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Çalışkan E, Çapan İ, Tekin S, Qaoud MT, Biryan F, Koran K, Sandal S, Orhan Görgülü A. Tripeptide linked dispiro cyclotriphosphazene conjugates: Synthesis, molecular docking analysis of compounds binding within cancer cell line receptors and in vitro cytotoxic and genotoxic activities. Bioorg Chem 2024; 150:107621. [PMID: 38996546 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
The novel dioxybiphenyl bridged-cyclotriphosphazenes (DPP) bearing tripeptide were synthesized and investigated for their molecular docking analysis, visualizing their binding profiles within various cancer cell line receptors and in vitro cytotoxic and genotoxic properties. The dipeptide compound (Tyr-Phe) was treated with various amino acids to obtain the tripeptide compounds (Tyr-Phe-Gly, Tyr-Phe-Ala, Tyr-Phe-Val, Tyr-Phe-Phe, and Tyr-Phe-Leu). These synthesized tripeptides were subsequently treated with DPP to obtain novel phosphazene compounds bearing tripeptide structures. As a result, the synthesis of target molecules with phosphazene compound in the center and biphenyl and tripeptide groups in the side arms was obtained for the first time in this study. Examining the cytotoxic studies in vitro of our newly synthesized compounds demonstrated the anticancer properties against four selected human cancer cell lines, including breast (MCF-7), ovarian (A2780), prostate (PC-3), and colon (Caco-2) cancer cells. The Comet Assay analysis determined that the cell death mechanism of most of the compounds with cytotoxic activity stemmed from the DNA damage mechanism. Among the compounds, the DPP-Tyr-Phe-Phe compound seems to have the best anticancer activity against the subjected cell lines (Except for A2780) with IC50 values equal to 20.18, 72.14, 12.21, and 5.17 μM against breast, ovarian, prostate, and colon cancer cell lines, respectively. For this reason, the molecular docking analysis was conducted for the DTPP compound to visualize its binding geometry and profile within the target enzyme's binding site associated with the specific cancer cell line. The analysis revealed that the DTPP derivative exhibited an optimal binding conformation and characteristics within the target enzyme's binding site, aligning well with the experimental data. Based on the data, these compounds are believed to be strong candidate molecules for both pharmaceutical and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eray Çalışkan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Bingöl University, Bingöl 12000, Turkey
| | - İrfan Çapan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Basic Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Suat Tekin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, 44280, Turkey
| | - Mohammed T Qaoud
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cyprus International University, Northern Cyprus, Mersin 10, 99258 Nicosia, Turkey
| | - Fatih Biryan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Fırat University, Elazig 23119, Turkey
| | - Kenan Koran
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Fırat University, Elazig 23119, Turkey.
| | - Süleyman Sandal
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, 44280, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Orhan Görgülü
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Zhao X, Li W, Zhou L, Zhao X, Zhang Y, Li B, Li R, Zhu L. Cu(II)-Catalyzed Hydroboration Reactions of 1,1-Disubstituted α,β-Unsaturated Ketones, Esters, and Amides in Pure Water. J Org Chem 2024; 89:8334-8341. [PMID: 38860473 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Here, a Cu2(OH)2CO3-catalyzed hydroboration reaction of 1,1-disubstituted α,β-unsaturated compounds has been developed. The reaction was carried out using water as a solvent at room temperature except for N-monosubstituted α,β-unsaturated amides. This method is applicable to diverse 1,1-disubstituted α,β-unsaturated ketones, esters, and amides, showing excellent reactivity (up to 98% yield). Gram-scale experiments and functional group transformations further demonstrated the practicality of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hubei Key Laboratory of Quality Control of Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan 432000, China
| | - Weishuang Li
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hubei Key Laboratory of Quality Control of Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan 432000, China
| | - Lijie Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hubei Key Laboratory of Quality Control of Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan 432000, China
| | - Xuhong Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hubei Key Laboratory of Quality Control of Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan 432000, China
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Yaoyao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hubei Key Laboratory of Quality Control of Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan 432000, China
| | - Bojie Li
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hubei Key Laboratory of Quality Control of Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan 432000, China
| | - Rong Li
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hubei Key Laboratory of Quality Control of Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan 432000, China
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
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3
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Çalışkan E, Kaplan A, Şekerci G, Çapan İ, Tekin S, Erkan S, Koran K, Sandal S, Görgülü AO. Synthesis, docking studies, in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation and DNA damage mechanism of new tyrosine-based tripeptides. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2023; 37:e23388. [PMID: 37243846 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Peptides are one of the leading groups of compounds that have been the subject of a great deal of biological research and still continue to attract researchers' attention. In this study, a series of tripeptides based on tyrosine amino acids were synthesized by the triazine method. The cytotoxicity properties of all compounds against human cancer cell lines (MCF-7), ovarian (A2780), prostate (PC-3), and colon cancer cell lines (Caco-2) were determined by the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay method, and % cell viability and logIC50 values of the compounds were calculated. Significant decreases in cell viability were observed in all cells (p < 0.05). The comet assay method was used to understand that the compounds that showed a significant decrease in cell viability had this effect through DNA damage. Most of the compounds exhibited cytotoxicity by DNA damage mechanism. Besides, their interactions between investigated molecule groups with PDB ID: 3VHE, 3C0R, 2ZCL, and 2HQ6 target proteins corresponding to cancer cell lines, respectively, were investigated by docking studies. Finally, molecules with high biological activity against biological receptors were determined by ADME analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eray Çalışkan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Bingol University, Bingöl, Türkiye
| | - Alpaslan Kaplan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Firat University, Elazig, Türkiye
| | | | - İrfan Çapan
- Department of Material and Material Processing Technologies, Technical Sciences Vocational College, Gazi University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Suat Tekin
- Physiology Department, Inonu University, Malatya, Türkiye
| | - Sultan Erkan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Türkiye
| | - Kenan Koran
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Firat University, Elazig, Türkiye
| | | | - Ahmet O Görgülü
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Marmara University, Istanbul, Türkiye
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Beytur A, Tekin Ç, Çalışkan E, Tekin S, Koran K, Orhan Görgülü A, Sandal S. Hexa-substituted cyclotriphosphazene derivatives containing hetero-ring chalcones: Synthesis, in vitro cytotoxic activity and their DNA damage determination. Bioorg Chem 2022; 127:105997. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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5
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Çalışkan E, Altay Öztürk D, Koran K, Tekin S, Sandal S, Erkan S, Görgülü AO, Çetin A. Synthesis of new cinnamoyl-amino acid conjugates and in vitro cytotoxicity and genotoxicity studies. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202200426. [PMID: 35864058 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Amino acid conjugates are described by the reaction of amino acids with bioactive organic groups such as vitamins, hormones, flavonoids, steroids, and sugars. In this study, 12 new conjugates were synthesized by reaction of cinnamic acid derivatives with various amino acids. Cytotoxic studies against four different human cancer cells (MCF7, PC-3, Caco-2, and A2780) were carried out by MTT assay method at five different concentrations. The structure-activity relationships based on the cell viability rates were evaluated. To compare the anticancer activities of the compounds using computational chemistry methods, they were docked against A2780 human ovarian cancer, Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF7), human prostate cancer (PC-3) and human colon epidermal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) cell lines and compared with the standard 5-Fluorouracil. The results indicate that the efficacy of cinnamic acid derivatives increases with the presence of amino acids. Comet assay was conducted to understand whether the cell deaths occur through DNA damage mechanism and the results exhibit that the changes in the specified parameters were statistically significant (P<0.05). Our study demonstrated that the compounds cause cell death through the formation of DNA damage mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eray Çalışkan
- Bingol University: Bingol Universitesi, Chemsitry Department, Bingöl Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi D3-33, 12000, Bingol, TURKEY
| | - Dilara Altay Öztürk
- Turgut Ozal University: Turgut Ozal Universitesi, Physiology Department, Malatya, Malatya, TURKEY
| | - Kenan Koran
- Firat University Faculty of Science: Firat Universitesi Fen Fakultesi, Chemistry, Elazığ 23000, Elazığ, TURKEY
| | - Suat Tekin
- Inonu University School of Medicine: Inonu Universitesi Tip fakultesi, Physiology Department, Bulgurlu Mahallesi, Elazığ Yolu 15. Km., 44280 Merkez/Battalgazi/Malatya, Malatya, TURKEY
| | - Süleyman Sandal
- Inonu University School of Medicine: Inonu Universitesi Tip fakultesi, Physiology Department, Bulgurlu Mahallesi, Elazığ Yolu 15. Km., 44280 Merkez/Battalgazi/Malatya, Malatya, TURKEY
| | - Sultan Erkan
- Cumhuriyet University: Sivas Cumhuriyet Universitesi, Chemistry, Sivas, Sivas, TURKEY
| | - Ahmet Orhan Görgülü
- Marmara Universitesi - Goztepe Kampusu: Marmara Universitesi, Chemistry, Marmara Üniveristesi Göztepe kampüsü Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi, 34722, kadıköy, TURKEY
| | - Ahmet Çetin
- Bingol University: Bingol Universitesi, Chemistry, Bingöl Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi D3-33, 12000, Merkez, TURKEY
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6
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Pete S, Roy N, Kar B, Paira P. Construction of homo and heteronuclear Ru(II), Ir(III) and Re(I) complexes for target specific cancer therapy. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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7
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Shaikh AS, Kiranmai G, Parimala Devi G, Makhal PN, Sigalapalli DK, Tokala R, Kaki VR, Shankaraiah N, Nagesh N, Babu BN, Tangellamudi ND. Exploration of mercaptoacetamide-linked pyrimidine-1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives as DNA intercalative topo II inhibitors: Cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 65:128697. [PMID: 35339645 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of a new series of mercaptoacetamide-linked pyrimidine-1,3,4-oxadiazole hybrids was accomplished. The in vitro cytotoxic potential of these new compounds was evaluated against lung cancer (A549), prostate cancer (PC-3, DU-145) and human embryonic kidney (HEK) cell lines. Compound 9p showed the highest potency on A549 cells with an IC50 value of 3.8 ± 0.02 μM. Moreover, 9p was found to be 25-fold more selective towards cancer cell lines than the non-cancerous (HEK) cell line. The target-based assay revealed the inhibition of the topoisomerase II enzyme by compound 9p. UV-visible spectroscopy, fluorescence, circular dichroism (CD), and viscosity studies inferred the intercalative property and effective binding of compound 9p with CT-DNA. Apoptosis induced by the compound 9p was observed by various morphological staining assays, i.e, DAPI, EtBr/AO. Further, the molecular modeling studies revealed the binding of compound 9p at the active site of the DNA-topoisomerase II complex while the physicochemical properties were in the recommended range. Finally, mercaptoacetamide-linked pyrimidine-1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives can be considered as a promising scaffold for development as effective anticancer agents and topoisomerase II inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arbaz Sujat Shaikh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - Gaddam Kiranmai
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Medical Biotechnology Complex, ANNEXE II, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - G Parimala Devi
- Department of Fluoro-Agrochemicals, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Priyanka N Makhal
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - Dilep Kumar Sigalapalli
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, India; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vignan Pharmacy College, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Vadlamudi 522213, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Ramya Tokala
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - Venkata Rao Kaki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - Nagula Shankaraiah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, India.
| | - Narayana Nagesh
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Medical Biotechnology Complex, ANNEXE II, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India.
| | - Bathini Nagendra Babu
- Department of Fluoro-Agrochemicals, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India.
| | - Neelima D Tangellamudi
- Swarnandhra Institute of Engineering and Technology, Narsapur, West Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh, India.
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Sudhindra P, Ajay Sharma S, Roy N, Moharana P, Paira P. Recent advances in cytotoxicity, cellular uptake and mechanism of action of ruthenium metallodrugs: A review. Polyhedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2020.114827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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9
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Jadala C, Sathish M, Reddy TS, Reddy VG, Tokala R, Bhargava SK, Shankaraiah N, Nagesh N, Kamal A. Synthesis and in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation of β-carboline-combretastatin carboxamides as apoptosis inducing agents: DNA intercalation and topoisomerase-II inhibition. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:3285-3298. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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10
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Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 3-substituted-2-oxindole hybrid derivatives as novel anticancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 134:258-270. [PMID: 28419928 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.03.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The 2-oxindole nucleus is the central core to develop new anticancer agents and its substitution at the 3-position can effect antitumor activity. Utilizing a pharmacophore hybridization approach, a novel series of antiproliferative agents was obtained by the modification of the structure of 3-substituted-2-oxindole pharmacophore by the attachment of the α-bromoacryloyl moiety, acting as a Michael acceptor, at the 5-position of 2-oxindole framework. The impact of the substituent at the 3-position of 2-oxindole core on the potency and selectivity against a panel of seven different cancer cell lines was examined. We found that these hybrid molecules displayed potent antiproliferative activity against a panel of four cancer cell lines, with one-to double digit nanomolar 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50). A distinctive selective antiproliferative activity was obtained towards CCRF-CEM and RS4; 11 leukemic cell lines. In order to study the possible mechanism of action, we observed that the two most active compounds namely 3(E) and 6(Z) strongly induce apoptosis that follow the mitochondrial pathway. Interestingly a decrease of intracellular reduced glutathione content (GSH) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was detected in treated cells compared with controls suggesting that these effects may be involved in their mechanism of action.
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11
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Design and synthesis of dithiocarbamate linked β-carboline derivatives: DNA topoisomerase II inhibition with DNA binding and apoptosis inducing ability. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:5511-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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12
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Romagnoli R, Baraldi PG, Prencipe F, Balzarini J, Liekens S, Estévez F. Design, synthesis and antiproliferative activity of novel heterobivalent hybrids based on imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole and imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole scaffolds. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 101:205-17. [PMID: 26141911 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Heterobivalent ligands constituted by two different pharmacophores that bind to different molecular targets or to two distinct sites on the same molecular target could be one of the methods used for the treatment of cancer. In view of the importance of imidazo[1,2-b][1,3]thiazole and imidazo[1,2-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole as privileged structures for the preparation of novel anticancer agents, we decided to explore the synthesis and biological evaluation of molecular conjugates comprising these fused bicyclic systems tethered at their C-6 position by a meta-(α-bromoacryloylamido)phenyl moiety. We found that most of the hybrid compounds displayed high antiproliferative activity toward a wide panel of cancer cell lines, with one-digit micromolar to submicromolar 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50). We have observed that selected compounds 7d, 7e, 7n and 8c induced apoptosis, which was associated with the release of cytochrome c and cleavage of multiple caspases. Overexpression of the protective mitochondrial protein Bcl-2 did not confer protection to cell death induced by these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romeo Romagnoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Pier Giovanni Baraldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Filippo Prencipe
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Jan Balzarini
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sandra Liekens
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Francisco Estévez
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Plaza Dr. Pasteur s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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Romagnoli R, Baraldi PG, Salvador MK, Chayah M, Camacho ME, Prencipe F, Hamel E, Consolaro F, Basso G, Viola G. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of arylcinnamide hybrid derivatives as novel anticancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 81:394-407. [PMID: 24858544 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The combination of two pharmacophores into a single molecule represents one of the methods that can be adopted for the synthesis of new anticancer molecules. A series of novel antiproliferative agents designed by a pharmacophore hybridization approach, combining the arylcinnamide skeleton and an α-bromoacryloyl moiety, was synthesized and evaluated for its antiproliferative activity against a panel of seven human cancer cell lines. In addition, the new derivatives were also active on multidrug-resistant cell lines over-expressing P-glycoprotein. The biological effects of various substituents on the N-phenyl ring of the benzamide portion were also described. In order to study the possible mechanism of action, we observed that 4p slightly increased the Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production in HeLa cells, but, more importantly, a remarkable decrease of intracellular reduced glutathione content was detected in treated cells compared with controls. These results were confirmed by the observation that only thiol-containing antioxidants were able to significantly protect the cells from induced cell death. Altogether our results indicate that the new derivatives are endowed with good anticancer activity in vitro, and their properties may result in the development of new cancer therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romeo Romagnoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, Università di Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Pier Giovanni Baraldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, Università di Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Maria Kimatrai Salvador
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, Università di Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mariem Chayah
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, Università di Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - M Encarnacion Camacho
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, Università di Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Filippo Prencipe
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, Università di Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ernest Hamel
- Screening Technologies Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Francesca Consolaro
- Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino, Laboratorio di Oncoematologia, Università di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Basso
- Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino, Laboratorio di Oncoematologia, Università di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Giampietro Viola
- Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino, Laboratorio di Oncoematologia, Università di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.
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14
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Kamal A, Srinivasulu V, Nayak VL, Sathish M, Shankaraiah N, Bagul C, Reddy NVS, Rangaraj N, Nagesh N. Design and synthesis of C3-pyrazole/chalcone-linked beta-carboline hybrids: antitopoisomerase I, DNA-interactive, and apoptosis-inducing anticancer agents. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:2084-98. [PMID: 24470122 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A series of β-carboline hybrids bearing a substituted phenyl and a chalcone/(N-acetyl)-pyrazole moiety at the C1 and C3 positions, respectively, was designed, synthesized, and evaluated for anticancer activity. These new hybrid molecules showed significant cytotoxic activity, with IC50 values ranging from <2.0 μM to 80 μM, and the structure-activity relationships (SAR) associated with substitutions at positions 1 and 3 of these hybrids was clearly addressed. Further, induction of apoptosis was confirmed by Annexin V-FITC, Hoechst staining, and DNA fragmentation analysis. In addition, DNA photocleavage studies proved that two of the hybrids, (E)-1-(furan-2-yl)-3-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-3-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (7 d) and 1-(3-(furan-2-yl)-5-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-3-yl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)ethanone (8 d) could effectively cleave pBR322 plasmid DNA upon irradiation with UV light. Active hybrid 8 d inhibited DNA topoisomerase I activity efficiently and preserved DNA in the supercoiled form. To further corroborate the biological activities, as well as to understand the nature of the interaction of these hybrids with DNA, spectroscopic studies were also performed. Unlike simple β-carboline alkaloids, the binding mode of these new hybrid molecules with DNA was not similar, and both biophysical as well as molecular docking studies speculated a combilexin-type of interaction with DNA. Further, an in silico study of these β-carboline hybrids revealed their drug-like properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Kamal
- Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007 (India); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037 (India).
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Romagnoli R, Baraldi PG, Lopez-Cara C, Preti D, Aghazadeh Tabrizi M, Balzarini J, Bassetto M, Brancale A, Fu XH, Gao Y, Li J, Zhang SZ, Hamel E, Bortolozzi R, Basso G, Viola G. Concise synthesis and biological evaluation of 2-Aroyl-5-amino benzo[b]thiophene derivatives as a novel class of potent antimitotic agents. J Med Chem 2013; 56:9296-309. [PMID: 24164557 DOI: 10.1021/jm4013938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The biological importance of microtubules make them an interesting target for the synthesis of antitumor agents. The 2-(3',4',5'-trimethoxybenzoyl)-5-aminobenzo[b]thiophene moiety was identified as a novel scaffold for the preparation of potent inhibitors of microtubule polymerization acting through the colchicine site of tubulin. The position of the methoxy group on the benzo[b]thiophene was important for maximal antiproliferative activity. Structure-activity relationship analysis established that the best activities were obtained with amino and methoxy groups placed at the C-5 and C-7 positions, respectively. Compounds 3c-e showed more potent inhibition of tubulin polymerization than combretastatin A-4 and strong binding to the colchicine site. These compounds also demonstrated substantial antiproliferative activity, with IC50 values ranging from 2.6 to 18 nM in a variety of cancer cell lines. Importantly, compound 3c (50 mg/kg), significantly inhibited the growth of the human osteosarcoma MNNG/HOS xenograft in nude mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romeo Romagnoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara , 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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16
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Sabatino MA, Geroni C, Ganzinelli M, Ceruti R, Broggini M. Zebularine partially reverses GST methylation in prostate cancer cells and restores sensitivity to the DNA minor groove binder brostallicin. Epigenetics 2013; 8:656-65. [PMID: 23771052 DOI: 10.4161/epi.24916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Brostallicin is a DNA minor groove binder that shows enhanced antitumor activity in cells with high glutathione S-transferase (GST)/glutathione content. Prostate cancer cells present, almost invariably, methylation of the GSTP1 gene promoter and, as a consequence, low levels of GST-pi expression and activity. In these cells, brostallicin shows very little activity. We tested whether pretreatment of heavily GST-methylated prostate cancer cells with demethylating agents could enhance the activity of brostallicin. Human prostate cancer cells LNCaP and DU145 were used for these studies both in vitro and in vivo. The demethylating agent zebularine was used in combination with brostallicin. Methylation specific PCR and pyrosequencing were used to determine the level of GST methylation. Pretreatment with demethylating agents enhanced the in vitro activity of brostallicin in LNCaP cells. Zebularine, in particular, induced an enhancement of activity in vivo comparable to that obtained by transfecting the human GSTP1 gene in LNCaP cells in vitro. Molecular analysis performed on tumor xenografts in mice pretreated with zebularine failed to detect re-expression of GST-pi and demethylation of GSTP1. However, we found demethylation in the GSTM1 gene, with consequent re-expression of GST-mu at the mRNA level. These results indicate that zebularine, both in vitro and in vivo, enhances the activity of brostallicin and that this enhancement correlates with re-expression of GST-pi and GST-mu. These findings highlight the potential therapeutic value of combining demethylating agents and brostallicin in tumors with GST methylation that poorly respond to brostallicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Antonietta Sabatino
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology; Department of Oncology; IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri; Milan, Italy
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Khan GS, Shah A, Zia-ur-Rehman, Barker D. Chemistry of DNA minor groove binding agents. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2012; 115:105-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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18
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Riccardi Sirtori F, Aldini G, Colombo M, Colombo N, Malyszko J, Vistoli G, D'Alessio R. Molecular Recognition of T:G Mismatched Base Pairs in DNA as Studied by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:1112-22. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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19
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Romagnoli R, Baraldi PG, Lopez-Cara C, Cruz-Lopez O, Carrion MD, Kimatrai Salvador M, Bermejo J, Estévez S, Estévez F, Balzarini J, Brancale A, Ricci A, Chen L, Kim JG, Hamel E. Synthesis and antitumor molecular mechanism of agents based on amino 2-(3',4',5'-trimethoxybenzoyl)benzo[b]furan: inhibition of tubulin and induction of apoptosis. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:1841-53. [PMID: 21805646 PMCID: PMC3190670 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Induction of apoptosis is a promising strategy that could lead to the discovery of new molecules active in cancer chemotherapy. This property is generally observed when cells are treated with agents that target microtubules, dynamic structures that play a crucial role in cell division. Small molecules such as benzo[b]furans are attractive as inhibitors of tubulin polymerization. A new class of inhibitors of tubulin polymerization based on the 2-(3',4',5'-trimethoxybenzoyl)benzo[b]furan molecular skeleton, with the amino group placed at different positions on the benzene ring, were synthesized and evaluated for antiproliferative activity, inhibition of tubulin polymerization, and cell-cycle effects. The methoxy substitution pattern on the benzene portion of the benzo[b]furan moiety played an important role in affecting antiproliferative activity. In the series of 5-amino derivatives, the greatest inhibition of cell growth occurred if the methoxy substituent is placed at the C6 position, whereas C7 substitution decreases potency. The most promising compound in this series is 2-(3',4',5'-trimethoxybenzoyl)-3-methyl-5-amino-6-methoxybenzo[b]furan (3 h), which inhibits cancer cell growth at nanomolar concentrations (IC(50) =16-24 nM), and interacts strongly with tubulin by binding to the colchicine site. Sub-G(1) apoptotic cells in cultures of HL-60 and U937 cells were observed by flow cytometric analysis after treatment with 3 h in a concentration-dependent manner. We also show that compound 3 h induces apoptosis by activation of caspase-3, -8, and -9, and this is associated with cytochrome c release from mitochondria. The introduction of an α-bromoacryloyl group increased antiproliferative activity with respect to the parent amino derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romeo Romagnoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy.
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Notsu K, Zushi Y, Ota S, Kawasaki-Takasuka T, Yamazaki T. Synthetic Utilization of 2-Chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane. Chemistry 2011; 17:9200-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201100900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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21
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Castagnolo D, Schenone S, Botta M. Guanylated Diamines, Triamines, and Polyamines: Chemistry and Biological Properties. Chem Rev 2011; 111:5247-300. [PMID: 21657224 DOI: 10.1021/cr100423x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Castagnolo
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, via Alcide de Gasperi 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Silvia Schenone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 3, I-16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Maurizio Botta
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, via Alcide de Gasperi 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
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Fekry MI, Price NE, Zang H, Huang C, Harmata M, Brown P, Daniels JS, Gates KS. Thiol-activated DNA damage by α-bromo-2-cyclopentenone. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:217-28. [PMID: 21250671 DOI: 10.1021/tx100282b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Some biologically active chemicals are relatively stable in the extracellular environment but, upon entering the cell, undergo biotransformation into reactive intermediates that covalently modify DNA. The diverse chemical reactions involved in the bioactivation of DNA-damaging agents are both fundamentally interesting and of practical importance in medicinal chemistry and toxicology. The work described here examines the bioactivation of α-haloacrolyl-containing molecules. The α-haloacrolyl moiety is found in a variety of cytotoxic natural products including clionastatin B, bromovulone III, discorahabdins A, B, and C, and trichodenone C, in mutagens such as 2-bromoacrolein and 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX), and in the anticancer drug candidates brostallicin and PNU-151807. Using α-bromo-2-cyclopentenone (1) as a model compound, the activation of α-haloacrolyl-containing molecules by biological thiols was explored. The results indicate that both low molecular weight and peptide thiols readily undergo conjugate addition to 1. The resulting products are consistent with a mechanism in which initial addition of thiols to 1 is followed by intramolecular displacement of bromide to yield a DNA-alkylating episulfonium ion intermediate. The reaction of thiol-activated 1 with DNA produces labile lesions at deoxyguanosine residues. The sequence specificity and salt dependence of this process is consistent with involvement of an episulfonium ion intermediate. The alkylated guanine residue resulting from the thiol-triggered reaction of 1 with duplex DNA was characterized using mass spectrometry. The results provide new insight regarding the mechanisms by which thiols can bioactivate small molecules and offer a more complete understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the biological activity of cytotoxic, mutagenic, and medicinal compounds containing the α-haloacrolyl group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa I Fekry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, 125 Chemistry Building Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
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Sasada T, Sawada T, Ikeda R, Sakai N, Konakahara T. Approach to Trisubstituted 3-Aminopyrrole Derivatives by Yb(OTf)3-Catalyzed [4+1] Annulation of 2-Azadiene with Me3SiCN. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201000241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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25
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Pezzola S, Antonini G, Geroni C, Beria I, Colombo M, Broggini M, Mongelli N, Leboffe L, MacArthur R, Mozzi AF, Federici G, Caccuri AM. Role of Glutathione Transferases in the Mechanism of Brostallicin Activation. Biochemistry 2009; 49:226-35. [DOI: 10.1021/bi901689s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pezzola
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Italo Beria
- Nerviano Medical Sciences Srl, Oncology, Nerviano, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Broggini
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche ‘Mario Negri’, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Loris Leboffe
- Department of Biology, University of “RomaTre”, Rome, Italy
| | - Robert MacArthur
- Systems Medicine LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Cell Therapeutics Inc., Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Giorgio Federici
- Children’s Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico ‘‘Bambin Gesù’’, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Caccuri
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
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Lorusso D, Mainenti S, Pietragalla A, Ferrandina G, Foco G, Masciullo V, Scambia G. Brostallicin (PNU-166196), a new minor groove DNA binder: preclinical and clinical activity. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2009; 18:1939-46. [DOI: 10.1517/13543780903401284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Zhichkin PE, Peterson LH, Beer CM, Rennells WM. The Use of Formamidine Protection for the Derivatization of Aminobenzoic Acids. J Org Chem 2008; 73:8954-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jo8017186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul E. Zhichkin
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, AMRI, 26 Corporate Circle P.O. Box 15098, Albany, New York 12212
| | - Lisa H. Peterson
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, AMRI, 26 Corporate Circle P.O. Box 15098, Albany, New York 12212
| | - Catherine M. Beer
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, AMRI, 26 Corporate Circle P.O. Box 15098, Albany, New York 12212
| | - W. Martin Rennells
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, AMRI, 26 Corporate Circle P.O. Box 15098, Albany, New York 12212
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Eckdahl TT, Brown AD, Hart SN, Malloy KJ, Shott M, Yiu G, Hoopes LLM, Heyer LJ. Microarray analysis of the in vivo sequence preferences of a minor groove binding drug. BMC Genomics 2008; 9:32. [PMID: 18215295 PMCID: PMC2254601 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2007] [Accepted: 01/23/2008] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Minor groove binding drugs (MGBDs) interact with DNA in a sequence-specific manner and can cause changes in gene expression at the level of transcription. They serve as valuable models for protein interactions with DNA and form an important class of antitumor, antiviral, antitrypanosomal and antibacterial drugs. There is a need to extend knowledge of the sequence requirements for MGBDs from in vitro DNA binding studies to living cells. Results Here we describe the use of microarray analysis to discover yeast genes that are affected by treatment with the MGBD berenil, thereby allowing the investigation of its sequence requirements for binding in vivo. A novel approach to sequence analysis allowed us to address hypotheses about genes that were directly or indirectly affected by drug binding. The results show that the sequence features of A/T richness and heteropolymeric character discovered by in vitro berenil binding studies are found upstream of genes hypothesized to be directly affected by berenil but not upstream of those hypothesized to be indirectly affected or those shown to be unaffected. Conclusion The data support the conclusion that effects of berenil on gene expression in yeast cells can be explained by sequence patterns discovered by in vitro binding experiments. The results shed light on the sequence and structural rules by which berenil binds to DNA and affects the transcriptional regulation of genes and contribute generally to the development of MGBDs as tools for basic and applied research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd T Eckdahl
- Biology Department, Missouri Western State University, Saint Joseph, MO, 64507, USA.
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Li W, Li J, Wan ZK, Wu J, Massefski W. Preparation of alpha-haloacrylate derivatives via dimethyl sulfoxide-mediated selective dehydrohalogenation. Org Lett 2007; 9:4607-10. [PMID: 17910466 DOI: 10.1021/ol7021142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Dimethyl sulfoxide causes alpha,beta-dihalopropanoate derivatives to undergo efficient, selective dehydrohalogenation to form alpha-haloacrylate analogues. A variety of alpha-halo Michael acceptors were prepared in dimethyl sulfoxide under mild, base-free conditions, including the preparation of alpha-bromoacrolein and alpha-chloro- and bromoacrylonitriles. Synthesis of these molecules has been reported in the literature to be difficult. Among all the existing dehydrohalogenation procedures, this protocol is the most facile, practical, and environmentally benign process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Chemical and Screening Sciences, Wyeth Research, 200 Cambridge Park Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, USA.
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31
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Grabowski SJ, Dubis AT, Palusiak M, Leszczynski J. Heteronuclear Intermolecular Resonance-Assisted Hydrogen Bonds. The Structure of Pyrrole-2-Carboxamide (PyCa). J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:5875-82. [PMID: 16553393 DOI: 10.1021/jp055334v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The crystal and molecular structure of pyrrole-2-carboxamide (PyCa) determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction is presented. Molecular conformations of PyCa are also analyzed by FT-IR and NMR techniques. Additionally DFT calculations at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level of approximation are performed for dimers of PyCa and for related species. The existence of two tautomeric forms for the analyzed dimers differing in H-bond motifs, N-H...O or O-H...N, is studied. The geometrical and energetic features of such H-bonds show that these interactions may be classified as intermolecular resonance-assisted hydrogen bonds. Additionally the Bader theory is applied to determine and to analyze bond critical points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir J Grabowski
- Department of Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry, University of Lodź, ul. Pomorska 149/153, 90-236 L-odź, Poland
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Romagnoli R, Baraldi PG, Iaconinoto MA, Carrion MD, Tabrizi MA, Gambari R, Borgatti M, Heilmann J. Synthesis and biological activity of alpha-bromoacryloyl lexitropsin conjugates. Eur J Med Chem 2005; 40:1123-8. [PMID: 16006014 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2005.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2005] [Revised: 05/17/2005] [Accepted: 05/19/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The design, synthesis and biological evaluation of lexitropsins bearing mixed heterocyclic and benzoheterocyclic moieties and tethered to an alpha-bromo acrylic moiety acting as alkylating moiety are reported, and structure-activity relationships determined. With respect to antiproliferative activity against L1210 and K562 cells, compounds 7 and 10 showed the greatest potency, while compounds 4 and 5 exhibit the lowest activity. Among the synthesized compounds 4-12, the derivative 10 was found to be the most potent member of this class and it is 70-fold more active than the bis-pyrrole counterpart 3 against L1210 cell line. In addition, the cytotoxicity of derivatives 5-12 against KB cells and the influence of different glutathione (GSH) concentrations on the cytotoxic effects was also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romeo Romagnoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto G S Berlinck
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo CP 780, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, Brazil.
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