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Hu S, Chen J, Cao JX, Zhang SS, Gu SX, Chen FE. Quinolines and isoquinolines as HIV-1 inhibitors: Chemical structures, action targets, and biological activities. Bioorg Chem 2023; 136:106549. [PMID: 37119785 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), a lentivirus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), poses a serious threat to global public health. Since the advent of the first drug zidovudine, a number of anti-HIV agents acting on different targets have been approved to combat HIV/AIDS. Among the abundant heterocyclic families, quinoline and isoquinoline moieties are recognized as promising scaffolds for HIV inhibition. This review intends to highlight the advances in diverse chemical structures and abundant biological activity of quinolines and isoquinolines as anti-HIV agents acting on different targets, which aims to provide useful references and inspirations to design and develop novel HIV inhibitors for medicinal chemists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Hu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Jiong Chen
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Jin-Xu Cao
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Shuang-Shuang Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Shuang-Xi Gu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China.
| | - Fen-Er Chen
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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2
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Erşatır M, Yıldırım M, Giray ES. Carbostyril derivatives: Synthesis of novel carbostyril-3′-carbonitrilselenophene hybrid compounds and investigation of their antiproliferative properties on prostate and breast cancer. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2020.1825744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Erşatır
- Department of Chemistry, Arts and Science Faculty, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Metin Yıldırım
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Elife Sultan Giray
- Department of Chemistry, Arts and Science Faculty, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
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3
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Laxio Arenas J, Kaffy J, Ongeri S. Peptides and peptidomimetics as inhibitors of protein–protein interactions involving β-sheet secondary structures. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2019; 52:157-167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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4
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Chen W, Sun C, Zhang Y, Hu T, Zhu F, Jiang X, Abame MA, Yang F, Suo J, Shi J, Shen J, Aisa HA. Oxidative Aromatization of 3,4-Dihydroquinolin-2(1 H)-ones to Quinolin-2(1 H)-ones Using Transition-Metal-Activated Persulfate Salts. J Org Chem 2019; 84:8702-8709. [PMID: 31244162 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic persulfate salts were identified as efficient reagents for the oxidative aromatization of 3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(1 H)-ones through the activation of readily available transition metals, such as iron and copper. The feasible protocol conforming to the requirement of green chemistry was utilized in the preparation of the key intermediate (7-(4-chlorobutoxy)quinolin-2(1 H)-one 2) of brexpiprazole in 80% isolated yield on a 100 g scale, and different quinolin-2(1 H)-one derivatives with various functional groups were demonstrated in 52-89% yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry in Arid Regions, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , South Beijing Road 40-1 , Urumqi , Xinjiang 830011 , People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 19A Yuquan Road , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Changliang Sun
- Topharman Shanghai Co., Ltd. , Building 1, No. 388 Jialilue Road, Zhangjiang Hitech Park , Shanghai 201209 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Receptor Research , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zuchongzhi Road , Shanghai 201203 , People's Republic of China
| | - Tianwen Hu
- Topharman Shanghai Co., Ltd. , Building 1, No. 388 Jialilue Road, Zhangjiang Hitech Park , Shanghai 201209 , People's Republic of China
| | - Fuqiang Zhu
- Topharman Shanghai Co., Ltd. , Building 1, No. 388 Jialilue Road, Zhangjiang Hitech Park , Shanghai 201209 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangrui Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Receptor Research , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zuchongzhi Road , Shanghai 201203 , People's Republic of China
| | - Melkamu Alemu Abame
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 19A Yuquan Road , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China.,CAS Key Laboratory for Receptor Research , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zuchongzhi Road , Shanghai 201203 , People's Republic of China
| | - Feipu Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Receptor Research , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zuchongzhi Road , Shanghai 201203 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Suo
- CAS Key Laboratory for Receptor Research , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zuchongzhi Road , Shanghai 201203 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Shi
- Topharman Shanghai Co., Ltd. , Building 1, No. 388 Jialilue Road, Zhangjiang Hitech Park , Shanghai 201209 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jingshan Shen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Receptor Research , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zuchongzhi Road , Shanghai 201203 , People's Republic of China
| | - Haji A Aisa
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry in Arid Regions, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , South Beijing Road 40-1 , Urumqi , Xinjiang 830011 , People's Republic of China
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5
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Chen W, Suo J, Liu Y, Xie Y, Wu M, Zhu F, Nian Y, Aisa HA, Shen J. Industry-Oriented Route Evaluation and Process Optimization for the Preparation of Brexpiprazole. Org Process Res Dev 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry in Arid Regions, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, South Beijing Road 40−1, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jin Suo
- CAS Key Laboratory for Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Yongjian Liu
- Topharman Shanghai Co., Ltd., Building 1, No. 388 Jialilue Road, Zhangjiang Hitech Park, Shanghai 201209, P. R. China
| | - Yuanchao Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory for Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Mingjun Wu
- Topharman Shanghai Co., Ltd., Building 1, No. 388 Jialilue Road, Zhangjiang Hitech Park, Shanghai 201209, P. R. China
| | - Fuqiang Zhu
- Topharman Shanghai Co., Ltd., Building 1, No. 388 Jialilue Road, Zhangjiang Hitech Park, Shanghai 201209, P. R. China
| | - Yifeng Nian
- Topharman Shanghai Co., Ltd., Building 1, No. 388 Jialilue Road, Zhangjiang Hitech Park, Shanghai 201209, P. R. China
| | - Haji A. Aisa
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry in Arid Regions, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, South Beijing Road 40−1, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P. R. China
| | - Jingshan Shen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
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6
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Wapling J, Srivastava S, Shehu-Xhilaga M, Tachedjian G. Targeting Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Assembly, Maturation and Budding. Drug Target Insights 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/117739280700200020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Wapling
- Molecular Interactions Group, Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Seema Srivastava
- Molecular Interactions Group, Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
| | - Miranda Shehu-Xhilaga
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Prahran, Victoria 3181, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Victoria 3181, Australia
| | - Gilda Tachedjian
- Molecular Interactions Group, Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Prahran, Victoria 3181, Australia
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7
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Peverelli MG, Soares da Costa TP, Kirby N, Perugini MA. Dimerization of Bacterial Diaminopimelate Decarboxylase Is Essential for Catalysis. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:9785-95. [PMID: 26921318 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.696591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Diaminopimelate decarboxylase (DAPDC) catalyzes the final step in the diaminopimelate biosynthesis pathway of bacteria. The product of the reaction is the essential amino acid l-lysine, which is an important precursor for the synthesis of the peptidoglycan cell wall, housekeeping proteins, and virulence factors of bacteria. Accordingly, the enzyme is a promising antibacterial target. Previous structural studies demonstrate that DAPDC exists as monomers, dimers, and tetramers in the crystal state. However, the active oligomeric form has not yet been determined. We show using analytical ultracentrifugation, small angle x-ray scattering, and enzyme kinetic analyses in solution that the active form of DAPDC from Bacillus anthracis, Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Vibrio cholerae is a dimer. The importance of dimerization was probed further by generating dimerization interface mutants (N381A and R385A) of V. cholerae DAPDC. Our studies indicate that N381A and R385A are significantly attenuated in catalytic activity, thus confirming that dimerization of DAPDC is essential for function. These findings provide scope for the development of new antibacterial agents that prevent DAPDC dimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin G Peverelli
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3010, and
| | - Tatiana P Soares da Costa
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086
| | - Nigel Kirby
- the The Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Matthew A Perugini
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3010, and
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8
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Barot KP, Jain SV, Kremer L, Singh S, Ghate MD. Recent advances and therapeutic journey of coumarins: current status and perspectives. Med Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-015-1350-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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9
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Gul S, Hadian K. Protein–protein interaction modulator drug discovery: past efforts and future opportunities using a rich source of low- and high-throughput screening assays. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 9:1393-404. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.954544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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10
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Fanelli R, Ressurreição AS, Dufau L, Soulier JL, Vidu A, Tonali N, Bernadat G, Reboud-Ravaux M, Ongeri S. Introduction of polar groups on the naphthalene scaffold of molecular tongs inhibiting wild-type and mutated HIV-1 protease dimerization. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4md00032c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new series of naphthalene-based molecular tongs containing polar groups at the 3-position of the naphthalene scaffold was synthesized and its anti-dimerization activity was evaluated against HIV-1 protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Fanelli
- Molécules Fluorées et Chimie Médicinale
- BioCIS UMR-CNRS 8076
- LabEx LERMIT
- Université Paris-Sud
- Faculté de Pharmacie
| | - A. S. Ressurreição
- Molécules Fluorées et Chimie Médicinale
- BioCIS UMR-CNRS 8076
- LabEx LERMIT
- Université Paris-Sud
- Faculté de Pharmacie
| | - L. Dufau
- Sorbonne Universités
- UPMC Univ Paris 06
- UMR 8256
- B2A
- Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Integrated Cellular Ageing and Inflammation, Molecular & Functional Enzymology
| | - J.-L. Soulier
- Molécules Fluorées et Chimie Médicinale
- BioCIS UMR-CNRS 8076
- LabEx LERMIT
- Université Paris-Sud
- Faculté de Pharmacie
| | - A. Vidu
- Molécules Fluorées et Chimie Médicinale
- BioCIS UMR-CNRS 8076
- LabEx LERMIT
- Université Paris-Sud
- Faculté de Pharmacie
| | - N. Tonali
- Molécules Fluorées et Chimie Médicinale
- BioCIS UMR-CNRS 8076
- LabEx LERMIT
- Université Paris-Sud
- Faculté de Pharmacie
| | - G. Bernadat
- Molécules Fluorées et Chimie Médicinale
- BioCIS UMR-CNRS 8076
- LabEx LERMIT
- Université Paris-Sud
- Faculté de Pharmacie
| | - M. Reboud-Ravaux
- Sorbonne Universités
- UPMC Univ Paris 06
- UMR 8256
- B2A
- Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Integrated Cellular Ageing and Inflammation, Molecular & Functional Enzymology
| | - S. Ongeri
- Molécules Fluorées et Chimie Médicinale
- BioCIS UMR-CNRS 8076
- LabEx LERMIT
- Université Paris-Sud
- Faculté de Pharmacie
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11
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Ponterini G. Fluorescence Observables and Enzyme Kinetics in the Investigation of PPI Modulation by Small Molecules: Detection, Mechanistic Insight, and Functional Consequences. DISRUPTION OF PROTEIN-PROTEIN INTERFACES 2013. [PMCID: PMC7123529 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-37999-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The potential of fluorescence-based methods and kinetic analysis in the screening and molecular-scale mechanistic investigation of PPI modulation by small molecules is discussed through several representative examples collected and commented. These experimental approaches take advantage of a variety of observables. Changes in the protein aggregation pattern have been monitored through fluorescence properties such as spectra, intensities (related to quantum yields), time-decays, and anisotropies of intrinsic protein fluorophores, of extrinsic fluorescent tags and, even, of the same small molecules added to modulate PPIs, as well as through bimolecular excited-state processes such as static and collisional quenching, including electron and excitation-energy transfer, or exciton interaction, whose efficiencies are crucially structure dependent. Besides allowing for qualitative and quantitative information on the small-molecule induced PPI modulation, these approaches can take advantage from the sensitivity of fluorescence observables on fine structural details to shed light on the molecular-scale mechanisms of action and their functional consequences. Direct investigation of the latter by kinetic inhibition analysis represents a useful change in perspective whenever PPI are relevant for enzyme activity. Dissociative inhibition, that is, the ability of some small molecules to inhibit enzymes by disrupting their active oligomeric assembly is shortly reviewed.
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12
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Comparative structure and function analyses of native and his-tagged forms of dihydrodipicolinate reductase from methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Protein Expr Purif 2012; 85:66-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2012.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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Dufau L, Marques Ressurreição AS, Fanelli R, Kihal N, Vidu A, Milcent T, Soulier JL, Rodrigo J, Desvergne A, Leblanc K, Bernadat G, Crousse B, Reboud-Ravaux M, Ongeri S. Carbonylhydrazide-based molecular tongs inhibit wild-type and mutated HIV-1 protease dimerization. J Med Chem 2012; 55:6762-75. [PMID: 22800535 DOI: 10.1021/jm300181j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have designed and synthesized new molecular tongs based on a rigid naphthalene scaffold and evaluated their antidimer activity on HIV-1 protease (PR). We inserted carbonylhydrazide and oligohydrazide (azatide) fragments into their peptidomimetic arms to reduce hydrophobicity and increase metabolic stability. These fragments are designed to disrupt the protein-protein interactions by reproducing the hydrogen bond pattern found in the antiparallel β-sheet formed between the N- and C-ends of the two monomers in the native PR. Kinetic analyses and fluorescent probe binding studies showed that several molecular tongs can inhibit PR dimerization. The best nonpeptidic molecular tongs to date were obtained with an inhibition constant K(id) of 50 nM for PR and 80 nM for the multimutated protease ANAM-11. The PR inhibition was selective, the aspartic proteases renin and pepsin were not inhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Dufau
- UMR-CNRS 8076, Molécules Fluorées et Chimie Médicinale, LabEx LERMIT, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Sud 11, 5 rue J. B. Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France
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14
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Pinyol E, Frutos S, Grillo-Bosch D, Giralt E, Clotet B, Esté JA, Diez A. Applications of 3-aminolactams: design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a library of potential dimerisation inhibitors of HIV1-protease. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:4348-54. [PMID: 22546925 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob25291k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the context of our studies on the applications of 3-aminolactams as conformationally restricted pseudodipeptides, we report here the synthesis of a library of potential dimerisation inhibitors of HIV1-protease. Two of the pseudopeptides were active on the wild type virus (HIV1) at micromolar levels (EC(50)). Although the peptides showed lower anti-viral activity than previously reported dimerisation inhibitors, our results demonstrate that the piperidone moiety does not prevent cell penetration, and hence that such derivatization is compatible with potential anti-HIV treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eulàlia Pinyol
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, 08028-Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Synthesis of benzo[3,4]azepino[1,2-b]isoquinolin-9-ones from 3-arylisoquinolines via ring closing metathesis and evaluation of topoisomerase I inhibitory activity, cytotoxicity and docking study. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:5311-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Le TN, Yang SH, Khadka DB, Van HTM, Cho SH, Kwon Y, Lee ES, Lee KT, Cho WJ. Design and synthesis of 4-amino-2-phenylquinazolines as novel topoisomerase I inhibitors with molecular modeling. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:4399-404. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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17
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Loughlin WA, Tyndall JDA, Glenn MP, Hill TA, Fairlie DP. Update 1 of: Beta-Strand Mimetics. Chem Rev 2011; 110:PR32-69. [DOI: 10.1021/cr900395y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy A. Loughlin
- School of Science, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia, and Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia This is a Chemical Reviews Perennial Review. The root paper of this title was published in Chem. Rev. 2004, 104 (12), 6085−6117, DOI: 10.1021/cr040648k; Published (Web) Nov. 4, 2004. Updates to the text appear in red type
| | - Joel D. A. Tyndall
- School of Science, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia, and Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia This is a Chemical Reviews Perennial Review. The root paper of this title was published in Chem. Rev. 2004, 104 (12), 6085−6117, DOI: 10.1021/cr040648k; Published (Web) Nov. 4, 2004. Updates to the text appear in red type
| | - Matthew P. Glenn
- School of Science, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia, and Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia This is a Chemical Reviews Perennial Review. The root paper of this title was published in Chem. Rev. 2004, 104 (12), 6085−6117, DOI: 10.1021/cr040648k; Published (Web) Nov. 4, 2004. Updates to the text appear in red type
| | - Timothy A. Hill
- School of Science, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia, and Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia This is a Chemical Reviews Perennial Review. The root paper of this title was published in Chem. Rev. 2004, 104 (12), 6085−6117, DOI: 10.1021/cr040648k; Published (Web) Nov. 4, 2004. Updates to the text appear in red type
| | - David P. Fairlie
- School of Science, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia, and Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia This is a Chemical Reviews Perennial Review. The root paper of this title was published in Chem. Rev. 2004, 104 (12), 6085−6117, DOI: 10.1021/cr040648k; Published (Web) Nov. 4, 2004. Updates to the text appear in red type
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18
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Khadka DB, Cho WJ. 3-Arylisoquinolines as novel topoisomerase I inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:724-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Revised: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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19
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Vidu A, Dufau L, Bannwarth L, Soulier JL, Sicsic S, Piarulli U, Reboud-Ravaux M, Ongeri S. Toward the First Nonpeptidic Molecular Tong Inhibitor of Wild-Type and Mutated HIV-1 Protease Dimerization. ChemMedChem 2010; 5:1899-906. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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20
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Targeting protein–protein interactions for therapeutic intervention: a challenge for the future. Future Med Chem 2009; 1:65-93. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.09.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Over the last two decades, an increasing research effort in academia and industry has focused on the modulation (both inhibition and stabilization) of protein–protein interactions (PPIs) in order to develop novel therapeutic approaches and target-selective agents in drug discovery. Discussion: The diversity and complexity of highly dynamic systems such as PPIs present many challenges for the identification of drug-like molecules with the ability to modulate the PPI with the necessary selectivity and potency. In this review, a number of these strategies will be presented along with a critical overview of the challenges and potential solutions relating to the exploitation of PPIs as molecular targets. Conclusions: Both traditional drug discovery approaches and some more recently developed innovative strategies have already provided valuable tools for the discovery of PPI modulators, and a number of successful examples have highlighted the potential of targeting PPIs for therapeutic intervention, especially in the oncology area.
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Verkhivker G. Computational proteomics analysis of binding mechanisms and molecular signatures of the HIV-1 protease drugs. Artif Intell Med 2009; 45:197-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.artmed.2008.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2007] [Revised: 08/12/2008] [Accepted: 08/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Bannwarth L, Rose T, Dufau L, Vanderesse R, Dumond J, Jamart-Grégoire B, Pannecouque C, De Clercq E, Reboud-Ravaux M. Dimer Disruption and Monomer Sequestration by Alkyl Tripeptides Are Successful Strategies for Inhibiting Wild-Type and Multidrug-Resistant Mutated HIV-1 Proteases. Biochemistry 2008; 48:379-87. [DOI: 10.1021/bi801422u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Bannwarth
- Enzymologie Moléculaire et Fonctionnelle, FRE 2852, CNRS, Université Paris 6 UPMC, Institut Jacques Monod, 2 place Jussieu, 75251 Paris Cedex 5, France, Institut Pasteur, PFBMI, Département de Biologie Structurale, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Macromoléculaire, UMR 7568 CNRS-INPL, ENSIC 1, rue Grandville, 54001 Nancy, France, and Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thierry Rose
- Enzymologie Moléculaire et Fonctionnelle, FRE 2852, CNRS, Université Paris 6 UPMC, Institut Jacques Monod, 2 place Jussieu, 75251 Paris Cedex 5, France, Institut Pasteur, PFBMI, Département de Biologie Structurale, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Macromoléculaire, UMR 7568 CNRS-INPL, ENSIC 1, rue Grandville, 54001 Nancy, France, and Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laure Dufau
- Enzymologie Moléculaire et Fonctionnelle, FRE 2852, CNRS, Université Paris 6 UPMC, Institut Jacques Monod, 2 place Jussieu, 75251 Paris Cedex 5, France, Institut Pasteur, PFBMI, Département de Biologie Structurale, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Macromoléculaire, UMR 7568 CNRS-INPL, ENSIC 1, rue Grandville, 54001 Nancy, France, and Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Régis Vanderesse
- Enzymologie Moléculaire et Fonctionnelle, FRE 2852, CNRS, Université Paris 6 UPMC, Institut Jacques Monod, 2 place Jussieu, 75251 Paris Cedex 5, France, Institut Pasteur, PFBMI, Département de Biologie Structurale, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Macromoléculaire, UMR 7568 CNRS-INPL, ENSIC 1, rue Grandville, 54001 Nancy, France, and Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Julien Dumond
- Enzymologie Moléculaire et Fonctionnelle, FRE 2852, CNRS, Université Paris 6 UPMC, Institut Jacques Monod, 2 place Jussieu, 75251 Paris Cedex 5, France, Institut Pasteur, PFBMI, Département de Biologie Structurale, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Macromoléculaire, UMR 7568 CNRS-INPL, ENSIC 1, rue Grandville, 54001 Nancy, France, and Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Jamart-Grégoire
- Enzymologie Moléculaire et Fonctionnelle, FRE 2852, CNRS, Université Paris 6 UPMC, Institut Jacques Monod, 2 place Jussieu, 75251 Paris Cedex 5, France, Institut Pasteur, PFBMI, Département de Biologie Structurale, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Macromoléculaire, UMR 7568 CNRS-INPL, ENSIC 1, rue Grandville, 54001 Nancy, France, and Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christophe Pannecouque
- Enzymologie Moléculaire et Fonctionnelle, FRE 2852, CNRS, Université Paris 6 UPMC, Institut Jacques Monod, 2 place Jussieu, 75251 Paris Cedex 5, France, Institut Pasteur, PFBMI, Département de Biologie Structurale, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Macromoléculaire, UMR 7568 CNRS-INPL, ENSIC 1, rue Grandville, 54001 Nancy, France, and Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Enzymologie Moléculaire et Fonctionnelle, FRE 2852, CNRS, Université Paris 6 UPMC, Institut Jacques Monod, 2 place Jussieu, 75251 Paris Cedex 5, France, Institut Pasteur, PFBMI, Département de Biologie Structurale, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Macromoléculaire, UMR 7568 CNRS-INPL, ENSIC 1, rue Grandville, 54001 Nancy, France, and Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michèle Reboud-Ravaux
- Enzymologie Moléculaire et Fonctionnelle, FRE 2852, CNRS, Université Paris 6 UPMC, Institut Jacques Monod, 2 place Jussieu, 75251 Paris Cedex 5, France, Institut Pasteur, PFBMI, Département de Biologie Structurale, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Macromoléculaire, UMR 7568 CNRS-INPL, ENSIC 1, rue Grandville, 54001 Nancy, France, and Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Kaushik-Basu N, Basu A, Harris D. Peptide inhibition of HIV-1: current status and future potential. BioDrugs 2008; 22:161-75. [PMID: 18481899 DOI: 10.2165/00063030-200822030-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
More than 2 decades of intensive research has focused on defining replication mechanisms of HIV type 1 (HIV-1), the etiologic agent of AIDS. The delineation of strategies for combating this viral infection has yielded many innovative approaches toward this end. HIV-1 is a lentivirus in the family retroviridae that is relatively small with regard to both structure and genome size, having a diploid RNA genome of approximately 9 kb, with only three major genes and several gene products resulting from alternate splicing and translational frameshifting. Most marketed drugs for treating AIDS are inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase or protease enzymes, but new targets include the integrase enzyme, cell surface interactions that facilitate viral entry, and also virus particle maturation and assembly. The emergence of drug-resistant variants of HIV-1 has been the main impediment to successful treatment of AIDS. Thus, there is a pressing need to develop novel treatment strategies targeting multiple stages of the virus life-cycle. Research efforts aimed at developing successful means for combating HIV-1 infection have included development of peptide inhibitors of HIV-1. This article summarizes past and current endeavors in the development of peptides that inhibit replication of HIV-1 and the role of peptide inhibitors in the search for new anti-HIV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neerja Kaushik-Basu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
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24
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Sidechain-linked inhibitors of HIV-1 protease dimerization. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 17:967-76. [PMID: 18337105 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2007] [Revised: 02/15/2008] [Accepted: 02/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
There is a great need for alternative modes of inhibition for the design of anti-HIV therapies, due to the increased resistance of HIV to currently approved drugs. A novel strategy for generating potent dimerization inhibitors of HIV-1 protease is described based on sidechain-linked interfacial peptides. In a number of cases the activity of these agents against HIV-1 protease was found to be among the most potent reported, with inhibitory constants in the low nM range.
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Van HTM, Le QM, Lee KY, Lee ES, Kwon Y, Kim TS, Le TN, Lee SH, Cho WJ. Convenient synthesis of indeno[1,2-c]isoquinolines as constrained forms of 3-arylisoquinolines and docking study of a topoisomerase I inhibitor into DNA-topoisomerase I complex. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:5763-7. [PMID: 17827007 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2007] [Revised: 08/16/2007] [Accepted: 08/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
11-hydroxyindeno[1,2-c]isoquinolines 12a-c were prepared as constrained forms of 3-arylisoquinolines through an intramolecular cyclization reaction. Among the synthesized compounds, the 11-(i)butoxy analog 15l displayed potent in vitro cytotoxicity against four different tumor cell lines as well as topoisomerase 1 inhibitory activity. A FlexX docking study was performed to explain the topoisomerase 1 activity of 15l.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hue Thi My Van
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
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Bannwarth L, Reboud-Ravaux M. An alternative strategy for inhibiting multidrug-resistant mutants of the dimeric HIV-1 protease by targeting the subunit interface. Biochem Soc Trans 2007; 35:551-4. [PMID: 17511649 DOI: 10.1042/bst0350551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mutations that occur in response to the HIV-1 protease inhibitors are responsible for the development of multidrug cross-resistance to these antiproteases in AIDS treatment. One alternative to inhibiting the active site of HIV-1 protease is to target the dimer interface of the homodimeric enzyme at the antiparallel beta-sheet formed by the interdigitation of the C- and N-ends of each monomer. This region is highly conserved and is responsible for approx. 75% of the dimer-stabilization energy. The strategies that have been used to design small molecules to target the interface antiparallel beta-sheet have produced lipopeptides, guanidinium derivatives and peptides (or peptidomimetics) cross-linked with spacers. The mechanism of inhibition was determined using a combination of kinetic and biophysical methods. These dimerization inhibitors proved equally active in vitro against both wild-type and mutated proteases. They are therefore promising alternatives to active-site-directed inhibitors in AIDS therapy. Disruption of protein-protein interactions by small molecules is a new way to obtain potentially therapeutic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bannwarth
- Enzymologie Moléculaire et Fonctionnelle, FRE 2852, CNRS-Université Paris 6, Institut Jacques Monod, 2 place Jussieu, 75251 Cedex 05, France
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Frutos S, Tulla-Puche J, Albericio F, Giralt E. Chemical Synthesis of 19F-labeled HIV-1 Protease using Fmoc-Chemistry and ChemMatrix Resin. Int J Pept Res Ther 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-006-9070-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Louis JM, Ishima R, Torchia DA, Weber IT. HIV-1 protease: structure, dynamics, and inhibition. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2007; 55:261-98. [PMID: 17586318 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(07)55008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John M Louis
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Liotard JF, Mehiri M, Di Giorgio A, Boggetto N, Reboud-Ravaux M, Aubertin AM, Condom R, Patino N. AZT and AZT-monophosphate prodrugs incorporating HIV-protease substrate fragment: synthesis and evaluation as specific drug delivery systems. Antivir Chem Chemother 2006; 17:193-213. [PMID: 17066898 DOI: 10.1177/095632020601700404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
With the view to deliver anti-HIV nucleoside and nucleoside-monophosphate (MP) analogues specifically into HIV-infected cells, we synthesized a series of ester and phosphoramidate peptide conjugates of zidovudine (AZT) and of AZT-MP, respectively, wherein the peptide sequences derive from a HIV-protease (PR) hydrolysable substrate. Their in vitro stability with respect to hydrolysis, anti-HIV activity and cytotoxicity, and ability to inhibit the HIV-PR activity were investigated. Concerning the ester AZT-peptide conjugates, their antiviral activity level in thymidine kinase-expressing (TK+) CEM-SS and MT-4 cells was in most cases closely correlated to their hydrolysis rate: the faster the hydrolysis, the closer the anti-HIV activity to that of AZT. None of them was a HIV-PR substrate, indicating that their antiviral activity was not related to their intracellular hydrolysis by this enzyme. None of them inhibited HIV in TK-deficient (TK-) CEM cells, demonstrating that they probably act as prodrugs of AZT. Most of the phosphoramidate peptide conjugates of AZT-MP were rapidly degraded in a physiological buffer into several metabolites including AZT. Their anti-HIV activity in TK+ CEM-SS and MT-4 cells was much lower than that of AZT, indicating that only low amounts of AZT or AZT-MP were released into cells during incubation. Antiviral activities measured on TK- CEM cells for some phosphoramidates suggest that low amounts of AZT-MP could be released intracellularly. However, this AZT-MP release was not initiated by a HIV-PR hydrolysis, as no evidence for peptide cleavage was obtained by HPLC analysis of one representative compound after incubation with HIV-PR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Liotard
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Molecules Bioactives et des Arômes, UMR-CNRS 6001, Institut de Chimie de Nice, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, France
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Abstract
A family of aspartic proteases called plasmepsins is important for hemoglobin degradation in intraerythrocytic Plasmodium parasites. Plasmepsin II (PM II) is the best studied member of this family. PM II and its close orthologs and paralogs form homodimers with extensive interfaces in all known crystal structures. This raised the question whether the homodimer is the functional subunit of plasmepsins in solution. We have used gel filtration chromatography, site-directed mutagenesis, and analytical ultracentrifugation to study the oligomeric status of PM II in solution. Our results reveal that PM II exists mainly as a monomer in solution and that the monomer is fully functional for catalysis. A hydrophobic loop at the PM II monomer surface, which would be buried in a PM II dimer, is shown to be essential for the hemoglobin degradation capability of PM II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Camarasa MJ, Velázquez S, San-Félix A, Pérez-Pérez MJ, Gago F. Dimerization inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, protease and integrase: A single mode of inhibition for the three HIV enzymes? Antiviral Res 2006; 71:260-7. [PMID: 16872687 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2006.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2006] [Revised: 05/25/2006] [Accepted: 05/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The genome of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) encodes 15 distinct proteins, three of which provide essential enzymatic functions: a reverse transcriptase (RT), an integrase (IN), and a protease (PR). Since these enzymes are all homodimers, pseudohomodimers or multimers, disruption of protein-protein interactions in these retroviral enzymes may constitute an alternative way to achieve HIV-1 inhibition. A growing number of dimerization inhibitors for these enzymes is being reported. This mini review summarizes some approaches that have been followed for the development of compounds that inhibit those three enzymes by interfering with the dimerization interfaces between the enzyme subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-José Camarasa
- Instituto de Química Médica (C.S.I.C.), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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Bannwarth L, Kessler A, Pèthe S, Collinet B, Merabet N, Boggetto N, Sicsic S, Reboud-Ravaux M, Ongeri S. Molecular tongs containing amino acid mimetic fragments: new inhibitors of wild-type and mutated HIV-1 protease dimerization. J Med Chem 2006; 49:4657-64. [PMID: 16854071 DOI: 10.1021/jm060576k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have designed, synthesized, and evaluated the inhibitory activity and metabolic stability of new peptidomimetic molecular tongs based on a naphthalene scaffold for inhibiting HIV-1 protease dimerization. Peptidomimetic motifs were inserted into one peptidic strand to make it resistant to proteolysis. The peptidic character of the molecular tongs can be decreased without changing the way they inhibit dimerization. Mutated HIV-1 proteases are also vulnerable to dimerization inhibitors, and the multimutated protease ANAM-11 is twice as sensitive to the inhibitor compared to wild-type protease. Thus, the metabolic stability of antidimeric molecular tongs can be increased without compromising their ability to inhibit wild-type and mutated HIV-1 proteases in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Bannwarth
- Université de Paris-Sud XI, IFR 141, Biocis, UMR-CNRS 8076, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 Rue J. B. Clément, F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France
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Lee SG, Chmielewski J. Rapid Synthesis and In Situ Screening of Potent HIV-1 Protease Dimerization Inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 13:421-6. [PMID: 16632254 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2006.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2005] [Revised: 01/19/2006] [Accepted: 02/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A library of dimerization inhibitors of HIV-1 protease is described based on crosslinked interfacial peptides. The 54 component library was designed to contain two modifications to the starting structure, one each in the Northern and Southern fragments. A rapid synthesis and in situ screening method in microtiter plates was developed to facilitate the generation and evaluation of the library members. More than 90% of the doubly modified agents were more potent than their respective singly mutated parent compounds, and five of the most potent dimerization inhibitors of HIV-1 protease described to date were identified. The free energy of binding for the combined two modifications was generally found to be additive, demonstrating the predictive value of earlier libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Gil Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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Lee KN, Jackson KW, Christiansen VJ, Lee CS, Chun JG, McKee PA. Antiplasmin-cleaving enzyme is a soluble form of fibroblast activation protein. Blood 2005; 107:1397-404. [PMID: 16223769 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-08-3452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating antiplasmin-cleaving enzyme (APCE) has a role in fibrinolysis and appears structurally similar to fibroblast activation protein (FAP), a cell-surface proteinase that promotes invasiveness of certain epithelial cancers. To explore this potential relationship, we performed comparative structure/function analyses of the 2 enzymes. APCE from human plasma and recombinant FAP (rFAP) exhibited identical pH optima of 7.5, extinction coefficients (in(280 nm)(1%)) of 20.2 and 20.5, common sequences of tryptic peptides, and cross-reactivity with FAP antibody. APCE and rFAP are homodimers with monomeric subunits of 97 and 93 kDa. Only homodimers appear to have enzymatic activity, with essentially identical kinetics toward Met-alpha2-antiplasmin (Met-alpha2AP) and peptide substrates. APCE and rFAP cleave both Pro3-Leu4 and Pro12-Asn13 bonds of Met-alpha2AP, but relative kcat/Km values for Pro12-Asn13 are about 16-fold higher than for Pro3-Leu4. APCE and rFAP demonstrate higher kcat/Km values toward a peptide modeled on P4-P4' sequence surrounding the Pro12-Asn13 primary cleavage site than for Z-Gly-Pro-AMC and Ala-Pro-AFC substrates. These data support APCE as a soluble derivative of FAP and Met-alpha2AP as its physiologic substrate. Conversion of Met-alpha2AP by membrane or soluble FAP to the more easily fibrin-incorporable form, Asn-alpha2AP, may increase plasmin inhibition within fibrin surrounding certain neoplasms and have an impact on growth and therapeutic susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung N Lee
- W. K. Warren Medical Research Center, PO Box 26901, BSEB-306, Oklahoma City, OK 73190, USA.
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