M, Chidara S, Mogili P. Ligand-free Zn-catalyzed double carbonylation of aryl iodides with secondary amines: A simple and efficient approach to access α-ketoamides. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2021.2012805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vimala Pitti
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Aragen Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd. (Formerly known as GVK Biosciences Pvt. Ltd.), IDA, Hyderabad, India
- Department of Engineering Chemistry, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India
| | - Markandeya Sarma Vangala
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Aragen Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd. (Formerly known as GVK Biosciences Pvt. Ltd.), IDA, Hyderabad, India
- Department of Engineering Chemistry, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India
| | - Sridhar Chidara
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Aragen Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd. (Formerly known as GVK Biosciences Pvt. Ltd.), IDA, Hyderabad, India
| | - Padma Mogili
- Department of Engineering Chemistry, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India
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6
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Potassium Iodide/ Tert
-Butyl Hydroperoxide Mediated Sequential Oxidative Amidation of Ethylarenes - A Direct Approach to α-Ketoamides and Amides. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201803936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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7
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Water dispersed gold nanoparticles catalyzed aerobic oxidative cross-dehydrogenative coupling: An efficient synthesis of α-ketoamides in water. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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8
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Hernández D, Boto A, Guzmán D, Alvarez E. Metal-free, direct conversion of α-amino acids into α-keto γ-amino esters for the synthesis of α,γ-peptides. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:7736-7742. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02033c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
An efficient, metal-free synthesis of unusual α-keto γ-amino esters from α-amino acids is achieved by a radical scission–oxidation–addition of silyloxy acrylates procedure, where no purification of the reaction intermediates is needed. The process allows the synthesis of α,γ-peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Hernández
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología del CSIC
- 38206-La Laguna
- Spain
| | - A. Boto
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología del CSIC
- 38206-La Laguna
- Spain
| | - D. Guzmán
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología del CSIC
- 38206-La Laguna
- Spain
| | - E. Alvarez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (CSIC-USe)
- Isla de la Cartuja
- 41092-Sevilla
- Spain
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9
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Furukawa K, Inada H, Shibuya M, Yamamoto Y. Chemoselective Conversion from α-Hydroxy Acids to α-Keto Acids Enabled by Nitroxyl-Radical-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation. Org Lett 2016; 18:4230-3. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b01964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Furukawa
- Department of Basic Medicinal
Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Haruki Inada
- Department of Basic Medicinal
Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Shibuya
- Department of Basic Medicinal
Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Yamamoto
- Department of Basic Medicinal
Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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10
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De Risi C, Pollini GP, Zanirato V. Recent Developments in General Methodologies for the Synthesis of α-Ketoamides. Chem Rev 2016; 116:3241-305. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carmela De Risi
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gian Piero Pollini
- Istituto Universitario
di Studi Superiori “IUSS−Ferrara 1391”, Via delle Scienze 41/b, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Vinicio Zanirato
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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11
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Chen JC, Uang BJ, Lyu PC, Chang JY, Liu KJ, Kuo CC, Hsieh HP, Wang HC, Cheng CS, Chang YH, Chang MDT, Chang WSW, Lin CC. Design and synthesis of alpha-ketoamides as cathepsin S inhibitors with potential applications against tumor invasion and angiogenesis. J Med Chem 2010; 53:4545-9. [PMID: 20481438 DOI: 10.1021/jm100089e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of small molecules bearing an alpha-ketoamide warhead were synthesized and evaluated for their ability to inhibit cathepsin S, a key proteolytic enzyme upregulated in many cancers during tumor progression and metastasis. Most of the synthetic compounds were noncytotoxic, but several robustly inhibited cathepsin S (IC(50) < 10 nM) and potently suppressed cell migration, invasion, and capillary tube formation. These results highlight the potential of alpha-ketoamide therapy for preventing or delaying cancer spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo-Chun Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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12
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Flores MA, Bode JW. Chemoselective protection of alpha-ketoacids by direct annulations with oximes. Org Lett 2010; 12:1924-7. [PMID: 20356071 DOI: 10.1021/ol100467t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Oximes and alpha-ketoacids undergo an unexpectedly facile and chemoselective annulation to afford 2,5-dihydrooxazole 3-oxides. The resulting cyclic nitrones serve as chemically and configurationally stable masked alpha-ketoacids that can be easily elaborated and manipulated. Deprotection is achieved by mild reduction with zinc metal and hydrolysis. This methodology allows for the protection, elaboration, and deprotection of enantiopure peptide derived alpha-ketoacids, which are the key starting materials for the chemoselective ketoacid-hydroxylamine peptide ligation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Flores
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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13
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Seierstad M, Breitenbucher JG. Discovery and development of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitors. J Med Chem 2009; 51:7327-43. [PMID: 18983142 DOI: 10.1021/jm800311k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Seierstad
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, USA
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14
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Berłożecki S, Szymański W, Ostaszewski R. Application of Isocyanides Derived from α-Amino Acids as Substrates for the Ugi Reaction. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/00397910802222787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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15
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Singh V, Pathak R, Batra S. Significant yield improvement in the stereoselective synthesis of allyl cyanides from Baylis–Hillman derivatives in aqueous medium under the influence of the phase-transfer catalyst. CATAL COMMUN 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2007.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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16
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Enders D, Bonten MH, Raabe G. Asymmetric Nucleophilic Glyoxylation through a Metalated α-Aminonitrile Derivative in Michael Additions to Nitroalkenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:2314-6. [PMID: 17300124 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200604802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Enders
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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17
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Enders D, Bonten M, Raabe G. Asymmetrische nucleophile Glyoxylierung durch metallierte α-Aminonitril-Derivate in Michael-Additionen an Nitroalkene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200604802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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18
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Kranjc A, Masic LP, Reven S, Mikic K, Prezelj A, Stegnar M, Kikelj D. Novel pyrazinone and pyridinone thrombin inhibitors incorporating weakly basic heterobicyclic P1-arginine mimetics. Eur J Med Chem 2005; 40:782-91. [PMID: 15890436 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2005.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2004] [Revised: 03/07/2005] [Accepted: 03/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The design, synthesis and biological activity of new thrombin inhibitors with a pyridinone or pyrazinone core and different heterobicyclic P(1) arginine side-chain mimetics are described. The arginine side-chain mimetics used in this study are (+/-)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-2H-indazol-5-ylmethanamine and both enantiomers thereof, (+/-)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazole-2,6-diamine and the corresponding R enantiomer. Compound 25, the most potent in the series of pyrazinone inhibitors, exhibited a K(i) of 41 nM in vitro and high selectivity against trypsin and factor Xa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreja Kranjc
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Askerceva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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19
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de Kort M, Buijsman RC, van Boeckel CAA. Synthetic heparin derivatives as new anticoagulant drugs. Drug Discov Today 2005; 10:769-79. [PMID: 15922935 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6446(05)03457-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The journey towards a detailed mechanistic understanding of the anticoagulant action of heparin has resulted in synthetic mimetics with improved pharmacodynamic profiles. Inspired by the ternary complex formation of heparin with antithrombin III and thrombin, the active pentasaccharide fondaparinux has been succeeded by several clinical candidates, such as SR123781, that have tailor-made factor Xa and thrombin inhibitory activities combined with less aspecific binding (e.g. binding to platelet factor 4 involved in thrombocytopenia). Novel compounds with both antithrombin III-mediated inhibition of factor Xa and direct thrombin inhibition are emerging. Org42675 is one such compound, balancing dual inhibition of factor Xa and thrombin in one anticoagulant drug, with excellent pharmacokinetic properties and strong inhibitory activity toward clot-bound thrombin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin de Kort
- NV Organon, Molenstraat 110, 5340 BH, Oss, The Netherlands.
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20
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Catalano JG, Deaton DN, Long ST, McFadyen RB, Miller LR, Payne JA, Wells-Knecht KJ, Wright LL. Design of small molecule ketoamide-based inhibitors of cathepsin K. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:719-22. [PMID: 14741275 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of ketoamide-based inhibitors of cathepsin K has been identified. Modifications to P(2) and P(3) elements were crucial to enhancing inhibitory activity. Although not optimized, a selected inhibitor was effective in attenuating type I collagen hydrolysis in a surrogate assay of bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Catalano
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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21
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Deaton DN, Kumar S. Cathepsin K Inhibitors: Their Potential as Anti-Osteoporosis Agents. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2004; 42:245-375. [PMID: 15003723 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(04)42006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David N Deaton
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, GlaxoSmithKline Inc., 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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22
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Rittle KE, Barrow JC, Cutrona KJ, Glass KL, Krueger JA, Kuo LC, Lewis SD, Lucas BJ, McMasters DR, Morrissette MM, Nantermet PG, Newton CL, Sanders WM, Yan Y, Vacca JP, Selnick HG. Unexpected enhancement of thrombin inhibitor potency with o -aminoalkylbenzylamides in the P1 position. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:3477-82. [PMID: 14505652 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00732-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Thrombin inhibitors incorporating o-aminoalkylbenzylamides in the P1 position were designed, synthesized and found to have enhanced potency and selectivity in several different structural classes. X-ray crystallographic analysis of compound 24 bound in the alpha-thrombin-hirugen complex provides an explanation for these unanticipated results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth E Rittle
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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23
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Abstract
Venous and arterial thromboembolism are a major cause for morbidity and mortality. The list of established drugs for the prevention of thrombus formation and embolisation includes heparins, hirudin and derivatives, aspirin, ADP and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists, as well as vitamin K antagonists. Several limitations exist for these drugs that have stimulated the search for new and better anticoagulants. A series of selective clotting factor Xa inhibitors and direct factor IIa (thrombin) inhibitors are on the horizon, two of which are getting close to broad clinical application. Additional therapeutics that are still under preclinical and clinical investigation include inhibitors of the tissue factor pathway/factor VII complex, clotting factor VIII and XIII inhibitors and modulators of the protein C pathway or of endogenous fibrinolysis, as well as novel antiplatelet drugs. This review is focused on the current status of development of novel antithrombotics and their clinical potential. Even though only a few of a broad array of antithrombotic agents have reached clinical testing, some hold the potential for significant improvement in efficacy and safety of anticoagulant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Ruef
- Division of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Bergheimer Str. 58, D-69115 Heidelberg, Germany.
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