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Bennett Z, Grumbles K, Pruet J. Comparative routes to 7-carboxymethyl-pterin: A useful medicinal chemistry building block. Pteridines 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/pteridines-2022-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Pterins, such as folate and biopterin, and their derivatives hold significant importance given their biological relevance, as well as the numerous pterin-based inhibitors developed for targeting various biological targets. For this reason, pterins can be viewed as a privileged scaffold, as the discovery of new pterin analogs gives rise to a vast array of potential drug candidates. 7-carboxymethyl-pterin (7-CMP) represents a useful scaffold for the rapid generation of structurally diverse pterin amides and has been a key building block in medicinal chemistry. In an effort to facilitate rapid generation of this pterin scaffold, we have explored multiple routes towards 7-CMP to assess the most efficient method of generation. Methods were evaluated based on yield, regioselectivity, reaction time, and hazardous reaction conditions. This work can aide in the synthesis and discovery of new pterin-based drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Bennett
- Department of Chemistry, Valparaiso University , Valparaiso , IN , USA
| | - Kassidy Grumbles
- Department of Chemistry, Valparaiso University , Valparaiso , IN , USA
| | - Jeffrey Pruet
- Department of Chemistry, Valparaiso University , Valparaiso , IN , USA
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2
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Lin J, Zhang Z, Lin X, Chen Z, Luc T, Zha D, Wang J, Xu X, Li Z. Efficient Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 6-Trifluoroethoxy Functionalized Pteridine Derivatives as EGFR Inhibitors. Med Chem 2021; 18:353-363. [PMID: 34097593 DOI: 10.2174/1573406417666210604105923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pteridine-based scaffolds have been widely prevalent in pharmaceuticals, such as kinase inhibitors targeting EGFR, FLT3 and PI3K/mTOR, which are attractive targets for anticancer therapy. OBJECTIVE This work aimed to design and synthesize 6-2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy functionalized pteridine-based derivatives for investigation of their anti-cancer activities as EGFR inhibitor. METHOD Pteridine-based derivatives were synthesized in 6 steps involving amination, bromination, cyclization, alkoxylation, chlorination and coupling reactions. Cellular anti-proliferative activities and inhibition activities on EGFR signaling of these pteridine derivatives in vitro were determined by the MTT assay and western blot analysis, respectively. Molecular docking simulation studies were carried out by the crystallographic structure of the erlotinib/EGFR kinase domain [Protein Data Bank (PDB) code: 1M17]. RESULTS The compound 7m, with IC50 values of 27.40 μM on A549 cell line, exhibited comparable anti-proliferative activity relative to the positive control. Besides western blots showed its obvious down-regulation of p-EGFR and p-ERK expression at 0.8 μM. Molecular docking model displayed a hydrogen bond between Met-769 amide nitrogen and N-1 in pteridine motif of 7m which lay at the ATP binding site of EGFR kinase domain. CONCLUSION The inhibition of 7m on cellular growth was comparable to that of the positive control. The inhibitory activities of 7m on EGFR phosphorylation and ERK phosphorylation in A549 cell line were relatively superior to that of the positive control. Both results suggested that the anti-proliferative activity of 7m against A549 cell line was caused by inhibition of EGFR signaling pathway, providing a new perspective for modification on pteridine-based derivatives as EGFR inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional Research, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zemin Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiongqiang Lin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhendong Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tian Luc
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Daijun Zha
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional Research, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional Research, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiuzhi Xu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional Research, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhulai Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional Research, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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Dao VTV, Elbatreek MH, Fuchß T, Grädler U, Schmidt HHHW, Shah AM, Wallace A, Knowles R. Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitors into the Clinic at Last. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2021; 264:169-204. [PMID: 32797331 DOI: 10.1007/164_2020_382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The 1998 Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology for the discovery of nitric oxide, a nitrogen containing reactive oxygen species (also termed reactive nitrogen or reactive nitrogen/oxygen species) stirred great hopes. Clinical applications, however, have so far pertained exclusively to the downstream signaling of cGMP enhancing drugs such as phosphodiesterase inhibitors and soluble guanylate cyclase stimulators. All clinical attempts, so far, to inhibit NOS have failed even though preclinical models were strikingly positive and clinical biomarkers correlated perfectly. This rather casts doubt on our current way of target identification in drug discovery in general and our way of patient stratification based on correlating but not causal biomarkers or symptoms. The opposite, NO donors, nitrite and enhancing NO synthesis by eNOS/NOS3 recoupling in situations of NO deficiency, are rapidly declining in clinical relevance or hold promise but need yet to enter formal therapeutic guidelines, respectively. Nevertheless, NOS inhibition in situations of NO overproduction often jointly with enhanced superoxide (or hydrogen peroxide production) still holds promise, but most likely only in acute conditions such as neurotrauma (Stover et al., J Neurotrauma 31(19):1599-1606, 2014) and stroke (Kleinschnitz et al., J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1508-1512, 2016; Casas et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 116(14):7129-7136, 2019). Conversely, in chronic conditions, long-term inhibition of NOS might be too risky because of off-target effects on eNOS/NOS3 in particular for patients with cardiovascular risks or metabolic and renal diseases. Nitric oxide synthases (NOS) and their role in health (green) and disease (red). Only neuronal/type 1 NOS (NOS1) has a high degree of clinical validation and is in late stage development for traumatic brain injury, followed by a phase II safety/efficacy trial in ischemic stroke. The pathophysiology of NOS1 (Kleinschnitz et al., J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1508-1512, 2016) is likely to be related to parallel superoxide or hydrogen peroxide formation (Kleinschnitz et al., J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1508-1512, 2016; Casas et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 114(46):12315-12320, 2017; Casas et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 116(14):7129-7136, 2019) leading to peroxynitrite and protein nitration, etc. Endothelial/type 3 NOS (NOS3) is considered protective only and its inhibition should be avoided. The preclinical evidence for a role of high-output inducible/type 2 NOS (NOS2) isoform in sepsis, asthma, rheumatic arthritis, etc. was high, but all clinical development trials in these indications were neutral despite target engagement being validated. This casts doubt on the role of NOS2 in humans in health and disease (hence the neutral, black coloring).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu Thao-Vi Dao
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mahmoud H Elbatreek
- Department of Pharmacology and Personalised Medicine, MeHNS, FHML, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Thomas Fuchß
- Takeda GmbH (former Nycomed/Altana Pharma), Konstanz, Germany
| | - Ulrich Grädler
- Takeda GmbH (former Nycomed/Altana Pharma), Konstanz, Germany
| | - Harald H H W Schmidt
- Department of Pharmacology and Personalised Medicine, MeHNS, FHML, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ajay M Shah
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, London, UK
| | - Alan Wallace
- Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Richard Knowles
- Knowles Consulting Ltd., The Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Stevenage, UK.
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Bockman AR, Pruet JM. Exploring the scope of DBU-promoted amidations of 7-methoxycarbonylpterin. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:509-514. [PMID: 32273911 PMCID: PMC7113547 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthetic utility of pterins is often hampered by the notorious insolubility of this heterocycle, slowing the development of medicinally relevant pteridine derivatives. Reactions which expedite the development of new pterins are thus of great importance. Through a dual role of diazabicycloundecene (DBU), 7-carboxymethylpterin is converted to the soluble DBU salt, with additional DBU promoting an ester-to-amide transformation. We have explored this reaction to assess its scope and identify structural features in the amines which significantly affect success, monitored the reaction kinetics using a pseudo-first order kinetics model, and further adapted the reaction conditions to allow for product formation in as little as 5 min, with yields often >80%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R Bockman
- Department of Chemistry, Valparaiso University, 1710 Chapel Dr, Valparaiso, IN 46383, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Pruet
- Department of Chemistry, Valparaiso University, 1710 Chapel Dr, Valparaiso, IN 46383, USA
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5
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Mittal A, Kakkar R. Nitric Oxide Synthases and Their Inhibitors: A Review. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180816666190222154457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nitric Oxide (NO), an important biological mediator, is involved in the regulation of the cardiovascular, nervous and immune systems in mammals. Synthesis of NO is catalyzed by its biosynthetic enzyme, Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS). There are three main isoforms of the enzyme, neuronal NOS, endothelial NOS and inducible NOS, which have very similar structures but differ in their expression and activities. NO is produced in the active site of the enzyme in two distinct cycles from oxidation of the substrate L-arg (L-arginine) in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-dependent reaction. NOS has gained considerable attention of biochemists due to its complexity and unique catalytic mechanism. The review focuses on NOS structure, its function and catalytic reaction mechanism. In particular, the review is concluded with a discussion on the role of all three isoforms of NOS in physiological and pathological conditions and their inhibitors with a focus on the role of computational techniques in their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshika Mittal
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Rita Kakkar
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
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Carmona-Martínez V, Ruiz-Alcaraz AJ, Vera M, Guirado A, Martínez-Esparza M, García-Peñarrubia P. Therapeutic potential of pteridine derivatives: A comprehensive review. Med Res Rev 2018; 39:461-516. [PMID: 30341778 DOI: 10.1002/med.21529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pteridines are aromatic compounds formed by fused pyrazine and pyrimidine rings. Many living organisms synthesize pteridines, where they act as pigments, enzymatic cofactors, or immune system activation molecules. This variety of biological functions has motivated the synthesis of a huge number of pteridine derivatives with the aim of studying their therapeutic potential. This review gathers the state-of-the-art of pteridine derivatives, describing their biological activities and molecular targets. The antitumor activity of pteridine-based compounds is one of the most studied and advanced therapeutic potentials, for which several molecular targets have been identified. Nevertheless, pteridines are also considered as very promising therapeutics for the treatment of chronic inflammation-related diseases. On the other hand, many pteridine derivatives have been tested for antimicrobial activities but, although some of them resulted to be active in preliminary assays, a deeper research is needed in this area. Moreover, pteridines may be of use in the treatment of many other diseases, such as diabetes, osteoporosis, ischemia, or neurodegeneration, among others. Thus, the diversity of the biological activities shown by these compounds highlights the promising therapeutic use of pteridine derivatives. Indeed, methotrexate, pralatrexate, and triamterene are Food and Drug Administration approved pteridines, while many others are currently under study in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Carmona-Martínez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular (B) e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, IMIB and Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum," Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonio J Ruiz-Alcaraz
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular (B) e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, IMIB and Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum," Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Vera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonio Guirado
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Martínez-Esparza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular (B) e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, IMIB and Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum," Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pilar García-Peñarrubia
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular (B) e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, IMIB and Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum," Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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7
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Pontiki E, Hadjipavlou-Litina D, Patsilinakos A, Tran TM, Marson CM. Pteridine-2,4-diamine derivatives as radical scavengers and inhibitors of lipoxygenase that can possess anti-inflammatory properties. Future Med Chem 2015; 7:1937-51. [PMID: 26423719 PMCID: PMC5462101 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reactive oxygen species are associated with inflammation implicated in cancer, atherosclerosis and autoimmune diseases. The complex nature of inflammation and of oxidative stress suggests that dual-target agents may be effective in combating diseases involving reactive oxygen species. RESULTS A novel series of N-substituted 2,4-diaminopteridines has been synthesized and evaluated as antioxidants in several assays. Many exhibited potent lipid antioxidant properties, and some are inhibitors of soybean lipoxygenase, IC50 values extending down to 100 nM for both targets. Several pteridine derivatives showed efficacy at 0.01 mmol/kg with little tissue damage in a rat model of colitis. 2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-N-(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)pteridin-4-amine (18f) at 0.01 mmol/kg exhibited potent anti-inflammatory activity (reduction by 41%). CONCLUSION The 2,4-diaminopteridine core represents a new scaffold for lipoxygenase inhibition as well as sustaining anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Pontiki
- Christopher Ingold Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H OAJ, UK
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - Dimitra Hadjipavlou-Litina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - Alexandros Patsilinakos
- Rome Center for Molecular Design, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Trang M Tran
- Christopher Ingold Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H OAJ, UK
| | - Charles M Marson
- Christopher Ingold Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H OAJ, UK
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8
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Mukherjee P, Cinelli MA, Kang S, Silverman RB. Development of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors for neurodegeneration and neuropathic pain. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:6814-38. [PMID: 24549364 PMCID: PMC4138306 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60467e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signaling molecule in the human body, playing a crucial role in cell and neuronal communication, regulation of blood pressure, and in immune activation. However, overproduction of NO by the neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) is one of the fundamental causes underlying neurodegenerative disorders and neuropathic pain. Therefore, developing small molecules for selective inhibition of nNOS over related isoforms (eNOS and iNOS) is therapeutically desirable. The aims of this review focus on the regulation and dysregulation of NO signaling, the role of NO in neurodegeneration and pain, the structure and mechanism of nNOS, and the use of this information to design selective inhibitors of this enzyme. Structure-based drug design, the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of these inhibitors, and extensive target validation through animal studies are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramita Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA.
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Wendt B, Cramer RD. Challenging the gold standard for 3D-QSAR: template CoMFA versus X-ray alignment. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2014; 28:803-24. [PMID: 24934658 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-014-9761-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
X-ray-based alignments of bioactive compounds are commonly used to correlate structural changes with changes in potencies, ultimately leading to three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationships such as CoMFA or CoMSIA models that can provide further guidance for the design of new compounds. We have analyzed data sets where the alignment of the compounds is entirely based on experimentally derived ligand poses from X-ray-crystallography. We developed CoMFA and CoMSIA models from these X-ray-determined receptor-bound conformations and compared the results with models generated from ligand-centric Template CoMFA, finding that the fluctuations in the positions and conformations of compounds dominate X-ray-based alignments can yield poorer predictions than those from the self-consistent template CoMFA alignments. Also, when there exist multiple different binding modes, structural interpretation in terms of binding site constraints can often be simpler with template-based alignments than with X-ray-based alignments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Wendt
- Certara, Martin-Kollar-Str. 17, 81829, Munich, Germany,
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10
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Víteček J, Lojek A, Valacchi G, Kubala L. Arginine-based inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase: therapeutic potential and challenges. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:318087. [PMID: 22988346 PMCID: PMC3441039 DOI: 10.1155/2012/318087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past three decades, nitric oxide has been well established as an important bioactive molecule implicated in regulation of cardiovascular, nervous, and immune systems. Therefore, it is not surprising that much effort has been made to find specific inhibitors of nitric oxide synthases (NOS), the enzymes responsible for production of nitric oxide. Among the many NOS inhibitors developed to date, inhibitors based on derivatives and analogues of arginine are of special interest, as this category includes a relatively high number of compounds with good potential for experimental as well as clinical application. Though this group of inhibitors covers early nonspecific compounds, modern drug design strategies such as biochemical screening and computer-aided drug design have provided NOS-isoform-specific inhibitors. With an emphasis on major advances in this field, a comprehensive list of inhibitors based on their structural characteristics is discussed in this paper. We provide a summary of their biochemical properties as well as their observed effects both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we focus in particular on their pharmacology and use in recent clinical studies. The potential of newly designed specific NOS inhibitors developed by means of modern drug development strategies is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Víteček
- International Clinical Research Center-Center of Biomolecular and Cell Engineering, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Antonín Lojek
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Giuseppe Valacchi
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Lukáš Kubala
- International Clinical Research Center-Center of Biomolecular and Cell Engineering, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic
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Xiang J, Zheng L, Xie H, Hu X, Dang Q, Bai X. Pyrrolo-dihydropteridines via a cascade reaction consisting of iminium cyclization and O–N Smiles rearrangement. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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12
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Glazer EC, Nguyen YHL, Gray HB, Goodin DB. Probing inducible nitric oxide synthase with a pterin-ruthenium(II) sensitizer wire. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:898-901. [PMID: 18085539 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200703743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edith C Glazer
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Glazer E, Nguyen Y, Gray H, Goodin D. Probing Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase with a Pterin–Ruthenium(II) Sensitizer Wire. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200703743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Xiang J, Zheng L, Chen F, Dang Q, Bai X. A Cascade Reaction Consisting of Pictet−Spengler-Type Cyclization and Smiles Rearrangement: Application to the Synthesis of Novel Pyrrole-Fused Dihydropteridines. Org Lett 2007; 9:765-7. [PMID: 17279761 DOI: 10.1021/ol0629364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Tandem Pictet-Spengler-type cyclization and Smiles rearrangement have been discovered in the synthesis of pyrimidine-fused heterocycles. The reaction of 4-chloro-5-pyrrol-1-ylpyrimidine amino aldehyde with an amine under an acidic condition yielded the Pictet-Spengler-type cyclization product diazepine, which readily underwent Smiles rearrangement to give a novel pyrrolo[1,2-f]pteridine derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbao Xiang
- The Center for Combinatorial Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Jilin University, 75 Haiwai Street, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P. R. China
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15
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Buddha MR, Crane BR. Structures of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase II from Deinococcus radiodurans bound to ATP and tryptophan. Insight into subunit cooperativity and domain motions linked to catalysis. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:31965-73. [PMID: 15998643 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m501568200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
An auxiliary tryptophanyl tRNA synthetase (drTrpRS II) that interacts with nitric-oxide synthase in the radiation-resistant bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans charges tRNA with tryptophan and 4-nitrotryptophan, a specific nitration product of nitric-oxide synthase. Crystal structures of drTrpRS II, empty of ligands or bound to either Trp or ATP, reveal that drTrpRS II has an overall structure similar to standard bacterial TrpRSs but undergoes smaller amplitude motions of the helical tRNA anti-codon binding (TAB) domain on binding substrates. TAB domain loop conformations that more closely resemble those of human TrpRS than those of Bacillus stearothermophilus TrpRS (bsTrpRS) indicate different modes of tRNA recognition by subclasses of bacterial TrpRSs. A compact state of drTrpRS II binds ATP, from which only minimal TAB domain movement is necessary to bring nucleotide in contact with Trp. However, the signature KMSKS loop of class I synthetases does not completely engage the ATP phosphates, and the adenine ring is not well ordered in the absence of Trp. Thus, progression of the KMSKS loop to a high energy conformation that stages acyl-adenylation requires binding of both substrates. In an asymmetric drTrpRS II dimer, the closed subunit binds ATP, whereas the open subunit binds Trp. A crystallographically symmetric dimer binds no ligands. Half-site reactivity for Trp binding is confirmed by thermodynamic measurements and explained by an asymmetric shift of the dimer interface toward the occupied active site. Upon Trp binding, Asp68 propagates structural changes between subunits by switching its hydrogen bonding partner from dimer interface residue Tyr139 to active site residue Arg30. Since TrpRS IIs are resistant to inhibitors of standard TrpRSs, and pathogens contain drTrpRS II homologs, the structure of drTrpRS II provides a framework for the design of potentially useful antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhavan R Buddha
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
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Matter H, Kotsonis P. Biology and chemistry of the inhibition of nitric oxide synthases by pteridine-derivatives as therapeutic agents. Med Res Rev 2004; 24:662-84. [PMID: 15224385 DOI: 10.1002/med.20005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitors of the family of nitric oxide synthases (NOS-I-III; EC 1.14.13.39) are of interest as pharmacological agents to modulate pathologically high nitric oxide (NO) levels in inflammation, sepsis, and stroke. In this article, we discuss the approach for targeting the unique (6R)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-L-biopterin (H4Bip) binding site of NOS by appropriate inhibitors. This binding site maximally increases enzyme activity and NO production from the substrate L-arginine upon cofactor binding. The first generation of H4Bip-based NOS inhibitors was based on 4-amino H4Bip derivatives in analogy to anti-folates such as methotrexate. In addition, we discuss the structure-activity relationship of a related series of 4-oxo-pteridine derivatives. Furthermore, molecular modeling studies provide an understanding of pterin antagonism on a structural level based on favorable and unfavorable interactions between protein binding site and ligands. These techniques include 3D-QSAR (CoMFA, CoMSIA) to understand ligand affinity and GRID/consensus principal component analysis (CPCA) to learn about selectivity requirements. Collectively these approaches, in combination with the presented SAR and structural data, provide useful information for the design of novel NOS inhibitors with increased isoform selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Matter
- Aventis Pharma Deutschland GmbH, DI&A Chemistry, Molecular Modelling, Building G 878, D-65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Chapter 6.3 Triazines, tetrazines and fused ring polyaza systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-6380(03)80017-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a key physiological mediator, and the association of disordered NO generation with many pathological conditions has led to much interest in pharmacologically modulating NO levels. However, the wide range of processes in which NO has been implicated, and the fact that increases or decreases in NO levels might be therapeutically desirable depending on the condition or even at different stages of the same condition, pose considerable challenges for drug development. Here, we focus on the rationale and potential for approaches that reduce NO synthesis, which have led to the development of several compounds that will shortly be entering clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Vallance
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, British Heart Foundation Laboratories, Department of Medicine, University College London, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JJ, UK.
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