1
|
Zhuo SH, Noda N, Hioki K, Jin S, Hayashi T, Hiraga K, Momose H, Li WH, Zhao L, Mizukami T, Ishii KJ, Li YM, Uesugi M. Identification of a Self-Assembling Small-Molecule Cancer Vaccine Adjuvant with an Improved Toxicity Profile. J Med Chem 2023; 66:13266-13279. [PMID: 37676021 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Protein or peptide cancer vaccines usually include immune potentiators, so-called adjuvants. However, it remains challenging to identify structurally simple, chemically accessible synthetic molecules that are effective and safe as vaccine adjuvant. Here, we present cholicamideβ (6), a self-assembling small-molecule vaccine adjuvant with an improved toxicity profile and proven efficacy in vivo. We demonstrate that cholicamideβ (6), which is less cytotoxic than its parent compound, forms virus-like particles to potently activate dendritic cells with the concomitant secretion of cytokines. When combined with a peptide antigen, cholicamideβ (6) potentiated the antigen presentation on dendritic cells to induce antigen-specific T cells. As a therapeutic cancer vaccine adjuvant in mice, a mixture of cholicamideβ (6) and a peptide antigen protected mice from the challenges of malignant cancer cells without overt toxicity. Cholicamideβ (6) may offer a translational opportunity as an unprecedented class of small-molecule cancer vaccine adjuvants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Hua Zhuo
- Key Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Naotaka Noda
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Kyoto, Japan
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kou Hioki
- Division of Vaccine Science, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Shuyu Jin
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Kyoto, Japan
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoya Hayashi
- Division of Vaccine Science, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Kou Hiraga
- Research Center for Biological Products in the Next Generation, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Haruka Momose
- Research Center for Biological Products in the Next Generation, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Wen-Hao Li
- Key Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lang Zhao
- Key Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Takuo Mizukami
- Research Center for Biological Products in the Next Generation, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Ken J Ishii
- Division of Vaccine Science, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yan-Mei Li
- Key Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100069, China
- Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Motonari Uesugi
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Kyoto, Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Petukhov IA, Puchkov PA, Morozova NG, Zenkova MA, Maslov MA. The Synthesis and Transfection Activity of Disulfide Polycationic Amphiphiles. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2023; 49:41-51. [PMID: 37192981 PMCID: PMC10156423 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162023010235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Some new polycationic amphiphiles containing a disulfide group were synthesized. Cationic liposomes formed from the compounds synthesized and a helper lipid 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylethanolamine were not toxic for HEK293 and HeLa cells and were highly effective when delivering a fluorescently labeled oligodeoxyribonucleotide. The efficacy of plasmid DNA delivery depended on the cell line and the amphiphile structure, liposomes based on tetracationic amphiphiles being the most effective transfectants. These liposomes can be used for in vitro transfection of eukaryotic cells as well as for further in vivo biological studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I. A. Petukhov
- Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA—Russian Technological University, 119571 Moscow, Russia
| | - P. A. Puchkov
- Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA—Russian Technological University, 119571 Moscow, Russia
| | - N. G. Morozova
- Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA—Russian Technological University, 119571 Moscow, Russia
| | - M. A. Zenkova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - M. A. Maslov
- Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA—Russian Technological University, 119571 Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mohammadi Zonouz A, Ghasemzadeh Rahbardar M, Hosseinzadeh H. Antidotal and protective effects of mangosteen ( Garcinia mangostana) against natural and chemical toxicities: A review. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2023; 26:492-503. [PMID: 37051107 PMCID: PMC10083825 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2023.66900.14674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Chemical and natural toxic compounds can harm human health through a variety of mechanisms. Nowadays, herbal therapy is widely accepted as a safe method of treating toxicity. Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen) is a tree in the Clusiaceae family, and isoprenylated xanthones, its main constituents, are a class of secondary metabolites having a variety of biological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, pro-apoptotic, anti-proliferative, antinociceptive, neuroprotective, hypoglycemic, and anti-obesity. In this review, the protective activities of mangosteen and its major components against natural and chemical toxicities in both in vivo and in vitro experiments were evaluated. The protective effects of mangosteen and its components are mediated primarily through oxidative stress inhibition, a decrease in the number of inflammatory cells such as lymphocytes, neutrophils, and eosinophils, reduction of inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), prostaglandin (PG) E2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and nuclear factor-ĸB (NF-ĸB), modulation of apoptosis and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways, reducing p65 entrance into the nucleus, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1), improving histological conditions, and inhibition in acetylcholinesterase activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Corresponding author: Hossein Hosseinzadeh. Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Tel: +98-5138819042; Fax: +98-5138823251;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sun JD, Li Q, Haoyang WW, Zhang DW, Wang H, Zhou W, Ma D, Hou JL, Li ZT. Adsorption-Based Detoxification of Endotoxins by Porous Flexible Organic Frameworks. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:953-962. [PMID: 35102736 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS, endotoxins) cause sepsis that is responsible for a huge amount of mortality globally. However, their neutralization or detoxification remains an unmet medical need. We envisaged that cationic organic frameworks with persistent hydrophobic porosity may adsorb and thus neutralize LPS through a combination of cooperative ion-pairing electrostatic attraction and hydrophobicity. We here report the preparation of two water-soluble flexible organic frameworks (FOF-1 and FOF-2) from tetratopic and ditopic precursors through quantitative formation of hydrazone bonds at room temperature. The two FOFs are revealed to possess hydrodynamic diameters, which range from 20 to 120 nm, depending on the concentrations. Dynamic light scattering and isothermal titration calorimetric and chromogenic limulus amebocyte lysate experiments indicate that both frameworks are able to adsorb and thus reduce the concentration of free LPS molecules in aqueous solution, whereas cytokine inhibition experiments with RAW264.7 support that this adsorption can significantly decrease the toxicity of LPS. In vivo experiments with mice (five males per group) show that the injection of FOF-1 at a dose of 0.6 mg/kg realizes the survival of all of the mice administrated with LPS of the d-galactosamine (d-Gal)-sensitized absolute lethal dose (LD100, 0.05 mg/kg), whereas its maximum tolerated dose for mice is determined to be 10 mg/kg. These findings provide a new promising sequestration strategy for the development of porous agents for the neutralization of LPS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Da Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Wei-Wei Haoyang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Dan-Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Da Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jun-Li Hou
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Zhan-Ting Li
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nichugovskiy A, Tron GC, Maslov M. Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Polyamine Derivatives and Their Applications. Molecules 2021; 26:6579. [PMID: 34770986 PMCID: PMC8588431 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biogenic polyamines (PAs) are involved in the growth and development of normal cells, and their intracellular concentration is stable. The concentration of PAs in cancer cells is significantly increased to promote and sustain their rapid proliferation. Over the years, synthetic PAs, which differ in their structure, have demonstrated high antitumor activity and are involved in clinical trials. The chemical synthesis of PAs and their conjugates require the correct choice of synthetic pathways-methods for constructing conjugates and the orthogonal protection of amino groups. The most common methods of synthesis of PA conjugates are acylation of regioselectively protected PAs or their alkylation under the conditions of the Fukuyama reaction. One of the most promising methods of PA synthesis is the use of a multicomponent Ugi reaction, which allows various PAs to be obtained in high yields. In this review, we describe and analyze various approaches that are used in the synthesis of polyamines and their conjugates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Artemiy Nichugovskiy
- Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA—Russian Technological University, 86 Vernadsky Ave., 119571 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Gian Cesare Tron
- Dipartimento di Scienza del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy;
| | - Mikhail Maslov
- Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA—Russian Technological University, 86 Vernadsky Ave., 119571 Moscow, Russia;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dolmatova EV, Wang K, Mandavilli R, Griendling KK. The effects of sepsis on endothelium and clinical implications. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 117:60-73. [PMID: 32215570 PMCID: PMC7810126 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Sepsis accounts for nearly 700 000 deaths in Europe annually and is caused by an overwhelming host response to infection resulting in organ failure. The endothelium is an active contributor to sepsis and as such represents a major target for therapy. During sepsis, endothelial cells amplify the immune response and activate the coagulation system. They are both a target and source of inflammation and serve as a link between local and systemic immune responses. In response to cytokines produced by immune cells, the endothelium expresses adhesion molecules and produces vasoactive compounds, inflammatory cytokines, and chemoattractants, thus switching from an anticoagulant to procoagulant state. These responses contribute to local control of infection, but systemic activation can lead to microvascular thrombosis, capillary permeability, hypotension, tissue hypoxia, and ultimately tissue damage. This review focuses on the role of the endothelium in leucocyte adhesion and transmigration as well as production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, microRNAs and cytokines, formation of signalling microparticles, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. We also discuss alterations in endothelial permeability and apoptosis. Finally, we review the diagnostic potential of endothelial markers and endothelial pathways as therapeutic targets for this devastating disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Dolmatova
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Keke Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Rohan Mandavilli
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Kathy K Griendling
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bhattacharyya D, Bhunia A. Gut-Brain axis in Parkinson's disease etiology: The role of lipopolysaccharide. Chem Phys Lipids 2020; 235:105029. [PMID: 33338469 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2020.105029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies highlight the initiation of Parkinson's disease (PD) in the gastrointestinal tract, decades before the manifestations in the central nervous system (CNS). This gut-brain axis of neurodegenerative diseases defines the critical role played by the unique microbial composition of the "second brain" formed by the enteric nervous system (ENS). Compromise in the enteric wall can result in the translocation of gut-microbiota along with their metabolites into the system that can affect the homeostatic machinery. The released metabolites can associate with protein substrates affecting several biological pathways. Among these, the bacterial endotoxin from Gram-negative bacteria, i.e., Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), has been implicated to play a definite role in progressive neurodegeneration. The molecular interaction of the lipid metabolites can have a direct neuro-modulatory effect on homeostatic protein components that can be transported to the CNS via the vagus nerve. α-synuclein (α-syn) is one such partner protein, the molecular interactions with which modulate its overall fibrillation propensity in the system. LPS interaction has been shown to affect the protein's aggregation kinetics in an alternative inflammatory pathway of PD pathogenesis. Several other lipid contents from the bacterial membranes could also be responsible for the initiation of α-syn amyloidogenesis. The present review will focus on the intermolecular interactions of α-syn with bacterial lipid components, particularly LPS, with a definite clinical manifestation in PD pathogenesis. However, deconvolution of the sequence of interaction events from the ENS to its propagation in the CNS is not easy or obvious. Nevertheless, the characterization of these lipid-mediated structures is a step towards realizing the novel targets in the pre-emptive diagnoses of PD. This comprehensive description should prompt the correlation of potential risk of amyloidogenesis upon detection of specific paradigm shifts in the microbial composition of the gut.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dipita Bhattacharyya
- Department of Biophysics, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VII (M), Kolkata, 700054, India
| | - Anirban Bhunia
- Department of Biophysics, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VII (M), Kolkata, 700054, India.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Brandenburg K, Schromm AB, Weindl G, Heinbockel L, Correa W, Mauss K, Martinez de Tejada G, Garidel P. An update on endotoxin neutralization strategies in Gram-negative bacterial infections. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2020; 19:495-517. [PMID: 33210958 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2021.1834847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gram-negative bacterial infections represent still a severe problem of human health care, regarding the increase in multi-resistance against classical antibiotics and the lack of newly developed antimicrobials. For the fight against these germs, anti-infective agents must overcome and/or bind to the Gram-negative outer membrane consisting of a lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin) outer leaflet and an inner leaflet from phospholipids, with additional peripheral or integral membrane proteins (OMP's). AREAS COVERED The current article reviews data of existing therapeutic options and summarizes newer approaches for targeting and neutralizing endotoxins, ranging from in vitro over in vivo animal data to clinical applications by using databases such as Medline. EXPERT OPINION Conventional antibiotic treatment of the bacteria leads to their killing, but not necessary LPS neutralization, which may be a severe problem in particular for the systemic pathway. This is the reason why there is an increasing number of therapeutic approaches, which - besides combating whole bacteria - at the same time try to neutralize endotoxin within or outside the bacterial cells mainly responsible for the high inflammation induction in Gram-negative species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Brandenburg
- Brandenburg Antiinfektiva GmbH, c/o Forschungszentrum Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Andra B Schromm
- FG Immunobiophysik, Forschungszentrum Borstel, Leibniz Lungenzentrum, Borstel, Germany
| | - Günther Weindl
- Brandenburg Antiinfektiva GmbH, c/o Forschungszentrum Borstel, Borstel, Germany.,Universität Bonn, Universität Bonn Pharmazeutisches Institut Pharmakologie Und Toxikologie Bonn, Germany
| | - Lena Heinbockel
- Brandenburg Antiinfektiva GmbH, c/o Forschungszentrum Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Wilmar Correa
- FG Biophysik, Forschungszentrum Borstel, Leibniz Lungenzentrum, Borstel, Germany
| | - Karl Mauss
- Brandenburg Antiinfektiva GmbH, c/o Forschungszentrum Borstel, Borstel, Germany.,Asklepios-Klinik Hamburg-Altona, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Guillermo Martinez de Tejada
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Navarra, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain and Navarra Institute for Health Research (Idisna), Pamplona, Spain.,Department de Microbiologia, Universidad De Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Institut für Chemie, Halle/Saale, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Espinoza-Culupú A, Mendes E, Vitorino HA, da Silva PI, Borges MM. Mygalin: An Acylpolyamine With Bactericidal Activity. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:2928. [PMID: 31998255 PMCID: PMC6965172 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Inappropriate use of antibiotics favors the selection and spread of resistant bacteria. To reduce the spread of these bacteria, finding new molecules with activity is urgent and necessary. Several polyamine analogs have been constructed and used to control microorganisms and tumor cells. Mygalin is a synthetic acylpolyamine, which are analogs of spermidine, derived from the hemolymph of the spider Acanthoscurria gomesiana. The effective activity of polyamines and their analogs has been associated with their structure. The presence of two acyl groups in the Mygalin structure may give this molecule a specific antibacterial activity. The aim of this study was to identify the mechanisms involved in the interaction of Mygalin with Escherichia coli to clarify its antimicrobial action. The results indicated that Mygalin exhibits intense dose and time-dependent bactericidal activity. Treatment of E. coli with this molecule caused membrane rupture, inhibition of DNA synthesis, DNA damage, and morphological changes. The esterase activity increased along with the intracellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) after treatment of the bacteria with Mygalin. In addition, this molecule was able to sequester iron and bind to LPS. We have shown that Mygalin has bactericidal activity with underlying mechanisms involving ROS generation and chelation of iron ions that are necessary for bacterial metabolism, which may contribute to its microbicidal activity. Taken together, our data suggest that Mygalin can be explored as a new alternative drug with antimicrobial potential against Gram-negative bacteria or other infectious agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Espinoza-Culupú
- Ph.D. Program in Biotechnology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Bacteriology Laboratory, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Hector Aguilar Vitorino
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Columbus Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bhattacharyya D, Mohite GM, Krishnamoorthy J, Gayen N, Mehra S, Navalkar A, Kotler SA, Ratha BN, Ghosh A, Kumar R, Garai K, Mandal AK, Maji SK, Bhunia A. Lipopolysaccharide from Gut Microbiota Modulates α-Synuclein Aggregation and Alters Its Biological Function. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:2229-2236. [PMID: 30855940 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Altered intestinal permeability has been correlated with Parkinson's pathophysiology in the enteric nervous system, before manifestations in the central nervous system (CNS). The inflammatory endotoxin or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) released by gut bacteria is known to modulate α-synuclein amyloidogenesis through the formation of intermediate nucleating species. Here, biophysical techniques in conjunction with microscopic images revealed the molecular interaction between lipopolysaccharide and α-synuclein that induce rapid nucleation events. This heteromolecular interaction stabilizes the α-helical intermediates in the α-synuclein aggregation pathway. Multitude NMR studies probed the residues involved in the LPS-binding structural motif that modulates the nucleating forms, affecting the cellular internalization and associated cytotoxicity. Collectively, our data characterizes this heteromolecular interaction associated with an alternative pathway in Parkinson's disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ganesh M. Mohite
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | | | - Nilanjan Gayen
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Surabhi Mehra
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Ambuja Navalkar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Samuel A. Kotler
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Bhisma N. Ratha
- Department of Biophysics, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Anirban Ghosh
- Department of Biophysics, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Kanchan Garai
- TIFR Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences, 21 Brundavan Colony, Hyderabad 500075, India
| | - Atin K. Mandal
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Samir K. Maji
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Anirban Bhunia
- Department of Biophysics, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700054, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Blagodarov SV, Zheltukhina GA, Urban AS, Shishkina EE, Nebolsin VE. Synthesis of cyclic norspermidine derivative of protohemin IX. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2019.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
12
|
Puchkov PA, Kartashova IA, Shmendel EV, Luneva AS, Morozova NG, Zenkova MA, Maslov MA. Spacer structure and hydrophobicity influences transfection activity of novel polycationic gemini amphiphiles. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
13
|
Koh JJ, Lin H, Caroline V, Chew YS, Pang LM, Aung TT, Li J, Lakshminarayanan R, Tan DTH, Verma C, Tan AL, Beuerman RW, Liu S. N-Lipidated Peptide Dimers: Effective Antibacterial Agents against Gram-Negative Pathogens through Lipopolysaccharide Permeabilization. J Med Chem 2015. [PMID: 26214729 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Treating infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens is challenging, and there is concern regarding the toxicity of the most effective antimicrobials for Gram-negative pathogens. We hypothesized that conjugating a fatty acid moiety onto a peptide dimer could maximize the interaction with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and facilitate the permeabilization of the LPS barrier, thereby improving potency against Gram-negative pathogens. We systematically designed a series of N-lipidated peptide dimers that are active against Gram-negative bacteria, including carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE). The optimized lipid length was 6-10 carbons. At these lipid lengths, the N-lipidated peptide dimers exhibited strong LPS permeabilization. Compound 23 exhibited synergy with select antibiotics in most of the combinations tested. 23 and 32 also displayed rapid bactericidal activity. Importantly, 23 and 32 were nonhemolytic at 10 mg/mL, with no cellular or in vivo toxicity. These characteristics suggest that these compounds can overcome the limitations of current Gram-negative-targeted antimicrobials such as polymyxin B.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jie Koh
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia , 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 6, 169856, Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , 119074, Singapore
| | - Huifen Lin
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia , 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 6, 169856, Singapore
| | - Vonny Caroline
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia , 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 6, 169856, Singapore
| | - Yu Siang Chew
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia , 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 6, 169856, Singapore
| | - Li Mei Pang
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia , 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 6, 169856, Singapore
| | - Thet Tun Aung
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia , 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 6, 169856, Singapore
| | - Jianguo Li
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia , 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 6, 169856, Singapore.,Bioinformatics Institute (A*STAR) , 30 Biopolis Street, 07-01 matrix, 138671, Singapore
| | - Rajamani Lakshminarayanan
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia , 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 6, 169856, Singapore.,SRP Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School , 169857, Singapore
| | - Donald T H Tan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , 119074, Singapore.,Singapore National Eye Centre , 11 Third Hospital Avenue, 168751, Singapore
| | - Chandra Verma
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia , 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 6, 169856, Singapore.,Bioinformatics Institute (A*STAR) , 30 Biopolis Street, 07-01 matrix, 138671, Singapore.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore , 14 Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore
| | - Ai Ling Tan
- Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital , 169608, Singapore
| | - Roger W Beuerman
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia , 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 6, 169856, Singapore.,SRP Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School , 169857, Singapore
| | - Shouping Liu
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia , 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 6, 169856, Singapore.,SRP Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School , 169857, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Molecular simplification of lipid A structure: TLR4-modulating cationic and anionic amphiphiles. Mol Immunol 2015; 63:153-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
15
|
Wang X, Quinn PJ, Yan A. Kdo2 -lipid A: structural diversity and impact on immunopharmacology. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2014; 90:408-27. [PMID: 24838025 PMCID: PMC4402001 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
3-deoxy-d-manno-octulosonic acid-lipid A (Kdo2-lipid A) is the essential component of lipopolysaccharide in most Gram-negative bacteria and the minimal structural component to sustain bacterial viability. It serves as the active component of lipopolysaccharide to stimulate potent host immune responses through the complex of Toll-like-receptor 4 (TLR4) and myeloid differentiation protein 2. The entire biosynthetic pathway of Escherichia coli Kdo2-lipid A has been elucidated and the nine enzymes of the pathway are shared by most Gram-negative bacteria, indicating conserved Kdo2-lipid A structure across different species. Yet many bacteria can modify the structure of their Kdo2-lipid A which serves as a strategy to modulate bacterial virulence and adapt to different growth environments as well as to avoid recognition by the mammalian innate immune systems. Key enzymes and receptors involved in Kdo2-lipid A biosynthesis, structural modification and its interaction with the TLR4 pathway represent a clear opportunity for immunopharmacological exploitation. These include the development of novel antibiotics targeting key biosynthetic enzymes and utilization of structurally modified Kdo2-lipid A or correspondingly engineered live bacteria as vaccines and adjuvants. Kdo2-lipid A/TLR4 antagonists can also be applied in anti-inflammatory interventions. This review summarizes recent knowledge on both the fundamental processes of Kdo2-lipid A biosynthesis, structural modification and immune stimulation, and applied research on pharmacological exploitations of these processes for therapeutic development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lipopolysaccharide-binding alkylpolyamine DS-96 inhibits Chlamydia trachomatis infection by blocking attachment and entry. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:3245-54. [PMID: 24663021 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02391-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaginally delivered microbicides are being developed to offer women self-initiated protection against transmission of sexually transmitted infections such as Chlamydia trachomatis. A small molecule, DS-96, rationally designed for high affinity to Escherichia coli lipid A, was previously demonstrated to bind and neutralize lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from a wide variety of Gram-negative bacteria (D. Sil et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 51: 2811-2819, 2007, doi:10.1128/AAC.00200-07). Aside from the lack of the repeating O antigen, chlamydial lipooligosaccharide (LOS) shares general molecular architecture features with E. coli LPS. Importantly, the portion of lipid A where the interaction with DS-96 is expected to take place is well conserved between the two organisms, leading to the hypothesis that DS-96 inhibits Chlamydia infection by binding to LOS and compromising the function. In this study, antichlamydial activity of DS-96 was examined in cell culture. DS-96 inhibited the intercellular growth of Chlamydia in a dose-dependent manner and offered a high level of inhibition at a relatively low concentration (8 μM). The data also revealed that infectious elementary bodies (EBs) were predominantly blocked at the attachment step, as indicated by the reduced number of EBs associated with the host cell surface following pretreatment. Of those EBs that were capable of attachment, the vast majority was unable to gain entry into the host cell. Inhibition of EB attachment and entry by DS-96 suggests that Chlamydia LOS is critical to these processes during the developmental cycle. Importantly, given the low association of host toxicity previously reported by Sil et al., DS-96 is expected to perform well in animal studies as an active antichlamydial compound in a vaginal microbicide.
Collapse
|
17
|
Sil D, Heinbockel L, Kaconis Y, Rössle M, Garidel P, Gutsmann T, David SA, Brandenburg K. Biophysical mechanisms of the neutralization of endotoxins by lipopolyamines. Open Biochem J 2013; 7:82-93. [PMID: 24133550 PMCID: PMC3795406 DOI: 10.2174/1874091x01307010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Endotoxins (lipopolysaccharides, LPS) are one of the strongest immunostimulators in nature, responsible for beneficial effects at low, and pathophysiological effects at high concentrations, the latter frequently leading to sepsis and septic shock associated with high mortality in critical care settings. There are no drugs specifically targeting the pathophysiology of sepsis, and new therapeutic agents are therefore urgently needed. The lipopolyamines are a novel class of small molecules designed to sequester and neutralize LPS. To understand the mechanisms underlying the binding and neutralization of LPS toxicity, we have performed detailed biophysical analyses of the interactions of LPS with candidate lipopolyamines which differ in their potencies of LPS neutralization. We examined gel-to-liquid crystalline phase behavior of LPS and of its supramolecular aggregate structures in the absence and presence of lipopolyamines, the ability of such compounds to incorporate into different membrane systems, and the thermodynamics of the LPS:lipopolyamine binding. We have found that the mechanisms which govern the inactivation process of LPS obey similar rules as found for other active endotoxin neutralizers such as certain antimicrobial peptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diptesh Sil
- Department. of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kokatla HP, Sil D, Malladi SS, Balakrishna R, Hermanson AR, Fox LM, Wang X, Dixit A, David SA. Exquisite selectivity for human toll-like receptor 8 in substituted furo[2,3-c]quinolines. J Med Chem 2013; 56:6871-85. [PMID: 23899291 DOI: 10.1021/jm400694d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR)-8 agonists activate adaptive immune responses by inducing robust production of T helper 1-polarizing cytokines, suggesting that TLR8-active compounds may be promising candidate adjuvants. We synthesized and evaluated hitherto unexplored furo[2,3-c]quinolines and regioisomeric furo[3,2-c]quinolines derived via a tandem, one-pot Sonogashira coupling and intramolecular 5-endo-dig cyclization strategy in a panel of primary screens. We observed a pure TLR8-agonistic activity profile in select furo[2,3-c]quinolines, with maximal potency conferred by a C2-butyl group (EC50 = 1.6 μM); shorter, longer, or substituted homologues as well as compounds bearing C1 substitutions were inactive, which was rationalized by docking studies using the recently described crystal structure of human TLR8. The best-in-class compound displayed prominent proinflammatory cytokine induction (including interleukin-12 and interleukin-18), but was bereft of interferon-α inducing properties, confirming its high selectivity for human TLR8.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hari Prasad Kokatla
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Genomics Facility, University of Kansas , Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Solov’eva T, Davydova V, Krasikova I, Yermak I. Marine compounds with therapeutic potential in gram-negative sepsis. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:2216-29. [PMID: 23783404 PMCID: PMC3721230 DOI: 10.3390/md11062216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper concerns the potential use of compounds, including lipid A, chitosan, and carrageenan, from marine sources as agents for treating endotoxemic complications from Gram-negative infections, such as sepsis and endotoxic shock. Lipid A, which can be isolated from various species of marine bacteria, is a potential antagonist of bacterial endotoxins (lipopolysaccharide (LPSs)). Chitosan is a widespread marine polysaccharide that is derived from chitin, the major component of crustacean shells. The potential of chitosan as an LPS-binding and endotoxin-neutralizing agent is also examined in this paper, including a discussion on the generation of hydrophobic chitosan derivatives to increase the binding affinity of chitosan to LPS. In addition, the ability of carrageenan, which is the polysaccharide of red alga, to decrease the toxicity of LPS is discussed. We also review data obtained using animal models that demonstrate the potency of carrageenan and chitosan as antiendotoxin agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Viktoria Davydova
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch, the Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. 100 let Vladivostoku, 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia; E-Mails: (T.S.); (I.K.); (I.Y.)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Goswami S, Adhikari MD, Kar C, Thiyagarajan D, Das G, Ramesh A. Synthetic amphiphiles as therapeutic antibacterials: lessons on bactericidal efficacy and cytotoxicity and potential application as an adjuvant in antimicrobial chemotherapy. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:2612-2623. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb20226g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
21
|
Martínez de Tejada G, Sánchez-Gómez S, Rázquin-Olazaran I, Kowalski I, Kaconis Y, Heinbockel L, Andrä J, Schürholz T, Hornef M, Dupont A, Garidel P, Lohner K, Gutsmann T, David SA, Brandenburg K. Bacterial cell wall compounds as promising targets of antimicrobial agents I. Antimicrobial peptides and lipopolyamines. Curr Drug Targets 2012; 13:1121-30. [PMID: 22664072 DOI: 10.2174/138945012802002410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The first barrier that an antimicrobial agent must overcome when interacting with its target is the microbial cell wall. In the case of Gram-negative bacteria, additional to the cytoplasmic membrane and the peptidoglycan layer, an outer membrane (OM) is the outermost barrier. The OM has an asymmetric distribution of the lipids with phospholipids and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) located in the inner and outer leaflets, respectively. In contrast, Gram-positive bacteria lack OM and possess a much thicker peptidoglycan layer compared to their Gram-negative counterparts. An additional class of amphiphiles exists in Gram-positives, the lipoteichoic acids (LTA), which may represent important structural components. These long molecules cross-bridge the entire cell envelope with their lipid component inserting into the outer leaflet of the cytoplasmic membrane and the teichoic acid portion penetrating into the peptidoglycan layer. Furthermore, both classes of bacteria have other important amphiphiles, such as lipoproteins, whose importance has become evident only recently. It is not known yet whether any of these amphiphilic components are able to stimulate the immune system under physiological conditions as constituents of intact bacteria. However, all of them have a very high pro-inflammatory activity when released from the cell. Such a release may take place through the interaction with the immune system, or with antibiotics (particularly with those targeting cell wall components), or simply by the bacterial division. Therefore, a given antimicrobial agent must ideally have a double character, namely, it must overcome the bacterial cell wall barrier, without inducing the liberation of the pro-inflammatory amphiphiles. Here, new data are presented which describe the development and use of membrane-active antimicrobial agents, in particular antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and lipopolyamines. In this way, essential progress was achieved, in particular with respect to the inhibition of deleterious consequences of bacterial infections such as severe sepsis and septic shock.
Collapse
|
22
|
Venkateswararao E, Sharma VK, Lee KC, Sharma N, Park SH, Kim Y, Jung SH. A SAR study on a series of synthetic lipophilic chalcones as Inhibitor of transcription factor NF-κB. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 54:379-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
23
|
Novel cholesterol spermine conjugates provide efficient cellular delivery of plasmid DNA and small interfering RNA. J Control Release 2012; 160:182-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
24
|
Matera G, Quirino A, Giancotti A, Pulicari MC, Rametti L, Rodríguez ML, Liberto MC, Focà A. Procalcitonin neutralizes bacterial LPS and reduces LPS-induced cytokine release in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. BMC Microbiol 2012; 12:68. [PMID: 22568957 PMCID: PMC3406977 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-12-68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Procalcitonin (PCT) is a polypeptide with several cationic aminoacids in its chemical structure and it is a well known marker of sepsis. It is now emerging that PCT might exhibit some anti-inflammatory effects. The present study, based on the evaluation of the in vitro interaction between PCT and bacterial lipopolisaccharide (LPS), reports new data supporting the interesting and potentially useful anti-inflammatory activity of PCT. RESULTS PCT significantly decreased (p < 0.05) the limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) assay reactivity of LPS from both Salmonella typhimurium (rough chemotype) and Escherichia coli (smooth chemotype). Subsequently, the in vitro effects of PCT on LPS-induced cytokine release were studied in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). When LPS was pre-incubated for 30 minutes with different concentrations of PCT, the release of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) by PBMC decreased in a concentration-dependent manner after 24 hours for IL-10 and 4 hours for TNFα. The release of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) exhibited a drastic reduction at 4 hours for all the PCT concentrations assessed, whereas such decrease was concentration-dependent after 24 hours. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first evidence of the capability of PCT to directly neutralize bacterial LPS, thus leading to a reduction of its major inflammatory mediators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Matera
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Medical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, I-88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Angela Quirino
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Medical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, I-88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Aida Giancotti
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Medical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, I-88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Concetta Pulicari
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Medical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, I-88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Linda Rametti
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Medical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, I-88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Luz Rodríguez
- Randox Laboratories Limited, 5 Diamond Rd., Crumlin, County Antrim, BT29, 4QY, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Carla Liberto
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Medical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, I-88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Alfredo Focà
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Medical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, I-88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Agnihotri G, Crall BM, Lewis TC, Day TP, Balakrishna R, Warshakoon HJ, Malladi SS, David SA. Structure-activity relationships in toll-like receptor 2-agonists leading to simplified monoacyl lipopeptides. J Med Chem 2011; 54:8148-60. [PMID: 22007676 DOI: 10.1021/jm201071e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 2-agonistic lipopeptides typified by S-[2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)-(2RS)-propyl]-R-cysteinyl-S-serine (PAM(2)CS) compounds are potential vaccine adjuvants. In continuation of previously reported structure-activity relationships on this chemotype, we have determined that at least one acyl group of optimal length (C(16)) and an appropriately oriented ester carbonyl group is essential for TLR2-agonistic activity. The spacing between one of the palmitoyl ester carbonyl and the thioether is crucial to allow for an important H-bond, which observed in the crystal structure of the lipopeptide:TLR2 complex; consequently, activity is lost in homologated compounds. Penicillamine-derived analogues are also inactive, likely due to unfavorable steric interactions with the carbonyl of Ser 12 in TLR2. The thioether in this chemotype can be replaced with a selenoether. Importantly, the thioglycerol motif can be dispensed with altogether and can be replaced with a thioethanol bridge. These results have led to a structurally simpler, synthetically more accessible, and water-soluble analogue possessing strong TLR2-agonistic activities in human blood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geetanjali Agnihotri
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Multidisciplinary Research Building, Lawrence, KS 66047, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Peri F, Piazza M. Therapeutic targeting of innate immunity with Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) antagonists. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 30:251-60. [PMID: 21664961 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Early recognition of invading bacteria by the innate immune system has a crucial function in antibacterial defense by triggering inflammatory responses that prevent the spread of infection and suppress bacterial growth. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), the innate immunity receptor of bacterial endotoxins, plays a pivotal role in the induction of inflammatory responses. TLR4 activation by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is achieved by the coordinate and sequential action of three other proteins, LBP, CD14 and MD-2 receptors, that bind lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and present it to TLR4 by forming the activated (TLR4-MD-2-LPS)(2) complex. Small molecules active in modulating the TLR4 activation process have great pharmacological interest as vaccine adjuvants, immunotherapeutics or antisepsis and anti-inflammatory agents. In this review we present natural and synthetic molecules active in inhibiting TLR4-mediated LPS signalling in humans and their therapeutic potential. New pharmacological applications of TLR4 antagonists will be also presented related to the recently discovered role of TLR4 in the insurgence and progression of neuropathic pain and sterile inflammations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Peri
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy.
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Agnihotri G, Ukani R, Malladi SS, Warshakoon HJ, Balakrishna R, Wang X, David SA. Structure-activity relationships in nucleotide oligomerization domain 1 (Nod1) agonistic γ-glutamyldiaminopimelic acid derivatives. J Med Chem 2011; 54:1490-510. [PMID: 21299227 DOI: 10.1021/jm101535e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
N-acyl-γ-glutamyldiaminopimelic acid is a prototype ligand for Nod1. We report a detailed SAR of C(12)-γ-D-Glu-DAP. Analogues with glutaric or γ-aminobutyric acid replacing the glutamic acid show greatly attenuated Nod1-agonistic activity. Substitution of the meso-diaminopimelic (DAP) acid component with monoaminopimelic acid, L- or D-lysine, or cadaverine also results in reduced activity. The free amine on DAP is crucial. However, the N-acyl group on the D-glutamyl residue can be substituted with N-alkyl groups with full preservation of activity. The free carboxylates on the DAP and Glu components can also be esterified, resulting in more lipophilic but active analogues. Transcriptomal profiling showed a dominant up-regulation of IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, and IL-24, which may explain the pronounced Th2-polarizing activity of these compounds and also implicate cell signaling mediated by TREM-1. These results may explain the hitherto unknown mechanism of synergy between Nod1 and TLR agonists and are likely to be useful in designing vaccine adjuvants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geetanjali Agnihotri
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Petukhov IA, Maslov MA, Morozova NG, Serebrennikova GA. Synthesis of polycationic lipids based on cholesterol and spermine. Russ Chem Bull 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-010-0071-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
29
|
Piazza M, Yu L, Teghanemt A, Gioannini T, Weiss J, Peri F. Evidence of a specific interaction between new synthetic antisepsis agents and CD14. Biochemistry 2010; 48:12337-44. [PMID: 19928913 DOI: 10.1021/bi901601b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic molecules derived from natural sugars with a positively charged amino group or ammonium salt and two lipophilic chains have been shown to inhibit TLR4 activation in vitro and in vivo. To characterize the mechanism of action of this class of molecules, we investigated possible interactions with the extracellular components that bind and shuttle endotoxin [lipopolysaccharide (LPS)] to TLR4, namely, LBP, CD14, and MD-2. Molecules that inhibited TLR4 activation inhibited LBP.CD14-dependent transfer of endotoxin monomers derived from aggregates of tritiated lipooligosaccharide ([(3)H]LOS) from Neisseria meninigitidis to MD-2.TLR4, resulting in a reduced level of formation of a ([(3)H]LOS.MD-2.TLR4(ECD))(2) (M(r) approximately 190000) complex. This effect was due to inhibition of the transfer of [(3)H]LOS from aggregates in solution to sCD14 with little or no effect on [(3)H]LOS shuttling from [(3)H]LOS.sCD14 to MD-2. These compounds also inhibited transfer of the [(3)H]LOS monomer from full-length CD14 to a truncated, polyhistidine-tagged CD14. Dose-dependent inhibition of the transfer of [(3)H]LOS between the two forms of CD14 was observed with each of three different synthetic compounds that inhibited TLR4 activation but not by another structurally related analogue that lacked TLR4 antagonistic activity. Saturation transfer difference (STD) NMR data showed direct binding to CD14 by the synthetic TLR4 antagonist mediated principally through the lipid chains of the synthetic compound. Taken together, our findings strongly suggest that these compounds inhibit TLR4 activation by endotoxin by competitively occupying CD14 and thereby reducing the level of delivery of activating endotoxin to MD-2.TLR4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Piazza
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Sepsis, otherwise referred to as "blood poisoning" is a serious clinical problem, the incidence of which continues to rise in the US and worldwide despite advances in antimicrobial chemotherapy. The primary trigger in Gram-negative sepsis is endotoxin, a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) constituent of the outer membrane of all Gram-negative bacteria. The structurally highly conserved glycolipid called lipid A is the active moiety of LPS. Lipid A is composed of a hydrophilic, bis-phosphorylated di-glucosamine backbone, and a hydrophobic polyacyl domain. The bis-anionic, amphiphilic nature of lipid A enables it to interact with a variety of cationic hydrophobic ligands, including polymyxin B, a toxic peptide antibiotic which binds to lipid A and neutralizes endotoxicity. Having determined the structural basis of the interaction of polymyxin B with lipid A, our long-term goal has been to rationally design non-peptidic, nontoxic, small-molecule LPS-sequestrants. Our efforts began with defining the central pharmacophore that determined LPS-recognition and -neutralization properties in small molecules, which led to the discovery of a novel lipopolyamine lead, DS-96. DS-96 is an effective LPS-neutralizer, rivaling polymyxin B in a panel of vitro assays, as well as in protecting animals against endotoxicosis. Structure-activity relationships in our effort to rationally design endotoxin sequestering agents, preclinical assessment of hits and leads, and approaches to overcoming issues with toxicity are described in this chapter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunil A David
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Multidisciplinary Research Building, Room 320D, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Adediran SA, Day TP, Sil D, Kimbrell MR, Warshakoon HJ, Malladi SS, David SA. Synthesis of a highly water-soluble derivative of amphotericin B with attenuated proinflammatory activity. Mol Pharm 2009; 6:1582-90. [PMID: 19663403 PMCID: PMC3709255 DOI: 10.1021/mp9001602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Amphotericin B (AmB), a well-known polyene antifungal agent, displays a marked tendency to self-associate and, as a consequence, exhibits very poor solubility in water. The therapeutic index of AmB is low and is associated with significant dose-related nephrotoxicity, as well as acute, infusion-related febrile reactions. Reports in the literature indicate that the toxicity of AmB may be related to the physical state of the drug. Reaction of AmB in dimethylformamide with bis(dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide yielded an unexpected N-alkylguanidine/N-acylurea bis-adduct of AmB which was highly water-soluble. The absorption spectrum of the AmB derivative in water indicated excellent monomerization, and the antifungal activities of reference AmB and its water-soluble derivative against Candida albicans were found to be virtually identical. Furthermore, the water-soluble adduct is significantly less active in engaging TLR4, which would suggest that the adduct may be less proinflammatory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Diptesh Sil
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Convenient synthesis of polycationic amphiphiles by the Fukuyama reaction. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2009.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
33
|
Mas-Moruno C, Cascales L, Mora P, Cruz LJ, Pérez-Payá E, Albericio F. Design and facile solid-phase synthesis of peptide-based LPS-inhibitors containing PEG-like functionalities. Biopolymers 2009; 92:508-17. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.21285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
34
|
Piazza M, Rossini C, Della Fiorentina S, Pozzi C, Comelli F, Bettoni I, Fusi P, Costa B, Peri F. Glycolipids and benzylammonium lipids as novel antisepsis agents: synthesis and biological characterization. J Med Chem 2009; 52:1209-13. [PMID: 19161283 DOI: 10.1021/jm801333m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
New glycolipids and a benzylammonium lipid were rationally designed by varying the chemical structure of a D-glucose-derived hit compound active as lipid A antagonist. We report the synthesis of these compounds, their in vitro activity as lipid A antagonists on HEK cells, and the capacity to inhibit LPS-induced septic shock in vivo. The lack of toxicity and the good in vivo activity suggest the use of some compounds of the panel as hits for antisepsis drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Piazza
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Nguyen TB, Kumar EVKS, Sil D, Wood SJ, Miller KA, Warshakoon HJ, Datta A, David SA. Controlling plasma protein binding: structural correlates of interactions of hydrophobic polyamine endotoxin sequestrants with human serum albumin. Mol Pharm 2009; 5:1131-7. [PMID: 19434925 DOI: 10.1021/mp8001123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophobically substituted polyamine compounds, particularly N-acyl or N-alkyl derivatives of homospermine, are potent endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) sequestrants. Despite their polycationic nature, the aqueous solubilites are limited owing to the considerable overall hydrophobicity contributed by the long-chain aliphatic substituent, but solubilization is readily achieved in the presence of human serum albumin (HSA). We desired first to delineate the structural basis of lipopolyamine-albumin interactions and, second, to explore possible structure-activity correlates in a well-defined, congeneric series of N-alkyl and -acyl homospermine lead compounds. Fluorescence spectroscopic and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) results indicate that these compounds appear to bind to HSA via occupancy of the fatty-acid binding sites on the protein. The acyl and carbamate compounds bind HSA the strongest; the ureido and N-alkyl analogues are significantly weaker, and the branched alkyl compound is weaker still. ITC-derived dissociation constants are weighted almost in their entirety by enthalpic deltaH terms, which is suggestive that the polarizability of the carbonyl groups facilitate, at least in large part, their interactions with HSA. The relative affinities of these lipopolyamines toward HSA is reflected in discernible differences in apparent potencies of LPS-sequestering activity under experimental conditions requiring physiological concentrations of HSA, and also of in vivo pharmacodynamic behavior. These results are likely to be useful in designing analogues with varying pharmacokinetic profiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thuan B Nguyen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Thippakorn C, Suksrichavalit T, Nantasenamat C, Tantimongcolwat T, Isarankura-Na-Ayudhya C, Naenna T, Prachayasittikul V. Modeling the LPS neutralization activity of anti-endotoxins. Molecules 2009; 14:1869-88. [PMID: 19471207 PMCID: PMC6254205 DOI: 10.3390/molecules14051869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2009] [Revised: 05/15/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS), also known as endotoxins, are major structural components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria that serve as a barrier and protective shield between them and their surrounding environment. LPS is considered to be a major virulence factor as it strongly stimulates the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines which mediate the host immune response and culminating in septic shock. Quantitative structure-activity relationship studies of the LPS neutralization activities of anti-endotoxins were performed using charge and quantum chemical descriptors. Artificial neural network implementing the back-propagation algorithm was selected for the multivariate analysis. The predicted activities from leave-one-out cross-validation were well correlated with the experimental values as observed from the correlation coefficient and root mean square error of 0.930 and 0.162, respectively. Similarly, the external testing set also yielded good predictivity with correlation coefficient and root mean square error of 0.983 and 0.130. The model holds great potential for the rational design of novel and robust compounds with enhanced neutralization activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chadinee Thippakorn
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Structure-activity relationships of lipopolysaccharide sequestration in N-alkylpolyamines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:2478-81. [PMID: 19332373 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Revised: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that simple N-acyl or N-alkyl polyamines bind to and sequester Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide, affording protection against lethality in animal models of endotoxicosis. Several iterative design-and-test cycles of SAR studies, including high-throughput screens, had converged on compounds with polyamine scaffolds which have been investigated extensively with reference to the number, position, and length of acyl or alkyl appendages. However, the polyamine backbone itself had not been explored sufficiently, and it was not known if incremental variations on the polymethylene spacing would affect LPS-binding and neutralization properties. We have now systematically explored the relationship between variously elongated spermidine [NH(2)-(CH(2))(3)-NH-(CH(2))(4)-NH(2)] and norspermidine [NH(2)-(CH(2))(3)-NH-(CH(2))(3)-NH(2)] backbones, with the N-alkyl group being held constant at C(16) in order to examine if changing the spacing between the inner secondary amines may yield additional SAR information. We find that the norspermine-type compounds consistently showed higher activity compared to corresponding spermine homologues.
Collapse
|
38
|
Shrestha A, Li R, Sil D, Pardeshi NN, Schwarting N, Schorno KS, Rajewski RA, Datta A, David SA. Pharmacokinetics of DS-96, an alkylpolyamine lipopolysaccharide sequestrant, in rodents. J Pharm Sci 2009; 97:5376-85. [PMID: 18383338 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of DS-96, an N-alkylhomospermine analog designed to sequester bacterial lipopolysaccharides, has been determined in rodent species. The elimination half-life in mice and rats are about 400 and 500 min, respectively, with other PK parameters being quite similar in the two rodent species. Interestingly, the mouse intravenous plasma concentration time curves exhibit an apparent absorption phase. While the rat intravenous data did not exhibit a pronounced apparent absorption phase immediately following injection, plasma levels did increase between 10 and 30 min following an expected drop from time 0 to 5 min. The data are consistent with first-pass uptake, possibly by the lung, with back diffusion as a function of time. The observed C(max) values of 1.36 microg/mL in the mouse intraperitoneal model suggest that a plasma concentration of 0.5-1 microg/mL corresponds to complete protection for a 200 ng/animal dose of intraperitoneally administered LPS in the D-galactosamine-primed model of endotoxin-induced lethality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anurupa Shrestha
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Wu W, Sil D, Szostak ML, Malladi SS, Warshakoon HJ, Kimbrell MR, Cromer JR, David SA. Structure-activity relationships of lipopolysaccharide sequestration in guanylhydrazone-bearing lipopolyamines. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:709-15. [PMID: 19064323 PMCID: PMC3702171 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2008] [Revised: 11/15/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The toxicity of gram-negative bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) resides in its structurally highly conserved glycolipid component called lipid A. Our major goal has been to develop small-molecules that would sequester LPS by binding to the lipid A moiety, so that it could be useful for the prophylaxis or adjunctive therapy of gram-negative sepsis. We had previously identified in rapid-throughput screens several guanylhydrazones as potent LPS binders. We were desirous of examining if the presence of the guanylhydrazone (rather than an amine) functionality would afford greater LPS sequestration potency. In evaluating a congeneric set of guanylhydrazone analogues, we find that C(16) alkyl substitution is optimal in the N-alkylguanylhydrazone series; a homospermine analogue with the terminal amine N-alkylated with a C(16) chain with the other terminus of the molecule bearing an unsubstituted guanylhydrazone moiety is marginally more active, suggesting very slight, if any, steric effects. Neither C(16) analogue is significantly more active than the N-C(16)-alkyl or N-C(16)-acyl compounds that we had characterized earlier, indicating that basicity of the phosphate-recognizing cationic group, is not a determinant of LPS sequestration activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045
| | - Diptesh Sil
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045
| | - Michal L. Szostak
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045
| | | | | | | | - Jens R. Cromer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045
| | - Sunil A. David
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Structure-activity relationships of antimicrobial and lipoteichoic acid-sequestering properties in polyamine sulfonamides. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 53:57-62. [PMID: 18955537 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00812-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently confirmed that lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a major constituent of the gram-positive bacterial surface, is the endotoxin of gram-positive bacteria that induces proinflammatory molecules in a Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-dependent manner. LTA is an anionic amphipath whose physicochemical properties are similar to those of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is found on the outer leaflet of the outer membranes of gram-negative organisms. Hypothesizing that compounds that sequester LPS could also bind to and inhibit LTA-induced cellular activation, we screened congeneric series of polyamine sulfonamides which we had previously shown effectively neutralized LPS both in vitro and in animal models of endotoxemia. We observed that these compounds do bind to and neutralize LTA, as reflected by the inhibition of TLR2-mediated NF-kappaB induction in reporter gene assays. Structure-activity studies showed a clear dependence of the acyl chain length on activity against LTA in compounds with spermine and homospermine scaffolds. We then sought to examine possible correlations between the neutralizing potency toward LTA and antimicrobial activity in Staphylococcus aureus. A linear relationship between LTA sequestration activity and antimicrobial activity for compounds with a spermine backbone was observed, while all compounds with a homospermine backbone were equally active against S. aureus, regardless of their neutralizing potency toward LTA. These results suggest that the number of protonatable charges is a key determinant of the activity toward the membranes of gram-positive bacteria. The development of resistance to membrane-active antibiotics has been relatively slower than that to conventional antibiotics, and it is possible that compounds such as the acylpolyamines may be useful clinically, provided that they have an acceptable safety profile and margin of safety. A more detailed understanding of the mechanisms of interactions of these compounds with LPS and LTA, as well as the gram-negative and -positive bacterial cell surfaces, will be instructive and should allow the rational design of analogues which combine antisepsis and antibacterial properties.
Collapse
|
41
|
Samor C, Guerrini A, Varchi G, Beretta GL, Fontana G, Bombardelli E, Carenini N, Zunino F, Bertucci C, Fiori J, Battaglia A. The Role of Polyamine Architecture on the Pharmacological Activity of Open Lactone Camptothecin−Polyamine Conjugates. Bioconjug Chem 2008; 19:2270-9. [DOI: 10.1021/bc800033r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Samor
- Istituto CNR per la Sintesi Organica e Fotoreattività “I.S.O.F.”, Area della Ricerca di Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy, Dipartimento di Oncologia Sperimentale e Laboratori, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, 20133 Milano, Italy, Indena SPA, viale Ortles 12, 20139 Milano, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Guerrini
- Istituto CNR per la Sintesi Organica e Fotoreattività “I.S.O.F.”, Area della Ricerca di Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy, Dipartimento di Oncologia Sperimentale e Laboratori, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, 20133 Milano, Italy, Indena SPA, viale Ortles 12, 20139 Milano, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Greta Varchi
- Istituto CNR per la Sintesi Organica e Fotoreattività “I.S.O.F.”, Area della Ricerca di Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy, Dipartimento di Oncologia Sperimentale e Laboratori, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, 20133 Milano, Italy, Indena SPA, viale Ortles 12, 20139 Milano, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Luca Beretta
- Istituto CNR per la Sintesi Organica e Fotoreattività “I.S.O.F.”, Area della Ricerca di Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy, Dipartimento di Oncologia Sperimentale e Laboratori, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, 20133 Milano, Italy, Indena SPA, viale Ortles 12, 20139 Milano, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Gabriele Fontana
- Istituto CNR per la Sintesi Organica e Fotoreattività “I.S.O.F.”, Area della Ricerca di Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy, Dipartimento di Oncologia Sperimentale e Laboratori, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, 20133 Milano, Italy, Indena SPA, viale Ortles 12, 20139 Milano, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Ezio Bombardelli
- Istituto CNR per la Sintesi Organica e Fotoreattività “I.S.O.F.”, Area della Ricerca di Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy, Dipartimento di Oncologia Sperimentale e Laboratori, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, 20133 Milano, Italy, Indena SPA, viale Ortles 12, 20139 Milano, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Nives Carenini
- Istituto CNR per la Sintesi Organica e Fotoreattività “I.S.O.F.”, Area della Ricerca di Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy, Dipartimento di Oncologia Sperimentale e Laboratori, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, 20133 Milano, Italy, Indena SPA, viale Ortles 12, 20139 Milano, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Franco Zunino
- Istituto CNR per la Sintesi Organica e Fotoreattività “I.S.O.F.”, Area della Ricerca di Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy, Dipartimento di Oncologia Sperimentale e Laboratori, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, 20133 Milano, Italy, Indena SPA, viale Ortles 12, 20139 Milano, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Carlo Bertucci
- Istituto CNR per la Sintesi Organica e Fotoreattività “I.S.O.F.”, Area della Ricerca di Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy, Dipartimento di Oncologia Sperimentale e Laboratori, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, 20133 Milano, Italy, Indena SPA, viale Ortles 12, 20139 Milano, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Jessica Fiori
- Istituto CNR per la Sintesi Organica e Fotoreattività “I.S.O.F.”, Area della Ricerca di Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy, Dipartimento di Oncologia Sperimentale e Laboratori, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, 20133 Milano, Italy, Indena SPA, viale Ortles 12, 20139 Milano, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Arturo Battaglia
- Istituto CNR per la Sintesi Organica e Fotoreattività “I.S.O.F.”, Area della Ricerca di Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy, Dipartimento di Oncologia Sperimentale e Laboratori, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, 20133 Milano, Italy, Indena SPA, viale Ortles 12, 20139 Milano, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Zorko M, Jerala R. Alexidine and chlorhexidine bind to lipopolysaccharide and lipoteichoic acid and prevent cell activation by antibiotics. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008; 62:730-7. [PMID: 18635521 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkn270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Many antibiotics used to treat infections cause release of immunostimulatory cell wall components from bacteria. Therefore, a combination of antimicrobial and endotoxin-neutralizing activity is desired to prevent inflammation induced by destroyed bacteria. Chlorhexidine and alexidine are amphipathic bisbiguanides and could neutralize bacterial membrane components as stimulators of Toll-like receptors (TLRs). METHODS Binding of chlorhexidine and alexidine to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) was determined by fluorescence displacement assay and isothermal calorimetric titration. Neutralization of the biological effect of LPS and LTA on TLR-activated cellular activation was determined by NF-kappaB reporter luciferase activation on cells transfected with specific TLRs and NO production of murine macrophages in the presence of isolated agonists and antibiotic-treated bacteria. RESULTS Alexidine and chlorhexidine bind not only to LPS but also to LTA from Gram-positive bacteria. Alexidine has a higher affinity than chlorhexidine for both compounds. Calorimetric titration shows an initial endothermic contribution indicating participation of hydrophobic interactions in LPS binding, while binding to LTA displayed initial exothermic contribution. Both compounds prevent cell activation of TLR4 and TLR2 by LPS and LTA, respectively. The addition of both compounds suppressed NO production by macrophages in the presence of bacteria treated with different types of antibiotics. CONCLUSIONS Chlorhexidine and alexidine suppress bacterial membrane-induced cell activation at concentrations two orders of magnitude lower than that used in topical applications. Combining biocides with different types of antibiotics prevented macrophage activation in the presence of bacteria and demonstrated the potential of chlorhexidine and alexidine to suppress inflammatory responses caused by activation of TLRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mateja Zorko
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Palde PB, Gareiss PC, Miller BL. Selective Recognition of Alkyl Pyranosides in Protic and Aprotic Solvents. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:9566-73. [DOI: 10.1021/ja802229f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prakash B. Palde
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Peter C. Gareiss
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Benjamin L. Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Naberezhnykh GA, Gorbach VI, Likhatskaya GN, Davidova VN, Solov’eva TF. Interaction of chitosans and their N-acylated derivatives with lipopolysaccharide of gram-negative bacteria. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2008; 73:432-41. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297908040081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
45
|
Kimbrell MR, Warshakoon H, Cromer JR, Malladi S, Hood JD, Balakrishna R, Scholdberg TA, David SA. Comparison of the immunostimulatory and proinflammatory activities of candidate Gram-positive endotoxins, lipoteichoic acid, peptidoglycan, and lipopeptides, in murine and human cells. Immunol Lett 2008; 118:132-41. [PMID: 18468694 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2008.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2008] [Revised: 03/13/2008] [Accepted: 03/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The role of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the pathogenesis of Gram-negative septic shock is well established. The corresponding proinflammatory and immunostimulatory molecule(s) on the Gram-positive bacteria is less well understood, and its identification and characterization would be a key prerequisite in designing specific sequestrants of the Gram-positive endotoxin(s). We report in this paper the comparison of NF-kappaB-, cytokine- and chemokine-inducing activities of the TLR2 ligands, lipoteichoic acid (LTA), peptidoglycan (PGN), and lipopeptides, to LPS, a prototype TLR4 agonist, in murine macrophage cell-lines as well as in human blood. In murine cells, di- and triacyl liopopeptides are equipotent in their NF-kappaB inducing activity relative to LPS, but elicit much lower proinflammatory cytokines. However, both LPS and the lipopeptides potently induce the secretion of a pattern of chemokines that is suggestive of the engagement of a TLR4-independent TRIF pathway. In human blood, although the lipopeptides induce p38 MAP kinase phosphorylation and CD11b upregulation in granulocytes at ng/ml concentrations, they do not elicit proinflammatory cytokine production even at very high doses; LTA, however, activates neutrophils and induces cytokine secretion, although its potency is considerably lower than that of LPS, presumably due to its binding to plasma proteins. We conclude that, in human blood, the pattern of immunostimulation and proinflammatory mediator production elicited by LTA parallels that of LPS.
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
Lipopeptide daptomycin is one of the few recently approved antibiotics based on the novel mechanism of action. Recent advances in synthetic lipopeptides, driven by the biochemical and biophysical research, expanded their spectrum of antimicrobial activity and reduced their size to achieve economically viable production. Lipopeptides, consisting of a short peptide chain conjugated with an acyl chain, form a structurally defined conformation, which inserts into the bacterial membrane and dissipates its transmembrane potential. In addition to antimicrobial activity, synthetic lipopeptides also suppress inflammation through the neutralization of bacterial agonists of the innate immune response, synergize with conventional antibiotics and have improved proteolytic stability. Activities in animal models indicate that synthetic lipopeptides may surpass the natural lipopeptides as the perspective class of anti-infective agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Jerala
- National Institute of Chemistry, Department of Biotechnology, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Nguyen TB, Adisechan AK, Suresh Kumar EVK, Balakrishna R, Kimbrell MR, Miller KA, Datta A, David SA. Protection from endotoxic shock by EVK-203, a novel alkylpolyamine sequestrant of lipopolysaccharide. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:5694-709. [PMID: 17583517 PMCID: PMC2039869 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2007] [Revised: 06/01/2007] [Accepted: 06/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) play a key role in the pathogenesis of septic shock, a major cause of mortality in the critically ill patient. The only therapeutic option aimed at limiting downstream systemic inflammatory processes by targeting lipopolysaccharide is Toraymyxin, an extracorporeal hemoperfusion device using solid phase-immobilized polymyxin B (PMB). While PMB is known to effectively sequester LPS, its severe systemic toxicity proscribes its parenteral use, and hemoperfusion may not be feasible in patients in shock. In our continuing efforts to develop small-molecule mimics which display the LPS-sequestering properties, but not the toxicity of PMB, a series of mono- and bis-substituted dialkylpolyamines were synthesized and evaluated. We show that EVK-203, an alkylpolyamine compound, specifically binds to and neutralizes the activity of LPS, and affords complete protection in a murine model of endotoxic shock. EVK-203 is without any apparent toxicity when administered to mice at multiples of therapeutic doses for several days. The specific endotoxin-sequestering property along with a very favorable therapeutic index renders this compound an ideal candidate for preclinical development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thuan B Nguyen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Multidisciplinary Research Building, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Sil D, Shrestha A, Kimbrell MR, Nguyen TB, Adisechan AK, Balakrishna R, Abbo BG, Malladi S, Miller KA, Short S, Cromer JR, Arora S, Datta A, David SA. Bound to shock: protection from lethal endotoxemic shock by a novel, nontoxic, alkylpolyamine lipopolysaccharide sequestrant. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51:2811-9. [PMID: 17548488 PMCID: PMC1932507 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00200-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or endotoxin, a structural component of gram-negative bacterial outer membranes, plays a key role in the pathogenesis of septic shock, a syndrome of severe systemic inflammation which leads to multiple-system organ failure. Despite advances in antimicrobial chemotherapy, sepsis continues to be the commonest cause of death in the critically ill patient. This is attributable to the lack of therapeutic options that aim at limiting the exposure to the toxin and the prevention of subsequent downstream inflammatory processes. Polymyxin B (PMB), a peptide antibiotic, is a prototype small molecule that binds and neutralizes LPS toxicity. However, the antibiotic is too toxic for systemic use as an LPS sequestrant. Based on a nuclear magnetic resonance-derived model of polymyxin B-LPS complex, we had earlier identified the pharmacophore necessary for optimal recognition and neutralization of the toxin. Iterative cycles of pharmacophore-based ligand design and evaluation have yielded a synthetically easily accessible N(1),mono-alkyl-mono-homologated spermine derivative, DS-96. We have found that DS-96 binds LPS and neutralizes its toxicity with a potency indistinguishable from that of PMB in a wide range of in vitro assays, affords complete protection in a murine model of LPS-induced lethality, and is apparently nontoxic in vertebrate animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diptesh Sil
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Multidisciplinary Research Building, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Burns MR, Jenkins SA, Kimbrell MR, Balakrishna R, Nguyen TB, Abbo BG, David SA. Polycationic Sulfonamides for the Sequestration of Endotoxin. J Med Chem 2007; 50:877-88. [PMID: 17256835 DOI: 10.1021/jm061198m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) play a key role in the pathogenesis of septic shock, a major cause of mortality in the critically ill patient. We had previously shown that monoacylated polyamine compounds specifically bind to and neutralize the activity of LPS with high in vitro potency and afford complete protection in a murine model of endotoxic shock. Fatty acid amides of polyamines may be rapidly cleared from systemic circulation due to their susceptibility to nonspecific serum amidases and, thus, would be predicted to have a short duration of action. In a systematic effort to increase the likelihood of better bioavailability properties together with structural modifications that may result in gains in activity, we now report structure-activity relationships pertaining to endotoxin-binding and -neutralizing activities of homologated polyamine sulfonamides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Burns
- MediQuest Therapeutics, Inc., 22322 20th Avenue SE, Bothell, Washington 98021, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Burns MR, Jenkins SA, Vermeulen NM, Balakrishna R, Nguyen TB, Kimbrell MR, David SA. Structural correlation between lipophilicity and lipopolysaccharide-sequestering activity in spermine-sulfonamide analogs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:6209-12. [PMID: 17010608 PMCID: PMC1991285 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2006] [Revised: 09/06/2006] [Accepted: 09/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), otherwise termed 'endotoxins', are outer-membrane constituents of Gram-negative bacteria, and play a key role in the pathogenesis of 'Septic Shock', a major cause of mortality in the critically ill patient. We had previously defined the pharmacophore necessary for small molecules to specifically bind and neutralize this complex carbohydrate. A series of aryl and aliphatic spermine-sulfonamide analogs were synthesized and tested in a series of binding and cell-based assays in order to probe the effect of lipophilicity on sequestration ability. A strong correlation was indeed found, supporting the hypothesis that endotoxin-neutralizing ability involves a lipophilic or membrane attachment event. The research discussed herein may be useful for the design of additional carbohydrate recognizing molecules and endotoxin-neutralizing drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Burns
- MediQuest Therapeutics, Inc., 22322 20th Ave. SE, Bothell, WA 98021, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|