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Identification of HPr kinase/phosphorylase inhibitors: novel antimicrobials against resistant Enterococcus faecalis. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2022; 36:507-520. [PMID: 35809194 PMCID: PMC9399212 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-022-00461-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis, a gram-positive bacterium, is among the most common nosocomial pathogens due to its limited susceptibility to antibiotics and its reservoir of the genes coding for virulence factors. Bacterial enzymes such as kinases and phosphorylases play important roles in diverse functions of a bacterial cell and, thus, are potential antibacterial drug targets. In Gram-positive bacteria, HPr Kinase/Phosphorylase (HPrK/P), a bifunctional enzyme is involved in the regulation of carbon catabolite repression by phosphorylating/dephosphorylating the histidine-containing phosphocarrier protein (HPr) at Ser46 residue. Deficiencies in HPrK/P function leads to severe defects in bacterial growth. This study aimed at identifying novel inhibitors of E. faecalis HPrK/P from a commercial compound library using structure-based virtual screening. The hit molecules were purchased and their effect on enzyme activity and growth of resistant E. faecalis was evaluated in vitro. Furthermore, docking and molecular dynamics simulations were performed to study the interactions of the hit compounds with HPrK/P. Among the identified hit molecules, two compounds inhibited the phosphorylation of HPr as well as significantly reduced the growth of resistant E. faecalis in vitro. These identified potential HPrK/P inhibitors open new research avenues towards the development of novel antimicrobials against resistant Gram-positive bacteria.
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Caillaud K, Ladavière C. Water‐soluble (poly)acylhydrazones: Syntheses and Applications. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202200064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kilian Caillaud
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, INSA Lyon, Université Jean Monnet Villeurbanne Cédex F‐69622 France
| | - Catherine Ladavière
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, INSA Lyon, Université Jean Monnet Villeurbanne Cédex F‐69622 France
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Jiao T, Wu G, Zhang Y, Shen L, Lei Y, Wang C, Fahrenbach AC, Li H. Self‐Assembly in Water with N‐Substituted Imines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:18350-18367. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201910739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Jiao
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Guangcheng Wu
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Libo Shen
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Ye Lei
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Cai‐Yun Wang
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | | | - Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
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5
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Xu J, Zhang S, Zhao S, Hu L. Identification and synthesis of an efficient multivalent E. coli heat labile toxin inhibitor __ A dynamic combinatorial chemistry approach. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115436. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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6
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Xu J, Zhao S, Zhang S, Pei J, Li Y, Zhang Y, He X, Hu L. Development of a multivalent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor via dynamic combinatorial chemistry. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 150:1184-1191. [PMID: 31758986 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report the generation of a polymer based dynamic combinatorial library (DCL) using aldehyde-functionalized linear poly(glycidol) and hydrazide derivatives as initial building blocks. In combination with tetrameric acetylcholinesterase (AChE), a certain type of amplified acylhydrazone side chain is identified and further used for the synthesis of a multivalent AChE inhibitor. The cytotoxicity and inhibition properties of the multivalent inhibitor are evaluated, and the results indicate superior bioactivity compared to the commercial reference Edrophonium chloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jintao Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Shixin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Jialu Pei
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yanhong Li
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yongxin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xiangyang He
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Lei Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
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Wu G, Zhao T, Kang D, Zhang J, Song Y, Namasivayam V, Kongsted J, Pannecouque C, De Clercq E, Poongavanam V, Liu X, Zhan P. Overview of Recent Strategic Advances in Medicinal Chemistry. J Med Chem 2019; 62:9375-9414. [PMID: 31050421 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Introducing novel strategies, concepts, and technologies that speed up drug discovery and the drug development cycle is of great importance both in the highly competitive pharmaceutical industry as well as in academia. This Perspective aims to present a "big-picture" overview of recent strategic innovations in medicinal chemistry and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaochan Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road , 250012 Ji'nan , Shandong , P. R. China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road , 250012 Ji'nan , Shandong , P. R. China
| | - Dongwei Kang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road , 250012 Ji'nan , Shandong , P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road , 250012 Ji'nan , Shandong , P. R. China
| | - Yuning Song
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy , Qilu Hospital of Shandong University , 250012 Ji'nan , China
| | - Vigneshwaran Namasivayam
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry II , University of Bonn , 53121 Bonn , Germany
| | - Jacob Kongsted
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Pharmacy , University of Southern Denmark , DK-5230 Odense M , Denmark
| | - Christophe Pannecouque
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy , K.U. Leuven , Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097) , B-3000 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy , K.U. Leuven , Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097) , B-3000 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Vasanthanathan Poongavanam
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Pharmacy , University of Southern Denmark , DK-5230 Odense M , Denmark
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road , 250012 Ji'nan , Shandong , P. R. China
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road , 250012 Ji'nan , Shandong , P. R. China
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Frei P, Hevey R, Ernst B. Dynamic Combinatorial Chemistry: A New Methodology Comes of Age. Chemistry 2018; 25:60-73. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Priska Frei
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, PharmacenterUniversity of Basel Klingelbergstrasse 50 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Rachel Hevey
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, PharmacenterUniversity of Basel Klingelbergstrasse 50 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Beat Ernst
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, PharmacenterUniversity of Basel Klingelbergstrasse 50 4056 Basel Switzerland
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van der Vlag R, Hirsch A. Analytical Methods in Protein-Templated Dynamic Combinatorial Chemistry. COMPREHENSIVE SUPRAMOLECULAR CHEMISTRY II 2017. [PMCID: PMC7150222 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-409547-2.12559-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Fu J, Fu H, Dieu M, Halloum I, Kremer L, Xia Y, Pan W, Vincent SP. Identification of inhibitors targeting Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell wall biosynthesis via dynamic combinatorial chemistry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:10632-10635. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc05251k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we report a dynamic combinatorial approach along with highly efficient in situ screening to identify inhibitors of UDP-galactopyranose mutase (UGM), an essential enzyme involved in mycobacterial cell wall biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Fu
- Département de Chimie
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bio-Organique
- University of Namur (FUNDP)
- Namur B-5000
- Belgium
| | - Huixiao Fu
- Département de Chimie
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bio-Organique
- University of Namur (FUNDP)
- Namur B-5000
- Belgium
| | - Marc Dieu
- MaSUN
- Mass Spectrometry Facility
- University of Namur
- 5000 Namur
- Belgium
| | - Iman Halloum
- Laboratoire de Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques
- CNRS UMR 5235
- Université de Montpellier
- France
| | - Laurent Kremer
- Laboratoire de Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques
- CNRS UMR 5235
- Université de Montpellier
- France
| | - Yufen Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants
- Guizhou Medical University
- Guiyang 550014
- China
| | - Weidong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants
- Guizhou Medical University
- Guiyang 550014
- China
| | - Stéphane P. Vincent
- Département de Chimie
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bio-Organique
- University of Namur (FUNDP)
- Namur B-5000
- Belgium
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Protein-Directed Dynamic Combinatorial Chemistry: A Guide to Protein Ligand and Inhibitor Discovery. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21070910. [PMID: 27438816 PMCID: PMC6273345 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21070910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein-directed dynamic combinatorial chemistry is an emerging technique for efficient discovery of novel chemical structures for binding to a target protein. Typically, this method relies on a library of small molecules that react reversibly with each other to generate a combinatorial library. The components in the combinatorial library are at equilibrium with each other under thermodynamic control. When a protein is added to the equilibrium mixture, and if the protein interacts with any components of the combinatorial library, the position of the equilibrium will shift and those components that interact with the protein will be amplified, which can then be identified by a suitable biophysical technique. Such information is useful as a starting point to guide further organic synthesis of novel protein ligands and enzyme inhibitors. This review uses literature examples to discuss the practicalities of applying this method to inhibitor discovery, in particular, the set-up of the combinatorial library, the reversible reactions that may be employed, and the choice of detection methods to screen protein ligands from a mixture of reversibly forming molecules.
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Bandyopadhyay A, Gao J. Iminoboronate Formation Leads to Fast and Reversible Conjugation Chemistry of α-Nucleophiles at Neutral pH. Chemistry 2015; 21:14748-52. [PMID: 26311464 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bioorthogonal reactions that are fast and reversible under physiological conditions are in high demand for biological applications. Herein, it is shown that an ortho boronic acid substituent makes aryl ketones rapidly conjugate with α-nucleophiles at neutral pH. Specifically, 2-acetylphenylboronic acid and derivatives were found to conjugate with phenylhydrazine with rate constants of 10(2) to 10(3) M(-1) s(-1) , comparable to the fastest bioorthogonal conjugations known to date. (11) B NMR analysis revealed the varied extent of iminoboronate formation of the conjugates, in which the imine nitrogen forms a dative bond with boron. The iminoboronate formation activates the imines for hydrolysis and exchange, rendering these oxime/hydrazone conjugations reversible and dynamic under physiological conditions. The fast and dynamic nature of the iminoboronate chemistry should find wide applications in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 (USA)
| | - Jianmin Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 (USA).
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Catrow JL, Zhang Y, Zhang M, Ji H. Discovery of Selective Small-Molecule Inhibitors for the β-Catenin/T-Cell Factor Protein-Protein Interaction through the Optimization of the Acyl Hydrazone Moiety. J Med Chem 2015; 58:4678-92. [PMID: 25985283 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Acyl hydrazone is an important functional group for the discovery of bioactive small molecules. This functional group is also recognized as a pan assay interference structure. In this study, a new small-molecule inhibitor for the β-catenin/Tcf protein-protein interaction (PPI), ZINC02092166, was identified through AlphaScreen and FP assays. This compound contains an acyl hydrazone group and exhibits higher inhibitory activities in cell-based assays than biochemical assays. Inhibitor optimization resulted in chemically stable derivatives that disrupt the β-catenin/Tcf PPI. The binding mode of new inhibitors was characterized by site-directed mutagenesis and structure-activity relationship studies. This series of inhibitors with a new scaffold exhibits dual selectivity for β-catenin/Tcf over β-catenin/cadherin and β-catenin/APC PPIs. One derivative of this series suppresses canonical Wnt signaling, downregulates the expression of Wnt target genes, and inhibits the growth of cancer cells. This compound represents a solid starting point for the development of potent and selective β-catenin/Tcf inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Leon Catrow
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Cell and Genome Science, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, United States
| | - Yongqiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Cell and Genome Science, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, United States
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Cell and Genome Science, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, United States
| | - Haitao Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Cell and Genome Science, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, United States
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Jiang QQ, Sicking W, Ehlers M, Schmuck C. Discovery of potent inhibitors of human β-tryptase from pre-equilibrated dynamic combinatorial libraries. Chem Sci 2014; 6:1792-1800. [PMID: 29163876 PMCID: PMC5644118 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc02943g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pre-equilibrated combinatorial libraries based on multivalent peptide acyl hydrazones were used to find potent inhibitors of β-tryptase. The best inhibitors bind to the protein surface, and inhibit β-tryptase with nanomolar affinity (Kica. 10 nM) and high selectivity in a reversible and non-competitive way.
Pre-equilibrated dynamic combinatorial libraries based on acyl hydrazone interchange of peptide-derived hydrazides and di- and tri-aldehydes have been used to discover potent inhibitors with nanomolar affinities for β-tryptase. To identify potent inhibitors the activity of the full library containing 95 members was compared with those of sub-libraries in which individual building blocks were missing. The most active library members contain a rigid central aromatic scaffold with three cationic peptide arms. The arms of the best inhibitors also contained a tailor-made GCP oxoanion binding motif attached to a lysine side chain. The most potent tri-armed hydrazones with peptide arms GKWR or GKWK(GCP) were shown to inhibit β-tryptase (Kica. 10–20 nM) reversibly, non-competitively and selectively (compared to related serine proteases, e.g. trypsin and chymotrypsin), most likely by binding to the protein surface, also in agreement with molecular modelling calculations. These new inhibitors are one order of magnitude more efficient than related tetravalent inhibitors obtained from previous work on a split-mix-combinatorial library and were identified with significantly less effort, demonstrating the usefulness of this approach for the identification of enzyme inhibitors in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Qian Jiang
- Institut für Organische Chemie , Universität Duisburg-Essen , Universitätsstraße 7 , 45141 Essen , Germany .
| | - Wilhelm Sicking
- Institut für Organische Chemie , Universität Duisburg-Essen , Universitätsstraße 7 , 45141 Essen , Germany .
| | - Martin Ehlers
- Institut für Organische Chemie , Universität Duisburg-Essen , Universitätsstraße 7 , 45141 Essen , Germany .
| | - Carsten Schmuck
- Institut für Organische Chemie , Universität Duisburg-Essen , Universitätsstraße 7 , 45141 Essen , Germany .
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Herrmann A. Dynamic combinatorial/covalent chemistry: a tool to read, generate and modulate the bioactivity of compounds and compound mixtures. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:1899-933. [PMID: 24296754 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60336a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Reversible covalent bond formation under thermodynamic control adds reactivity to self-assembled supramolecular systems, and is therefore an ideal tool to assess complexity of chemical and biological systems. Dynamic combinatorial/covalent chemistry (DCC) has been used to read structural information by selectively assembling receptors with the optimum molecular fit around a given template from a mixture of reversibly reacting building blocks. This technique allows access to efficient sensing devices and the generation of new biomolecules, such as small molecule receptor binders for drug discovery, but also larger biomimetic polymers and macromolecules with particular three-dimensional structural architectures. Adding a kinetic factor to a thermodynamically controlled equilibrium results in dynamic resolution and in self-sorting and self-replicating systems, all of which are of major importance in biological systems. Furthermore, the temporary modification of bioactive compounds by reversible combinatorial/covalent derivatisation allows control of their release and facilitates their transport across amphiphilic self-assembled systems such as artificial membranes or cell walls. The goal of this review is to give a conceptual overview of how the impact of DCC on supramolecular assemblies at different levels can allow us to understand, predict and modulate the complexity of biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Herrmann
- Firmenich SA, Division Recherche et Développement, Route des Jeunes 1, B. P. 239, CH-1211 Genève 8, Switzerland.
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Vantomme G, Jiang S, Lehn JM. Adaptation in Constitutional Dynamic Libraries and Networks, Switching between Orthogonal Metalloselection and Photoselection Processes. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:9509-18. [DOI: 10.1021/ja504813r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ghislaine Vantomme
- Laboratoire de Chimie Supramoléculaire,
Institut de Science et d’Ingénierie Supramoléculaires
(ISIS), Université de Strasbourg, 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Shimei Jiang
- Laboratoire de Chimie Supramoléculaire,
Institut de Science et d’Ingénierie Supramoléculaires
(ISIS), Université de Strasbourg, 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Marie Lehn
- Laboratoire de Chimie Supramoléculaire,
Institut de Science et d’Ingénierie Supramoléculaires
(ISIS), Université de Strasbourg, 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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A novel annulation reaction of N-substituted-2-nitrosoanilines with esters of α-isocyano acids. A one-pot, two-step route to 2-benzimidazole-substituted esters of α-amino acids. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Mondal M, Radeva N, Köster H, Park A, Potamitis C, Zervou M, Klebe G, Hirsch AKH. Strukturbasiertes Design von Hemmstoffen der Aspartylprotease Endothiapepsin mittels dynamischer kombinatorischer Chemie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201309682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Mondal M, Radeva N, Köster H, Park A, Potamitis C, Zervou M, Klebe G, Hirsch AKH. Structure-based design of inhibitors of the aspartic protease endothiapepsin by exploiting dynamic combinatorial chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:3259-63. [PMID: 24532096 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201309682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Structure-based design (SBD) can be used for the design and/or optimization of new inhibitors for a biological target. Whereas de novo SBD is rarely used, most reports on SBD are dealing with the optimization of an initial hit. Dynamic combinatorial chemistry (DCC) has emerged as a powerful strategy to identify bioactive ligands given that it enables the target to direct the synthesis of its strongest binder. We have designed a library of potential inhibitors (acylhydrazones) generated from five aldehydes and five hydrazides and used DCC to identify the best binder(s). After addition of the aspartic protease endothiapepsin, we characterized the protein-bound library member(s) by saturation-transfer difference NMR spectroscopy. Cocrystallization experiments validated the predicted binding mode of the two most potent inhibitors, thus demonstrating that the combination of de novo SBD and DCC constitutes an efficient starting point for hit identification and optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milon Mondal
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen (The Netherlands) http://www.rug.nl/research/bio-organic-chemistry/hirsch/
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Nour HF, Islam T, Fernández-Lahore M, Kuhnert N. Probing the dynamic reversibility and generation of dynamic combinatorial libraries in the presence of bacterial model oligopeptides as templating guests of tetra-carbohydrazide macrocycles using electrospray mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:2865-2876. [PMID: 23136017 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Over the past few decades, bacterial resistance to antibiotics has emerged as a real threat to human health. Accordingly, there is an urgent demand for the development of innovative strategies for discovering new antibiotics. We present the first use of tetra-carbohydrazide cyclophane macrocycles in dynamic combinatorial chemistry (DCC) and molecular recognition as chiral hosts binding oligopeptides, which mimic bacterial cell wall. This study introduces an innovative application of electrospray ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI-TOF MS) to oligopeptides recognition using DCC. METHODS A small dynamic library composed of eight functionalised macrocycles has been generated in solution and all members were characterised by ESI-TOF MS. We also probed the dynamic reversibility and mechanism of formation of tetra-carbohydrazide cyclophanes in real-time using ESI-TOF MS. RESULTS Dynamic reversibility of tetra-carbohydrazide cyclophanes is favored under thermodynamic control. The mechanism of formation of tetra-carbohydrazide cyclophanes involves key dialdehyde intermediates, which have been detected and assigned according to their high-resolution m/z values. Three members of the dynamic library bind efficiently in the gas phase to a selection of oligopeptides, unique to bacteria, allowing observation of host/guest complex ions in the gas phase. CONCLUSIONS We probed the mechanism of the [2+2]-cyclocondensation reaction forming library members, proved dynamic reversibility of tetra-carbohydrazide cyclophanes and showed that complex ions formed between library members and hosts can be observed in the gas phase, allowing the solution of an important problem of biological interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany F Nour
- School of Engineering and Science, Centre for Nano and Functional Materials (NanoFun), Jacobs University, 28759 Bremen, Germany
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Li F, Kang Q, Shan H, Chen L, Xie J. Regioselective N-Alkylation of 2-Aminoimidazoles with Alcohols to 2-(N-Alkylamino)imidazoles Catalyzed by the [Cp*IrCl2]2/K2CO3 System. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201200698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Clipson AJ, Bhat VT, McNae I, Caniard AM, Campopiano DJ, Greaney MF. Bivalent enzyme inhibitors discovered using dynamic covalent chemistry. Chemistry 2012; 18:10562-70. [PMID: 22782854 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201201507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A bivalent dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC) system has been designed to selectively target members of the homodimeric glutathione-S-transferase (GST) enzyme family. The dynamic covalent libraries (DCLs) use aniline-catalysed acylhydrazone exchange between bivalent hydrazides and glutathione-conjugated aldehydes and the bis-hydrazides act as linkers to bridge between each glutathione binding site. The resultant DCLs were found to be compatible and highly responsive to templating with different GST isozymes, with the best results coming from the M and Schistosoma japonicum (Sj) class of GSTs, targets in cancer and tropical disease, respectively. The approach yielded compounds with selective, nanomolar affinity (K(i) =61 nM for mGSTM1-1) and demonstrates that DCC can be used to simultaneously interrogate binding sites on different subunits of a dimeric protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J Clipson
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Rd., Edinburgh, UK
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23
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Sindelar M, Wanner KT. Library Screening by Means of Mass Spectrometry (MS) Binding Assays-Exemplarily Demonstrated for a Pseudostatic Library Addressing γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Transporter 1 (GAT1). ChemMedChem 2012; 7:1678-90. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Bhat VT, Caniard AM, Luksch T, Brenk R, Campopiano DJ, Greaney MF. Nucleophilic catalysis of acylhydrazone equilibration for protein-directed dynamic covalent chemistry. Nat Chem 2010; 2:490-7. [PMID: 20489719 PMCID: PMC2913121 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic covalent chemistry uses reversible chemical reactions to set up an equilibrating network of molecules at thermodynamic equilibrium, which can adjust its composition in response to any agent capable of altering the free energy of the system. When the target is a biological macromolecule, such as a protein, the process corresponds to the protein directing the synthesis of its own best ligand. Here, we demonstrate that reversible acylhydrazone formation is an effective chemistry for biological dynamic combinatorial library formation. In the presence of aniline as a nucleophilic catalyst, dynamic combinatorial libraries equilibrate rapidly at pH 6.2, are fully reversible, and may be switched on or off by means of a change in pH. We have interfaced these hydrazone dynamic combinatorial libraries with two isozymes from the glutathione S-transferase class of enzyme, and observed divergent amplification effects, where each protein selects the best-fitting hydrazone for the hydrophobic region of its active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venugopal T. Bhat
- EastChem, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, UK
| | - Anne M. Caniard
- EastChem, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, UK
| | - Torsten Luksch
- College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, James Black Centre, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Ruth Brenk
- College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, James Black Centre, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Dominic J. Campopiano
- EastChem, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, UK
| | - Michael F. Greaney
- EastChem, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, UK
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25
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Substituent effects in homoleptic iron(II) and ruthenium(II) complexes of 4′-hydrazone derivatives of 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine. Polyhedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2009.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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26
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Mugherli L, Burchak O, Balakireva L, Thomas A, Chatelain F, Balakirev M. In Situ Assembly and Screening of Enzyme Inhibitors with Surface-Tension Microarrays. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:7639-44. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200901139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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27
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Mugherli L, Burchak O, Balakireva L, Thomas A, Chatelain F, Balakirev M. In Situ Assembly and Screening of Enzyme Inhibitors with Surface-Tension Microarrays. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200901139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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28
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Herrmann A. Dynamic mixtures and combinatorial libraries: imines as probes for molecular evolution at the interface between chemistry and biology. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:3195-204. [DOI: 10.1039/b908098h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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29
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Chen YY, He WY, Wu Y, Niu CQ, Liu G. Dynamic Selection of Novel Vancomycin N-Terminal Derivatives by Resin-bound Reversed d-Ala-d-Ala. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 10:914-22. [DOI: 10.1021/cc800104b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yan Chen
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Materia Medica, 2 Nanwei Road, Xuanwu District, Beijing 100050, P. R. China and North China Pharmaceutical Corporation, 388 Heping Donglu, Shijiazhuang 050015, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Yi He
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Materia Medica, 2 Nanwei Road, Xuanwu District, Beijing 100050, P. R. China and North China Pharmaceutical Corporation, 388 Heping Donglu, Shijiazhuang 050015, P. R. China
| | - Yan Wu
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Materia Medica, 2 Nanwei Road, Xuanwu District, Beijing 100050, P. R. China and North China Pharmaceutical Corporation, 388 Heping Donglu, Shijiazhuang 050015, P. R. China
| | - Chang-Qun Niu
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Materia Medica, 2 Nanwei Road, Xuanwu District, Beijing 100050, P. R. China and North China Pharmaceutical Corporation, 388 Heping Donglu, Shijiazhuang 050015, P. R. China
| | - Gang Liu
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Materia Medica, 2 Nanwei Road, Xuanwu District, Beijing 100050, P. R. China and North China Pharmaceutical Corporation, 388 Heping Donglu, Shijiazhuang 050015, P. R. China
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30
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Liénard BMR, Selevsek N, Oldham NJ, Schofield CJ. Combined mass spectrometry and dynamic chemistry approach to identify metalloenzyme inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2008; 2:175-9. [PMID: 17206734 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200600250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Hickman D, Sreenivasachary N, Lehn JM. Synthesis of Components for the Generation of Constitutional Dynamic Analogues of Nucleic Acids. Helv Chim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200890022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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Corbett PT, Leclaire J, Vial L, West KR, Wietor JL, Sanders JKM, Otto S. Dynamic combinatorial chemistry. Chem Rev 2007; 106:3652-711. [PMID: 16967917 DOI: 10.1021/cr020452p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1486] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter T Corbett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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33
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Walsh
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
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34
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Valade A, Urban D, Beau JM. Two galactosyltransferases' selection of different binders from the same uridine-based dynamic combinatorial library. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 9:1-4. [PMID: 17206823 DOI: 10.1021/cc060033w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Valade
- Laboratoire de Synthèse de Biomolécules, Université Paris-Sud 11, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux Associé au CNRS, F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France
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35
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Sreenivasachary N, Hickman DT, Sarazin D, Lehn JM. DyNAs: Constitutional Dynamic Nucleic Acid Analogues. Chemistry 2006; 12:8581-8. [PMID: 16969774 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200600625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic cationic polymers were generated in aqueous media from functionally complementary monomers bearing nucleobase groups. (1)H NMR spectroscopy was used to follow the polycondensation reaction of the nucleobase-appended dihydrazides 1 and 2 with the dialdehydes B and C. The reversibility of these polymers was established by proton NMR spectroscopy through exchange of the dihydrazide 2 with polymer 1 B. The polymers 1 B, 2 B, 1 C, and 2 C represent dynamic biopolymers of nucleic acid type, DyNAs. Electrostatic interaction of these polymers with polyanionic entities, such as polyphosphates, polynucleotides, and polyaspartic acid, was shown to take place. It induces a change in size of the dynamic polymer, as it responds by an increase in degree of polymerization to an increase of the overall anionic charge introduced, that is, to the total electrostatic interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nampally Sreenivasachary
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires, Université Louis Pasteur, 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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36
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Valade A, Urban D, Beau JM. Target-assisted selection of galactosyltransferase binders from dynamic combinatorial libraries. An unexpected solution with restricted amounts of the enzyme. Chembiochem 2006; 7:1023-7. [PMID: 16715540 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200600022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Valade
- Université Paris-Sud, Laboratoire de Synthèse de Biomolécules associé au CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux, Orsay, France
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37
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Poulsen SA. Direct screening of a dynamic combinatorial library using mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2006; 17:1074-1080. [PMID: 16735129 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2006.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2006] [Revised: 03/30/2006] [Accepted: 03/31/2006] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A dynamic combinatorial library (DCL) screening approach is described that permits direct identification of the effective (from ineffective) combination of building blocks in the equilibrating DCL. The approach uses Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR MS) together with sustained off-resonance irradiation collision activated dissociation (SORI-CAD) to detect noncovalent protein-DCL ligand complexes under native conditions. It was shown that in a single, rapid experiment one could concurrently identify all the ligands of interest from the DCL against a background of inactive DCL ligands while still in the presence of the target protein. This result has demonstrated that mass spectrometry may provide a fast preliminary screening approach to identify DCL candidates for later verification with more traditional but time-consuming analysis. The MS/MS enables DCL mixtures to be effectively deconvoluted without the need for either chromatography, synthesis of DCL sub-libraries, conversion of the DCL to a static library, or disruption of the protein-ligand complexes before analysis--all typically necessary for the current screening method for DCLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally-Ann Poulsen
- Eskitis Institute for Cell and Molecular Therapies, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, 4111, Queensland, Australia.
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38
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Poulsen SA, Bornaghi LF. Fragment-based drug discovery of carbonic anhydrase II inhibitors by dynamic combinatorial chemistry utilizing alkene cross metathesis. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:3275-84. [PMID: 16431113 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2005] [Revised: 12/20/2005] [Accepted: 12/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A fragment-based drug discovery approach to the synthesis and identification of small molecule inhibitors of bovine carbonic anhydrase II (bCA II) is described. The classical bCA II recognition fragment is an aromatic sulfonamide (ArSO2NH2) moiety. This fragment was incorporated into a scaffold building block, which was subsequently derivatized by dynamic combinatorial chemistry utilizing alkene cross metathesis as the reversible reaction. Screening against bCA II was then carried out and the results allowed determination of the relative bCA II binding affinities of the cross metathesis products that contained the ArSO2NH2 fragment. A bCA II competitive binding assay validated these results with a representative number of pure compounds. The results for screening, without prior isolation of the active constituent, were in full agreement with those obtained for equilibrium dissociation constants (K(i)'s) of pure compounds. Some of these compounds exhibited K(i)'s in the low nanomolar range. Heterogeneous catalysis was shown to be very effective in this drug discovery application of dynamic combinatorial chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally-Ann Poulsen
- Chemical Biology Group, Eskitis Institute for Cell and Molecular Therapies, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Brisbane 4111, Australia.
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39
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Larsson R, Ramström O. Dynamic Combinatorial Thiolester Libraries for EfficientCatalytic Self-Screening of Hydrolase Substrates. European J Org Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200500699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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40
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Godoy-Alcántar C, Yatsimirsky AK, Lehn JM. Structure-stability correlations for imine formation in aqueous solution. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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41
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Abstract
Chemical genetics is an emerging approach for studying biological systems using chemical tools. This strategy aims to reveal the macromolecules responsible for regulating biological systems; thus, the approach shares much in common with genetics. In both strategies, one must (a) develop an assay that reports on a biological process of interest, (b) perturb this process systematically (with mutations or small molecules), and (c) determine the target of each perturbation to reveal macromolecules (i.e., proteins and genes) regulating the process of interest. In this review, we discuss advances and challenges in this field that have emerged over the past four years. Several technologies have converged, raising the hope that it may be possible to systematically apply chemical probes to biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inese Smukste
- Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, Fairchild Center, New York, New York 10027, USA
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42
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Zameo S, Vauzeilles B, Beau JM. Dynamic Combinatorial Chemistry: Lysozyme Selects an Aromatic Motif That Mimics a Carbohydrate Residue. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:965-9. [PMID: 15645473 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200462150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Zameo
- Université Paris-Sud, Laboratoire de Synthèse de Biomolécules associé au CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
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43
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Zameo S, Vauzeilles B, Beau JM. Dynamic Combinatorial Chemistry: Lysozyme Selects an Aromatic Motif That Mimics a Carbohydrate Residue. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200462150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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44
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland E Dolle
- Department of Chemistry, Adolor Corporation, 700 Pennsylvania Drive, Exton, Pennsylvania 19341, USA.
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