1
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Renzi G, Carta F, Supuran CT. The Integrase: An Overview of a Key Player Enzyme in the Antiviral Scenario. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12187. [PMID: 37569561 PMCID: PMC10419282 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Integration of a desossiribonucleic acid (DNA) copy of the viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) into host genomes is a fundamental step in the replication cycle of all retroviruses. The highly conserved virus-encoded Integrase enzyme (IN; EC 2.7.7.49) catalyzes such a process by means of two consecutive reactions named 3'-processing (3-P) and strand transfer (ST). The Authors report and discuss the major discoveries and advances which mainly contributed to the development of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) -IN targeted inhibitors for therapeutic applications. All the knowledge accumulated over the years continues to serve as a valuable resource for the design and development of effective antiretroviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabrizio Carta
- Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino (NEUROFARBA) Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy; (G.R.); (C.T.S.)
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2
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Xu Z, Zeng J, Cai M. An MCM-41-immobilized dichloro(pyridine-2-carboxylato)gold(III) complex: an efficient and recyclable catalyst for the annulation of anthranils and ynamides. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:806-817. [PMID: 36594393 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03733e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A new mesoporous MCM-41-immobilized dichloro(pyridine-2-carboxylato)gold(III) complex [MCM-41-PicAuCl2] was synthesized via an addition reaction of a dichloro(3-hydroxypyridine-2-carboxylato)gold(III) complex to triethoxy(3-isocyanatopropyl)silane, followed by immobilization on MCM-41 and was characterized by different physico-chemical techniques. In the presence of 5 mol% of MCM-41-PicAuCl2, the annulation reaction between anthranils and ynamides proceeded smoothly under mild conditions to afford diverse 6- or 5-formylindoles with high atom economy and good to excellent yields. This new heterogenized gold(III) complex can be easily recovered through a simple filtration process and recycled more than seven times without any apparent loss of its catalytic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Xu
- Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education and College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, P. R. China.
| | - Jiajun Zeng
- Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education and College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, P. R. China.
| | - Mingzhong Cai
- Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education and College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, P. R. China.
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3
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Stalinskaya AL, Martynenko NV, Alkhimova LE, Dilbaryan DS, Vasilchenko AS, Dengis NA, Vlasenko VS, Kulakov IV. Synthesis and bacteriostatic properties of epoxybenzooxocino[4,3-b]pyridine derivatives. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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4
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Li Q, Gu X, Wei Y, Shi M. Visible-light-induced indole synthesis via intramolecular C-N bond formation: desulfonylative C(sp 2)-H functionalization. Chem Sci 2022; 13:11623-11632. [PMID: 36320397 PMCID: PMC9555724 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02822k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 08/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite significant advances made on the synthesis of indole derivatives through photochemical strategies during the past several years, the requirement of equivalent amounts of oxidants, bases or other additional additives has limited their practical applications in the synthesis of natural products and pharmaceuticals as environment-friendly processes. Herein, we report LED visible-light-induced redox neutral desulfonylative C(sp2)-H functionalization for the synthesis of N-substituted indoles with a broad scope through γ-fragmentation under mild conditions in the absence of any additional additive. The reaction mechanism paradigm has been investigated on the basis of deuterium labeling experiments, kinetic analysis, Hammett plotting analysis and DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanzhe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Xintao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Yin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Min Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
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5
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Sawant AA, Jadav SS, Nayani K, Mainkar PS. Development of Synthetic Approaches Towards HIV Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors (INSTIs). ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Amol Sawant
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
| | - Surender Singh Jadav
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
- Department of Applied Biology CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Tarnaka Uppal Road Hyderabad 500037 India
| | - Kiranmai Nayani
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Tarnaka Uppal Road Hyderabad 500037 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
| | - Prathama S. Mainkar
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Tarnaka Uppal Road Hyderabad 500037 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
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6
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Ibrar A, Zaib S, Hökelek T, Simpson J, McAdam CJ, El Azab IH, Mersal GA, Ibrahim MM, Frontera A, Khan I. Investigation of solid state architectures in tetrazolyl tryptophol stabilized by crucial aromatic interactions and hydrogen bonding: Experimental and theoretical analysis. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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Stalinskaya AL, Martynenko NV, Shulgau ZT, Shustov AV, Keyer VV, Kulakov IV. Synthesis and Antiviral Properties against SARS-CoV-2 of Epoxybenzooxocino[4,3- b]Pyridine Derivatives. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27123701. [PMID: 35744830 PMCID: PMC9230803 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is ongoing as of mid-2022 and requires the development of new therapeutic drugs, because the existing clinically approved drugs are limited. In this work, seven derivatives of epoxybenzooxocinopyridine were synthesized and tested for the ability to inhibit the replication of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in cell cultures. Among the described compounds, six were not able to suppress the SARS-CoV-2 virus’ replication. One compound, which is a derivative of epoxybenzooxocinopyridine with an attached side group of 3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-one, demonstrated antiviral activity comparable to that of one pharmaceutical drug. The described compound is a prospective lead substance, because the half-maximal effective concentration is 2.23 μg/μL, which is within a pharmacologically achievable range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena L. Stalinskaya
- Institute of Chemistry, Tyumen State University, 15a Perekopskaya St., 625003 Tyumen, Russia; (A.L.S.); (N.V.M.)
| | - Nadezhda V. Martynenko
- Institute of Chemistry, Tyumen State University, 15a Perekopskaya St., 625003 Tyumen, Russia; (A.L.S.); (N.V.M.)
| | - Zarina T. Shulgau
- National Center for Biotechnology, 13/5 Kurgalzhynskoe road, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan; (Z.T.S.); (A.V.S.); (V.V.K.)
| | - Alexandr V. Shustov
- National Center for Biotechnology, 13/5 Kurgalzhynskoe road, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan; (Z.T.S.); (A.V.S.); (V.V.K.)
| | - Viktoriya V. Keyer
- National Center for Biotechnology, 13/5 Kurgalzhynskoe road, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan; (Z.T.S.); (A.V.S.); (V.V.K.)
| | - Ivan V. Kulakov
- Institute of Chemistry, Tyumen State University, 15a Perekopskaya St., 625003 Tyumen, Russia; (A.L.S.); (N.V.M.)
- National Center for Biotechnology, 13/5 Kurgalzhynskoe road, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan; (Z.T.S.); (A.V.S.); (V.V.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-912-0775957
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8
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Fabrication, characterization and structure activity relationship of Co and Mn encapsulated on magnetic nanocomposite and its application in one-pot tandem synthesis of various tetrazoles and vitamin K3. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-022-02099-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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9
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Uncommon Terpenoids from Salvia Species: Chemistry, Biosynthesis and Biological Activities. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27031128. [PMID: 35164392 PMCID: PMC8838292 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27031128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The search for new bioactive compounds from plant sources has been and continues to be one of the most important fields of research in drug discovery. However, Natural Products research has continuously evolved, and more and more has gained a multidisciplinary character. Despite new developments of methodologies and concepts, one intriguing aspect still persists, i.e., different species belonging to the same genus can produce different secondary metabolites, whereas taxonomically different genera can produce the same compounds. The genus Salvia L. (Family Lamiaceae) comprises myriad distinct medicinal herbs used in traditional medicine worldwide that show different pharmacological activities due to the presence of a variety of interesting specialized metabolites, including mono-, sesqui-, di-, sester-, tri-, tetra-, and higher terpenoids as well as phenylpropanoids, phenolic acid derivatives, lignans, flavonoids, and alkaloids. We herein summarize the research progress on some uncommon terpenoids, isolated from members of the genus Salvia, which are well recognized for their potential pharmacological activities. This review also provides a current knowledge on the biosynthesis and occurrence of some interesting phytochemicals from Salvia species, viz. C23-terpenoids, sesterterpenoids (C25), dammarane triterpenoids (C30), and uncommon triterpenoids (C20+C10). The study was carried out by searching various scientific databases, including Elsevier, ACS publications, Taylor and Francis, Wiley Online Library, MDPI, Springer, Thieme, and ProQuest. Therefore, 106 uncommon terpenoids were identified and summarized. Some of these compounds possessed a variety of pharmacological properties, such as antibacterial, antiviral, antiparasitic, cytotoxic and tubulin tyrosine ligase inhibitory activities. Due to the lack of pharmacological information for the presented compounds gathered from previous studies, biological investigation of these compounds should be reinvestigated.
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10
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Synthetic approaches for BF2-containing adducts of outstanding biological potential. A review. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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11
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Li C, Qi ZC, Li JY, Yang SD. Heck Reaction Boosted Heterocycle Ring-Closing and Ring-Opening Rearrangement: A Strategy for the Synthesis of Indolyl-Type Ligands. J Org Chem 2021; 86:16977-16991. [PMID: 34792365 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A novel method for P-involved heterocycle ring-closing-ring-opening rearrangement (HRR) via the Heck reaction is disclosed. The approach enables direct installation of a phosphorus-containing aryl group onto the C2 position of indole. This new rearrangement directly transforms easily prepared indole derivatives into indolyl-derived phosphonates and phosphinic acids with high yields, and many of the products are difficult to obtain by using established methods. This new HRR reaction provides an extremely simple and step-economic method to induce C-C bond formation and P-N bond cleavage for the synthesis of a variety of indolyl-type ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Chao Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Shang-Dong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
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12
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Khan KM, Fatima I, Perveen S, Saad SM. Rapid Cesium Fluoride Catalyzed Synthesis of 5-Aryloxy-1-phenyl-1Htetrazoles via Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution. LETT ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1570178617999200728211046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
A nucleophilic aromatic substitution via a new and facile cesium fluoride catalyzed synthetic
approach to get 5-aryloxy-1-phenyl-1H-tetrazoles was developed. Dual usage of cesium fluoride as a
nucleophilic catalyst as well as an electrophilic catalyst afforded the desired products at room temperature
in a short reaction time without purification in high yields. This simple but useful reaction may be
a rapid and reliable strategy for the synthesis of tetrazolyl ethers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Mohammed Khan
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270,Pakistan
| | - Itrat Fatima
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270,Pakistan
| | - Shahnaz Perveen
- PCSIR Laboratories Complex, Karachi, Shahrah-e-Dr. Salimuzzaman Siddiqui, Karachi-75280,Pakistan
| | - Syed Muhammad Saad
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270,Pakistan
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13
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Talukdar R. Rapid access to 3-acyl indoles using ethyl acetate/triflic acid couple as the acylium donor and Cu(OAc) 2 catalysed aerial oxidation of indole benzoins. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:8876-8880. [PMID: 33103169 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01977a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Esters are potential acyl donors but are relatively unexplored for that purpose. A facile installation of acyl groups at the C-3 position of indoles under triflic acid catalysed conditions with easily available and cheap esters as new acylating agents is described herein. Furthermore, heterocycles like N-protected pyrrole, furan and thiophene were also suitable substrates for similar C-2 acylation. Analogous C-3 benzoylated products of indole were obtained, albeit in lower yields, by using methyl benzoate as a benzoyl donor. The benzoylated products were synthesised in much better yields via a copper(ii) catalysed aerial oxidation of indole containing benzoins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranadeep Talukdar
- Molecular Synthesis and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Centre of Biomedical Research, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow-226014, India.
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Jaiswal A, Sharma AK, Singh KN. Synthesis of 3-acylindoles via copper-mediated oxidative decarbethoxylation of ethyl arylacetates. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:1623-1628. [PMID: 32037416 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02550b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An efficient regioselective C-3 acylation of free indoles (N-H) has been accomplished via oxidative decarbethoxylation of easily available ethyl arylacetates using Cu(OAc)2 and KOtBu in DMSO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Jaiswal
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
| | - Anup Kumar Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
| | - Krishna Nand Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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15
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Zhang A, Meng T, Wang W, Liu X, Zhu Y, Liu L. Palladium‐catalyzed cyclization reaction of N‐(2‐Haloaryl)alkynylimines: Synthesis of 3‐acylindoles using water as the sole solvent and oxygen source. Appl Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- An‐An Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShangqiu Normal University Shangqiu 47600, P. R. China
| | - Tuanjie Meng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShangqiu Normal University Shangqiu 47600, P. R. China
| | - Wenli Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShangqiu Normal University Shangqiu 47600, P. R. China
| | - Xueli Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShangqiu Normal University Shangqiu 47600, P. R. China
| | - Yupei Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShangqiu Normal University Shangqiu 47600, P. R. China
| | - Lantao Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShangqiu Normal University Shangqiu 47600, P. R. China
- College of ChemistryZhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), College of ChemistryPeking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
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16
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Ajarul S, Kayet A, Pati TK, Maiti DK. A competitive and highly selective 7-, 6- and 5-annulation with 1,3-migration through C-H and N-H - alkyne coupling. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:474-477. [PMID: 31829322 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc07360d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrated a highly competitive and selective C-C and N-C cross-coupled 7-, 6- and 5-annulation utilizing 2-ethynylanilides to afford functionalized 1H-benzo[b]azepin-2(5H)-ones, 2-quinolinones, and 3-acylindoles in high yield. ZnCl2 was found to be the smart catalyst for 7- and 5-annulation with 1,3-migration through C-H and N-H functionalization, respectively, whereas molecular iodine performed the C-H functionalized 6-annulation with a nonconventional 1,3 H-shift. The mechanism was investigated by intermediate trapping, control, and labeling experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sk Ajarul
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A. P. C. Road, Kolkata-700009, India.
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17
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Cao Z, Zhao C, Zhu J, Yan S, Tian L, Sun X, Meng X. Gold‐Catalyzed Reaction of 2
H
‐Tetrazoles with Alkynes: Efficient Route to N‐Alkenylated Tetrazoles. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201902532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziping Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringQufu Normal University Qufu 273165, Shandong P. R. China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Life-Organic AnalysisKey Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine Qufu 273165, Shandong P. R. China
| | - Changyin Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringQufu Normal University Qufu 273165, Shandong P. R. China
| | - Jiekun Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringQufu Normal University Qufu 273165, Shandong P. R. China
| | - Shikun Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringQufu Normal University Qufu 273165, Shandong P. R. China
| | - Laijin Tian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringQufu Normal University Qufu 273165, Shandong P. R. China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Life-Organic AnalysisKey Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine Qufu 273165, Shandong P. R. China
| | - Xuejun Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringQufu Normal University Qufu 273165, Shandong P. R. China
| | - Xin Meng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringQufu Normal University Qufu 273165, Shandong P. R. China
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Gill MSA, Hassan SS, Ahemad N. Evolution of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and integrase dual inhibitors: Recent advances and developments. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 179:423-448. [PMID: 31265935 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
HIV infection is a major challenge to mankind and a definitive cure or a viable vaccine for HIV is still elusive. HIV-1 is constantly evolving and developing resistant against clinically used anti-HIV drugs thus posing serious hurdles in the treatment of HIV infection. This prompts the need to developed new anti-HIV drugs; preferentially adopting intelligent ways to counteract an evolving virus. Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART): a strategy involving multiple targeting through various drugs has proven beneficial in the management of AIDS. However, it is a complex regimen with high drug load, increased risk of drug interactions and adverse effects, which lead to poor patient compliance. Reverse transcriptase (RT) and Integrase (IN) are two pivotal enzymes in HIV-1 lifecycle with high structural and functional analogy to be perceived as drug-able targets for novel dual-purpose inhibitors. Designed multi-functional ligand (DML) is a modern strategy by which multiple targets can be exploited using a single chemical entity. A single chemical entity acting on multiple targets can be much more effective than a complex multi-drug regimen. The development of such multifunctional ligands is highly valued in anti-HIV drug discovery with the proposed advantage of being able to stop two or more stages of viral replication cycle. This review will encompass the evolution of the RT-IN dual inhibitory scaffolds reported so far and the contribution made by the leading research groups over the years in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shoaib Ali Gill
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (IPS), University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences (UVAS), Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Sharifah Syed Hassan
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Nafees Ahemad
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Tropical Medicine and Biology Multidisciplinary Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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19
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Purecha VH, Nandurkar NS, Bhanage BM, Nagarkar JM. Zinc Mediated Selective Acylation of Ferrocene under Solvent-Free Conditions. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.3184/030823407x234545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A simple, convenient and environmentally-friendly method for selective acylation of ferrocene to monoacylferrocene in the presence of Zn metal under solvent-free conditions is described. The protocol requires mild operating conditions, affording higher yields of desired products both with acyl chloride/carboxylic acid within a short reaction time (15–30 min).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal H. Purecha
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology (Autonomous), University of Mumbai, N. Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai – 19, India
| | - Nitin S. Nandurkar
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology (Autonomous), University of Mumbai, N. Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai – 19, India
| | - Bhalchandra M. Bhanage
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology (Autonomous), University of Mumbai, N. Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai – 19, India
| | - Jayashree M. Nagarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology (Autonomous), University of Mumbai, N. Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai – 19, India
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20
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Hu X, Yu H, Wang W, Jiang S, Liu Q, He J. Synthesis of 3-Ethanoyl/Aroylacetylindoles in Water. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc201904002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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21
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Nikitina AA, Orlov AA, Kozlovskaya LI, Palyulin VA, Osolodkin DI. Enhanced taxonomy annotation of antiviral activity data from ChEMBL. DATABASE-THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DATABASES AND CURATION 2019; 2019:5308407. [PMID: 30753475 PMCID: PMC6367519 DOI: 10.1093/database/bay139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of antiviral drugs is a rapidly developing area of medicinal chemistry research. The emergence of resistant variants and outbreaks of poorly studied viral diseases make this area constantly developing. The amount of antiviral activity data available in ChEMBL consistently grows, but virus taxonomy annotation of these data is not sufficient for thorough studies of antiviral chemical space. We developed a procedure for semi-automatic extraction of antiviral activity data from ChEMBL and mapped them to the virus taxonomy developed by the International Committee for Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). The procedure is based on the lists of virus-related values of ChEMBL annotation fields and a dictionary of virus names and acronyms mapped to ICTV taxa. Application of this data extraction procedure allows retrieving from ChEMBL 1.6 times more assays linked to 2.5 times more compounds and data points than ChEMBL web interface allows. Mapping of these data to ICTV taxa allows analyzing all the compounds tested against each viral species. Activity values and structures of the compounds were standardized, and the antiviral activity profile was created for each standard structure. Data set compiled using this algorithm was called ViralChEMBL. As case studies, we compared descriptor and scaffold distributions for the full ChEMBL and its `viral' and `non-viral' subsets, identified the most studied compounds and created a self-organizing map for ViralChEMBL. Our approach to data annotation appeared to be a very efficient tool for the study of antiviral chemical space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia A Nikitina
- FSBSI "Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS", Moscow, Russia.,Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey A Orlov
- FSBSI "Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS", Moscow, Russia.,Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Liubov I Kozlovskaya
- FSBSI "Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS", Moscow, Russia.,Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Dmitry I Osolodkin
- FSBSI "Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS", Moscow, Russia.,Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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22
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Jesumoroti OJ, Faridoon, Mnkandhla D, Isaacs M, Hoppe HC, Klein R. Evaluation of novel N'-(3-hydroxybenzoyl)-2-oxo-2 H-chromene-3-carbohydrazide derivatives as potential HIV-1 integrase inhibitors. MEDCHEMCOMM 2018; 10:80-88. [PMID: 30774857 DOI: 10.1039/c8md00328a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to identify potential new agents that are active against HIV-1 IN, a series of novel coumarin-3-carbohydrazide derivatives were designed and synthesised. The toxicity profiles of these compounds showed that they were non-toxic to human cells and they exhibited promising anti-HIV-1 IN activities with IC50 values in nM range. Also, an accompanying molecular modeling study showed that the compounds bind to the active pocket of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Faridoon
- Department of Chemistry , Rhodes University , Grahamstown , 6140 , South Africa .
| | - Dumisani Mnkandhla
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology , Rhodes University , Grahamstown , 6140 , South Africa.,Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research , Rhodes University , Grahamstown , 6140 , South Africa
| | - Michelle Isaacs
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology , Rhodes University , Grahamstown , 6140 , South Africa.,Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research , Rhodes University , Grahamstown , 6140 , South Africa
| | - Heinrich C Hoppe
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology , Rhodes University , Grahamstown , 6140 , South Africa.,Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research , Rhodes University , Grahamstown , 6140 , South Africa
| | - Rosalyn Klein
- Department of Chemistry , Rhodes University , Grahamstown , 6140 , South Africa . .,Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research , Rhodes University , Grahamstown , 6140 , South Africa
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23
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Ranjan Chakraborty R, Ghosh P. TiCl3 catalyzed one-pot protocol for the conversion of aldehydes into 5-substituted 1H-tetrazole. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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Recent advances in the discovery of small-molecule inhibitors of HIV-1 integrase. Future Sci OA 2018; 4:FSO338. [PMID: 30416746 PMCID: PMC6222271 DOI: 10.4155/fsoa-2018-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIDS caused by the infection of HIV is a prevalent problem today. Rapid development of drug resistance to existing drug classes has called for the discovery of new targets. Within the three major enzymes (i.e., HIV-1 protease, HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and HIV-1 integrase [IN]) of the viral replication cycle, HIV-1 IN has been of particular interest due to the absence of human cellular homolog. HIV-1 IN catalyzes the integration of viral genetic material with the host genome, a key step in the viral replication process. Several novel classes of HIV IN inhibitors have been explored by targeting different sites on the enzyme. This review strives to provide readers with updates on the recent developments of HIV-1 IN inhibitors. AIDS is an epidemic disease that endangers the lives of millions of people across the world. The AIDS virus, also known as HIV, has developed resistance to the majority of available drugs on the market, thus requiring the need for new drugs. HIV integrase is one of the key viral enzymes required for viral cell proliferation. Since there is no similar enzyme in the human body, major emphasis is being made to develop therapeutics for this novel target. The drugs that are at various stages of development for this target are reviewed here.
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25
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Hassan HMA. A Short and Efficient Total Synthesis of Ficuseptamines A and B. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23081865. [PMID: 30050011 PMCID: PMC6222897 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23081865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A rapid and efficient total synthesis of ficuseptamines A and B by a cross metathesis strategy is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani Mutlak A Hassan
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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26
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McGivern T, Afsharpour S, Marmion C. Copper complexes as artificial DNA metallonucleases: From Sigman’s reagent to next generation anti-cancer agent? Inorganica Chim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2017.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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27
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Li LH, Niu ZJ, Liang YM. New Friedel–Crafts strategy for preparing 3-acylindoles. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:7792-7796. [PMID: 30325392 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02094a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new Friedel–Crafts acylation generates diverse high-biological value 3-acylindoles, and forms a new C–C bond under transition-metal-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Jie Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
| | - Yong-Min Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
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28
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Wang Z, Yin Z, Wu XF. 3-Acylindoles Synthesis: Ruthenium-Catalyzed Carbonylative Coupling of Indoles and Aryl Iodides. Org Lett 2017; 19:4680-4683. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b02320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zechao Wang
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Zhiping Yin
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Xiao-Feng Wu
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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29
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Surendra Babu M, Rao BU, Krishna V, Mustafa S, Rao GN. Synthesis, characterization and DNA cleavage studies of isomeric pyridyl-tetrazole ligands and their Ni(II) and Zn(II) complexes. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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30
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Bhosle MR, Shaikh DS, Khillare LD, Deshmukh AR, Mane RA. Diisopropylethylammonium acetate (DIPEAc): An efficient and recyclable catalyst for the rapid synthesis of 5-substituted-1H-tetrazoles. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2017.1281421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manisha R. Bhosle
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dastgir S. Shaikh
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
| | - Lalit D. Khillare
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
| | - Amarsinh R. Deshmukh
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ramrao A. Mane
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
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31
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Mustafa S, Rao BU, Surendrababu MS, Raju KK, Rao GN. Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Activities of Pendant Arm-Pyridyltetrazole Copper(II) Complexes: DNA Binding/Cleavage Activity and Cytotoxic Studies. Chem Biodivers 2016; 12:1516-34. [PMID: 26460557 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201400369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
2-(1H-Tetrazol-5-yl)pyridine (L) has been reacted separately with Me2NCH2CH2Cl⋅HCl and ClCH2CH2OH to yield two regioisomers in each case, N,N-dimethyl-2-[5-(pyridin-2-yl)-1H-tetrazol-1-yl]ethanamine (L1)/N,N-dimethyl-2-[5-(pyridin-2-yl)-2H-tetrazol-2-yl]ethanamine (L2) and 2-[5-(pyridin-2-yl)-1H-tetrazol-1-yl]ethanol (L3)/2-[5-(pyridin-2-yl)-2H-tetrazol-2-yl]ethanol (L4), respectively. These ligands, L1-L4, have been coordinated with CuCl2 ⋅H2O in 1 : 1 composition to furnish the corresponding complexes 1-4. EPR Spectra of Cu complexes 1 and 3 were characteristic of square planar geometry, with nuclear hyperfine spin 3/2. Single X-ray crystallographic studies of 3 revealed that the Cu center has a square planar structure. DNA binding studies were carried out by UV/VIS absorption; viscosity and thermal denaturation studies revealed that each of these complexes are avid binders of calf thymus DNA. Investigation of nucleolytic cleavage activities of the complexes was carried out on double-stranded pBR322 circular plasmid DNA by using a gel electrophoresis experiment under various conditions, where cleavage of DNA takes place by oxidative free-radical mechanism (OH(⋅)). In vitro anticancer activities of the complexes against MCF-7 (human breast adenocarcinoma) cells revealed that the complexes inhibit the growth of cancer cells. The IC50 values of the complexes showed that Cu complexes exhibit comparable cytotoxic activities compared to the standard drug cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaik Mustafa
- Department of Chemistry, GITAM University Hyderabad campus, Hyderabad 502329, India
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32
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Abdelhamid AO, Gomha SM, Kandeel SM. Synthesis of Certain New Thiazole and 1,3,4-Thiadiazole Derivatives via the Utility of 3-Acetylindole. J Heterocycl Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.2740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdou O. Abdelhamid
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Cairo University; Giza 12613 Egypt
| | - Sobhi M. Gomha
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Cairo University; Giza 12613 Egypt
| | - Saher M. Kandeel
- Chemistry of Natural Compounds; Department National Research Center; Dokki Cairo Egypt
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33
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Wang Y, Klock H, Yin H, Wolff K, Bieza K, Niswonger K, Matzen J, Gunderson D, Hale J, Lesley S, Kuhen K, Caldwell J, Brinker A. Homogeneous High-Throughput Screening Assays for HIV-1 Integrase 3β-Processing and Strand Transfer Activities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 10:456-62. [PMID: 16093555 DOI: 10.1177/1087057105275212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 integrase (HIV-IN) is a well-validated antiviral drug target catalyzing a multistep reaction to incorporate the HIV-1 provirus into the genome of the host cell. Smallmolecule inhibitors of HIV-1 integrase that specifically target the strand transfer step have demonstrated efficacy in the suppression of virus propagation. However, only fewspecific strand transfer inhibitors have been identified to date, and the need to screen for novel compound scaffolds persists. Here, the authors describe 2 homogeneous time-resolved fluorescent resonance energy transfer-based assays for the measurement of HIV-1 integrase 3'-processing and strand transfer activities. Both assayswere optimized for high-throughput screening formats, and a diverse library containingmore than 1million compoundswas screened in 1536-well plates for HIV-IN strand transfer inhibitors. As a result, compounds were found that selectively affect the enzymatic strand transfer reaction over 3β processing. Moreover, several bioactivemoleculeswere identified that inhibited HIV-1 reporter virus infection in cellularmodel systems. In conclusion, the assays presented herein have proven their utility for the identification ofmechanistically interesting and biologically active inhibitors of HIV-1 integrase that hold potential for further development into potent antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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34
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Ammar FF, Hobaika Z, Abdel-Azeim S, Zargarian L, Maroun RG, Fermandjian S. A targeted DNA substrate mechanism for the inhibition of HIV-1 integrase by inhibitors with antiretroviral activity. FEBS Open Bio 2016; 6:234-50. [PMID: 27239438 PMCID: PMC4821353 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that viral DNA could be the primary target of raltegravir (RAL), an efficient anti‐HIV‐1 drug, which acts by inhibiting integrase. To elucidate this mechanism, we conducted a comparative analysis of RAL and TB11, a diketoacid abandoned as an anti‐HIV‐1 drug for its weak efficiency and marked toxicity, and tested the effects of the catalytic cofactor Mg2+ (5 mm) on drug‐binding properties. We used circular dichroism and fluorescence to determine drug affinities for viral DNA long terminal repeats (LTRs) and peptides derived from the integrase active site and DNA retardation assays to assess drug intercalation into DNA base pairs. We found that RAL bound more tightly to LTR ends than did TB11 (a diketo acid bearing an azido group) and that Mg2+ significantly increased the affinity of both RAL and TB11. We also observed a good relationship between drug binding with processed LTR and strand transfer inhibition. This unusual type of inhibition was caused by Mg2+‐assisted binding of drugs to DNA substrate, rather than to enzyme. Notably, while RAL bound exclusively to the cleavable/cleaved site, TB11 further intercalated into DNA base pairs and interacted with the integrase‐derived peptides. These unwanted binding sites explain the weaker bioavailability and higher toxicity of TB11 compared with the more effective RAL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah F Ammar
- Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche UR EGFEM Faculté des Sciences Université Saint-Joseph Beirut Lebanon; LBPA, UMR8113 du CNRS Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan Cedex Cachan France
| | - Zeina Hobaika
- Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche UR EGFEM Faculté des Sciences Université Saint-Joseph Beirut Lebanon
| | - Safwat Abdel-Azeim
- LBPA, UMR8113 du CNRS Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan Cedex Cachan France
| | - Loussinée Zargarian
- LBPA, UMR8113 du CNRS Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan Cedex Cachan France
| | - Richard G Maroun
- Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche UR EGFEM Faculté des Sciences Université Saint-Joseph Beirut Lebanon
| | - Serge Fermandjian
- LBPA, UMR8113 du CNRS Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan Cedex Cachan France; Chemistry and Biology, Nucleo(s)tides and Immunology for Therapy UMR8601 CNRS Paris Cedex 06 France
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35
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Mizoi K, Mashima Y, Kawashima Y, Takahashi M, Mimori S, Hosokawa M, Murakami Y, Hamana H. A new methodology for functionalization at the 3-position of indoles by a combination of boron Lewis acid with nitriles. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2016; 63:538-45. [PMID: 26133069 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c15-00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We discovered that a reagent comprising a combination of PhBCl2 and nitriles was useful for syntheses of both 3-acylindoles and 1-(1H-indol-3-yl)alkylamine from indoles. The reaction proceeded selectively at the 3-position of indoles providing 3-acylindoles in moderate to high yields on treatment with the above reagent. Furthermore, the reaction provided the corresponding amine products in moderate to high yields after the intermediate imine was reduced by NaBH3CN. These reactions proceeded under mild conditions and are applicable to the formation of indoles functionalized at the 3-position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Mizoi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiba Institute of Science
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36
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Mullins ND, Maguire NM, Ford A, Das K, Arnold E, Balzarini J, Maguire AR. Exploring the role of the α-carboxyphosphonate moiety in the HIV-RT activity of α-carboxy nucleoside phosphonates. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:2454-65. [PMID: 26813581 PMCID: PMC4755898 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob02507a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
As α-carboxy nucleoside phosphonates (α-CNPs) have demonstrated a novel mode of action of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibition, structurally related derivatives were synthesized, namely the malonate 2, the unsaturated and saturated bisphosphonates 3 and 4, respectively and the amide 5. These compounds were evaluated for inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase in cell-free assays. The importance of the α-carboxy phosphonoacetic acid moiety for achieving reverse transcriptase inhibition, without the need for prior phosphorylation, was confirmed. The malonate derivative 2 was less active by two orders of magnitude than the original α-CNPs, while displaying the same pattern of kinetic behavior; interestingly the activity resides in the “L”-enantiomer of 2, as seen with the earlier series of α-CNPs. A crystal structure with an RT/DNA complex at 2.95 Å resolution revealed the binding of the “L”-enantiomer of 2, at the polymerase active site with a weaker metal ion chelation environment compared to 1a (T-α-CNP) which may explain the lower inhibitory activity of 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D Mullins
- Department of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Nuala M Maguire
- Department of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Alan Ford
- Department of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Kalyan Das
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020, USA
| | - Eddy Arnold
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020, USA
| | - Jan Balzarini
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anita R Maguire
- Department of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College, Cork, Ireland. and School of Pharmacy, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College, Cork, Ireland
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38
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Khan KM, Fatima I, Saad SM, Taha M, Voelter W. An efficient one-pot protocol for the conversion of benzaldehydes into tetrazole analogs. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.12.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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39
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Nair V, Okello M. Integrase Inhibitor Prodrugs: Approaches to Enhancing the Anti-HIV Activity of β-Diketo Acids. Molecules 2015; 20:12623-51. [PMID: 26184144 PMCID: PMC6332332 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200712623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV integrase, encoded at the 3'-end of the HIV pol gene, is essential for HIV replication. This enzyme catalyzes the incorporation of HIV DNA into human DNA, which represents the point of "no-return" in HIV infection. Integrase is a significant target in anti-HIV drug discovery. This review article focuses largely on the design of integrase inhibitors that are β-diketo acids constructed on pyridinone scaffolds. Methodologies for synthesis of these compounds are discussed. Integrase inhibition data for the strand transfer (ST) step are compared with in vitro anti-HIV data. The review also examines the issue of the lack of correlation between the ST enzymology data and anti-HIV assay results. Because this disconnect appeared to be a problem associated with permeability, prodrugs of these inhibitors were designed and synthesized. Prodrugs dramatically improved the anti-HIV activity data. For example, for compound, 96, the anti-HIV activity (EC50) improved from 500 nM for this diketo acid to 9 nM for its prodrug 116. In addition, there was excellent correlation between the IC50 and IC90 ST enzymology data for 96 (6 nM and 97 nM, respectively) and the EC50 and EC90 anti-HIV data for its prodrug 116 (9 nM and 94 nM, respectively). Finally, it was confirmed that the prodrug 116 was rapidly hydrolyzed in cells to the active compound 96.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasu Nair
- Center for Drug Discovery and College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Maurice Okello
- Center for Drug Discovery and College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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40
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Crosby DC, Lei X, Gibbs CG, Reinecke MG, Robinson WE. Mutagenesis of Lysines 156 and 159 in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Integrase (IN) Reveals Differential Interactions between these Residues and Different IN Inhibitors. Nat Prod Commun 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1501000129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 integrase (IN) active site, and viral DNA-binding residues K156 and K159 are predicted to interact both with strand transfer-selective IN inhibitors (STI), e.g. L-731,988, Elvitegravir (EVG), and the FDA-approved IN inhibitor, Raltegravir (RGV), and strand transfer non-selective inhibitors, e.g. dicaffeoyltartaric acids (DCTAs), e.g. L-chicoric acid (L-CA). To test posited roles for these two lysine residues in inhibitor action we assayed the potency of L-CA and several STI against a panel of K156 and K159 mutants. Mutagenesis of K156 conferred resistance to L-CA and mutagenesis of either K156 or K159 conferred resistance to STI indicating that the cationic charge at these two viral DNA-binding residues is important for inhibitor potency. IN K156N, a reported polymorphism associated with resistance to RGV, conferred resistance to L-CA and STI as well. To investigate the apparent preference L-CA exhibits for interactions with K156, we assayed the potency of several hybrid inhibitors containing combinations of DCTA and STI pharmacophores against recombinant IN K156A or K159A. Although K156A conferred resistance to diketo acid-branched bis-catechol hybrid inhibitors, neither K156A nor K159A conferred resistance to their monocatechol counterparts, suggesting that bis-catechol moieties direct DCTAs toward K156. In contrast, STI were more promiscuous in their interaction with K156 and K159. Taken together, the results of this study indicate that DCTAs interact with IN in a manner different than that of STI and suggest that DCTAs are an attractive candidate chemotype for development into drugs potent against STI-resistant IN.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. Crosby
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4800, USA
| | - Xiangyang Lei
- Department of Chemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA
| | - Charles G. Gibbs
- Department of Chemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA
| | - Manfred G. Reinecke
- Department of Chemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA
| | - W. Edward Robinson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4800, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4800, USA
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41
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Li Y, Xuan S, Feng Y, Yan A. Targeting HIV-1 integrase with strand transfer inhibitors. Drug Discov Today 2014; 20:435-49. [PMID: 25486307 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 integrase (IN) is a retroviral enzyme essential for integration of genetic material into the DNA of the host cell and hence for viral replication. The absence of an equivalent enzyme in humans makes IN an interesting target for anti-HIV drug design. This review briefly overviews the structural and functional properties of HIV-1 IN. We analyze the binding modes of the established drugs, clinical candidates and a comprehensive library of leads based on innovative chemical scaffolds of HIV-1 IN strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs). Computational clustering techniques are applied for identifying structural features relating to bioactivity. From bio- and chemo-informatics analyses, we provide novel insights into structure-activity relationships of INSTIs and elaborate new strategies for design of innovative inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 BeiSanHuan East Road, P.O. Box 53, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Shouyi Xuan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 BeiSanHuan East Road, P.O. Box 53, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Yue Feng
- Beijing Key Lab of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 BeiSanHuan East Road, P.O. Box 53, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Aixia Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 BeiSanHuan East Road, P.O. Box 53, Beijing 100029, PR China.
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42
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Das T, Chakraborty A, Sarkar A. Palladium catalyzed addition of arylboronic acid or indole to nitriles: synthesis of aryl ketones. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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43
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He P, Zhang JG, Feng LN, Wang K, Zhang TL, Zhang SW. Theoretical study on the tautomerization of 1,5-diaminotetrazole (DAT). J Mol Model 2014; 20:2457. [PMID: 25241162 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-014-2457-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The tautomerization pathways and kinetics of 1,5-diaminotetrazole (DAT) have been investigated by means of second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory (MP2) and coupled-cluster theory, with single and double excitations including perturbative corrections for triple excitations (CCSD(T)). Five possible tautomers, namely 4-hydro-1-amino-5-imino-tetrazole (a), 2,5-diamino-tetrazole (b), 1,5-diamino-tetrazole (c), 2-hydro-1-imino-5-amino-tetrazole (d), and 2,4-dihydro-1,5-diimino-tetrazole (e) were identified. The structures of the reactants, transition states, and products along with the tautomerism pathways were optimized by the MP2 method using the 6-311G** basis set, and the energies were refined using CCSD(T)/6-311G**. The minimum-energy path (MEP) information for DAT was obtained at the CCSD(T)/6-311G**//MP2/6-311G** level of theory. Therein, reaction 2 (c → b) is an amino-shift reaction, while reaction 1 (c → a), reaction 3 (c → d), reaction 4 (a → e), and reaction 5 (d → e) are reactions of hydrogen-shift tautomerization. The calculated results show that 2,5-diaminotetrazole (b) with the minimum energy (taking c as a standard) among five tautomers, is the energetically preferred tautomer of DAT in the gas phase. In addition, the energy barrier of reaction 2 is 71.65 kcal · mol(-1) in the gas phase, while reaction 1 takes place more easily with an activation barrier of 61.53 kcal · mol(-1) also as compared to 63.71 kcal · mol(-1) in reaction 3. Moreover, the tautomerization of reaction 4 requires the largest energy barrier of 83.29 kcal · mol(-1), which is obviously bigger than reaction 5 with a value of 73.78 kcal · mol(-1). Thus, the hydrogen-shift of c to a is the easiest transformation, while the tautomerization of a to e is the hardest one. Again, the rate constants of tautomerization have been obtained by TST, TST/Eckart, CVT, CVT/SCT, and CVT/ZCT methods in the range 200-2500 K, and analysis indicated that variational effects are small over the whole temperature range, while tunneling effects are significant in the lower temperature range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piao He
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China, 100081
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44
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Kong Y, Xuan S, Yan A. Computational models on quantitative prediction of bioactivity of HIV-1 integrase 3' processing inhibitors. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 25:729-746. [PMID: 25121566 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2014.942695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, four computational quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models were built to predict the bioactivity of 3' processing (3'P) inhibitors of HIV-1 integrase. Some 453 inhibitors whose bioactivity values were detected by the radiolabelling method were collected. The molecular structures were represented with MOE descriptors. In total, 21 descriptors were selected for modelling. All inhibitors were divided into a training set and a test set with two methods: (1) by a Kohonen's self-organizing map (SOM); (2) by a random selection. For every training set and test set, a multilinear regression (MLR) analysis and a support vector machine (SVM) were used to establish models, respectively. For the training/test set divided by SOM, the correlation coefficients (r) were over 0.84, and for the training/test set split randomly, the r values were over 0.86. Some molecular properties such as hydrogen bond donor capacity, atomic partial charge properties, molecular refractivity, the number of aromatic bonds and molecular surface area, volume and shape properties played important roles for inhibiting 3' processing step of HIV-1 integrase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kong
- a State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing , China
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45
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Abstract
HIV integrase (IN) catalyzes the insertion into the genome of the infected human cell of viral DNA produced by the retrotranscription process. The discovery of raltegravir validated the existence of the IN, which is a new target in the field of anti-HIV drug research. The mechanism of catalysis of IN is depicted, and the characteristics of the inhibitors of the catalytic site of this viral enzyme are reported. The role played by the resistance is elucidated, as well as the possibility of bypassing this problem. New approaches to block the integration process are depicted as future perspectives, such as development of allosteric IN inhibitors, dual inhibitors targeting both IN and other enzymes, inhibitors of enzymes that activate IN, activators of IN activity, as well as a gene therapy approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Di Santo
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e
Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, “Sapienza” Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
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46
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Bhatt H, Patel P, Pannecouque C. Discovery of HIV-1 Integrase Inhibitors: Pharmacophore Mapping, Virtual Screening, Molecular Docking, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation. Chem Biol Drug Des 2013; 83:154-66. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hardik Bhatt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Institute of Pharmacy; Nirma University; Ahmedabad 382 481 India
| | - Paresh Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; L.J. Institute of Pharmacy; L.J. Campus, S.G. Highway Ahmedabad 382 210 India
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47
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Xuan S, Wang M, Kang H, Kirchmair J, Tan L, Yan A. Support Vector Machine (SVM) Models for Predicting Inhibitors of the 3′ Processing Step of HIV-1 Integrase. Mol Inform 2013; 32:811-26. [DOI: 10.1002/minf.201300107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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48
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do Nascimento JP, Araújo Silva JR, Lameira J, Alves CN. Metal-dependent inhibition of HIV-1 integrase by 5CITEP inhibitor: A theoretical QM/MM approach. Chem Phys Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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49
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Nanjo T, Yamamoto S, Tsukano C, Takemoto Y. Synthesis of 3-acyl-2-arylindole via palladium-catalyzed isocyanide insertion and oxypalladation of alkyne. Org Lett 2013; 15:3754-7. [PMID: 23822877 DOI: 10.1021/ol4016699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of 3-acyl-2-arylindole derivatives was performed through palladium-catalyzed isocyanide insertion and oxypalladation of an alkyne. As a result of the introduction of internal nucleophiles, domino cyclization was also achieved for the synthesis of several tetracyclic indole derivatives. Imidoylpalladium generated by isocyanide insertion is a key intermediate in these reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Nanjo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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50
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Krieger IV, Freundlich JS, Gawandi VB, Roberts JP, Gawandi VB, Sun Q, Owen JL, Fraile MT, Huss SI, Lavandera JL, Ioerger TR, Sacchettini JC. Structure-guided discovery of phenyl-diketo acids as potent inhibitors of M. tuberculosis malate synthase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 19:1556-67. [PMID: 23261599 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2012.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The glyoxylate shunt plays an important role in fatty acid metabolism and has been shown to be critical to survival of several pathogens involved in chronic infections. For Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), a strain with a defective glyoxylate shunt was previously shown to be unable to establish infection in a mouse model. We report the development of phenyl-diketo acid (PDKA) inhibitors of malate synthase (GlcB), one of two glyoxylate shunt enzymes, using structure-based methods. PDKA inhibitors were active against Mtb grown on acetate, and overexpression of GlcB ameliorated this inhibition. Crystal structures of complexes of GlcB with PDKA inhibitors guided optimization of potency. A selected PDKA compound demonstrated efficacy in a mouse model of tuberculosis. The discovery of these PDKA derivatives provides chemical validation of GlcB as an attractive target for tuberculosis therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna V Krieger
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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