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Estévez-Sarmiento F, Saavedra E, Brouard I, Peyrac J, Hernández-Garcés J, García C, Quintana J, Estévez F. Guanidine Derivatives Containing the Chalcone Skeleton Are Potent Antiproliferative Compounds against Human Leukemia Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415518. [PMID: 36555165 PMCID: PMC9779571 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effects of eleven synthetic guanidines containing the 1,3-diphenylpropenone core on the viabilities of six human cancer cells. The most cytotoxic compound against human cancer cells of this series contains a N-tosyl group and a N-methylpiperazine moiety 6f. It was cytotoxic against leukemia cells (U-937, HL-60, MOLT-3, and NALM-6) with significant effects against Bcl-2-overexpressing U-937/Bcl-2 cells as well as the human melanoma SK-MEL-1 cell line. It exhibited low cytotoxicity against quiescent or proliferating human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The IC50 value for the leukemia U-937 cells was 1.6 ± 0.6 µM, a similar value to that in the antineoplastic agent etoposide. The guanidine containing a N-phenyl substituent 6i was also as cytotoxic as the guanidine containing the N-tosyl substituent and the N-methylpiperazine group 6f against human U-937 leukemia cells and both synthetic guanidines were potent apoptotic inducers. Cell death was mediated by the activation of the initiator caspase-9 and the executioner caspase-3, and associated with the release of cytochrome c. These synthetic guanidines are potent cytotoxic compounds against several human leukemia cells and even the human melanoma cell line SK-MEL-1 and might be useful in the development of new strategies in the fight against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Estévez-Sarmiento
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Fisiología, Genética e Inmunología, Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Grupo de Química Orgánica y Bioquímica, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +34-928-451443; Fax: +34-928-451441
| | - Ester Saavedra
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Fisiología, Genética e Inmunología, Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Grupo de Química Orgánica y Bioquímica, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Instituto Canario de Investigación del Cáncer (ICIC), 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Ignacio Brouard
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 38206 La Laguna, Spain
| | - Jesús Peyrac
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 38206 La Laguna, Spain
| | - Judith Hernández-Garcés
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica AG, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna (Tenerife), 38200 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Celina García
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica AG, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna (Tenerife), 38200 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - José Quintana
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Fisiología, Genética e Inmunología, Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Grupo de Química Orgánica y Bioquímica, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Francisco Estévez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Fisiología, Genética e Inmunología, Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Grupo de Química Orgánica y Bioquímica, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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2
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Wan Y, Wu H, Ma N, Zhao J, Zhang Z, Gao W, Zhang G. De novo design and synthesis of dipyridopurinone derivatives as visible-light photocatalysts in productive guanylation reactions. Chem Sci 2021; 12:15988-15997. [PMID: 35024122 PMCID: PMC8672711 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05294b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Described here is the de novo design and synthesis of a series of 6H-dipyrido[1,2-e:2',1'-i]purin-6-ones (DPs) as a new class of visible-light photoredox catalysts (PCs). The synthesized DP1-5 showed their λ Abs(max) values in 433-477 nm, excited state redox potentials in 1.15-0.69 eV and -1.41 to -1.77 eV (vs. SCE), respectively. As a representative, DP4 enables the productive guanylation of various amines, including 1°, 2°, and 3°-alkyl primary amines, secondary amines, aryl and heteroaryl amines, amino-nitrile, amino acids and peptides as well as propynylamines and α-amino esters giving diversities in biologically important guanidines and cyclic guanidines. The photocatalytic efficacy of DP4 in the guanylation overmatched commonly used Ir and Ru polypyridyl complexes, and some organic PCs. Other salient merits of this method include broad substrate scope and functional group tolerance, gram-scale synthesis, and versatile late-stage derivatizations that led to a derivative 81 exhibiting 60-fold better anticancer activity against Ramos cells with the IC50 of 0.086 μM than that of clinical drug ibrutinib (5.1 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yameng Wan
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University 46 East of Construction Road Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
| | - Hao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University 46 East of Construction Road Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
| | - Nana Ma
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University 46 East of Construction Road Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University 46 East of Construction Road Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University 46 East of Construction Road Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
| | - Wenjing Gao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University 46 East of Construction Road Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
| | - Guisheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University 46 East of Construction Road Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
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3
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Wangngae S, Pattarawarapan M, Phakhodee W. Ph3P/I2-Mediated Synthesis of N,N′,N″-Substituted Guanidines and 2-Iminoimidazolin-4-ones from Aryl Isothiocyanates. J Org Chem 2017; 82:10331-10340. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sirilak Wangngae
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, ‡Graduate School, §Center of Excellence in Materials
Science and Technology, and ∥Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Mookda Pattarawarapan
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, ‡Graduate School, §Center of Excellence in Materials
Science and Technology, and ∥Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Wong Phakhodee
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, ‡Graduate School, §Center of Excellence in Materials
Science and Technology, and ∥Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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4
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Cai M, Hruby VJ. The Melanocortin Receptor System: A Target for Multiple Degenerative Diseases. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2016; 17:488-96. [PMID: 26916163 DOI: 10.2174/1389203717666160226145330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The melanocortin receptor system consists of five closely related G-protein coupled receptors (MC1R, MC2R, MC3R, MC4R and MC5R). These receptors are involved in many of the key biological functions for multicellular animals, including human beings. The natural agonist ligands for these receptors are derived by processing of a primordial animal gene product, proopiomelanocortin (POMC). The ligand for the MC2R is ACTH (Adrenal Corticotropic Hormone), a larger processed peptide from POMC. The natural ligands for the other 4 melanocortin receptors are smaller peptides including α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and related peptides from POMC (β-MSH and γ-MSH). They all contain the sequence His-Phe-Arg-Trp that is conserved throughout evolution. Thus, there has been considerable difficulty in developing highly selective ligands for the MC1R, MC3R, MC4R and MC5R. In this brief review, we discuss the various approaches that have been taken to design agonist and antagonist analogues and derivatives of the POMC peptides that are selective for the MC1R, MC3R, MC4R and MC5R receptors, via peptide, nonpeptide and peptidomimetic derivatives and analogues and their differential interactions with receptors that may help account for these selectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Victor J Hruby
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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5
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V. Tverdokhlebov A, A. Chalyk B, T. Iminov R, A. Tolmachev A. Preparation of 5-Amino-1,2-dihydro-4-(1-methyl-4-piperidinyl)pyrrol-3-ones. HETEROCYCLES 2009. [DOI: 10.3987/com-09-11701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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6
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Mayorov AV, Cai M, Palmer ES, Dedek MM, Cain JP, Van Scoy AR, Tan B, Vagner J, Trivedi D, Hruby VJ. Structure-activity relationships of cyclic lactam analogues of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) targeting the human melanocortin-3 receptor. J Med Chem 2008; 51:187-95. [PMID: 18088090 PMCID: PMC2587288 DOI: 10.1021/jm070461w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A variety of dicarboxylic acid linkers introduced between the alpha-amino group of Pro(6) and the -amino group of Lys(10) of the cyclic lactam alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH)-derived Pro(6)-D-Phe(7)/D-Nal(2')(7)-Arg(8)-Trp(9)-Lys(10)-NH2 pentapeptide template lead to nanomolar range and selective hMC3R agonists and antagonists. Replacement of the Pro(6) residue and the dicarboxylic acid linker with 2,3-pyrazine-dicarboxylic acid furnished a highly selective nanomolar range hMC3R partial agonist (analogue 12, c[CO-2,3-pyrazine-CO-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-Lys]-NH2, EC50 = 27 nM, 70% max cAMP) and an hMC3R antagonist (analogue 13, c[CO-2,3-pyrazine-CO-D-Nal(2')-Arg-Trp-Lys]-NH2, IC50 = 23 nM). Modeling experiments suggest that 2,3-pyrazinedicarboxylic acid stabilizes a beta-turn-like structure with the D-Phe/D-Nal(2') residues, which explains the high potency of the corresponding peptides. Placement of a Nle residue in position 6 produced a hMC3R/hMC5R antagonist (analogue 15, c[CO-(CH 2)2-CO-Nle-D-Nal(2')-Arg-Trp-Lys]-NH2, IC50 = 12 and 17 nM, respectively), similarly to the previously described cyclic gamma-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (gamma-MSH)-derived hMC3R/hMC5R antagonists. These newly developed melanotropins will serve as critical biochemical tools for elucidating the full spectrum of functions performed by the physiologically important melanocortin-3 receptor.
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MESH Headings
- Binding, Competitive
- Cell Line
- Cyclic AMP/biosynthesis
- Humans
- Lactams/chemical synthesis
- Lactams/pharmacology
- Models, Molecular
- Peptides, Cyclic/chemical synthesis
- Peptides, Cyclic/chemistry
- Peptides, Cyclic/pharmacology
- Radioligand Assay
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 3/agonists
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 3/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 3/chemistry
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- alpha-MSH/analogs & derivatives
- alpha-MSH/chemical synthesis
- alpha-MSH/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Minying Cai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Erin S. Palmer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Matthew M. Dedek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - James P. Cain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - April R. Van Scoy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Bahar Tan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Josef Vagner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Dev Trivedi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Victor J. Hruby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
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7
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Blakeney JS, Reid RC, Le GT, Fairlie DP. Nonpeptidic Ligands for Peptide-Activated G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Chem Rev 2007; 107:2960-3041. [PMID: 17622179 DOI: 10.1021/cr050984g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jade S Blakeney
- Centre for Drug Design and Development, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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8
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Chen C. Recent progress toward nonpeptide ligands for the melanocortin-4 receptor. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2007; 45:111-67. [PMID: 17280903 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(06)45503-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc., 12700 El Camino Real, San Diego, CA 92130, USA
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9
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Chen M, Georgeson KE, Harmon CM, Haskell-Luevano C, Yang Y. Functional characterization of the modified melanocortin peptides responsible for ligand selectivity at the human melanocortin receptors. Peptides 2006; 27:2836-45. [PMID: 16730390 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2006.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2006] [Revised: 04/14/2006] [Accepted: 04/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin system plays an important role in energy homeostasis as well as skin pigmentation, steroidogenesis and exocrine gland function. In this study, we examined eight Ac-His-Phe-Arg-Trp-NH(2) tetrapeptides that were modified at the Phe position and pharmacologically characterized their activities at the human MCR wild-types and their mutants. Our results indicate that at the hMC1R, all D stereochemical modified residues at the Phe position of peptides increase cAMP production in a dose-dependent manner. At the hMC3R, the DPhe peptide dose dependently increases cAMP production but all other three tetrapeptides were not. At the hMC4R, both the DPhe and DNal(1') peptides induce cAMP production. However, both DTyr and DNal(2') were not able to induce cAMP production. Further studies indicated that at the hMC1R M128L mutant receptor, the all D-configured tetrapeptides reduce their potencies as compared to that of hMC1R wild-type. However, at the hMC3R and hMC4R L165M and L133M mutant receptors, the DNal(2') and DTyr tetrapeptides possess agonist activity. These findings indicate that DPhe in tetrapeptide plays an important role in ligand selectivity and specific residue TM3 of the melanocortin receptors is crucial for ligand selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
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10
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Odagami T, Tsuda Y, Kogami Y, Kouji H, Okada Y. Design of cyclic peptides with agonist activity at melanocortin receptor-4. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:3723-6. [PMID: 16678415 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2006] [Revised: 04/10/2006] [Accepted: 04/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of cyclic pentapeptides, c(His-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-Z) (Z=omega-amino acid), were prepared and biologically evaluated. The effects of increasing alkyl chain length of omega-amino acid on the functional activities and the receptor binding affinities for human melanocortin receptors (hMC-Rs) were studied. Compound 2 was an agonist for hMC-4R with an EC50 value of 15.4 nM, which was 4.7 times more potent than that of alpha-MSH. Compound 2 also showed a 4.3-fold higher hMC-4R selectivity over hMC-1R, thus providing us with information concerning size and chemical structure of the lactam ring for the development of the agonist with hMC-4R selectivity.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Circular Dichroism
- Drug Design
- Humans
- Lactams/chemistry
- Lactams/pharmacology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Peptides, Cyclic/chemical synthesis
- Peptides, Cyclic/pharmacology
- Protein Binding
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 1/agonists
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/agonists
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/metabolism
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- alpha-MSH/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Takenao Odagami
- Research Center, Pharmaceutical R&D Division, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, Izunokuni 410-2321, Japan
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11
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Surgand JS, Rodrigo J, Kellenberger E, Rognan D. A chemogenomic analysis of the transmembrane binding cavity of human G-protein-coupled receptors. Proteins 2006; 62:509-38. [PMID: 16294340 DOI: 10.1002/prot.20768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The amino acid sequences of 369 human nonolfactory G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been aligned at the seven transmembrane domain (TM) and used to extract the nature of 30 critical residues supposed--from the X-ray structure of bovine rhodopsin bound to retinal--to line the TM binding cavity of ground-state receptors. Interestingly, the clustering of human GPCRs from these 30 residues mirrors the recently described phylogenetic tree of full-sequence human GPCRs (Fredriksson et al., Mol Pharmacol 2003;63:1256-1272) with few exceptions. A TM cavity could be found for all investigated GPCRs with physicochemical properties matching that of their cognate ligands. The current approach allows a very fast comparison of most human GPCRs from the focused perspective of the predicted TM cavity and permits to easily detect key residues that drive ligand selectivity or promiscuity.
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12
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Yan LZ, Flora D, Edwards P, Smiley DL, Emmerson PJ, Hsiung HM, Gadski R, Hertel J, Heiman ML, Husain S, O'Brien TP, Kahl SD, Zhang L, Dimarchi RD, Mayer JP. Potent and selective MC-4 receptor agonists based on a novel disulfide scaffold. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:4611-4. [PMID: 16105738 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.06.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2005] [Revised: 06/17/2005] [Accepted: 06/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Extensive structure-activity relationship studies utilizing a beta-MSH-derived cyclic nonapeptide, Ac-Tyr-Arg-[Cys-Glu-His-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-Cys]-NH(2) (3), led to identification of a series of novel MC-4R selective disulfide-constrained hexapeptide analogs including Ac-[hCys-His-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-Cys]-NH(2) (12). The structural modifications associated with profound influence on MC-4R potency and selectivity were ring size, ring conformation, and the aromatic substitution of the D-Phe7. These cyclic peptide analogs provide novel and enhanced reagents for use in the elucidation of melanocortin-4 receptor-related physiology, and may additionally find application in the treatment of obesity and related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Z Yan
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
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