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Xu D, Ye B, Lin L, Jin Y, Jiang Y, Zheng Z, Chen Y, Han X, Wang W, Wu G, Zhuang Z, Shan P, Liang G. Carnosol attenuates angiotensin II-induced cardiac remodeling and inflammation via directly binding to p38 and inhibiting p38 activation. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 134:112143. [PMID: 38692016 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is a significant contributor to hypertensive heart failure. Carnosol (Car), primarily derived from the sage plant (Salvia carnosa), exhibits anti-inflammatory properties in a range of systems. Nevertheless, the influence of angiotensin II (Ang II) on cardiac remodeling remains uncharted. Car was shown to protect mice's hearts against Ang II-induced heart damage at dosages of 20 and 40 mg/kg/d. This protection was evident in a concentration-related decrease in the remodeling of the heart and dysfunction. Examination of the transcriptome revealed that the pivotal roles in mediating the protective effects of Car involved inhibiting Ang II-induced inflammation and the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Furthermore, Car was found to inhibit p38 phosphorylation, therefore reducing the level of inflammation in cultured cardiomyocytes and mouse hearts. This effect was attributed to the direct binding to p38 and inhibition of p38 protein phosphorylation by Car both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, the effects of Car on inflammation were neutralized when p38 was blocked in cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diyun Xu
- The Affiliated Cangnan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325800, Zhejiang, China; Department of Cardiology and the Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of Wenzhou, the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bozhi Ye
- Department of Cardiology and the Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of Wenzhou, the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liming Lin
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanhong Jin
- Department of Cardiology and the Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of Wenzhou, the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuchen Jiang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhaozheng Zheng
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanghao Chen
- Department of Cardiology and the Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of Wenzhou, the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xue Han
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Yongkang First People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Yongkang, Zhejiang 321399, China
| | - Gaojun Wu
- Department of Cardiology and the Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of Wenzhou, the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zaishou Zhuang
- The Affiliated Cangnan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325800, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Peiren Shan
- Department of Cardiology and the Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of Wenzhou, the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Guang Liang
- The Affiliated Cangnan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325800, Zhejiang, China; Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Gangasani JK, Yarasi S, Naidu VGM, Vaidya JR. Triazine based chemical entities for anticancer activity. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2022-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Triazine is a six-membered aromatic nitrogen heterocyclic moiety that was extensively investigated because of its biological properties and, in particular anticancer potentials. Kinases play a crucial role in cancer cell proliferation and metabolism. Triazine derivatives show anticancer activity by inhibiting the lipid kinases like phosphoinositide 3-kinases, mammalian target of rapamycin, receptor tyrosine kinases, like focal adhesion kinase, cyclin-dependent kinases, Rho-associated protein kinases, p21-activated kinases, carbonic anhydrases, enolase inhibitors, microtubules inhibitors, and histone deacetylases. The present chapter highlights the synthesis of triazine-based derivatives, their characterization, evaluation of anticancer properties, and their journey towards possible medicine for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagadees Kumar Gangasani
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) , Guwahati , 781101 , Assam , India
| | - Siwaswarup Yarasi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) , Guwahati , 781101 , Assam , India
| | - Vegi Ganga Modi Naidu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) , Guwahati , 781101 , Assam , India
| | - Jayathirtha Rao Vaidya
- Fluoro Agro Chemicals Department and AcSIR-Ghaziabad , CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology , Uppal Road Tarnaka , Hyderabad , 500007 , Telangana , India
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Kumar GJ, Kumar SN, Thummuri D, Adari LBS, Naidu VGM, Srinivas K, Rao VJ. Synthesis and characterization of new s-triazine bearing benzimidazole and benzothiazole derivatives as anticancer agents. Med Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-015-1430-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Moon SW, Ham J, Chang YT, Lee JW. Solid-phase Synthesis of Combinatorial 2,4-Disubstituted-1,3,5-Triazine via Amine Nucleophilic Reaction. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.10091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Won Moon
- Natural Product Research Center; KIST Gangneung Institute; Gangneung 210-340 Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry; Gangneung-Wonju National University; Gangneung 210-340 Republic of Korea
| | - Jungyeob Ham
- Natural Product Research Center; KIST Gangneung Institute; Gangneung 210-340 Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Tae Chang
- Department of Chemistry & MedChem Program of Life Science Institute; National University of Singapore; Singapore 117543 Singapore
| | - Jae Wook Lee
- Natural Product Research Center; KIST Gangneung Institute; Gangneung 210-340 Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Chemistry; University of Science and Technology; Daejon 305-350 Republic of Korea
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5
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Abstract
This review summarizes recent reports on s-triazine and its respective analogs from the medicinal chemistry angle. Due to its high reactivity and binding characteristic towards various enzymes, s-triazine has attracted attention. This is combined with facile synthesis and interesting pharmacology. The triazine class demonstrates wide biological applications - including antimicrobial, antituberculosis, anticancer, antiviral and antimalarial. In this article the library of s-triazine-based molecular designs has been collated with respective bioactivity. Compounds are further compared with other heterocyclic/nontriazine moieties to correlate the efficiency of privileged s-triazine. We hope this article may assist chemists in their drug design and discovery efforts.
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Hasumi K, Sato S, Saito T, Kato JY, Shirota K, Sato J, Suzuki H, Ohta S. Design and synthesis of 5-[(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)acetylamino]-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-(4-pyrimidinyl)isoxazole (AKP-001), a novel inhibitor of p38 MAP kinase with reduced side effects based on the antedrug concept. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:4162-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Rational approaches, design strategies, structure activity relationship and mechanistic insights for anticancer hybrids. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 77:422-87. [PMID: 24685980 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Revised: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A Hybrid drug which comprises the incorporation of two drug pharmacophores in one single molecule are basically designed to interact with multiple targets or to amplify its effect through action on another bio target as one single molecule or to counterbalance the known side effects associated with the other hybrid part(.) The present review article offers a detailed account of the design strategies employed for the synthesis of anticancer agents via molecular hybridization techniques. Over the years, the researchers have employed this technique to discover some promising chemical architectures displaying significant anticancer profiles. Molecular hybridization as a tool has been particularly utilized for targeting tubulin protein as exemplified through the number of research papers. The microtubule inhibitors such as taxol, colchicine, chalcones, combretasatin, phenstatins and vinca alkaloids have been utilized as one of the functionality of the hybrids and promising results have been obtained in most of the cases with some of the tubulin based hybrids exhibiting anticancer activity at nanomolar level. Linkage with steroids as biological carrier vector for anticancer drugs and the inclusion of pyrrolo [2,1-c] [1,4]benzodiazepines (PBDs), a family of DNA interactive antitumor antibiotics derived from Streptomyces species in hybrid structure based drug design has also emerged as a potential strategy. Various heteroaryl based hybrids in particular isatin and coumarins have also been designed and reported to posses' remarkable inhibitory potential. Apart from presenting the design strategies, the article also highlights the structure activity relationship along with mechanistic insights revealed during the biological evaluation of the hybrids.
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9
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Smith K, El-Hiti GA, Alshammari MB. Variation in the Site of Lithiation of 2-(2-Methylphenyl)ethanamine Derivatives. J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/jo3023445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keith Smith
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff
CF10 3AT, U.K
| | - Gamal A. El-Hiti
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff
CF10 3AT, U.K
| | - Mohammed B. Alshammari
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff
CF10 3AT, U.K
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Design, synthesis, anti-HIV evaluation and molecular modeling of piperidine-linked amino-triazine derivatives as potent non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:3856-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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11
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Xiao SC, Liu CZ, Liu WK, Xie WZ, Lin WY, Jiang GF, Guo CC. Selective synthesis and biological activity of triazine-porphyrins as potential anti-cancer agents. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424610001805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ten new triazine-porphyrin derivatives were synthesized using a simple one-pot procedure from the reaction of tetraphenylporphyrin bearing a hydroxyl group with 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine, and then with amines or alcohols. The structures of the products were characterized by 1H NMR, LC/MS, UV-vis and elemental analysis. The cytotoxic activity of the triazine-porphyrin derivatives was evaluated in vitro against MCF-7 cell. All new compounds showed similar activity against MCF-7 cells in the absence of light when compared to 5-fluorouracil and hematoporphyrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-Chu Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Chao-Zhou Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Wu-Kun Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Wen-Zhong Xie
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Wei-Ying Lin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Guo-Fang Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Can-Cheng Guo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
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12
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Shahin R, Taha MO. Elaborate ligand-based modeling and subsequent synthetic exploration unveil new nanomolar Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II inhibitory leads. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:377-400. [PMID: 22112539 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Revised: 10/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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13
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Fischer S, Koeberle SC, Laufer SA. p38α mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitors, a patent review (2005 – 2011). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2011; 21:1843-66. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2011.636737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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14
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Cappel D, Wahlström R, Brenk R, Sotriffer CA. Probing the Dynamic Nature of Water Molecules and Their Influences on Ligand Binding in a Model Binding Site. J Chem Inf Model 2011; 51:2581-94. [DOI: 10.1021/ci200052j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cappel
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians University Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rickard Wahlström
- College of Life Sciences, Division of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, James Black Centre, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Brenk
- College of Life Sciences, Division of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, James Black Centre, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph A. Sotriffer
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians University Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
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15
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Discovery of pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazine C6-ketones as potent, orally active p38α MAP kinase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:4633-7. [PMID: 21705217 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.05.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazine based inhibitors of p38α have been prepared exploring functional group modifications at the C6 position. Incorporation of aryl and heteroaryl ketones at this position led to potent inhibitors with efficacy in in vivo models of acute and chronic inflammation.
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16
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Lee JW, Ha HH, Vendrell M, Bork JT, Chang YT. Combinatorial Solid-Phase Synthesis of 6-Aryl-1,3,5-triazines via Suzuki Coupling. Aust J Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1071/ch11034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A synthetic methodology to prepare collections of trisubstituted aryl 1,3,5-triazines with broad structural diversity via Suzuki coupling has been developed. We first optimized the combinatorial derivatization of the triazine core using Suzuki cross-coupling. Second, in order to further expand the methodology for the preparation of negatively charged triazines, we adapted this approach to polymer-supported amino acids and prepared aryl triazines with different charge distribution. With a collection of 160 aryl triazine derivatives in good purities and without any purification step, we proved the viability of this orthogonal scheme for the preparation of triazine libraries using amine/amino acid-captured solid supports and Suzuki cross-coupling.
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Bissantz
- Discovery Chemistry, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
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18
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Kersemans K, Mertens J, De Proft F, Geerlings P. Mechanistic approach of the difference in non-enzymatic hydrolysis rate between the L and D enantiomers of no-carrier added 2-[18F]fluoromethyl-phenylalanine. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.1811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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19
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Kumar R, Gupta L, Pal P, Khan S, Singh N, Katiyar SB, Meena S, Sarkar J, Sinha S, Kanaujiya JK, Lochab S, Trivedi AK, Chauhan PMS. Synthesis and cytotoxicity evaluation of (tetrahydro-β-carboline)-1,3,5-triazine hybrids as anticancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:2265-76. [PMID: 20207053 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Revised: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kumar
- Division of Medicinal & Process Chemistry, Central Drug Research Institute, CSIR, Lucknow 226001, India
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20
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Fluorescence polarization binding assay to develop inhibitors of inactive p38α mitogen-activated protein kinase. Anal Biochem 2010; 401:125-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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21
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Pareek PK, Mithlesh, Kriplani P, Tiwari R, Ojha KG. Rapid Synthesis and Biological Activities of Some New Derivatives of Benzothiazolylhexahydro-s-triazine. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10426500902773120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kumar Pareek
- a Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry , M.D.S. University , Ajmer, India
| | - Mithlesh
- a Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry , M.D.S. University , Ajmer, India
| | | | - Ravikant Tiwari
- b Hygia Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research , Lucknow, India
| | - K. G. Ojha
- a Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry , M.D.S. University , Ajmer, India
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22
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Synthesis of aryl phosphates based on pyrimidine and triazine scaffolds. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:244-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2008] [Revised: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 10/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Chen Q, Cui W, Ji M. Studies of chirality effect of 4-(phenylamino)-pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazine on p38alpha by molecular dynamics simulations and free energy calculations. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2009; 23:737-45. [PMID: 19672560 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-009-9298-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
4-(Phenylamino)-pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazines have been discovered as inhibitors of p38alpha. Experimental assays have proven that the configuration of alpha-Me-benzyl connected with amide at C6 is essential for the binding affinity. The S-configured inhibitor (11j) displays 80 times more potency than the R-configured one (11k). Here we investigated the mechanism how different configurations influence the binding affinity using molecular dynamics simulations, free energy calculations and free energy decomposition analysis. We found that the van der Waals interactions play the most important role in differentiating the activities between 11j and 11k with p38alpha. The difference of the van der Waals interactions is primarily determined by two residues, LEU108 and LEU167. Consequently stabilization of pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazine ring is important for the activities of inhibitors. Meanwhile we observed that the different configuration of the alpha-Me-benzyl group leads to the difference of binding between 11j and 11k. In conclusion, our work shows that it is feasible to analyze the chirality effect of inhibitors with different configurations by molecular dynamics simulations and free energy calculations, and provides useful information for drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China
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24
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Design, synthesis and selection of DNA-encoded small-molecule libraries. Nat Chem Biol 2009; 5:647-54. [PMID: 19648931 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 481] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2008] [Accepted: 06/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Biochemical combinatorial techniques such as phage display, RNA display and oligonucleotide aptamers have proven to be reliable methods for generation of ligands to protein targets. Adapting these techniques to small synthetic molecules has been a long-sought goal. We report the synthesis and interrogation of an 800-million-member DNA-encoded library in which small molecules are covalently attached to an encoding oligonucleotide. The library was assembled by a combination of chemical and enzymatic synthesis, and interrogated by affinity selection. We describe methods for the selection and deconvolution of the chemical display library, and the discovery of inhibitors for two enzymes: Aurora A kinase and p38 MAP kinase.
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25
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Wurz RP, Pettus LH, Xu S, Henkle B, Sherman L, Plant M, Miner K, McBride H, Wong LM, Saris CJ, Lee MR, Chmait S, Mohr C, Hsieh F, Tasker AS. Part 1: Structure–Activity Relationship (SAR) investigations of fused pyrazoles as potent, selective and orally available inhibitors of p38α mitogen-activated protein kinase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:4724-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Revised: 06/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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26
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Lee JW, Bork JT, Ha HH, Samanta A, Chang YT. Novel Orthogonal Synthesis of a Tagged Combinatorial Triazine Library via Grignard Reaction. Aust J Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1071/ch09153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To expand the diversity of 1,3,5-triazine libraries to aryl and alkyl functionalities through the C–C bond, we employed a novel orthogonal synthesis via Grignard monoalkylation or monoarylation of cyanuric chloride in solution to prepare aryl- or alkyl-substituted triazine building blocks. These aryl- or alkyl-substituted triazine building blocks were captured by a resin-bound amine, followed by amination and acidic cleavage with high purity. Herein, we demonstrate a novel orthogonal synthesis of a tagged aryl- and alkyl-triazine library on solid support, utilizing building blocks prepared via Grignard reaction in solution. Through incorporation of a triethylene glycol linker at one of the alternate sites on the triazine scaffold we explored an intrinsic tagged library approach.
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27
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Wrobleski ST, Lin S, Hynes J, Wu H, Pitt S, Shen DR, Zhang R, Gillooly KM, Shuster DJ, McIntyre KW, Doweyko AM, Kish KF, Tredup JA, Duke GJ, Sack JS, McKinnon M, Dodd J, Barrish JC, Schieven GL, Leftheris K. Synthesis and SAR of new pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazines as potent p38 alpha MAP kinase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:2739-44. [PMID: 18364256 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.02.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2007] [Revised: 02/22/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of compounds based on the pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazine ring system have been identified as potent p38 alpha MAP kinase inhibitors. The synthesis, structure-activity relationships (SAR), and in vivo activity of selected analogs from this class of inhibitors are reported. Additional studies based on X-ray co-crystallography have revealed that one of the potent inhibitors from this series binds to the DFG-out conformation of the p38 alpha enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T Wrobleski
- Department of Immunology Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, USA.
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Hynes J, Dyckman AJ, Lin S, Wrobleski ST, Wu H, Gillooly KM, Kanner SB, Lonial H, Loo D, McIntyre KW, Pitt S, Shen DR, Shuster DJ, Yang X, Zhang R, Behnia K, Zhang H, Marathe PH, Doweyko AM, Tokarski JS, Sack JS, Pokross M, Kiefer SE, Newitt JA, Barrish JC, Dodd J, Schieven GL, Leftheris K. Design, Synthesis, and Anti-inflammatory Properties of Orally Active 4-(Phenylamino)-pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazine p38α Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2007; 51:4-16. [DOI: 10.1021/jm7009414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Hynes
- Departments of Immunology Chemistry, Immunology Biology, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Molecular Biosciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000
| | - Alaric J. Dyckman
- Departments of Immunology Chemistry, Immunology Biology, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Molecular Biosciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000
| | - Shuqun Lin
- Departments of Immunology Chemistry, Immunology Biology, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Molecular Biosciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000
| | - Stephen T. Wrobleski
- Departments of Immunology Chemistry, Immunology Biology, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Molecular Biosciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000
| | - Hong Wu
- Departments of Immunology Chemistry, Immunology Biology, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Molecular Biosciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000
| | - Kathleen M. Gillooly
- Departments of Immunology Chemistry, Immunology Biology, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Molecular Biosciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000
| | - Steven B. Kanner
- Departments of Immunology Chemistry, Immunology Biology, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Molecular Biosciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000
| | - Herinder Lonial
- Departments of Immunology Chemistry, Immunology Biology, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Molecular Biosciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000
| | - Derek Loo
- Departments of Immunology Chemistry, Immunology Biology, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Molecular Biosciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000
| | - Kim W. McIntyre
- Departments of Immunology Chemistry, Immunology Biology, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Molecular Biosciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000
| | - Sidney Pitt
- Departments of Immunology Chemistry, Immunology Biology, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Molecular Biosciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000
| | - Ding Ren Shen
- Departments of Immunology Chemistry, Immunology Biology, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Molecular Biosciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000
| | - David J. Shuster
- Departments of Immunology Chemistry, Immunology Biology, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Molecular Biosciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000
| | - XiaoXia Yang
- Departments of Immunology Chemistry, Immunology Biology, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Molecular Biosciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000
| | - Rosemary Zhang
- Departments of Immunology Chemistry, Immunology Biology, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Molecular Biosciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000
| | - Kamelia Behnia
- Departments of Immunology Chemistry, Immunology Biology, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Molecular Biosciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000
| | - Hongjian Zhang
- Departments of Immunology Chemistry, Immunology Biology, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Molecular Biosciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000
| | - Punit H. Marathe
- Departments of Immunology Chemistry, Immunology Biology, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Molecular Biosciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000
| | - Arthur M. Doweyko
- Departments of Immunology Chemistry, Immunology Biology, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Molecular Biosciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000
| | - John S. Tokarski
- Departments of Immunology Chemistry, Immunology Biology, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Molecular Biosciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000
| | - John S. Sack
- Departments of Immunology Chemistry, Immunology Biology, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Molecular Biosciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000
| | - Matthew Pokross
- Departments of Immunology Chemistry, Immunology Biology, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Molecular Biosciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000
| | - Susan E. Kiefer
- Departments of Immunology Chemistry, Immunology Biology, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Molecular Biosciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000
| | - John A. Newitt
- Departments of Immunology Chemistry, Immunology Biology, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Molecular Biosciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000
| | - Joel C. Barrish
- Departments of Immunology Chemistry, Immunology Biology, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Molecular Biosciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000
| | - John Dodd
- Departments of Immunology Chemistry, Immunology Biology, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Molecular Biosciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000
| | - Gary L. Schieven
- Departments of Immunology Chemistry, Immunology Biology, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Molecular Biosciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000
| | - Katerina Leftheris
- Departments of Immunology Chemistry, Immunology Biology, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Molecular Biosciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000
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29
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Schett G, Zwerina J, Firestein G. The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2007; 67:909-16. [PMID: 17827184 PMCID: PMC2754165 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2007.074278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory processes are based on a sustained and tightly regulated communication network among different cells types. This network comprises extracellular mediators such as cytokines, chemokines and matrix-degrading proteases, which orchestrate the participation of cells in the chronic inflammatory process. The mirrors of this outside communication world are intracellular transcription factor pathways, which shuttle information about inflammatory stimuli to the cell nucleus. This review examines the function of one key signal transduction pathway of inflammation--the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38MAPK). The signalling pathway is considered as crucial for the induction and maintenance of chronic inflammation, and its components thus emerge as interesting molecular targets of small molecule inhibitors for controlling inflammation. This review not only summarises the current knowledge of activation, regulation and function of the p38MAPK pathway but also examines the role of this pathway in clinical disease. It gives an overview of current evidence of p38MAPK activation in inflammatory arthritis and elaborates the key molecular determinants which contribute to p38MAPK activation in joint disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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30
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Huang W, Zheng W, Urban DJ, Inglese J, Sidransky E, Austin CP, Thomas CJ. N4-phenyl modifications of N2-(2-hydroxyl)ethyl-6-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamines enhance glucocerebrosidase inhibition by small molecules with potential as chemical chaperones for Gaucher disease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:5783-9. [PMID: 17827006 PMCID: PMC2083578 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2007] [Revised: 08/23/2007] [Accepted: 08/23/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamines were prepared and analyzed as inhibitors of glucocerebrosidase. Synthesis, structure activity relationships and the selectivity of chosen analogues against related sugar hydrolases enzymes are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwei Huang
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, 9800 Medical Center Drive, MSC 3370, Bethesda, MD 20892-3370, USA
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31
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Griep MA, Blood S, Larson MA, Koepsell SA, Hinrichs SH. Myricetin inhibits Escherichia coli DnaB helicase but not primase. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:7203-8. [PMID: 17851081 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2007] [Revised: 06/29/2007] [Accepted: 07/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Primase and DnaB helicase play central roles during DNA replication initiation and elongation. Both enzymes are drug targets because they are essential, persistent among bacterial genomes, and have different sequences than their eukaryotic equivalents. Myricetin is a ubiquitous natural product in plants that is known to inhibit a variety of DNA polymerases, RNA polymerases, reverse transcriptases, and telomerases in addition being able to inhibit kinases and helicases. We have shown that myricetin inhibits Escherichia coli DnaB helicase according to a mechanism dominated by noncompetitive behavior with a K(i) of 10.0+/-0.5 microM. At physiological ATP concentration, myricetin inhibits E. coli DnaB helicase with an inhibitory concentration at 50% maximal (IC(50)) of 11.3+/-1.6 microM. In contrast, myricetin inhibited E. coli primase at least 60-fold weaker than DnaB helicase and far weaker than any other polymerase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Griep
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 614 Hamilton Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, USA.
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32
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Soliva R, Gelpí JL, Almansa C, Virgili M, Orozco M. Dissection of the recognition properties of p38 MAP kinase. Determination of the binding mode of a new pyridinyl-heterocycle inhibitor family. J Med Chem 2007; 50:283-93. [PMID: 17228870 DOI: 10.1021/jm061073h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The main recognition characteristics of the ATP binding site of p38 mitogen activated protein kinase alpha (p38alpha MAPK) have been explored by a combination of modeling and bioinformatics techniques, making special emphasis in the characteristics of the site that justifies binding specificity with respect to other MAP kinases. Particularly, we have analyzed the binding mode of a new family of p38 MAPK inhibitors based on the pyridinyl-heterocycle core. This family of compounds has a marked pseudosymmetry and can exist in different tautomeric forms, which makes the determination of the binding mode especially challenging. A combination of homology modeling, quantum mechanics, classical docking, and molecular dynamics calculations allowed us to determine the main characteristics defining the binding mode of this new scaffold in the ATP binding site of p38alpha. A set of free energy calculations allowed us to verify the binding mode proposed, giving an overall excellent agreement with the experimental values. Finally, the binding mode of this new family of compounds was compared to that of other members of the pyridinyl and pyrimidinyl heterocycle class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Soliva
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, Barcelona 08028, Spain
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33
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Blair JA, Rauh D, Kung C, Yun CH, Fan QW, Rode H, Zhang C, Eck MJ, Weiss WA, Shokat KM. Structure-guided development of affinity probes for tyrosine kinases using chemical genetics. Nat Chem Biol 2007; 3:229-38. [PMID: 17334377 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2006] [Accepted: 02/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
As key components in nearly every signal transduction pathway, protein kinases are attractive targets for the regulation of cellular signaling by small-molecule inhibitors. We report the structure-guided development of 6-acrylamido-4-anilinoquinazoline irreversible kinase inhibitors that potently and selectively target rationally designed kinases bearing two selectivity elements that are not found together in any wild-type kinase: an electrophile-targeted cysteine residue and a glycine gatekeeper residue. Cocrystal structures of two irreversible quinazoline inhibitors bound to either epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or engineered c-Src show covalent inhibitor binding to the targeted cysteine (Cys797 in EGFR and Cys345 in engineered c-Src). To accommodate the new covalent bond, the quinazoline core adopts positions that are different from those seen in kinase structures with reversible quinazoline inhibitors. Based on these structures, we developed a fluorescent 6-acrylamido-4-anilinoquinazoline affinity probe to report the fraction of kinase necessary for cellular signaling, and we used these reagents to quantitate the relationship between EGFR stimulation by EGF and its downstream outputs-Akt, Erk1 and Erk2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy A Blair
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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34
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Zheng M, Xu C, Ma J, Sun Y, Du F, Liu H, Lin L, Li C, Ding J, Chen K, Jiang H. Synthesis and antitumor evaluation of a novel series of triaminotriazine derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:1815-27. [PMID: 17157510 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2006] [Revised: 11/16/2006] [Accepted: 11/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A series of triaminotriazine derivatives (compounds 5a-f, 6a-x, and 7a-g) was designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their inhibition activities to colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines (HCT-116 and HT-29). Most of the synthesized compounds demonstrated moderate anti-proliferatory effects on both HCT-116 and HT-29 cell lines at the concentration of 10 microM. The inhibitory activities against HCT-116 and HT-29 cell lines were discussed to develop the structure-activity relationships of this new series. Compounds 6l and 6o exhibited prominent inhibition activities toward HCT-116, with IC50s of 0.76 and 0.92 microM, respectively. The in vivo antitumor studies and pharmacokinetics of compound 6l showed that it might be a promising new hit for further development of antitumor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfang Zheng
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
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35
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Lin TH, Metzger A, Diller DJ, Desai M, Henderson I, Ahmed G, Kimble EF, Quadros E, Webb ML. Discovery and characterization of triaminotriazine aniline amides as highly selective p38 kinase inhibitors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 318:495-502. [PMID: 16702443 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.105.097568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are a family of serine/threonine protein kinases that play important roles in cellular responses to inflammation and external stress. Inhibitors of the p38 MAP kinase have shown promise for potential treatment of inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, acute coronary syndrome, psoriasis, and Crohn's disease. We identified a novel class of p38 inhibitors via high-throughput screening. PS200981 [3-(4-(1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-6-(((1S,2R,5S)-6,6-dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]heptan-2-yl)methylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-ylamino)-4-methylbenzamide], a representative compound identified from screening a collection of combinatorial libraries, amounting to 2.1 million compounds, inhibits p38alpha kinase and the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced increase in tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha levels in cell media of human monocytes with IC50 values of 1 microM. The screening data revealed a preferred synthon, 3-amino-4-methyl benzamide, which is critical for the activity against p38. This synthon appeared almost exclusively in screening hits including PS200981, and slight variations of this synthon including 3-amino benzamide and 2-amino-4-methyl benzamide also contained in the library were inactive. PS200981 is equally potent against the alpha and beta forms of p38 but did not inhibit p38 gamma and is >25-fold selective versus a panel of other kinases. PS200981 inhibited the LPS-induced increase in TNFalpha levels when administered at 30 mg/kg to mice. Selectivity and in vivo activity of this class of p38 inhibitors was further demonstrated by PS166276 [(R)-3-(4-(isobutyl(methyl)-amino)-6-(pyrrolidin-3-ylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-ylamino)-4-methylbenzamide], a highly structurally related but more potent and less cytotoxic inhibitor, in several intracellular signaling assays, and in LPS-challenged mice. Overall, this novel class of p38 inhibitors is potent, active in vitro and in vivo, and is highly selective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung H Lin
- Pharmacopeia Drug Discovery Inc., P.O. Box 5350, Princeton, NJ 08543-5350, USA
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36
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Dolle RE. Comprehensive survey of combinatorial library synthesis: 2004. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 7:739-98. [PMID: 16283784 DOI: 10.1021/cc050082t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roland E Dolle
- Department of Chemistry, Adolor Corporation, 700 Pennsylvania Drive, Exton, PA 19341, USA.
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37
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Boehm J. 5-Amino-2-carbonylthiophene derivatives for use as p38 MAPK inhibitors in the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.15.10.1471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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38
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Liu C, Wrobleski ST, Lin J, Ahmed G, Metzger A, Wityak J, Gillooly KM, Shuster DJ, McIntyre KW, Pitt S, Shen DR, Zhang RF, Zhang H, Doweyko AM, Diller D, Henderson I, Barrish JC, Dodd JH, Schieven GL, Leftheris K. 5-Cyanopyrimidine Derivatives as a Novel Class of Potent, Selective, and Orally Active Inhibitors of p38α MAP Kinase. J Med Chem 2005; 48:6261-70. [PMID: 16190753 DOI: 10.1021/jm0503594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel class of 5-cyanopyrimidine-based inhibitors of p38alpha MAP kinase has been investigated. Analogues optimized through SAR iterations display low nanomolar enzymatic and cellular activity. The in vivo efficacy of this class of p38 inhibitors was demonstrated by 3a and 3b (>50% reduction in TNF levels when orally dosed at 5 mg/kg, 5 h prior to LPS administration in an acute murine model of inflammation). For 3a and 3b, the previously identified N-methoxybenzamide moiety (1) was replaced with N-(isoxazol-3-yl)benzamide, thereby providing increased metabolic stability. Cyanopyrimidine 3a demonstrated 100% oral bioavailability in mouse. High p38 kinase selectivity versus over 20 kinases was observed for analogue 3b. Direct hydrogen bonding of the cyano nitrogen of the 5-cyanopyrimidine core to the backbone NH of Met109 was confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis of 3a bound to p38alpha.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/chemical synthesis
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/chemistry
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology
- Benzamides/chemical synthesis
- Benzamides/chemistry
- Benzamides/pharmacology
- Biological Availability
- Cells, Cultured
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Female
- Humans
- In Vitro Techniques
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Microsomes, Liver/drug effects
- Microsomes, Liver/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 14/antagonists & inhibitors
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 14/chemistry
- Models, Molecular
- Nitriles/chemical synthesis
- Nitriles/chemistry
- Nitriles/pharmacology
- Pyrimidines/chemical synthesis
- Pyrimidines/chemistry
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
- Rats
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjian Liu
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, PO Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, USA
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39
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Borzilleri RM, Zheng X, Qian L, Ellis C, Cai ZW, Wautlet BS, Mortillo S, Jeyaseelan R, Kukral DW, Fura A, Kamath A, Vyas V, Tokarski JS, Barrish JC, Hunt JT, Lombardo LJ, Fargnoli J, Bhide RS. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of orally active 4-(2,4-difluoro-5-(methoxycarbamoyl)phenylamino)pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazines as dual vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 and fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 inhibitors. J Med Chem 2005; 48:3991-4008. [PMID: 15943473 DOI: 10.1021/jm0501275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of substituted 4-(2,4-difluoro-5-(methoxycarbamoyl)phenylamino)pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazines was identified as potent and selective inhibitors of the tyrosine kinase activity of the growth factor receptors VEGFR-2 (Flk-1, KDR) and FGFR-1. The enzyme kinetics associated with the VEGFR-2 inhibition of compound 50 (K(i) = 52 +/- 3 nM) confirmed that the pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazine analogues are competitive with ATP. Several analogues demonstrated low-nanomolar inhibition of VEGF- and FGF-dependent human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) proliferation. Replacement of the C6-ester substituent of the pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazine core with heterocyclic bioisosteres, such as substituted 1,3,5-oxadiazoles, afforded compounds with excellent oral bioavailability in mice (i.e., 50 F(po) = 79%). Significant antitumor efficacy was observed with compounds 44, 49, and 50 against established L2987 human lung carcinoma xenografts implanted in athymic mice. A full account of the synthesis, structure-activity relationships, pharmacology, and pharmacokinetic properties of analogues within the series is presented.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/chemical synthesis
- Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Biological Availability
- Blood Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Drug Design
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Humans
- Hydroxamic Acids/chemical synthesis
- Hydroxamic Acids/chemistry
- Hydroxamic Acids/pharmacology
- In Vitro Techniques
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Microsomes, Liver/metabolism
- Models, Molecular
- Oxadiazoles/chemical synthesis
- Oxadiazoles/chemistry
- Oxadiazoles/pharmacology
- Protein Binding
- Pyrroles/chemical synthesis
- Pyrroles/chemistry
- Pyrroles/pharmacology
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/chemistry
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/chemistry
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Triazines/chemical synthesis
- Triazines/chemistry
- Triazines/pharmacology
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2/chemistry
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Borzilleri
- Department of Oncology Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, USA.
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40
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Cushley W. Inflammation and immune diseases: What is at the summit? Drug Discov Today 2005; 10:752-4. [PMID: 15922932 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6446(05)03478-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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41
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Chantry D, Burgess LE. Inflammation Research Association: 12th international conference. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2005; 10:219-24. [PMID: 15757413 DOI: 10.1517/14728214.10.1.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The Inflammation Research Association held its 12th international meeting at the Sagamore at Bolton Landing in New York State (3 - 7 October 2004). These meetings were originally intended for scientists from the pharmaceutical industry to get together and discuss the latest developments in inflammation drug discovery, and it remains an industry-dominated affair. The conference covered some highly topical issues such as cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors (rofecoxib/Vioxx [Merck & Co., Inc.] was withdrawn from the market only a few days before the conference), along with areas of ongoing interest to the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry, including p38 MAPK inhibitors, nuclear hormone receptor modulators and prostaglandin receptor antagonists. This review will cover the main themes that emerged during the meeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Chantry
- Array BioPharma, 3200 Walnut Street, Boulder, CO 80301, USA.
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42
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Abstract
The recent successful introduction of the anti-cytokine biologicals Etanercept, Infliximab, Adalimumab, and Anakinra has stimulated the search for anti-cytokine small-molecules. A number of molecular targets have been identified for the development of such small molecular anti-cytokine agents. The focus of this review will be on those inhibitors of cytokine production, which target either p38 mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase, TNF-alpha converting enzyme (TACE), or IL-1beta converting enzyme (ICE). P38 MAP kinase occupies a central role in the signaling network responsible for the upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines like interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta) and TNF-alpha, and regulates their biosynthesis at both the transcriptional and translational level. TACE and ICE are two proteases required for the processing of proTNF-alpha and proIL-1beta, respectively into their mature, proinflammatory form. Since the mid-1990s, a plethora of inhibitors of p38 MAP kinase, TACE, and ICE has been characterized in vitro, and individual representatives from all three inhibitor classes have in the meantime been advanced into clinical trials. This review will highlight the correlation between effective inhibition at the molecular target and cellular activity in functional assays of cytokine, particularly TNF-alpha and IL-1beta, production. Structure-activity relationships (SAR) will be discussed regarding activity at the respective enzyme target, but also with regard to properties required for efficient in vitro and in vivo cellular activity (e.g., oral availability, solubility, cell penetration, etc.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Wagner
- School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, England
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