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de Alencar DM, Gonçalves J, Vieira A, Cerqueira SA, Sebastião C, Leitão MIPS, Francescato G, Antenori P, Soares H, Petronilho A. Development of Triazoles and Triazolium Salts Based on AZT and Their Anti-Viral Activity against HIV-1. Molecules 2021; 26:6720. [PMID: 34771129 PMCID: PMC8588071 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We report herein a set of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) derivatives based on triazoles and triazolium salts for HIV-1 infection. The compounds were synthesized via click chemistry with Cu(I) and Ru(II) catalysts. Triazolium salts were synthesized by reaction with methyl iodide or methyl triflate in good yields. The antiviral activity of the compounds was tested using two methodologies: In method one the activity was measured on infected cells; in method two a pre-exposure prophylaxis experimental model was employed. For method one the activity of the compounds was moderate, and in general the triazolium salts showed a decreased activity in relation to their triazole precursors. With method two the antiviral activity was higher. All compounds were able to decrease the infection, with two compounds able to clear almost all the infection, while a lower antiviral activity was noted for the triazolium salts. These results suggest that these drugs could play an important role in the development of pre-exposure prophylaxis therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Machado de Alencar
- ITQB-NOVA—Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avd da Republica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (D.M.d.A.); (A.V.); (M.I.P.S.L.); (G.F.); (P.A.)
| | - Juliana Gonçalves
- Human Immunobiology and Pathogenesis Laboratory, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, NOVA University of Lisbon, 1150-082 Lisbon, Portugal; (J.G.); (S.A.C.); (C.S.)
| | - Andreia Vieira
- ITQB-NOVA—Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avd da Republica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (D.M.d.A.); (A.V.); (M.I.P.S.L.); (G.F.); (P.A.)
| | - Sofia A. Cerqueira
- Human Immunobiology and Pathogenesis Laboratory, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, NOVA University of Lisbon, 1150-082 Lisbon, Portugal; (J.G.); (S.A.C.); (C.S.)
| | - Cruz Sebastião
- Human Immunobiology and Pathogenesis Laboratory, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, NOVA University of Lisbon, 1150-082 Lisbon, Portugal; (J.G.); (S.A.C.); (C.S.)
| | - Maria Inês P. S. Leitão
- ITQB-NOVA—Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avd da Republica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (D.M.d.A.); (A.V.); (M.I.P.S.L.); (G.F.); (P.A.)
| | - Giulia Francescato
- ITQB-NOVA—Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avd da Republica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (D.M.d.A.); (A.V.); (M.I.P.S.L.); (G.F.); (P.A.)
| | - Paola Antenori
- ITQB-NOVA—Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avd da Republica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (D.M.d.A.); (A.V.); (M.I.P.S.L.); (G.F.); (P.A.)
| | - Helena Soares
- Human Immunobiology and Pathogenesis Laboratory, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, NOVA University of Lisbon, 1150-082 Lisbon, Portugal; (J.G.); (S.A.C.); (C.S.)
| | - Ana Petronilho
- ITQB-NOVA—Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avd da Republica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (D.M.d.A.); (A.V.); (M.I.P.S.L.); (G.F.); (P.A.)
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2
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El-Sayed NF, El-Hussieny M, Ewies EF, Fouad MA, Boulos LS. New phosphazine and phosphazide derivatives as multifunctional ligands targeting acetylcholinesterase and β-Amyloid aggregation for treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Bioorg Chem 2019; 95:103499. [PMID: 31838287 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Phosphazine and phosphazide derivatives are described herein as a new class of selective and potent acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors and β-amyloid aggregation inhibitors. Phosphazines (5-7) were synthesized smoothly via a redox-condensation reaction of 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane with different amines derivatives in the presence of dialkyl azodicarboxylate (Staudinger reaction) while phosphazides (8) via electrophilic attack of azido derivatives. Structures of the synthesized compounds were justified on the basis of compatible elementary and spectroscopic analyses. All the compounds were evaluated for their acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. The most three potent compounds (5b-c and 8b) showing AChE IC50 values (29.85-34.96 nM) comparable to that of donepezil (34.42 nM) were subjected to further investigation by testing their butyrylcholinesterase, MMP-2 and self-induced Aβ aggregation inhibition activity. Especially, the coumarin phosphazide derivative (8b) presented the best AChE inhibition selectivity index (IC50 = 34.96 nM, AChE/BuChE; 3.81) together with good inhibition ability against MMP-2 (IC50 = 441.33 nM) and self-induced Aβ1-42 aggregation (IC50 = 337.77 nM). In addition, the inhibition of metal-induced Aβ aggregation by 8b was confirmed by thioflavine T fluorescence. The most potent effect of 8b was observed on the Zn2+-induced Aβ42 aggregation. Kinetic study of compound 8b suggested it to be a competitive AChE inhibitor. Also, it specifically chelates metal and is predicted to be permeable to BBB. It also possesses low toxicity on SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells with a safety index of 15.37. In addition, it was demonstrated that compound 8b can improve the cognitive impairment of scopolamine-induced model in mice with % alternations and transfer latency time comparable to that of donepezil. Also, a docking study was carried out and it was in accordance with the in vitro results. These promising in vitro and in vivo findings highlight compound 8b as a possible drug candidate in searching for new multifunctional AD drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naglaa F El-Sayed
- Organometallic and Organometalloid Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, 33 ElBohouth St., (Former El Tahrir) Dokki, P.O. 12622, Giza, Egypt
| | - Marwa El-Hussieny
- Organometallic and Organometalloid Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, 33 ElBohouth St., (Former El Tahrir) Dokki, P.O. 12622, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ewies F Ewies
- Organometallic and Organometalloid Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, 33 ElBohouth St., (Former El Tahrir) Dokki, P.O. 12622, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Marwa A Fouad
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo 11562, Egypt.
| | - Leila S Boulos
- Organometallic and Organometalloid Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, 33 ElBohouth St., (Former El Tahrir) Dokki, P.O. 12622, Giza, Egypt
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3
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Cui QB, Zhang GX, Yu P, Wang YQ. Synthesis and preliminary evaluation of anti-HIV agent AZT prodrug. Yao Xue Xue Bao 2011; 46:1015-1018. [PMID: 22007530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this research, phosphate and thiophosphate prodrugs 3a, 3b of anti-HIV agent AZT were synthesized, and their anti-HIV activities and cytotoxicities were investigated in vitro. Results showed that the prodrugs 3a and 3b with an IC50 value of 11.0 and 4.0 micromol x L(-1), respectively, were less toxic than AZT (1.0 micromol x L(-1)). Although the EC50 values of both 3a (0.04 micromol x (L(-1) and 3b (0.16 micromol x L(-1)) were lower than that of AZT (0.01 micromol x L(-1)), the therapeutic index (IC50/EC50) of prodrug 3a (275) was much higher than that of both AZT (100) and prodrug 3b (25). This indicated that the prodrug 3a merited further investigation as an anti-HIV agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Bin Cui
- Institute of New Drug Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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4
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Lin J, Roy V, Wang L, You L, Agrofoglio LA, Deville-Bonne D, McBrayer TR, Coats SJ, Schinazi RF, Eriksson S. 3'-(1,2,3-Triazol-1-yl)-3'-deoxythymidine analogs as substrates for human and Ureaplasma parvum thymidine kinase for structure-activity investigations. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:3261-9. [PMID: 20378362 PMCID: PMC7744269 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Revised: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenic mycoplasma Ureaplasma parvum (Up) causes opportunistic infections and relies on salvage of nucleosides for DNA synthesis and Up thymidine kinase (UpTK) provides the necessary thymidine nucleotides. The anti-HIV compound 3 -azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) is a good substrate for TK. Methods for a rapid and efficient synthesis of new 3'-alpha-[1,2,3]triazol-3'-deoxythymidine analogs from AZT under Huisgen conditions are described. Thirteen 3'-analogues were tested with human cytosolic thymidine kinase (hTK1) and UpTK. The new analogs showed higher efficiencies (K(m)/V(max) values) in all cases with UpTK than with hTK1. Still, hTK1 was preferentially inhibited by 9 out of 10 tested analogs. Structural models of UpTK and hTK1 were constructed and used to explain the kinetic results. Two different binding modes of the nucleosides within the active sites of both enzymes were suggested with one predominating in the bacterial enzyme and the other in hTK1. These results will aid future development of anti-mycoplasma nucleosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Lin
- Dpt. Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Veterinary Medical Biochemistry, Swedish University Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vincent Roy
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, CNRS UMR 6005, Université d’Orléans, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Liya Wang
- Dpt. Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Veterinary Medical Biochemistry, Swedish University Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Li You
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, CNRS UMR 6005, Université d’Orléans, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Luigi A. Agrofoglio
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, CNRS UMR 6005, Université d’Orléans, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Dominique Deville-Bonne
- Laboratoire d’ Enzymologie Moléculaire et Fonctionnelle, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Tamara R. McBrayer
- Center for AIDS Research, Lab. Biochem. Pharmacol., Dpt. Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
- RFS Pharma, LLC, 1860 Montreal Road, Tucker, GA 30084, USA
| | | | - Raymond F. Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research, Lab. Biochem. Pharmacol., Dpt. Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Staffan Eriksson
- Dpt. Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Veterinary Medical Biochemistry, Swedish University Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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5
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Roy V, Zerrouki R, Krausz P, Laumond G, Aubertin AM. Synthesis and antiviral evaluation of AZT analogues with A spacer arm between glucidic and base moieties. Part II. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2007; 26:413-21. [PMID: 17578740 DOI: 10.1080/15257770701426153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the synthesis of a series of AZT analogues bearing an acyclic chain between the sugar and the base moieties is described. These new compounds were readily obtained using microwave irradiation. The compounds were characterized by (1)H NMR and IR spectroscopy. Antiviral (HIV-1) properties of these compounds were examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Roy
- Université de Limoges, Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Limoges, France
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6
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Al-Masoudi NA, Al-Soud YA, Ali IAI, Schuppler T, Pannecouque C, De Clercq E. New AZT analogues having 5'-alkylsulfonyl groups: synthesis and anti-HIV activity. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2007; 26:223-30. [PMID: 17454731 DOI: 10.1080/15257770701257178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
New derivatives of azidothymidine (AZT) substituted by alkyl and alkylsulphonyl groups at N-3 and C-5', respectively, have been synthesized. The new synthesized derivatives showed remarkable anti-HIV-1 and HIV-2 activity in MT-4 cells. Compounds 8 and 10 have IC(50) values of 0.83 and 0.31 microg/mL against HIV-1 with therapeutic index of 83 and 403, respectively, and IC(50) values of 0.93 and 0.29 microg/mL against HIV-2 with therapeutic index of 74 and 431, respectively. This means that compounds 8 and 10 were cytotoxic to MT-4 cells at CC(50) of 69.2 microg/mL and 125 microg/mL, respectively.
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7
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Yanvarev DV, Shirokova EA, Astapova MV, Skoblov YS. AZT 5'-Cholinephosphate as an anti-HIV agent: the study of biochemical properties and metabolic transformations using its 32P-labelled counterpart. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2007; 26:23-36. [PMID: 17162584 DOI: 10.1080/15257770601052257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Biochemical and metabolic transformations of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine 5'-choline phosphate (1) were studied using its 32P-labelled counterpart for the evaluation of possible reasons for its enhanced anti-HIV activity. An effective synthesis of 32P-labelled 1 with a specific activity >1,000 Ci/mmol was developed by esterification of 32P-phosphoric acid with choline in the presence of BrCN followed by the coupling of the resulting choline phosphate with 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT). Chemical and enzymatic stabilities of 1 as well as the dynamics of penetration through HL-60 cell membranes were studied at the concentrations comparable to its antiviral concentrations. The products of intracellular transformations of the studied nucleotide were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry V Yanvarev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation.
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8
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Liotard JF, Mehiri M, Di Giorgio A, Boggetto N, Reboud-Ravaux M, Aubertin AM, Condom R, Patino N. AZT and AZT-monophosphate prodrugs incorporating HIV-protease substrate fragment: synthesis and evaluation as specific drug delivery systems. Antivir Chem Chemother 2006; 17:193-213. [PMID: 17066898 DOI: 10.1177/095632020601700404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
With the view to deliver anti-HIV nucleoside and nucleoside-monophosphate (MP) analogues specifically into HIV-infected cells, we synthesized a series of ester and phosphoramidate peptide conjugates of zidovudine (AZT) and of AZT-MP, respectively, wherein the peptide sequences derive from a HIV-protease (PR) hydrolysable substrate. Their in vitro stability with respect to hydrolysis, anti-HIV activity and cytotoxicity, and ability to inhibit the HIV-PR activity were investigated. Concerning the ester AZT-peptide conjugates, their antiviral activity level in thymidine kinase-expressing (TK+) CEM-SS and MT-4 cells was in most cases closely correlated to their hydrolysis rate: the faster the hydrolysis, the closer the anti-HIV activity to that of AZT. None of them was a HIV-PR substrate, indicating that their antiviral activity was not related to their intracellular hydrolysis by this enzyme. None of them inhibited HIV in TK-deficient (TK-) CEM cells, demonstrating that they probably act as prodrugs of AZT. Most of the phosphoramidate peptide conjugates of AZT-MP were rapidly degraded in a physiological buffer into several metabolites including AZT. Their anti-HIV activity in TK+ CEM-SS and MT-4 cells was much lower than that of AZT, indicating that only low amounts of AZT or AZT-MP were released into cells during incubation. Antiviral activities measured on TK- CEM cells for some phosphoramidates suggest that low amounts of AZT-MP could be released intracellularly. However, this AZT-MP release was not initiated by a HIV-PR hydrolysis, as no evidence for peptide cleavage was obtained by HPLC analysis of one representative compound after incubation with HIV-PR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Liotard
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Molecules Bioactives et des Arômes, UMR-CNRS 6001, Institut de Chimie de Nice, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, France
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9
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Rajwanshi VK, Prhavc M, Fagan P, Brooks JL, Hurd T, Cook PD, Wang G. Synthesis of 5'-triphosphate mimics (P3Ms) of 3'-azido-3',5'-dideoxythymidine and 3',5'-dideoxy-5'-difluoromethylenethymidine as HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2006; 24:179-89. [PMID: 15892257 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-55707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
3'-Azido-3',5-dideoxythymidine 5'-phosphonate and 3',5'-dideoxy-5'-difluoromethylenethymidine 5'-phosphonate were prepared by multistep syntheses. The nucleoside 5'-phosphonates were converted to their triphosphates and triphosphate mimics (P3Ms) containing beta,gamma-difluoromethylene, beta,gamma-dichloromethylene, or beta,gamma-imodo by condensation with pyrophosphate or pyrophosphate mimics, respectively. Inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase by the nucleoside P3Ms is briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek K Rajwanshi
- Research Laboratories, Biota, Inc., 2232 Rutherford Road, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
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10
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Gadthula S, Chu CK, Schinazi RF. Synthesis and anti-HIV activity of beta-D-3'-azido-2',3'-unsaturated nucleosides and beta-D-3'-azido-3'-deoxyribofuranosylnucleosides. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2006; 24:1707-27. [PMID: 16438043 DOI: 10.1080/15257770500267170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) and 2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxythymidine (d4T) as potent and selective inhibitors of the replication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), there has been a growing interest for the synthesis of 2',3'-didehydro-2',3'dideoxynucleosides with electron withdrawing groups on the sugar moiety. Here we described an efficient method for the synthesis of such nucleoside analogs bearing structural features of both AZT and d4T The key intermediate, 3-azido-1,2-bis-O-acetyl-5-O-benzoyl-3-deoxy-D-ribofuranose, 5 was synthesized from commercially available D-xylose in five steps, from which a series of pyrimidine and purine nucleosides were synthesized in high yields. The resultant protected nucleosides were converted to target nucleosides using appropriate chemical modifications. The final nucleosides were evaluated as potential anti-HIV agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Gadthula
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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11
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Jin SX, Bi DZ, Wang J, Wang YZ, Hu HG, Deng YH. Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of zidovudine in rats following intravenous administration of zidovudine myristate loaded liposomes. Pharmazie 2005; 60:840-3. [PMID: 16320946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Liposomes accumulating in the reticuloendothelial system (RES) appear to be a promising vehicle to improve the therapeutic index of anti-HIV drugs such as zidovudine (AZT). Since the entrapment efficiency of AZT in liposomes was found to be low and AZT leakage from liposomes is fast, zidovudine myristate (AZT-M) was synthesized as a prodrug, and AZT-M incorporated liposomes in a lyophilized form were prepared with an average diameter of 90 nm and an encapsulation efficiency of 98% after reconstitution. The pharmacokinetic profiles and tissue distribution of AZT after i.v. administration of AZT-M liposomes in rats were investigated, and the results were compared with those after i.v. administration of AZT solution. AZT levels in plasma were significantly higher following application of AZT-M liposomes compared with AZT solution, and AUC0_infinity increased from 5.0 +/- 0.7 micromol x min x ml(-1) to 8.2 +/- 1.7 micromol x min x ml(-1) accordingly. Tissue distribution studies also confirmed higher concentrations of AZT in organs of RES and brain, suggesting that AZT-M liposomes might be promising candidates for therapy of HIV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- S X Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
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12
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Sriram D, Srichakravarthy N, Bal TR, Yogeeswari P. Synthesis of zidovudine prodrugs with broad-spectrum chemotherapeutic properties for the effective treatment of HIV/AIDS. Biomed Pharmacother 2005; 59:452-5. [PMID: 16154314 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2004.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2003] [Accepted: 02/23/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of prodrugs of zidovudine has been synthesized in an effort to enhance spectrum of chemotherapeutic properties for the effective treatment of HIV/AIDS. The 5'-OH function of zidovudine was esterified with ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, isoniazide, pyrazinamide acetic acid. The anti-HIV-1 activity of the esters was determined in CEM cell-line and zidovudine ester bearing pyrazinamide acetic acid was found to be the most potent compound with EC50 of<0.0636 microM, CC50 of>1000 microM and selectivity index (SI) of>15,723. Zidovudine prodrug bearing ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin moiety showed 100% inhibition against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv at 6.25 microg/ml. The prodrugs were also found to exhibit antibacterial activity against 24 pathogenic bacteria. In vitro hydrolysis of the various esters in human plasma indicated that these agents were relatively stable toward plasma esterase with t1/2 ranging from 20 to 240 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sriram
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Pharmacy Group, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, India.
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13
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Fridkin M, Tsubery H, Tzehoval E, Vonsover A, Biondi L, Filira F, Rocchi R. Tuftsin-AZT conjugate: potential macrophage targeting for AIDS therapy. J Pept Sci 2005; 11:37-44. [PMID: 15635725 DOI: 10.1002/psc.587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The IgG-derived immunomodulating peptide tuftsin, Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg, is recognized by specific receptors on phagocytic cells, notably macrophages, and is capable of targeting proteins and peptides to these sites. Aiming to target 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) to HIV-infected macrophages, a conjugate of AZT with tuftsin was synthesized. The AZT-tuftsin chimera possesses the characteristic capacities of its two components. Thus, like AZT, it inhibits reverse transcriptase activity and HIV-antigen expression, and similarly to tuftsin, it stimulates IL-1 release from mouse macrophages and augments the immunogenic function of the cells. Importantly, the conjugate is not cytotoxic to T-cells. The results suggest that the AZT-tuftsin conjugate might have potential use in AIDS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mati Fridkin
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel 76100.
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14
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Migianu E, Monteil M, Even P, Lecouvey M. Novel approach to nucleoside-5'-(1-hydroxymethylene-1, 1-bisphosphonates): synthesis of new AZT analogues. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2005; 24:121-33. [PMID: 15822618 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-51890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
An efficient synthetic method of nucleoside-5'-(1-hydroxymethylene-1,1-bisphosphonates) is reported here. The procedure was optimized with 3'-protected thymidine and then applied to synthesis of new AZT analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne Migianu
- Laboratoire de Chimie Structurale Biomoléculaire (UMR 7033-CNRS), UFR SMBH, Université Paris 13, Bobigny Cedex, France
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15
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Taourirte M, Mohamed LA, Rochdi A, Vasseur JJ, Fernández S, Ferrero M, Gotor V, Pannecouque C, De Clercq E, Lazrek HB. Chemoenzymatic syntheses of homo- and heterodimers of AZT and d4T, and evaluation of their anti-HIV activity. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2005; 23:701-14. [PMID: 15200032 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-120037749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Homo- and heterodimers of AZT and d4T, possessing carbonate and carbamate linkers, have been synthesized with the aim to enhance the antiviral activity of their components. Homo- and heterodimer carbamates showed weak anti-HIV activity. On the other hand, dinucleoside carbonates showed marked antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Taourirte
- Faculty of Sciences and Techniques Gueliz, Marrakesh, Morocco
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16
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Shirokova EA, Jasko MV, Khandazhinskaya AL, Ivanov AV, Yanvarev DV, Skoblov YS, Mitkevich VA, Bocharov EV, Pronyaeva TR, Fedyuk NV, Kukhanova MK, Pokrovsky AG. Uncharged AZT and D4T Derivatives of Phosphonoformic and Phosphonoacetic Acids as Anti-HIV Pronucleosides. J Med Chem 2004; 47:3606-14. [PMID: 15214788 DOI: 10.1021/jm0310176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Two series of new lipophilic phosphonoformate and phosphonoacetate derivatives of AZT and d4T were synthesized and evaluated as anti-HIV agents. The efficacy of some of the synthesized compounds in cell cultures infected with HIV-1 was higher than that of the parent nucleosides and only slightly correlated to their stability in the phosphate buffer and human blood serum. The synthesized phosphonates are most probably prodrug forms of the corresponding nucleosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Shirokova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilov str., Moscow 119991, Russian Federation.
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17
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Somogyi G, Buchwald P, Bodor N. Metabolic properties of phosphonate esters. Pharmazie 2004; 59:378-81. [PMID: 15212305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
The object of the present work was to investigate the difference in the metabolism of the phosphonate derivatives of primary or secondary hydroxyl groups. To study the phosphorolytic cleavage of such P-O bonds, zidovudine (AZT) hexanoyloxymethyl-methylphosphonate (HOM-AZT-P), an ester of a primary OH functionality, and methyl-pivaloyloxymethyl-testosterylphosphonate (POM-T-P), an ester of a secondary OH functionality, were prepared. The actions of pure enzymes such as alkaline phosphatase and phosphodiesterase on the corresponding phosphonate compounds (AZT-P and T-P) were investigated at various pH values. The phosphonate derivative of the secondary hydroxyl group of testosterone proved completely resistant to such phosphorolytic attacks, and release of free testosterone could not be detected. The phosphonate derivative of the primary hydroxyl group of zidovudine proved resistant to phosphodiesterase, but not to alkaline phosphatase, and in this second case, release of free zidovudine could be detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Somogyi
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Center, Hungary.
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18
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Górska A, Andrzejewska M, Kamiński J, Kazimierezuk Z. Microwave-assisted synthesis of O'-adamantylated uracil-derived nucleosides. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2004; 22:13-9. [PMID: 12708798 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-120018620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Microwave-induced synthesis of O'-adamantyl derivatives of AZT, thymidine, 2'-deoxyuridine and uridine was investigated. Contrary to heterocyclus adamantylation of uracil and uridine in trifluoroacetic acid, the microwave-induced reaction provided sugar-substituted compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Górska
- Institute of Chemistry, Agricultural University, Warsaw, Poland
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19
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Berezovskaya YV, Chudinov MV, Yurkevich AM. Optimization of antiviral prodrug properties using combinatorial methods. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2003; 22:837-9. [PMID: 14565291 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-120022666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Some diacid biodegradable synthesis of aziduthymidine (AZT) were synthesized and applied to production of about 60 different derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia V Berezovskaya
- Department of Biotechnology, Moscow Lomonosov State Academy of Fine Chemical Technology, Moscow, Russia.
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20
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Jochum A, Schlienger N, Gosselin G, Imbach JL, Aubertin AM, Périgaud C. Mononucleoside SATE glucosyl phosphorothiolates as a new series of pronucleotides. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2003; 22:899-901. [PMID: 14565306 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-120022681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and the study of two phosphorothiolate derivatives of 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxythymidine (AZT) bearing a S-pivaloyl-2-thioethyl (tBuSATE) group and glucosyl residues associated to the phosphorus atom by a 2-oxyethyl link, are reported. These derivatives could be considered as prototypes of a new series of nucleotide prodrugs (pronucleotides).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jochum
- Université Montpellier II, UMR 5625 CNRS, Montpellier, France
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21
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Egron D, Imbach JL, Gosselin G, Aubertin AM, Périgaud C. Investigations of nucleoside H-phosphonamidate in the design of nucleotide prodrug. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2003; 22:895-7. [PMID: 14565305 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-120022680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, anti-HIV activity and stability studies of a H-phosphonamidate derivative of 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxythymidine (AZT) incorporating a N,N-diisopropylamino residue as first model of alkylamino group are reported. The results demonstrate that such phosphorylated structure exerts its biological effects via chemical hydrolysis into the corresponding H-phosphonate, precursor of the parent nucleoside.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Egron
- Université Montpellier II, UMR 5625 CNRS, Montpellier, France
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22
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Peyrottes S, Gosselin G, Aubertin AM, Périgaud C. SATE (aryl) phosphotriester series. I. Synthesis and biological evaluation. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2003; 22:903-5. [PMID: 14565307 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-120022682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis and biological activities of several phosphotriester derivatives of 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxythymidine (AZT) bearing a S-pivaloyl-2-thioethyl (tBuSATE) group and aryl residues derived from L-tyrosine are reported. All compounds showed marked anti-HIV activity in thymidine kinase-deficient CEM cells demonstrating their ability to deliver intracellularly the parent 5'-mononucleotide.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Peyrottes
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Biomoléculaire de Synthèse, Université Montpellier II, UMR 5625 CNRS, Montpellier, France.
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23
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Li P, Shaw BR. One-pot synthesis of an AZT boranophosphate conjugated with tyrosine: a potential prodrug candidate. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2003; 22:699-701. [PMID: 14565257 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-120022613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A one-pot synthesis of P-tyrosinyl(P-O)-5'-P-AZT boranophosphate 7 via a phosphoramidite method is described. The P-boranophosphate diastereomers were separated by RP-HPLC, and their structures were confirmed by NMR and MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Department of Chemistry, Paul M. Gross Chemical Laboratory, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, USA
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24
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Shirokova EA, Jasko MV, Khandazhinskaya AL, Yanvarev DV, Skoblov YS, Pronayeva TR, Fedyuk NV, Pokrovsky AG, Kukhanova MK. New lipophilic derivatives of AZT and d4T 5'-phosphonates. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2003; 22:981-5. [PMID: 14565326 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-120022718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
5'-Aminocarbonylphosphonyl and aminocarbonylmethylphosphonyl diesters of AZT and d4T were synthesized as potential anti-HIV agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Shirokova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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25
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Abstract
Novel lipid (mannito-stearate) antiviral nucleoside and oligonucleotide conjugates were prepared with improved lipophilic and membrane associating properties of drugs. Potential advantages of these liponucleotide prodrugs are lower toxicity, increased cellular uptake, nuclease resistivity and antiviral activity. Oligonucleotide conjugate complementary to a unique segment of viral genome may selectively disrupt the processes dependent on the segment by hybridisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Watal
- Nucleic Acids Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad-211 002, India
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26
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Kong L, Cooperwood JS, Huang SHC, Chu CK, Boudinot FD. Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of 3′-Azido-2′, 3′-Dideoxyuridine-5′- O-Valinate-Hydrochloride as a Prodrug of the Anti-HIV Nucleoside 3′-Azido-2′, 3′-Dideoxyuridine. Antivir Chem Chemother 2003; 14:263-70. [PMID: 14694989 DOI: 10.1177/095632020301400505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
3′-Azido-2′, 3′-dideoxyuridine (AZDU, AzddU, CS-87) has been shown to have potent anti-HIV activity in vitro. However, the compound exhibits a relatively short half-life and incomplete oral bioavailability in humans. In an effort to improve the pharmacokinetic properties of AZDU, prodrug 3′-azido-2′,3′-dideoxyuridine-5′- O-valinate hydrochloride (AZDU-VAL) was synthesized by the esterification of 5′-OH function in AZDU. The objective of this study was to investigate the biotransformation and pharmacokinetics of AZDU-VAL along with its antiviral parent compound AZDU following intravenous and oral administration to rats. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered AZDU or AZDU-VAL by intravenous injection or oral gavage. Concentrations of AZDU-VAL and AZDU were determined by HPLC. Pharmacokinetic parameters were generated by area-moment analysis. The bioavailability of AZDU after oral administration was approximately 53%. The terminal phase half-life of the nucleoside analogue ranged between 0.6 h after intravenous administration and 1 h following oral administration. In vivo the prodrug was rapidly and efficiently biotransformed to yield AZDU following intravenous and oral administration. The apparent availability of AZDU was virtually complete following oral administration of prodrug AZDU-VAL averaging 101%. The bioavailability of AZDU following intravenous administration of AZDU-VAL averaged 106%. In summary, the disposition of AZDU was dose dependent over the dose range of 25–100 mg/kg. Renal clearance and steady state volume of distribution were lower at the higher dose level. Prodrug AZDU-VAL demonstrated improved oral bioavailability as evidenced by complete absorption and efficient bioconversion to AZDU. The results suggest that AZDU-VAL may be a promising prodrug for the delivery of AZDU.
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27
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Orzeszko A, Lasek W, Switaj T, Stoksik M, Kamińska B. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha production-regulating activity of phthalimide derivatives in genetically modified murine melanoma cells B78H1. Farmaco 2003; 58:371-6. [PMID: 12729831 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-827x(03)00049-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effect of imides, monothioimides, trimellitimides, as well as 5'-deoxy-5'-phthaloylamino-derivatives of azidothymidine on tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production by genetically modified murine B78H1 melanoma cells transduced with the gene for human TNF-alpha (B78/TNF) was investigated. It was found that N-(adamant-1-yl)monothiophthalimide (1e) and N-(adamant-2-yl)-monothiophthalimide (1f) showed over 200% enhancing of TNF-alpha production while some of imides were inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Orzeszko
- Institute of Chemistry, Agricultural University, ul. Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland.
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28
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Peyrottes S, Coussot G, Lefebvre I, Imbach JL, Gosselin G, Aubertin AM, Périgaud C. S-acyl-2-thioethyl aryl phosphotriester derivatives of AZT: synthesis, antiviral activity, and stability study. J Med Chem 2003; 46:782-93. [PMID: 12593658 DOI: 10.1021/jm021016y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, antiviral activity, and stability study of phosphotriester derivatives of 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxythymidine (AZT) bearing modified l-tyrosinyl residues are reported. These compounds were obtained via phosphoramidite (P(III)) chemistry from the appropriate aryl precursors. All the derivatives were evaluated for their in vitro anti-HIV activity, and they appeared to be potent inhibitors of HIV-1 replication in various cell culture experiments, with EC(50) values between the micro- and nanomolar range, especially in thymidine kinase deficient (TK(-)) cells, showing their ability to act as mononucleotide prodrugs. The proposed decomposition process of these mixed mononucleoside aryl phosphotriesters successively involves an esterase and a phosphodiesterase hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Peyrottes
- UMR 5625 CNRS-UMII, Université Montpellier II, Case Courrier 008, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
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29
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Abstract
A novel nucleotide analogue is described, in which the alpha,beta-phosphoric anhydride oxygen of a nucleoside 5(')-diphosphate is replaced by a carbonyl group: the carbonylbisphosphonate analogue 5 of 2('),3(')-dideoxy-3(')-azidothymidine 5(')-diphosphate (AZT 5(')-diphosphate). 5 was synthesized from tetramethyl (diazomethylene)bisphosphonate 1 via the trimethyl ester 4 of the corresponding AZT 5(')-(diazomethylene)bisphosphonate 6, which is also a new type of nucleotide analogue. The ultimate product 5 was isolated by reverse-phase HPLC, and characterized by 31P, 13C, and 1H NMR; and by high-resolution mass spectrometry. The ketone group of 5 is a visible chromophore (yellow) and reversibly forms a colorless hydrate. The ketone hydrate 'pK' is about 4.2 when excess of magnesium ion is present. The potential of such analogues as novel inhibitors of enzymes mediating nucleotide-dependent biochemical processes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E McKenna
- Department of Chemistry, College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, University Park Campus, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0744, USA.
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30
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Moroni GN, Bogdanov PM, Briñón MC. Synthesis and in vitro antibacterial activity of novel 5'-O-analog derivatives of zidovudine as potential prodrugs. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2002; 21:231-41. [PMID: 11991164 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-120003288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
An efficient, short synthesis of four potential prodrugs of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) and their antibacterial activity are reported. The 5'-OH group of AZT was functionalized with oxalyl chloride obtaining an acyl chloride derivative (AZT-Ox), which by further transformation with leucine, isoleucine and valine amino acids led to the corresponding AZT analogs, namely AZT-Leu, AZT-iLeu and AZT-Val. A carboxyl acid derivative (AZT-Ac) was also obtained by hydrolysis of AZT-Ox. These compounds, which exhibit anti HIV activity, have killed collection and clinical strains of some opportunistic infectious agents in AIDS-related complex. Thus, the clinical strains, K. oxytoca, S. typhi and K. pneumoniae, and collection strain K. pneumoniae ATCC 10031 showed sensitivity to antibiotics. The activity order for the studied compounds against the most sensitive strain (K. pneumoniae ATCC 10031) was AZT-Leu > AZT-iLeu > AZT-Val > AZT-Ac > AZT. On the other hand, the activity order for the second most sensitive strain (K. oxytoca) was AZT-Leu > AZT-Val = AZT-Ac > AZT-iLeu > AZT. The most effective antibacterial drug AZT-Leu, M.I.C.=0.125 microgmL(-1)) was 16 times more active than AZT (AZT, M.I.C.=2 microg mL(-1)) against K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo N Moroni
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
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31
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Abstract
A simple and one-pot route for the synthesis of d4T or AZT hydrogen phosphonate derivatives via reaction of d4T or AZT with phosphorus trichloride, then alcoholysis and dealkylation in the presence of the corresponding alcohol is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Bin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bio-organic Phosphorus Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, School of Life Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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32
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Turk G, Moroni G, Pampuro S, Briñón MC, Salomón H. Antiretroviral activity and cytotoxicity of novel zidovudine (AZT) derivatives and the relation to their chemical structure. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2002; 20:282-8. [PMID: 12385685 DOI: 10.1016/s0924-8579(02)00191-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Zidovudine (AZT) was the first nucleoside analogue licensed for the treatment of HIV infection. Efforts have continuously been made to improve the therapeutic characteristics of this drug, most of them focussed on prodrugs design. Here we describe the anti-HIV-1 activity and cytotoxicity of six novel AZT derivatives namely 3'-azido-3'-deoxy-5'-O-oxalyl-N-valinethymidine, 3'-azido-3'-deoxy-5'-O-oxalyl-N-leucinethymidine, 3'-azido-3'-deoxy-5'-O-oxalyl-N-isoleucinethymidine, 3'-azido-3'-deoxy-5'-O-oxalyl-N-phenylalaninethymidine, 3'-azido-3'-deoxy-5'-O-oxalylthymidine acid, 3'-azido-3'-deoxy-5'-O-isonicotinoylthymidine and 5-chloro-6-hydroxy-5,6-dihydro-3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine which were perfectly characterized. AZT-Val, AZT-Leu, AZT-iLeu, AZT-Phen, AZT-Ac and AZT-Iso have shown a similar or higher selectivity index than that of AZT itself, in one or both of the different cell cultures used (PBMC and MT2). However, AZT-ClOH showed no anti-HIV activity. These results suggest that using amino acids in the design of AZT derivatives improves AZT activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Turk
- National Reference Center for AIDS, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155-Piso 11, C1121ABG, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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33
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Bonina F, Puglia C, Rimoli MG, Avallone L, Abignente E, Boatto G, Nieddu M, Meli R, Amorena M, de Caprariis P. Synthesis and in vitro chemical and enzymatic stability of glycosyl 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine derivatives as potential anti-HIV agents. Eur J Pharm Sci 2002; 16:167-74. [PMID: 12128171 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-0987(02)00080-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
New glycosyl derivatives of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) (1 and 2) were synthesized in order to improve AZT retention in the blood and to guarantee its sustained release, overcoming the necessity of multiple drug administrations. The esters synthesized (1 and 2) link AZT, by a succinyl linker, to the C-3 position of glucose and to C-6 of galactose. Furthermore, the chemical and enzymatic stabilities of esters 1 and 2 were evaluated in order to determine both their stability in aqueous medium and their feasibility to undergo enzymatic cleavage by esterase to regenerate the original drug. The pharmacokinetic profiles of esters 1 and 2, obtained after systemic administration, showed an interesting controlled release, in particular for ester 2, compared to the pharmacokinetic profile of AZT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bonina
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy.
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34
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Vlieghe P, Clerc T, Pannecouque C, Witvrouw M, De Clercq E, Salles JP, Kraus JL. Synthesis of new covalently bound kappa-carrageenan-AZT conjugates with improved anti-HIV activities. J Med Chem 2002; 45:1275-83. [PMID: 11881996 DOI: 10.1021/jm010969d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the first covalent synthesis of kappa-carrageenan-3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) conjugates. A succinate diester spacer was used to covalently couple AZT onto kappa-carrageenan, resulting in a tripartite prodrug. Two methods (UV and radioactive counting) are described and validated to determine the AZT loading onto the kappa-carrageenan carrier. This polymeric carrier, through its own intrinsic anti-HIV activity, is expected to act not only as a drug delivery agent but also as an anti-HIV agent. Synergism between the two drugs (kappa-carrageenan and AZT) was demonstrated when MT-4 cells were preincubated with the kappa-carrageenan-AZT conjugate prior to HIV-1-infection. A threshold of AZT loaded onto the kappa-carrageenan was required to achieve this synergistic effect. Such kappa-carrageenan-AZT conjugates could be of great therapeutic interest because these conjugates, which contain a low AZT concentration, present improved anti-HIV activities relative to free AZT. Moreover, kappa-carrageenan is a well-tolerated biopolymer, already used in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Vlieghe
- Laboratoire de Chimie Biomoléculaire, Faculté des Sciences de Luminy, 163 avenue de Luminy, case 901, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
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35
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Kucera GL, Goff CL, Iyer N, Morris-Natschke S, Ishaq KS, Wyrick SD, Fleming RA, Kucera LS. Cellular metabolism in lymphocytes of a novel thioether-phospholipid-AZT conjugate with anti-HIV-1 activity. Antiviral Res 2001; 50:129-37. [PMID: 11369433 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-3542(01)00137-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We previously synthesized a thioetherphospholipid-AZT conjugate (3'-azido-3'-deoxy-5'-(1-hexadecylthio-2-methoxypropyl)-phosphothymidine, CP-102) with potent anti-HIV-1 activity and significant reduction in cell cytotoxicity compared to AZT alone. To study the cellular metabolism of the conjugate compound we synthesized a double-tritium-labeled thioetherphospholipid-AZT conjugate (3'-azido-3'-deoxy-5'-(1-[9,10-3H]-S-octadecylthio-2-O-methoxypropyl)-phosphothymidine-[methyl-3H], [3H]CP-102). The intracellular radioactive metabolic products of [3H]CP-102 treated human lymphoblastoid CEM-SS cells were analyzed by HPLC and thin-layer chromatography. Results of this investigation provide evidence that a putative intracellular lipid cleavage enzyme metabolizes [3H]CP-102 to form a thioetherdiglyceride compound that migrates with an authentic 1-S-octadecyl-2-O-methyl-thioglycerol standard on TLC. The thioetherdiglyceride metabolite did not react with the ninhydrin reagent indicating it did not contain a primary amine such as that found on serine or ethanolamine containing phospholipids. Also, the product did not contain a phosphatidic acid group based on migration characteristics in the TLC plate. The other major hydrophilic metabolite was 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine-[methyl-3H]-monophosphate (AZT-MP) with lesser amounts of AZT, AZT-DP and AZT-TP. In summary, the best interpretation of these data is that the thioetherphospholipid-AZT conjugate, [3H]CP-102, is cleaved by a putative intracellular lipid cleavage enzyme to release a thioetherdiglyceride compound and AZT-MP. The resulting AZT-MP was either dephosphorylated to AZT or sequentially phosphorylated to AZT-DP and, ultimately, to AZT-TP, the known inhibitory metabolite against HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Phospholipid-nucleoside conjugates may provide a unique approach for developing anti-HIV-1 prodrugs that do not have a strict requirement for a nucleoside kinase for initial activation of the prodrug to an antiviral form.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Kucera
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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36
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Vlieghe P, Clerc T, Pannecouque C, Witvrouw M, De Clercq E, Salles JP, Kraus JL. New 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidin-5'-yl O-(4-hydroxyalkyl or -alkenyl or -alkylepoxide) carbonate prodrugs: synthesis and anti-HIV evaluation. J Med Chem 2001; 44:3014-21. [PMID: 11520210 DOI: 10.1021/jm010863i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
New 5'-O-carbonate prodrugs of zidovudine (AZT) have been synthesized in order to enhance its uptake by HIV-1 infected cells, to improve its anti-HIV potency, and to optimize the intramolecular cyclic rearrangement process related to the 5'-O-(4-hydroxybutyl) carbonate moiety. Evidence of this prodrug rearrangement was confirmed by comparison of the serum half-lives of the 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidin-5'-yl O-(4-hydroxyalkyl or -alkenyl or -alkylepoxide) carbonate prodrugs with our thermodynamic predictions. Interestingly, these 5'-O-carbonate prodrug series show increased anti-HIV potencies in conjunction with, or without, reduced cytotoxicity as compared to AZT that lead to a gain in selectivity indexes. The cytotoxicity of AZT could be reduced with these 5'-O-carbonate prodrug series by delaying the 5'-O-glucuronidation of AZT, which is one of the major limitations of AZT.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Vlieghe
- Laboratoire de Chimie Biomoléculaire, Faculté des Sciences de Luminy, 163 avenue de Luminy, case 901, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
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37
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Tamamura H, Omagari A, Hiramatsu K, Kanamoto T, Gotoh K, Kanbara K, Yamamoto N, Nakashima H, Otaka A, Fujii N. Synthesis and evaluation of bifunctional anti-HIV agents based on specific CXCR4 antagonists-AZT conjugation. Bioorg Med Chem 2001; 9:2179-87. [PMID: 11504655 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(01)00128-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have previously found that T140, a 14-amino acid residue peptide, inhibits infection of target cells by T cell-line-tropic strains of HIV-1 (X4-HIV-1) through its specific binding to a chemokine receptor, CXCR4. Here, we report synthesis and evaluation of bifunctional anti-HIV compounds, which are composed of T140 analogues and a reverse transcriptase inhibitor, 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT). Novel conjugated analogues have been proved to have the ability for controlled release of AZT in neutral aqueous media as well as mouse and feline sera, and high selectivity indexes (SIs, 50% cytotoxic concentration/50% effective concentration) caused by a synergistic effect of two different regenerating agents. Thus, these bifunctional compounds have several potential advantages. T140 analogues can possibly work as a carrier of AZT targeting T cells due to their specific affinity for CXCR4 on T cells. A synergistic effect by two types of regenerating agents may enable drug dosage to be reduced, and thus it may effectively suppress toxic side effects and the appearance of drug-resistant virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tamamura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Japan.
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38
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Abstract
The [3.2.0]bicyclic beta-nucleoside analogue 5 has been designed as a conformationally restricted analogue of the anti-HIV drug AZT. The synthesis of 5 as well as its alpha-anomer 29 is hereby described. The synthesis was accomplished from D-arabinose via a modified Corey-Link procedure stereoselectively incorporating the azide moiety as well as a methyl ester function. When the tert-butyldiphenylsilyl group was used as a permanent protecting group, a selective formation of an oxetane ring failed. When using the p-methoxyphenyl group as a permanent protecting group, 5 and 29 were efficiently obtained via a selective reduction of the ester, a nucleobase coupling followed by separation of the anomers and ring-closing procedures. The nucleoside 5 is conformationally restricted in an unusual O4'-endo (East) conformation, which is an intermediate between the North- and South-type conformations. Nevertheless, neither 5 nor 29 displayed any anti-HIV activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Sørensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern Denmark, Odense University, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark
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39
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Mavromoustakos T, Calogeropoulou T, Koufaki M, Kolocouris A, Daliani I, Demetzos C, Meng Z, Makriyannis A, Balzarini J, De Clercq E. Ether phospholipid-AZT conjugates possessing anti-HIV and antitumor cell activity. Synthesis, conformational analysis, and study of their thermal effects on membrane bilayers. J Med Chem 2001; 44:1702-9. [PMID: 11356105 DOI: 10.1021/jm001121c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The 1-O-hexadecyl-2-O-methyl-sn-glyceryl phosphodiester AZT 4 and hexadecyl-phosphodiester AZT 5 derivatives were synthesized and found to be active against HIV-1, HIV-2, and tumor cell proliferation. Compared to AZT, compound 4 possessed ca. 10-fold lower anti-HIV activity and ca. 10-fold higher anti-tumor cell activity. Compound 5 was 10-fold less potent than compound 4 in both biological tests. In an attempt to correlate biological activity of compounds 4 and 5 with structure, their conformational and thermal effects on membrane bilayers were compared using a combination of NMR spectroscopy, computational analysis, and Differential Scanning Calorimetry. The obtained results showed that compound 4 adopts a compact conformation in which the alkyl chain, the 2-methoxyglyceryl functionality, and the methyl group of thymine are in spatial proximity, while analogue 5 possesses a less compact conformation of the nucleoside base and the alkyl chain. The presence of the 2-methoxyglyceryl group in compound 4 may augment its potency by inducing a turn of the alkyl chain stabilized by hydrophobic interactions. The DSC scans show that conjugate 4 affects less effectively the thermotropic properties of model membrane bilayers than compound 5. This may be attributed to the fact that compound 4 is incorporated in a compact conformation and does not perturb significantly the trans:gauche isomerization of the membrane phospholipids. In contrast, conjugate 5 may enter with a less compact conformation and perturb more the membrane bilayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mavromoustakos
- National Hellenic Research Foundation, Institute of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vas. Constantinou 48, 116 35, Athens, Greece
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40
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Taourirte M, Lazrek HB, Vasseur JJ, Ferrero M, Fernandez S, Gotor V. Synthesis of new homo and heterodinucleosides containing the 2',3'-dideoxynucleosides AZT and D4T. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2001; 20:959-62. [PMID: 11563154 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-100002468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of new dinucleosides of AZT and D4T is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Taourirte
- Lab. Chimie Organique Biomoléculaire de Synthèse, UMR 5625 CNRS-Université Montpellier II, France
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41
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Peyrottes S, Schlienger N, Beltran T, Lefebvre I, Pompon A, Gosselin G, Aubertin AM, Imbach JL, Périgaud C. Design of new mononucleotide prodrugs: aryl (SATE) phosphotriester derivatives. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2001; 20:315-21. [PMID: 11563043 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-100002302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis, biological activities and decomposition kinetics of novel phosphotriester derivatives of 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxythymidine (AZT) bearing a S-tButyl-2-thioethyl (tBuSATE) group and L-tyrosinyl residues are reported. All the derivatives appeared to be potent inhibitors of HIV-1 replication in various cell culture experiments. The proposed decomposition process of these mixed phosphotriesters may involve successively an esterase and then a phosphodiesterase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Peyrottes
- UMR 5625 CNRS-UM II, Université Montpellier II, cc 008, place E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
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42
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Vlieghe P, Bihel F, Clerc T, Pannecouque C, Witvrouw M, De Clercq E, Salles JP, Chermann JC, Kraus JL. New 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidin-5'-yl O-(omega-hydroxyalkyl) carbonate prodrugs: synthesis and anti-HIV evaluation. J Med Chem 2001; 44:777-86. [PMID: 11262088 DOI: 10.1021/jm001033s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Prodrugs of zidovudine (AZT) have been synthesized in an effort to enhance its uptake by HIV-1 infected cells and its anti-HIV activity. The 5'-OH function of AZT was functionalized with various enzymatically labile alkyl groups using specific procedures. The prodrug moieties included 5'-O-carbonate, 5'-O-carbamate, and 5'-O-ester. Analogues of the 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidin-5'-yl O-(omega-hydroxyalkyl) carbonate series were particularly interesting since they were rearranged through an intramolecular cyclic process during their enzymatic hydrolysis. Evidence of this prodrug rearrangement was confirmed by comparison of the serum half-lives of 5'-O-carbonate prodrugs with their corresponding 5'-O-ester- and 5'-O-carbamate-AZT prodrugs. Interestingly, the anti-HIV-1 activities (EC(50)) of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidin-5'-yl O-(4-hydroxybutyl) carbonate 10 in acutely infected MT-4 cells and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were 0.5 nM and 0.78 nM, respectively. Compound 10 was 30 to 50 times more potent than its parent drug AZT. Our results suggest that the specific intramolecular rearrangement associated with the 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidin-5'-yl O-(omega-hydroxyalkyl) carbonate prodrugs could explain the remarkable anti-HIV-1 activity of this series of AZT prodrugs. Prodrug 10 may therefore have better clinical potential than AZT for the treatment of AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Vlieghe
- Laboratoire de Chimie Biomoléculaire, Faculté des Sciences de Luminy, 163 avenue de Luminy, case 901, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
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43
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Chang S, Griesgraber GW, Southern PJ, Wagner CR. Amino acid phosphoramidate monoesters of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine: relationship between antiviral potency and intracellular metabolism. J Med Chem 2001; 44:223-31. [PMID: 11170632 DOI: 10.1021/jm000260r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of phosphoramidate monoesters of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) bearing aliphatic amino acid methyl esters (3a, 3c, 4a, 4c, 5-7) and methyl amides (3b, 3d, 4b, 4d) was prepared and evaluated for anti-HIV-1 activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). These compounds, which showed no cytotoxicity at concentrations of 100 microM, were effective at inhibiting HIV-1 replication at concentrations of 0.08-30 microM. Since the D-phenylalanine and D-tryptophan derivatives exhibited equivalent or enhanced antiviral activity compared to their L-counterparts, there appears to be no specific stereochemical requirement for the amino acid side chain. In addition, except for the D-phenylalanine derivatives, the methyl amides had greater antiviral activity than the corresponding methyl esters. On the basis of the observed antiviral activity of AZT phosphoramidate monoesters 3a and 4a in PBMCs and CEM cells, the mechanism of action of these two compounds was investigated. AZT-MP and substantial amounts of either phosphoramidate were detected in PBMCs and CEM cells treated with either 3a or 4a. Biological mechanistic studies demonstrated that 3a and 4a affect viral replication at a stage after virus entry and preceding viral DNA integration. Quantitation of the intracellular levels of AZT-TP in PBMCs and CEM cells treated with 3a and 4a in the presence and absence of exogenous thymidine correlated the intracellular levels of AZT-TP to the antiviral activity and suggested that AZT-TP was responsible for the activity observed. In addition, the reduced toxicity of 3a and 4a toward CEM cells relative to AZT correlated with reduced levels of total phosphorylated AZT and not AZT-TP. Stable carbamate analogues of 3a and 4a were prepared and shown to inhibit the production of AZT-MP from cell-free extracts of CEM cells, further suggesting that a phosphoramidate hydrolase may be responsible for intracellular P-N bond cleavage. Taken together, these results suggest that the biological activity and intracellular metabolism of nucleoside phosphoramidate monoesters are distinct from that of phosphoramidate diesters.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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44
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Schlienger N, Peyrottes S, Kassem T, Imbach JL, Gosselin G, Aubertin AM, Périgaud C. S-Acyl-2-thioethyl aryl phosphotriester derivatives as mononucleotide prodrugs. J Med Chem 2000; 43:4570-4. [PMID: 11087582 DOI: 10.1021/jm000996o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and biological activities of phosphotriester derivatives of 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxythymidine (AZT) bearing a phenyl group or L-tyrosinyl residues are reported. The target compounds were obtained via either P(V) or P(III) chemistry from the appropriate aryl precursors. All the derivatives were evaluated for their in vitro anti-HIV activity, and they appeared to be potent inhibitors of HIV-1 replication in various cell culture experiments, with EC(50) values between the micro- and nanomolar range. Furthermore, compounds incorporating an amino- and/or acid-substituted tyrosinyl residue demonstrated significant anti-HIV effects in thymidine kinase-deficient (TK(-)) cells showing their ability to act as mononucleotide prodrugs. The proposed decomposition process of these mixed mononucleoside aryl phosphotriesters may involve esterase activation followed by phosphodiesterase hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Schlienger
- UMR 5625 CNRS-UM II, Université Montpellier II, cc 008, place E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
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45
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Ning J, Kong F. A facile synthesis of 1-(5'-O-acetyl-3'-O-benzyl-beta-D-xylofuranosyl)thymidine: a potentially viable intermediate for the preparation of the anti-AIDS drugs, AZT and D4T. Carbohydr Res 2000; 326:235-9. [PMID: 10903032 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(00)00048-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The title compound has been synthesized by smooth condensation of 1,2-anhydro-5-O-acetyl-3-O-benzyl-alpha-D-xylofuranose, obtained from D-xylose through a series of mild and effective reactions, with activated thymine in the absence of catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ning
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Academia Sinica, Beijing, PR China
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46
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Pontikis R, Dollé V, Guillaumel J, Dechaux E, Note R, Nguyen CH, Legraverend M, Bisagni E, Aubertin AM, Grierson DS, Monneret C. Synthesis and evaluation of "AZT-HEPT", "AZT-pyridinone", and "ddC-HEPT" conjugates as inhibitors of HIV reverse transcriptase. J Med Chem 2000; 43:1927-39. [PMID: 10821705 DOI: 10.1021/jm991125l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To test the concept that HIV reverse transcriptase could be effectively inhibited by "mixed site inhibitors", a series of seven conjugates containing both a nucleoside analogue component (AZT 1, ddC 2) and a nonnucleoside type inhibitor (HEPT analogue 12, pyridinone 27) were synthesized and evaluated for their ability to block HIV replication. The (N-3 and C-5)AZT-HEPT conjugates 15, 22, and 23 displayed 2-5 microM anti-HIV activity, but they had no effect on the replication of HIV-2 or the HIV-1 strain with the Y181C mutation. The (C-5)AZT-pyridinone conjugates 34-37 were found to be inactive. In marked contrast, the ddC-HEPT molecule 26 displayed the same potency (EC(50) = 0.45 microM) against HIV-1 (wild type and the Y181C nevirapine-resistant strain) and HIV-2 in cell culture. No synergistic effect was observed for these bis-substrate inhibitors, suggesting that the two individual inhibitor components in these molecules do not bind simultaneously in their respective sites. Interestingly, however, the results indicate that the AZT-HEPT conjugates and the ddC-HEPT derivative 26 inhibit reverse transcriptase (RT) in an opposite manner. One explanation for this difference is that the former compounds interact preferentially with the hydrophobic pocket in RT, whereas 26 (after supposed triphosphorylation) inhibits RT through binding in the catalytic site.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pontikis
- UMR 176 CNRS/Institut Curie, Section de Recherche, 26 rue d'Ulm, F-75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
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47
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Chang SL, Griesgraber G, Abraham TW, Garg T, Song H, Zimmerman CL, Wagner CR. Synthesis and antiviral activity of amino acid carbamate derivatives of AZT. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2000; 19:87-100. [PMID: 10772704 DOI: 10.1080/15257770008032998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Lipophilic amino acid methyl ester and methyl amide carbamates of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) were synthesized and their anti-HIV-1 activity in PBMCs was determined. The methyl amides were more potent (EC50s = 1.8-4.0 microM) than the methyl esters (EC50s = 2.0-20 microM). Carbamate hydrolysis by cell lysates and liberation of AZT was not observed for representative methyl ester or methyl amide AZT carbamates. No evidence of direct inhibition of HIV reverse transcriptase or integrase was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Chang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA
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48
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Kers I, Stawiński J, Girardet JL, Imbach JL, Périgaud C, Gosselin G, Aubertin AM. Synthesis and anti-retroviral activity of O,O'-bis(3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxythymidin-5'-yl) phosphoramidate derivatives. Nucleosides Nucleotides 1999; 18:2317-25. [PMID: 10616733 DOI: 10.1080/07328319908044884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A simple and efficient protocol for the preparation of various symmetrical dinucleoside phosphoramidates derived from AZT, is presented. It consists of the phosphonylation of AZT with phosphonic acid in the presence of DCC to produce the symmetrical H-phosphonate diester, followed by its oxidative conversion to various phosphoramidate analogues. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their anti-HIV activity in different cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kers
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, Sweden
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49
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D'Cruz OJ, Zhu Z, Yiv SH, Chen CL, Waurzyniak B, Uckun FM. WHI-05, a novel bromo-methoxy substituted phenyl phosphate derivative of zidovudine, is a dual-action spermicide with potent anti-HIV activity. Contraception 1999; 59:319-31. [PMID: 10494486 DOI: 10.1016/s0010-7824(99)00041-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Heterosexual transmission of HIV to women is the fastest-growing mode of transmission. In a systematic effort to develop a microbicide capable of preventing HIV transmission as well as providing fertility control, novel phenyl phosphate derivatives of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (zidovudine, ZDV) have been identified that exhibit potent anti-HIV and spermicidal activities. This study reports the synthesis, characterization, and preclinical formulation of compound WHI-05, 5-bromo-6-methoxy-5,6-dihydro-3'-azidothymidine-5'-(p-methoxyphenyl) methoxyalaninyl phosphate. The anti-HIV activities of WHI-05 and ZDV were compared by measuring p24 antigen production and reverse transcriptase activity as markers of viral replication using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) infected with both ZDV-sensitive and ZDV-resistant strains of HIV. The sperm immobilizing activity (SIA) of WHI-05 was compared with that of ZDV and nonoxynol-9 (N-9) by computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA). The effect of WHI-05 on sperm membrane integrity was examined by high resolution, low voltage scanning electron microscopy (HR-LVSEM). The in vitro cytotoxicity profile of WHI-05 versus N-9 were compared using normal human vaginal, ectocervical, and endocervical epithelial cells. The in vivo vaginal tolerance, absorption, and toxicity of a 2% WHI-05 gel-microemulsion was tested in the rabbit. Whereas ZDV displayed potent anti-HIV activity but lacked SIA, WHI-05 elicited both potent anti-HIV activity and SIA. WHI-05 inhibited the replication of ZDV-sensitive as well as ZDV-resistant strains of HIV in PBMC. CASA combined with HR-LVSEM demonstrated that WHI-05-induced SIA was not associated with membrane damage. Unlike, N-9, the spermicidal activity of WHI-05 was not associated with cytotoxicity to reproductive tract epithelial cells. Repetitive intravaginal application of a 2% WHI-05 gel-microemulsion did not damage the vaginal epithelium or cause local inflammation in the rabbit model. As a potent anti-HIV agent that has spermicidal activity and is devoid of mucosal toxicity, WHI-05 shows a unique clinical potential to become the active ingredient for a vaginal contraceptive for women who are at high risk for acquiring HIV by heterosexual vaginal transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- O J D'Cruz
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Hughes Institute, St. Paul, Minnesota 55113, USA.
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50
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D'Cruz OJ, Shih MJ, Yiv SH, Chen CL, Uckun FM. Synthesis, characterization and preclinical formulation of a dual-action phenyl phosphate derivative of bromo-methoxy zidovudine (compound WHI-07) with potent anti-HIV and spermicidal activities. Mol Hum Reprod 1999; 5:421-32. [PMID: 10338365 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/5.5.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In a systematic effort to develop a microbicide contraceptive capable of preventing transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), as well as providing fertility control, we have previously identified novel phenyl phosphate derivatives of zidovudine (ZDV) with 5-halo 6-alkoxy substitutions in the thymine ring and halo substitution in the phenyl moiety respectively. Here, we describe the synthesis, characterization, and successful preclinical formulation of our lead compound, 5-bromo-6-methoxy-3'-azidothymidine-5'-(p-bromophenyl) methoxyalaninyl phosphate (WHI-07), which exhibits potent anti-HIV and sperm immobilizing activities. The anti-HIV activity of WHI-07 was tested by measuring viral p24 antigen production and reverse transcriptase activity as markers of viral replication in HIV-1 infected human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). WHI-07 inhibited replication of HIV in a concentration-dependent fashion with nanomolar IC50 values. The effects of WHI-07 on human sperm motion kinematics were analysed by computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA), and its effects on sperm membrane integrity were examined by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and high-resolution low-voltage scanning electron microscopy (HR-LVSEM). WHI-07 caused cessation of sperm motility in a concentration- and time-dependent fashion. The in-vitro cytotoxicities of WHI-07 and nonoxynol-9 (N-9) were compared using normal human ectocervical and endocervical epithelial cells by the MTT cell viability assay. Unlike N-9, WHI-07 had no effect upon sperm plasma and acrosomal membrane integrity. N-9 was cytotoxic to normal human ectocervical and endocervical cells at spermicidal doses, whereas WHI-07 was selectively spermicidal. The in-vivo vaginal absorption and vaginal toxicity of 2% gel-microemulsion of WHI-07 was studied in the rabbit model. The sperm immobilizing activity of WHI-07 was 18-fold more potent than that of N-9. Over a 10 day period, there was no irritation or local toxicity to the vaginal epithelia or systemic absorption of WHI-07. Therefore, as a potent anti-HIV agent with spermicidal activity, and lack of mucosal toxicity, WHI-07 may have the clinical potential to become the active ingredient of a vaginal contraceptive for women who are at high risk for acquiring HIV by heterosexual vaginal transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- O J D'Cruz
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Hughes Institute, St Paul, MN 55113, USA
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