1
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Amblard F, Patel D, Michailidis E, Coats SJ, Kasthuri M, Biteau N, Tber Z, Ehteshami M, Schinazi RF. HIV nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 240:114554. [PMID: 35792384 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
More than 40 years into the pandemic, HIV remains a global burden and as of now, there is no cure in sight. Fortunately, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has been developed to manage and suppress HIV infection. Combinations of two to three drugs targeting key viral proteins, including compounds inhibiting HIV reverse transcriptase (RT), have become the cornerstone of HIV treatment. This review discusses nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), including chain terminators, delayed chain terminators, nucleoside reverse transcriptase translocation inhibitors (NRTTIs), and nucleotide competing RT inhibitors (NcRTIs); focusing on their history, mechanism of action, resistance, and current clinical application, including long-acting regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Amblard
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Dharmeshkumar Patel
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Eleftherios Michailidis
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Steven J Coats
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Mahesh Kasthuri
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Nicolas Biteau
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Zahira Tber
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Maryam Ehteshami
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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2
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Zhou L, Zhang H, Li C, De Schutter C, Sari O, Mengshetti S, Zhou S, Kasthuri M, Coats SJ, Schinazi RF, Amblard F. Diastereoselective Synthesis of 2'-Dihalopyrimidine Ribonucleoside Inhibitors of Hepatitis C Virus Replication. ACS Omega 2022; 7:1452-1461. [PMID: 35036807 PMCID: PMC8756791 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We present a newly developed synthetic route to 2-bromo-2-fluoro ribolactone based on our published 2-chloro-2-fluoro ribolactone synthesis. Stereoselective fluorination is key to controlling the 2-diastereoselectivity. We also report a substantially improved glycosylation reaction with both the 2-bromo-2-fluoro and 2-chloro-2-fluoro sugars. These improvements allowed us to prepare 2'-dihalo nucleosides 13 and 14 in an overall 15-20% yield.
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3
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Tao S, Zhou L, Zhang H, Zhou S, Amiralaei S, Shelton J, Ehteshami M, Jiang Y, Amblard F, Coats SJ, Schinazi RF. Intracellular metabolism and potential cardiotoxicity of a β-D-2'- C-methyl-2,6-diaminopurine ribonucleoside phosphoramidate that inhibits hepatitis C virus replication. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2019; 39:204-224. [PMID: 31595843 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2019.1671594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
β-D-2'-C-Methyl-2,6-diaminopurine ribonucleoside (2'-C-Me-DAPN) phosphoramidate prodrug (DAPN-PD) is a selective hepatitis C virus inhibitor that is metabolized intracellularly into two active metabolites: 2'-C-Methyl-DAPN triphosphate (2'-C-Me-DAPN-TP) and 2'-C-methyl-guanosine 5'-triphosphate (2'-C-Me-GTP). BMS-986094 and IDX-184 are also bioconverted to 2'-C-Me-GTP. A phase IIb clinical trial with BMS-986094 was abruptly halted due to adverse cardiac and renal effects. Herein, we developed an efficient large scale synthesis of DAPN-PD and determined intracellular pharmacology of DAPN-PD in comparison with BMS-986094 and IDX-184, versus Huh-7, HepG2 and interspecies primary hepatocytes and human cardiomyocytes. Imaging data of drug treated human cardiomyocytes was found to be most useful in determining toxicity potential as no obvious beating rate change was observed for IDX-184 up to 50 µM up at 48 h. However, with BMS-986094 and DAPN-PD at 10 µM changes to both beat rate and rhythm were noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Tao
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Longhu Zhou
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hongwang Zhang
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shaoman Zhou
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sheida Amiralaei
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jadd Shelton
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Maryam Ehteshami
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yong Jiang
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Franck Amblard
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Steven J Coats
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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4
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Ovadia R, Khalil A, Li H, De Schutter C, Mengshetti S, Zhou S, Bassit L, Coats SJ, Amblard F, Schinazi RF. Synthesis and anti-HCV activity of β-d-2'-deoxy-2'-α-chloro-2'-β-fluoro and β-d-2'-deoxy-2'-α-bromo-2'-β-fluoro nucleosides and their phosphoramidate prodrugs. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:664-676. [PMID: 30655167 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We report herein the synthesis and evaluation of a series of β-d-2'-deoxy-2'-α-chloro-2'-β-fluoro and β-d-2'-deoxy-2'-α-bromo-2'-β-fluoro nucleosides along with their corresponding phosphoramidate prodrugs. Key intermediates, lactols 11 and 12, were obtained by a diastereoselective fluorination of protected 2-deoxy-2-chloro/bromo-ribonolactones 7 and 8. All synthesized nucleosides and prodrugs were evaluated with a hepatitis C virus (HCV) subgenomic replicon system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reuben Ovadia
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ahmed Khalil
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Hao Li
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Coralie De Schutter
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Seema Mengshetti
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Shaoman Zhou
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Leda Bassit
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Steven J Coats
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Franck Amblard
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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5
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Mengshetti S, Zhou L, Sari O, De Schutter C, Zhang H, Cho JH, Tao S, Bassit LC, Verma K, Domaoal RA, Ehteshami M, Jiang Y, Ovadia R, Kasthuri M, Ollinger Russell O, McBrayer T, Whitaker T, Pattassery J, Pascual ML, Uher L, Lin BY, Lee S, Amblard F, Coats SJ, Schinazi RF. Discovery of a Series of 2'-α-Fluoro,2'-β-bromo-ribonucleosides and Their Phosphoramidate Prodrugs as Potent Pan-Genotypic Inhibitors of Hepatitis C Virus. J Med Chem 2019; 62:1859-1874. [PMID: 30653317 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) nucleoside inhibitors display pan-genotypic activity, a high barrier to the selection of resistant virus, and are some of the most potent direct-acting agents with durable sustained virologic response in humans. Herein, we report, the discovery of β-d-2'-Br,2'-F-uridine phosphoramidate diastereomers 27 and 28, as nontoxic pan-genotypic anti-HCV agents. Extensive profiling of these two phosphorous diastereomers was performed to select one for in-depth preclinical profiling. The 5'-triphosphate formed from these phosphoramidates selectively inhibited HCV NS5B polymerase with no inhibition of human polymerases and cellular mitochondrial RNA polymerase up to 100 μM. Both are nontoxic by a variety of measures and display good stability in human blood and favorable metabolism in human intestinal microsomes and liver microsomes. Ultimately, a preliminary oral pharmacokinetics study in male beagles showed that 28 is superior to 27 and is an attractive candidate for further studies to establish its potential value as a new clinical anti-HCV agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Mengshetti
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Longhu Zhou
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Ozkan Sari
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Coralie De Schutter
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Hongwang Zhang
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Jong Hyun Cho
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Sijia Tao
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Leda C Bassit
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Kiran Verma
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Robert A Domaoal
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Maryam Ehteshami
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Yong Jiang
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Reuben Ovadia
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Mahesh Kasthuri
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Olivia Ollinger Russell
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Tamara McBrayer
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Tony Whitaker
- Cocrystal Pharma, Inc. , Tucker , Georgia 30084 , United States
| | - Judy Pattassery
- Cocrystal Pharma, Inc. , Tucker , Georgia 30084 , United States
| | | | - Lothar Uher
- Cocrystal Pharma, Inc. , Tucker , Georgia 30084 , United States
| | - Biing Y Lin
- Cocrystal Pharma, Inc. , Tucker , Georgia 30084 , United States
| | - Sam Lee
- Cocrystal Pharma, Inc. , Tucker , Georgia 30084 , United States
| | - Franck Amblard
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Steven J Coats
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
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6
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De Schutter C, Sari O, Coats SJ, Amblard F, Schinazi RF. Synthesis of (2S)-2-Chloro-2-fluororibolactone via Stereoselective Electrophilic Fluorination. J Org Chem 2017; 82:13171-13178. [PMID: 29140703 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel and efficient route for the preparation of (2S)-2-chloro-2-fluorolactone 29 is described. This approach takes advantage of a highly efficient diastereoselective electrophilic fluorination reaction (94% yield; >50:1 dr).
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie De Schutter
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Ozkan Sari
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Steven J Coats
- Cocrystal Pharma, Inc., Tucker, Georgia 30084, United States
| | - Franck Amblard
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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7
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Chen Z, Cox BD, Garnier-Amblard EC, McBrayer TR, Coats SJ, Schinazi RF, Amblard F. Synthesis and anti-HCV activity of a series of β-d-2'-deoxy-2'-dibromo nucleosides and their corresponding phosphoramidate prodrugs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:5296-5299. [PMID: 29066308 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Several β-d-2'-deoxy-2'-substituted nucleoside analogs have displayed potent and selective anti-HCV activities and some of them have reached human clinical trials. In that regard, we report herein the synthesis of a series of 2'-deoxy,2'-dibromo substituted U, C, G and A nucleosides 10a-d and their corresponding phosphoramidate prodrugs 13a-d. The synthesized nucleosides 10a-d and prodrugs 13a-d were evaluated for their inhibitory activity against HCV as well as cellular toxicity. The results showed that the most potent compound was prodrug 13a, which exhibited micromolar inhibitory activity (EC50 = 1.5 ± 0.8 µM) with no observed toxicity. In addition, molecular modeling and free energy perturbation calculations for the 5'-triphosphate formed from 13a and related 2'-modified nucleotides are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Chen
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Bryan D Cox
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | | | | | | | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
| | - Franck Amblard
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
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8
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Zhou S, Mahmoud S, Liu P, Zhou L, Ehteshami M, Bassit L, Tao S, Domaoal RA, Sari O, Schutter CD, Amiralaei S, Khalil A, Ollinger Russell O, McBrayer T, Whitaker T, Abou-Taleb N, Amblard F, Coats SJ, Schinazi RF. 2'-Chloro,2'-fluoro Ribonucleotide Prodrugs with Potent Pan-genotypic Activity against Hepatitis C Virus Replication in Culture. J Med Chem 2017; 60:5424-5437. [PMID: 28595015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pan-genotypic nucleoside HCV inhibitors display a high genetic barrier to drug resistance and are the preferred direct-acting agents to achieve complete sustained virologic response in humans. Herein, we report, the discovery of a β-d-2'-Cl,2'-F-uridine phosphoramidate nucleotide 16, as a nontoxic pan-genotypic anti-HCV agent. Phosphoramidate 16 in its 5'-triphosphate form specifically inhibited HCV NS5B polymerase with no marked inhibition of human polymerases and cellular mitochondrial RNA polymerase. Studies on the intracellular half-life of phosphoramidate 16-TP in live cells demonstrated favorable half-life of 11.6 h, suggesting once-a-day dosing. Stability in human blood and favorable metabolism in human intestinal microsomes and liver microsomes make phosphoramidate 16 a prospective candidate for further studies to establish its potential value as a new anti-HCV agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoman Zhou
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia 30307, United States
| | - Sawsan Mahmoud
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia 30307, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University , Helwan, Egypt
| | - Peng Liu
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia 30307, United States
| | - Longhu Zhou
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia 30307, United States
| | - Maryam Ehteshami
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia 30307, United States
| | - Leda Bassit
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia 30307, United States
| | - Sijia Tao
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia 30307, United States
| | - Robert A Domaoal
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia 30307, United States
| | - Ozkan Sari
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia 30307, United States
| | - Coralie De Schutter
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia 30307, United States
| | - Sheida Amiralaei
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia 30307, United States
| | - Ahmed Khalil
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia 30307, United States
| | - Olivia Ollinger Russell
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia 30307, United States
| | - Tamara McBrayer
- Cocrystal Pharma, Inc., Tucker, Georgia 30084, United States
| | - Tony Whitaker
- Cocrystal Pharma, Inc., Tucker, Georgia 30084, United States
| | - Nageh Abou-Taleb
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University , Helwan, Egypt
| | - Franck Amblard
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia 30307, United States
| | - Steven J Coats
- Cocrystal Pharma, Inc., Tucker, Georgia 30084, United States
| | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia 30307, United States
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9
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Sari O, Bassit L, Gavegnano C, McBrayer TR, McCormick L, Cox B, Coats SJ, Amblard F, Schinazi RF. Synthesis and antiviral evaluation of 2',2',3',3'-tetrafluoro nucleoside analogs. Tetrahedron Lett 2017; 58:642-644. [PMID: 28163339 PMCID: PMC5289701 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the synthesis of novel 2',2',3',3'-tetrafluorinated nucleoside analogs along with their phosphoramidate prodrugs. A tetrafluoro ribose moiety was coupled with different Boc/benzoyl-protected nucleobases under Mitsunobu conditions. After deprotection, tetrafluorinated nucleosides 13b, 14b, 20b-22b were reacted with phenyl-(isopropoxy-L-alaninyl)-phosphorochloridate to afford corresponding monophosphate prodrugs 24b-28b. All synthesized compounds were evaluated against several DNA and RNA viruses including HIV, HBV, HCV, Ebola and Zika viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozkan Sari
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Leda Bassit
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Christina Gavegnano
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | - Louise McCormick
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Bryan Cox
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Steven J Coats
- Cocrystal Pharma, Inc., 1860 Montreal Road, Tucker, GA 30084, USA
| | - Franck Amblard
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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10
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Boucle S, Lu X, Bassit L, Ozturk T, Russell OO, Amblard F, Coats SJ, Schinazi RF. Synthesis and antiviral evaluation of novel heteroarylpyrimidines analogs as HBV capsid effectors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:904-910. [PMID: 28094179 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
New modifications to the scaffold of previously reported HBV capsid assembly effectors such as BAY 41-4109, HAP-12 and GLS4 were explored. The anti-HBV activity in the HepAD38 system, and cytotoxicity profiles of each of the new compounds has been assessed. Among them, five new iodo- and bromo-heteroarylpyrimidines analogs displayed anti-HBV activity in the low micromolar range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Boucle
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Xiao Lu
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Leda Bassit
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Tugba Ozturk
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Olivia Ollinger Russell
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Franck Amblard
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Steven J Coats
- Cocrystal Pharma, Inc., 1860 Montreal Road, Tucker, GA 30084, USA
| | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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11
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Mahmoud S, Li H, McBrayer TR, Bassit L, Hammad SF, Coats SJ, Amblard F, Schinazi RF. Synthesis and antiviral evaluation of fluorinated acyclo-nucleosides and their phosphoramidates. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2016; 36:66-82. [PMID: 27759481 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2016.1218023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of tetrafluoro and hexafluoro acyclic nucleosides and their phosphoramidates were successfully prepared from commercially available 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-1,4-butanediol and 2,2,3,3,4,4-hexafluoro-1,5-pentanediol in four to six steps. Their ability to block HIV, HCV, HSV-1, and HBV replication along with their cytotoxicity toward HepG2, human lymphocyte, CEM, and Vero cells was assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawsan Mahmoud
- a Center for AIDS Research , Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology , Department of Pediatrics , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , Georgia , USA.,b Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University , Helwan , Egypt
| | - Hao Li
- a Center for AIDS Research , Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology , Department of Pediatrics , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , Georgia , USA
| | | | - Leda Bassit
- a Center for AIDS Research , Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology , Department of Pediatrics , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , Georgia , USA
| | - Sherif F Hammad
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University , Helwan , Egypt
| | | | - Franck Amblard
- a Center for AIDS Research , Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology , Department of Pediatrics , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , Georgia , USA
| | - Raymond F Schinazi
- a Center for AIDS Research , Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology , Department of Pediatrics , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , Georgia , USA
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12
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Zhou L, Zhang H, Tao S, Ehteshami M, Cho JH, McBrayer TR, Tharnish P, Whitaker T, Amblard F, Coats SJ, Schinazi RF. Synthesis and Evaluation of 2,6-Modified Purine 2'-C-Methyl Ribonucleosides as Inhibitors of HCV Replication. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:17-22. [PMID: 26819659 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of 2,6-modified purine 2'-C-methylribonucleosides and their phosphoramidate prodrugs were synthesized and evaluated for inhibition of HCV RNA replication in Huh-7 cells and for cytotoxicity in various cell lines. Cellular pharmacology and HCV polymerase incorporation studies on the most potent and selective compound are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longhu Zhou
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of
Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Hongwang Zhang
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of
Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Sijia Tao
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of
Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Maryam Ehteshami
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of
Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Jong Hyun Cho
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of
Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | | | - Philip Tharnish
- CoCrystal Pharma, Inc., Tucker, Georgia 30084, United States
| | - Tony Whitaker
- CoCrystal Pharma, Inc., Tucker, Georgia 30084, United States
| | - Franck Amblard
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of
Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Steven J. Coats
- CoCrystal Pharma, Inc., Tucker, Georgia 30084, United States
| | - Raymond F. Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of
Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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13
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Boucle S, Tao S, Amblard F, Stanton RA, Nettles JH, Li C, McBrayer TR, Whitaker T, Coats SJ, Schinazi RF. Design, synthesis and evaluation of novel anti-HCV molecules that deliver intracellularly three highly potent NS5A inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:3711-5. [PMID: 26099532 PMCID: PMC4538959 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of new non-symmetrical NS5A inhibitors with sulfur containing amino acids is reported along with their ability to block HCV replication in an HCV 1b replicon system. These compounds display EC50 values in the picomolar range with a large therapeutic index (>10(6)). Moreover, cellular pharmacology studies show that our preferred compounds intracellularly deliver three potent NS5A inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Boucle
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Sijia Tao
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Franck Amblard
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Richard A Stanton
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - James H Nettles
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Chengwei Li
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | | | | | | | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA.
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14
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Abstract
New carbocyclic nucleoside analogs with five-membered heterocyclic nucleobases were synthesized and evaluated as potential anti-HIV and anti-HCV agents. Among the synthesized carbocyclic nucleoside analogs, the pyrazole amide 15f exhibited modest selective anti-HIV-1 activity (EC50 = 24 µM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong hyun Cho
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | - Raymond F. Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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15
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Zhou L, Zhang HW, Tao S, Bassit L, Whitaker T, McBrayer TR, Ehteshami M, Amiralaei S, Pradere U, Cho JH, Amblard F, Bobeck D, Detorio M, Coats SJ, Schinazi RF. β-D-2'-C-Methyl-2,6-diaminopurine Ribonucleoside Phosphoramidates are Potent and Selective Inhibitors of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) and Are Bioconverted Intracellularly to Bioactive 2,6-Diaminopurine and Guanosine 5'-Triphosphate Forms. J Med Chem 2015; 58:3445-58. [PMID: 25849312 PMCID: PMC7714489 DOI: 10.1021/jm501874e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The conversion of selected β-D-2,6-diaminopurine nucleosides (DAPNs) to their phosphoramidate prodrug (PD) substantially blocks the conversion to the G-analog allowing for the generation of two bioactive nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs) in human hepatocytes. A variety of 2'-C-methyl DAPN-PDs were prepared and evaluated for inhibition of HCV viral replication in Huh-7 cells, cytotoxicity in various cell lines, and cellular pharmacology in both Huh-7 and primary human liver cells. The DAPN-PDs were pan-genotypic, effective against various HCV resistant mutants, and resistant variants could not be selected. 2'-C-Me-DAPN-TP and 2'-C-Me-GTP were chain terminators for genotype 1b HCV-pol, and single nucleotide incorporation assays revealed that 2'-C-Me-DAPN-TP was incorporated opposite U. No cytotoxicity was observed with our DAPN-PD when tested up to 50 μM. A novel, DAPN-PD, 15c, has been selected for further evaluation because of its good virologic and toxicologic profile and its ability to deliver two active metabolites, potentially simplifying HCV treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longhu Zhou
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Hong-wang Zhang
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Sijia Tao
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Leda Bassit
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia 30033, United States
| | - Tony Whitaker
- CoCrystal Pharma, Inc., Tucker, Georgia 30084, United States
| | - Tamara R. McBrayer
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia 30033, United States
- CoCrystal Pharma, Inc., Tucker, Georgia 30084, United States
| | - Maryam Ehteshami
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Sheida Amiralaei
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Ugo Pradere
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Jong Hyun Cho
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Franck Amblard
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia 30033, United States
| | - Drew Bobeck
- CoCrystal Pharma, Inc., Tucker, Georgia 30084, United States
| | - Mervi Detorio
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia 30033, United States
| | - Steven J. Coats
- CoCrystal Pharma, Inc., Tucker, Georgia 30084, United States
| | - Raymond F. Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia 30033, United States
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16
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Schinazi RF, Sivets GG, Detorio MA, McBrayer TR, Whitaker T, Coats SJ, Amblard F. Synthesis and antiviral evaluation of 2',3'-dideoxy-2',3'-difluoro-D-arabinofuranosyl 2,6-disubstituted purine nucleosides. HETEROCYCL COMMUN 2015; 21:315-327. [PMID: 34316093 DOI: 10.1515/hc-2015-0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of new 2,6-disubstituted purine 2',3'-dideoxy-2',3'-difluoro-D-arabino nucleosides is reported. Their ability to block HIV and HCV replication along with their cytotoxicity toward Huh-7 cells, human lymphocyte, CEM and Vero cells was also assessed. Among them, β-2,6-diaminopurine nucleoside 25 and guanosine derivative 27 demonstrate potent anti-HIV-1 activity (EC50 = 0.56 and 0.65 μM; EC90 = 4.2 and 3.1 μM) while displaying only moderate cytotoxicity in primary human lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond F Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Grigorii G Sivets
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences, Acad. Kuprevicha 5, 220141 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Mervi A Detorio
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | | | | | | | - Franck Amblard
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
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17
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Nettles JH, Stanton RA, Broyde J, Amblard F, Zhang H, Zhou L, Shi J, McBrayer TR, Whitaker T, Coats SJ, Kohler JJ, Schinazi RF. Asymmetric binding to NS5A by daclatasvir (BMS-790052) and analogs suggests two novel modes of HCV inhibition. J Med Chem 2014; 57:10031-43. [PMID: 25365735 PMCID: PMC4266333 DOI: 10.1021/jm501291c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Symmetric, dimeric daclatasvir (BMS-790052) is the clinical lead for a class of picomolar inhibitors of HCV replication. While specific, resistance-bearing mutations at positions 31 and 93 of domain I strongly suggest the viral NS5A as target, structural mechanism(s) for the drugs' activities and resistance remains unclear. Several previous models suggested symmetric binding modes relative to the homodimeric target; however, none can fully explain SAR details for this class. We present semiautomated workflows to model potential receptor conformations for docking. Surprisingly, ranking docked hits with our library-derived 3D-pharmacophore revealed two distinct asymmetric binding modes, at a conserved poly-proline region between 31 and 93, consistent with SAR. Interfering with protein-protein interactions at this membrane interface can explain potent inhibition of replication-complex formation, resistance, effects on lipid droplet distribution, and virion release. These detailed interaction models and proposed mechanisms of action will allow structure-based design of new NS5A directed compounds with higher barriers to HCV resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Nettles
- Center for AIDS Research, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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18
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Cho JH, Bondana L, Detorio MA, Montero C, Bassit LC, Amblard F, Coats SJ, Schinazi RF. Synthesis and antiviral evaluation of 2-amino-6-carbamoylpurine dioxolane nucleoside derivatives and their phosphoramidates prodrugs. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:6665-6671. [PMID: 25458500 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of 9-(β-d-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)2,6-diaminopurine nucleoside phosphoramidate prodrugs as well as various 2-amino-6-carbamoylpurine dioxolane derivatives and their phosphoramidates prodrugs is reported. Their ability to block HIV and HBV replication along with their cytotoxicity toward HepG2, human lymphocyte, CEM and Vero cells was also assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hyun Cho
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1670 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Lavanya Bondana
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1670 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Mervi A Detorio
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1670 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Cathy Montero
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1670 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Leda C Bassit
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1670 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Franck Amblard
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1670 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Steven J Coats
- RFS Pharma, LLC, 1860 Montreal Road, Tucker, GA 30084, USA
| | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1670 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Pradere
- Center
for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department
of Pediatrics, Emory University School of
Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | | | | | - Franck Amblard
- Center
for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department
of Pediatrics, Emory University School of
Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Raymond F. Schinazi
- Center
for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department
of Pediatrics, Emory University School of
Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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20
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Coats SJ, Garnier-Amblard EC, Amblard F, Ehteshami M, Amiralaei S, Zhang H, Zhou L, Boucle SRL, Lu X, Bondada L, Shelton JR, Li H, Liu P, Li C, Cho JH, Chavre SN, Zhou S, Mathew J, Schinazi RF. Chutes and ladders in hepatitis C nucleoside drug development. Antiviral Res 2013; 102:119-47. [PMID: 24275341 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chutes and Ladders is an exciting up-and-down-again game in which players race to be the first to the top of the board. Along the way, they will find ladders to help them advance, and chutes that will cause them to move backwards. The development of nucleoside analogs for clinical treatment of hepatitis C presents a similar scenario in which taking shortcuts may help quickly advance a program, but there is always a tremendous risk of being sent backwards as one competes for the finish line. In recent years the treatment options for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection have expand due to the development of a replicon based in vitro evaluation system, allowing for the identification of multiple drugable viral targets along with a concerted and substantial drug discovery effort. Three major drug targets have reached clinical study for chronic HCV infection: the NS3/4A serine protease, the large phosphoprotein NS5A, and the NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Recently, two oral HCV protease inhibitors were approved by the FDA and were the first direct acting anti-HCV agents to result from the substantial research in this area. There are currently many new chemical entities from several different target classes that are being evaluated worldwide in clinical trials for their effectiveness at achieving a sustained virologic response (SVR) (Pham et al., 2004; Radkowski et al., 2005). Clearly the goal is to develop therapies leading to a cure that are safe, widely accessible and available, and effective against all HCV genotypes (GT), and all stages of the disease. Nucleoside analogs that target the HCV NS5B polymerase that have reached human clinical trials is the focus of this review as they have demonstrated significant advantages in the clinic with broader activity against the various HCV GT and a higher barrier to the development of resistant viruses when compared to all other classes of HCV inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Coats
- RFS Pharma, LLC, 1860 Montreal Road, Tucker, GA 30084, USA
| | | | - Franck Amblard
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Maryam Ehteshami
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Sheida Amiralaei
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Hongwang Zhang
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Longhu Zhou
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Sebastien R L Boucle
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Xiao Lu
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Lavanya Bondada
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Jadd R Shelton
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Hao Li
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Peng Liu
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Chengwei Li
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Jong Hyun Cho
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Satish N Chavre
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Shaoman Zhou
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Judy Mathew
- RFS Pharma, LLC, 1860 Montreal Road, Tucker, GA 30084, USA
| | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA.
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21
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Bondada L, Rondla R, Pradere U, Liu P, Li C, Bobeck D, McBrayer T, Tharnish P, Courcambeck J, Halfon P, Whitaker T, Amblard F, Coats SJ, Schinazi RF. Azetidines and spiro azetidines as novel P2 units in hepatitis C virus NS3 protease inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:6325-30. [PMID: 24135727 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the synthesis and structure-activity relationship studies of new analogs of boceprevir 1 and telaprevir 2. Introduction of azetidine and spiroazetidines as a P2 substituent that replaced the pyrrolidine moiety of 1 and 2 led to the discovery of a potent hepatitis C protease inhibitor 37c (EC50=0.8 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavanya Bondada
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1670 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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22
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Bondada L, Detorio M, Bassit L, Tao S, Montero CM, Singletary TM, Zhang H, Zhou L, Cho JH, Coats SJ, Schinazi RF. Adenosine Dioxolane Nucleoside Phosphoramidates as Antiviral Agents for Human Immunodeficiency and Hepatitis B Viruses. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4:747-751. [PMID: 24015326 DOI: 10.1021/ml4001497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
There are currently six nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) that are FDA approved for human clinical use and these remain the backbone of current HIV therapy. In order for these NRTIs to be effective they need to be phosphorylated consecutively by cellular kinases to their triphosphate forms. Herein, we report the synthesis of C-6 modified (-)-β-D-(2R,4R)-1,3-dioxolane adenosine nucleosides and their nucleotides including our novel phosphoramidate prodrug technology. We have introduced a side chain moiety on the phenol portion of the phosphoramidate to reduce the toxicity potential. The synthesized phosphoramidates displayed up to a 3,600-fold greater potency versus HIV-1 when compared to their corresponding parent nucleoside and were up to 300-fold more potent versus HBV. No cytotoxicity was observed up to 100 μM in the various cell systems tested, except for compound 17 and 18 which displayed a CC50 of 7.3 and 12 μM respectively in Huh-7 cells. The improved and significant dual antiviral activity of these novel phosphoramidate nucleosides was partially explained by the increased intracellular formation of the adenosine dioxolane triphosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavanya Bondada
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia 30033, United States
| | - Mervi Detorio
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia 30033, United States
| | - Leda Bassit
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia 30033, United States
| | - Sijia Tao
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia 30033, United States
| | - Catherine M. Montero
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia 30033, United States
| | - Tyana M. Singletary
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia 30033, United States
| | - Hongwang Zhang
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia 30033, United States
| | - Longhu Zhou
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia 30033, United States
| | - Jong-Hyun Cho
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia 30033, United States
| | | | - Raymond F. Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia 30033, United States
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23
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Zhou L, Amblard F, Zhang H, McBrayer TR, Detorio MA, Whitaker T, Coats SJ, Schinazi RF. Synthesis and evaluation of Janus type nucleosides as potential HCV NS5B polymerase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:3385-8. [PMID: 23623492 PMCID: PMC3704321 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.03.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of new ribo and 2'-β-C-methyl ribo Janus type nucleosides J-AA, J-AG and J-AU is reported along with their ability to block HCV and HIV replication. Their toxicity was also assessed in Huh7, human lymphocytes, CEM and Vero cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longhu Zhou
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
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24
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Amblard F, Zhang H, Zhou L, Shi J, Bobeck DR, Nettles JH, Chavre S, McBrayer TR, Tharnish P, Whitaker T, Coats SJ, Schinazi RF. Synthesis and evaluation of non-dimeric HCV NS5A inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:2031-4. [PMID: 23466233 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Based on the symmetrical bidentate structure of the NS5A inhibitor BMS-790052, a series of new monodentate molecules were designed. The synthesis of 36 new non-dimeric NS5A inhibitors is reported along with their ability to block HCV replication in an HCV 1b replicon system. Among them compound 5a showed picomolar range activity along with an excellent selectivity index (SI > 90,000).
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Amblard
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
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25
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Cho JH, Amblard F, Coats SJ, Schinazi RF. Synthesis of cyclopentanyl carbocyclic 5-fluorocytosine ((-)-5-fluorocarbodine) using a facially selective hydrogenation approach. J Org Chem 2013; 78:723-7. [PMID: 23231055 DOI: 10.1021/jo302038d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An efficient synthetic route to biologically relevant (-)-5-fluorocarbodine 6 was developed. Direct coupling of N(6)-protected 5-fluorouracil 15 with cyclopentenyl intermediate 13, followed by formation of a macrocycle between the base and the carbocyclic sugar moiety, via ring-closing metathesis, allowed for a facial selective hydrogenation of the sugar double bond to give, exclusively, the desired 4'-β stereoisomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hyun Cho
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia 30033, USA
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26
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Pradere U, Amblard F, Coats SJ, Schinazi RF. Synthesis of 5'-methylene-phosphonate furanonucleoside prodrugs: application to D-2'-deoxy-2'-α-fluoro-2'-β-C-methyl nucleosides. Org Lett 2012; 14:4426-9. [PMID: 22917194 PMCID: PMC3470451 DOI: 10.1021/ol301937v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A new and facile synthetic pathway to metabolically stable 5'-methylene-bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)(POM)phosphonate furanonucleoside prodrugs is reported. The key step involves a Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction of a tetra(pivaloyloxymethyl) bisphosphonate salt with appropriately protected 5'-aldehydic nucleosides. This efficient approach was applied for the synthesis HCV related 2'-deoxy-2'-α-fluoro-2'-β-C-methyl nucleosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Pradere
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA, and RFS Pharma, LLC, 1860 Montreal Road, Tucker, GA 30084, USA
| | - Franck Amblard
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA, and RFS Pharma, LLC, 1860 Montreal Road, Tucker, GA 30084, USA
| | - Steven J. Coats
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA, and RFS Pharma, LLC, 1860 Montreal Road, Tucker, GA 30084, USA
| | - Raymond F. Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA, and RFS Pharma, LLC, 1860 Montreal Road, Tucker, GA 30084, USA
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27
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Zhang H, Zhou L, Amblard F, Shi J, Bobeck DR, Tao S, McBrayer TR, Tharnish PM, Whitaker T, Coats SJ, Schinazi RF. Synthesis and evaluation of novel potent HCV NS5A inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:4864-8. [PMID: 22704887 PMCID: PMC3389222 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Judicious modifications to the structure of the previously reported HCV NS5A inhibitor 1, resulted in more potent anti-HCV compounds with similar and in some cases improved toxicity profiles. The synthesis of 19 new NS5A inhibitors is reported along with their ability to block HCV replication in an HCV 1b replicon system. For the most potent compounds chemical stability, stability in liver microsomes and inhibition of relevant CYP450 enzymes is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwang Zhang
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
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28
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Zhou L, Coats SJ, Zhang H, Junxing S, Bobeck DR, Schinazi RF. Scaleable processes for the synthesis of (-)-β-D-2,6-diaminopurine dioxolane (Amdoxovir, DAPD) and (-)-β-D-2-aminopurine dioxolane (APD). Tetrahedron 2012; 68:5738-5743. [PMID: 23162170 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An efficient and scalable synthesis of (-)-DAPD and (-)-APD has been developed. We discovered that t-butyl cyanoacetate can be used as a new additive for the sugar nucleoside base coupling step en route to DAPD with improved β-selectivity and an isolated yield four fold greater than the original process scale method. Using this new process, (-)-DAPD has been prepared on greater than 20 g scale. In the synthesis of (-)-APD, a key enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis reaction afforded the water-soluble deprotected α-anomer while leaving the β-anomer completely untouched.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longhu Zhou
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta GA 30033, USA
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29
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Cho JH, Coats SJ, Schinazi RF. Efficient synthesis of exo-N-carbamoyl nucleosides: application to the synthesis of phosphoramidate prodrugs. Org Lett 2012; 14:2488-91. [PMID: 22554490 DOI: 10.1021/ol300777p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
An efficient protection protocol for the 6-exo-amino group of purine nucleosides with various chloroformates was developed utilizing N-methylimidazole (NMI). The reaction of an exo-N(6)-group of adenosine analogue 1 with alkyl/and aryl chloroformates under optimized conditions provided the N(6)-carbamoyl adenosines (2a-j) in good to excellent yields. The reaction of N(6)-Cbz-protected nucleosides (5a-c) with phenyl phosphoryl chloride (7) using t-BuMgCl followed by catalytic hydrogenation afforded the corresponding phosphoramidate pronucleotides (8a-c) in excellent yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hyun Cho
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia 30033, United States, and RFS Pharma, LLC , 1860 Montreal Road, Tucker, Georgia 30084, United States
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30
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Shi J, Zhou L, Amblard F, Bobeck DR, Zhang H, Liu P, Bondada L, McBrayer TR, Tharnish PM, Whitaker T, Coats SJ, Schinazi RF. Synthesis and biological evaluation of new potent and selective HCV NS5A inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:3488-91. [PMID: 22507961 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.03.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
NS5A inhibitors are a new class of direct-acting antiviral agents which display very potent anti-HCV activity in vitro and in humans. Rationally designed modifications to the central biphenyl linkage of a known NS5A series led to selection of several compounds that were synthesized and evaluated in a HCV genotype 1b replicon. The straight triphenyl linked compound 11a showed similar anti-HCV activity to the clinical compound BMS-790052 and a superior cytotoxicity profile in three different cell lines, with an EC(50) value of 26 pM and a therapeutic index of over four million in an HCV replicon assay. This triphenyl analog warrants further preclinical evaluation as an anti-HCV agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxing Shi
- RFS Pharma, LLC, 1860 Montreal Road, Tucker, GA 30084, USA
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31
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Zhang HW, Zhou L, Coats SJ, McBrayer TR, Tharnish PM, Bondada L, Detorio M, Amichai SA, Johns MD, Whitaker T, Schinazi RF. Synthesis of purine modified 2'-C-methyl nucleosides as potential anti-HCV agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:6788-92. [PMID: 21983447 PMCID: PMC3352596 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Based on the anti-hepatitis C activity of 2'-C-methyl-adenosine and 2'-C-methyl-guanosine, a series of new modified purine 2'-C-methyl nucleosides was prepared as potential anti-hepatitis C virus agents. Herein, we report the synthesis of both 6-modified and 2-modified purine 2'-C-methyl-nucleosides along with their anti-HCV replication activity and cytotoxicity in different cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-wang Zhang
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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32
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Herman BD, Schinazi RF, Zhang HW, Nettles JH, Stanton R, Detorio M, Obikhod A, Pradère U, Coats SJ, Mellors JW, Sluis-Cremer N. Substrate mimicry: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase recognizes 6-modified-3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxyguanosine-5'-triphosphates as adenosine analogs. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 40:381-90. [PMID: 21914723 PMCID: PMC3245946 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
β-D-3′-Azido-2′,3′-dideoxyguanosine (3′-azido-ddG) is a potent inhibitor of HIV-1 replication with a superior resistance profile to zidovudine. Recently, we identified five novel 6-modified-3′-azido-ddG analogs that exhibit similar or superior anti-HIV-1 activity compared to 3′-azido-ddG in primary cells. To gain insight into their structure–activity–resistance relationships, we synthesized their triphosphate (TP) forms and assessed their ability to inhibit HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). Steady-state and pre-steady-state kinetic experiments show that the 6-modified-3′-azido-ddGTP analogs act as adenosine rather than guanosine mimetics in DNA synthesis reactions. The order of potency of the TP analogs against wild-type RT was: 3′-azido-2,6-diaminopurine >3′-azido-6-chloropurine; 3′-azido-6-N-allylaminopurine > 2-amino-6-N,N-dimethylaminopurine; 2-amino-6-methoxypurine. Molecular modeling studies reveal unique hydrogen-bonding interactions between the nucleotide analogs and the template thymine base in the active site of RT. Surprisingly, the structure–activity relationship of the analogs differed in HIV-1 RT ATP-mediated excision assays of their monophosphate forms, suggesting that it may be possible to rationally design a modified base analog that is efficiently incorporated by RT but serves as a poor substrate for ATP-mediated excision reactions. Overall, these studies identify a promising strategy to design novel nucleoside analogs that exert profound antiviral activity against both WT and drug-resistant HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Herman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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33
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Cho JH, Amblard F, Coats SJ, Schinazi RF. Efficient synthesis of nucleoside aryloxy phosphoramidate prodrugs utilizing benzyloxycarbonyl protection. Tetrahedron 2011; 67:5487-5493. [PMID: 22993455 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An efficient method for the synthesis of nucleoside phosphoramidates prodrugs (6a-f) has been developed that employs a simple protection/deprotection sequence of the nucleoside with benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz). The coupling reaction of Cbz-protected derivatives (5a-f) with phenyl-(ethoxy-L-alaninyl)-phosphorochloridate (7), followed by Cbz group removal by hydrogenolysis provided the phenyl phosphoramidate ProTides (6a-f) in excellent overall yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hyun Cho
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA
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34
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Zhang HW, Detorio M, Herman BD, Solomon S, Bassit L, Nettles JH, Obikhod A, Tao SJ, Mellors JW, Sluis-Cremer N, Coats SJ, Schinazi RF. Synthesis, antiviral activity, cytotoxicity and cellular pharmacology of l-3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxypurine nucleosides. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:3832-44. [PMID: 21700368 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Microwave-assisted optimized transglycosylation reactions were used to prepare eleven modified l-3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxypurine nucleosides. These l-nucleoside analogs were evaluated against HIV and hepatitis B virus. The l-3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxypurines nucleosides were metabolized to nucleoside 5'-triphosphates in primary human lymphocytes, but exhibited weak or no antiviral activity against HIV-1. The nucleosides were also inactive against HBV in HepG2 cells. Pre-steady state kinetic experiments demonstrated that the l-3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxypurine triphosphates could be incorporated by purified HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, although their catalytic efficiency (k(pol)/K(d)) of incorporation was low. Interestingly, a phosphoramidate prodrug of l-3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxyadenosine exhibited anti-HIV-1 activity without significant toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Wang Zhang
- Center for AIDS Research, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
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35
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Roy V, Obikhod A, Zhang HW, Coats SJ, Herman BD, Sluis-Cremer N, Agrofoglio LA, Schinazi RF. Synthesis and anti-HIV evaluation of 3'-triazolo nucleosides. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2011; 30:264-70. [PMID: 21623540 PMCID: PMC7751061 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2011.580291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of hitherto unknown 3'-α-[1,2,3]-substituted triazolo-2',3'-dideoxypyrimidine nucleoside analogues of the anti-HIV 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) were synthesized through catalyzed alkyne-azide 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (Huisgen reaction). Those 3'-[1,2,3]-triazolo analogues bearing an azido alkyl chain were evaluated for their anti-HIV activity against HIV-1 in primary human lymphocytes as well as for their cytotoxicity in different cells. None of them inhibit HIV replication (EC(50) > 20 μM); two of them were converted to their triphosphate form to evaluate their HIV-RT inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Roy
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, UMR 6005, Université d’Orléans, Orléans, France
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medecine and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Aleksandr Obikhod
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medecine and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hong-Wang Zhang
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medecine and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Brian D. Herman
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nicolas Sluis-Cremer
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Luigi A. Agrofoglio
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, UMR 6005, Université d’Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - Raymond F. Schinazi
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medecine and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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36
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Abstract
Nucleoside monophosphate prodrugs that are eventually bioconverted to the active nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) offer the potential to deliver increased intracellular NTP levels and/or organ-specific NTP enhancement. There are several classes of monophosphate prodrugs that have been applied to HCV drug discovery, and some of these approaches are currently being evaluated in humans. This review discusses recent advances in monophosphate prodrug approaches to improve oral absorption, stability and pharmacokinetic profile, including their advantages and potential pitfalls.
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37
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Lin J, Roy V, Wang L, You L, Agrofoglio LA, Deville-Bonne D, McBrayer TR, Coats SJ, Schinazi RF, Eriksson S. 3'-(1,2,3-Triazol-1-yl)-3'-deoxythymidine analogs as substrates for human and Ureaplasma parvum thymidine kinase for structure-activity investigations. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:3261-9. [PMID: 20378362 PMCID: PMC7744269 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Revised: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenic mycoplasma Ureaplasma parvum (Up) causes opportunistic infections and relies on salvage of nucleosides for DNA synthesis and Up thymidine kinase (UpTK) provides the necessary thymidine nucleotides. The anti-HIV compound 3 -azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) is a good substrate for TK. Methods for a rapid and efficient synthesis of new 3'-alpha-[1,2,3]triazol-3'-deoxythymidine analogs from AZT under Huisgen conditions are described. Thirteen 3'-analogues were tested with human cytosolic thymidine kinase (hTK1) and UpTK. The new analogs showed higher efficiencies (K(m)/V(max) values) in all cases with UpTK than with hTK1. Still, hTK1 was preferentially inhibited by 9 out of 10 tested analogs. Structural models of UpTK and hTK1 were constructed and used to explain the kinetic results. Two different binding modes of the nucleosides within the active sites of both enzymes were suggested with one predominating in the bacterial enzyme and the other in hTK1. These results will aid future development of anti-mycoplasma nucleosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Lin
- Dpt. Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Veterinary Medical Biochemistry, Swedish University Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vincent Roy
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, CNRS UMR 6005, Université d’Orléans, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Liya Wang
- Dpt. Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Veterinary Medical Biochemistry, Swedish University Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Li You
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, CNRS UMR 6005, Université d’Orléans, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Luigi A. Agrofoglio
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, CNRS UMR 6005, Université d’Orléans, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Dominique Deville-Bonne
- Laboratoire d’ Enzymologie Moléculaire et Fonctionnelle, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Tamara R. McBrayer
- Center for AIDS Research, Lab. Biochem. Pharmacol., Dpt. Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
- RFS Pharma, LLC, 1860 Montreal Road, Tucker, GA 30084, USA
| | | | - Raymond F. Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research, Lab. Biochem. Pharmacol., Dpt. Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Staffan Eriksson
- Dpt. Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Veterinary Medical Biochemistry, Swedish University Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Zhang HW, Coats SJ, Bondada L, Amblard F, Detorio M, Asif G, Fromentin E, Solomon S, Obikhod A, Whitaker T, Sluis-Cremer N, Mellors JW, Schinazi RF. Synthesis and evaluation of 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxypurine nucleosides as inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 20:60-4. [PMID: 19948402 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Revised: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Based on the promising drug resistance profile and potent anti-HIV activity of beta-d-3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxyguanosine, a series of purine modified nucleosides were synthesized by a chemical transglycosylation reaction and evaluated for their antiviral activity, cytotoxicity, and intracellular metabolism. Among the synthesized compounds, several show potent and selective anti-HIV activity in primary lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Wang Zhang
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA
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Rondla R, Coats SJ, McBrayer TR, Grier J, Johns M, Tharnish PM, Whitaker T, Zhou L, Schinazi RF. Anti-hepatitis C virus activity of novel beta-d-2'-C-methyl-4'-azido pyrimidine nucleoside phosphoramidate prodrugs. Antivir Chem Chemother 2009; 20:99-106. [PMID: 19843980 DOI: 10.3851/imp1400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 2'-C-methyl and 4'-azido nucleosides have previously demonstrated inhibition of hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication by targeting the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase NS5B. In an effort to discover new and more potent anti-HCV agents, we envisioned synthesizing nucleoside analogues by combining the 2'-C-methyl-moiety with the 4'-azido-moiety into one molecule. METHODS 2'-C-methyl-4'-azido pyrimidine nucleosides were synthesized by first converting 2'-C-methyl ribonucleosides to the corresponding 4'-exocyclic methylene nucleosides. Treatment with iodine azide, benzoylation of the 2'- and 3'-hydroxy groups, oxidative displacement of the 5'-iodo group with meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid, and debenzoylation gave the desired 2'-C-methyl-4'-azido uridine and thymidine analogues in good yield. Standard conversion of uridine to cytidine via the 4-triazole yielded 2'-C-methyl-4'-azido cytidine. In addition, 5'-phosphoramidate derivatives of 2'-C-methyl-4'-azido uridine and cytidine were synthesized to bypass the initial phosphorylation step. RESULTS The prepared nucleosides and their 5'-monophosphate prodrugs were evaluated for their ability to inhibit replication of the hepatitis C virus in a subgenomic replicon cell based assay. Cytotoxicity in Huh7 cells was determined simultaneously with anti-HCV activity by extraction and amplification of both HCV RNA and ribosomal RNA. Among the newly synthesized compounds, only the 5'-monophosphate nucleoside prodrugs had modest and selective anti-HCV activity. All prepared pyrimidine nucleosides and 5'-monophosphate nucleoside prodrugs displayed no evidence of cytotoxicity at high concentrations. CONCLUSIONS This work is the first example of both inactive uridine and cytidine analogues of a nucleoside being converted to active anti-HCV nucleosides via 5'-monophosphate prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramu Rondla
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
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40
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Amblard F, Fromentin E, Detorio M, Obikhod A, Rapp KL, McBrayer TR, Whitaker T, Coats SJ, Schinazi RF. Synthesis, antiviral activity, and stability of nucleoside analogs containing tricyclic bases. Eur J Med Chem 2009; 44:3845-51. [PMID: 19433343 PMCID: PMC3423956 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2009.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Revised: 03/30/2009] [Accepted: 04/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of 3,9-dihydro-9-oxo-5H-imidazo[1,2-A]purine nucleosides (tricylic nucleosides) were synthesized from 9-[4-alpha-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopent-2-ene-1-alpha-yl]guanine (CBV) 5, (-)-beta-D-(2R,4R)-1,3-dioxolane-guanosine (DXG) 6, 3'-azido-3'-deoxy-guanosine (AZG) 7, and 2'-C-methylguanosine 8. Their in vitro activity against HIV and HCV was evaluated and correlated to their ability to degrade to their purine counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Amblard
- Center for AIDS Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta. GA 30033, USA
| | - Emilie Fromentin
- Center for AIDS Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta. GA 30033, USA
| | - Mervi Detorio
- Center for AIDS Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta. GA 30033, USA
| | - Alexander Obikhod
- Center for AIDS Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta. GA 30033, USA
| | - Kimberly L. Rapp
- Center for AIDS Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta. GA 30033, USA
| | | | - Tony Whitaker
- RFS Pharma LLC, 1860 Montreal road, Tucker, GA 30084, USA
| | | | - Raymond F. Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta. GA 30033, USA
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Schinazi RF, Coats SJ, Bassit LC, Lennerstrand J, Nettles JH, Hurwitz SJ. Approaches for the development of antiviral compounds: the case of hepatitis C virus. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2009:25-51. [PMID: 19048196 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-79086-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Traditional methods for general drug discovery typically include evaluating random compound libraries for activity in relevant cell-free or cell-based assays. Success in antiviral development has emerged from the discovery of more focused libraries that provide clues about structure activity relationships. Combining these with more recent approaches including structural biology and computational modeling can work efficiently to hasten discovery of active molecules, but that is not enough. There are issues related to biology, toxicology, pharmacology, and metabolism that have to be addressed before a hit compound becomes nominated for clinical development. The objective of gaining early preclinical knowledge is to reduce the risk of failure in Phases 1, 2, and 3, leading to the goal of approved drugs that benefit the infected individual. This review uses hepatitis C virus (HCV), for which we still do not have an ideal therapeutic modality, as an example of the multidisciplinary efforts needed to discover new antiviral drugs for the benefit of humanity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond F Schinazi
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, VA Medical Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 1670 Clairmont Road, Decatur, GA 30033, USA.
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Coats SJ, Link JS, Gauthier D, Hlasta DJ. Trimethylsilyl-directed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions in the solid-phase synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoles. Org Lett 2006; 7:1469-72. [PMID: 15816729 DOI: 10.1021/ol047637y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] A regioselective method for the preparation of 1,5-trisubstituted 1H-1,2,3-triazoles via a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of 1-trimethylsilylacetylenes with organoazides is described. Immobilization of the azide on REM resin and subsequent cycloaddition afforded a 2 x 2 x 4 x 3 membered 1,5-disubstituted 1H-1,2,3-triazole library with an average purified yield of 68%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Coats
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, L.L.C., Welsh and McKean Roads, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, USA
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Carson JR, Coats SJ, Codd EE, Dax SL, Lee J, Martinez RP, Neilson LA, Pitis PM, Zhang SP. N,N-dialkyl-4-[(8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]-oct-3-ylidene)phenylmethyl]benzamides, potent, selective delta opioid agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:2109-12. [PMID: 15080989 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2003] [Accepted: 02/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of N,N-dialkyl-4-(9-aryltropanylidenemethyl)benzamides was prepared. The lead compounds, 15a and 15c, exhibited extremely high affinity for the delta opioid receptor with excellent selectivity versus the micro opioid receptor. They were full agonists at the delta opioid receptor, as assessed by stimulation of GTPgammaS binding, and displayed antinociceptive activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Carson
- Drug Discovery, Johnson and Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, LLC, Welsh and McKean Roads, PO 776, Spring House, PA 19477-0776, USA.
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Coats SJ, Schulz MJ, Carson JR, Codd EE, Hlasta DJ, Pitis PM, Stone DJ, Zhang SP, Colburn RW, Dax SL. Parallel methods for the preparation and SAR exploration of N-ethyl-4-[(8-alkyl-8-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-ylidene)-aryl-methyl]-benzamides, powerful mu and delta opioid agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:5493-8. [PMID: 15482911 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2004] [Revised: 09/01/2004] [Accepted: 09/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Two parallel synthetic methods were developed to explore the structure-activity relationships (SAR) of a series of potent opioid agonists. This series of tropanylidene benzamides proved extremely tolerant of structural variation while maintaining excellent opioid activity. Evaluation of several representative compounds from this series in the mouse hot plate test revealed potent antinociceptive effects upon oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Coats
- Drug Discovery, Johnson and Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, L.L.C., Welsh and McKean Roads, PO Box 776, Spring House, PA 19477-0776, USA.
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Abstract
[reaction: see text] The addition of azido trimethylsilane to arylnitrileboronate esters is shown to proceed rapidly in dimethoxyethane to give aryltetrazoleboronate esters in moderate to good yields, with dibutyltin oxide as catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Schulz
- Drug Discovery, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, L.L.C., Welsh and McKean Roads, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, USA.
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Coats SJ, Schulz MJ, Hlasta DJ. Method for the Parallel Preparation of the Aspartic Protease Isostere: Hydroxyethylamino Amides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 6:688-91. [PMID: 15360200 DOI: 10.1021/cc049911l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Coats
- Drug Discovery, Johnson and Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, L.L.C., Welsh and McKean Roads, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, USA.
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Carson JR, Coats SJ, Codd EE, Dax SL, Lee J, Martinez RP, McKown LA, Anne Neilson L, Pitis PM, Wu WN, Zhang SP. N -Alkyl-4-[(8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]-oct-3-ylidene)phenylmethyl]benzamides, μ and δ opioid agonists: a μ address. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:2113-6. [PMID: 15080990 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2003] [Accepted: 02/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The tertiary amide delta opioid agonist 2 is a potent antinociceptive agent. Compound 2 was metabolized in vitro and in vivo to secondary amide 3, a potent and selective micro opioid agonist. The SAR of a series of N-alkyl-4-[(8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]-oct-3-ylidene)phenylmethyl]benzamides was examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Carson
- Drug Discovery, Johnson and Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, LLC, Welsh and McKean Roads, PO 776, Spring House, PA 19477-0776, USA.
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Abstract
One of the key questions that must be addressed when implementing a chemoinformatics system is whether the tools will be designed for use by the expert user or by the "bench scientist." This decision can impact not only the style of tools that are rolled out, but is also a factor in terms of how these tools are delivered to the end users. The system that we outline here was designed for use by the non-expert user. As such, the tools that we discuss are in many cases simplified versions of some common algorithms used in chemoinformatics. In addition, the focus is on how to distribute these tools using a web-services interface, which greatly simplifies delivering new protocols to the end user.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Bembenek
- Computer Aided Drug Discovery and Chemoinformatics, Johnson & Johnson, Pharmaceutical Research & Development, L.L.C., San Diego, California, USA
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Coats SJ, Link JS, Hlasta DJ. Alternative solvents for elevated-temperature solid-phase parallel synthesis. Application to thionation of amides. Org Lett 2003; 5:721-4. [PMID: 12605499 DOI: 10.1021/ol027493s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new class of higher-boiling solvents was investigated for elevated-temperature solid-phase parallel synthesis. Extremely low vapor pressures at high temperature and a broader range of solvent effect tuning make this new class of solvents an ideal choice for high-temperature parallel solid-phase synthesis. Benzyl benzoate is identified as a superior high-boiling solvent for parallel solid-phase Lawesson's thionation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Coats
- Drug Discovery, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, L.L.C., Welsh and McKean Roads, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, USA.
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