1
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Danis C, Despres C, Bessa LM, Malki I, Merzougui H, Huvent I, Qi H, Lippens G, Cantrelle FX, Schneider R, Hanoulle X, Smet-Nocca C, Landrieu I. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy for the Identification of Multiple Phosphorylations of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 28060278 DOI: 10.3791/55001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregates of the neuronal Tau protein are found inside neurons of Alzheimer's disease patients. Development of the disease is accompanied by increased, abnormal phosphorylation of Tau. In the course of the molecular investigation of Tau functions and dysfunctions in the disease, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is used to identify the multiple phosphorylations of Tau. We present here detailed protocols of recombinant production of Tau in bacteria, with isotopic enrichment for NMR studies. Purification steps that take advantage of Tau's heat stability and high isoelectric point are described. The protocol for in vitro phosphorylation of Tau by recombinant activated ERK2 allows for generating multiple phosphorylations. The protein sample is ready for data acquisition at the issue of these steps. The parameter setup to start recording on the spectrometer is considered next. Finally, the strategy to identify phosphorylation sites of modified Tau, based on NMR data, is explained. The benefit of this methodology compared to other techniques used to identify phosphorylation sites, such as immuno-detection or mass spectrometry (MS), is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Danis
- UMR8576, CNRS, Lille University; UMR-S1172, INSERM CNRS, Lille University
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2
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Baggio C, Barile E, Di Sorbo G, Kipps TJ, Pellecchia M. The Cell Surface Receptor CD44: NMR-Based Characterization of Putative Ligands. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:1097-106. [PMID: 27144715 PMCID: PMC5271563 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The cell surface receptor CD44 is a glycoprotein belonging to the hyaluronan-binding proteins, termed hyaladherins. CD44 is expressed in a wide variety of isoforms in many cells and, in particular, is present on the surface of malignant cells where it is involved in the onset and progression of cancer. In a first attempt to identify novel CD44-binding agents, we first characterized, with NMR spectroscopic techniques, several agents that were reported to bind to human CD44 (hCD44). To our surprise, however, none of these putative CD44-binding agents, including a peptide that is in phase 2 clinical trials (A6 peptide) and a recently reported fragment hit, were found to interact significantly with recombinant hCD44(21-178). Nonetheless, we further report that a fragment-screening campaign, with solution NMR spectroscopy as the detection method, identified a viable fragment hit that bound in a potentially functional pocket on the surface of CD44, opposite to the hyaluronic acid binding site. We hypothesize that this pocket could be indirectly associated with the cellular and in vivo activity of the A6 peptide, which would provide a novel framework for the possible development of therapeutically viable CD44 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Baggio
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Elisa Barile
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Gianluigi Di Sorbo
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Thomas J Kipps
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Maurizio Pellecchia
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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3
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Bottini A, Wu B, Barile E, De SK, Leone M, Pellecchia M. High-Throughput Screening (HTS) by NMR Guided Identification of Novel Agents Targeting the Protein Docking Domain of YopH. ChemMedChem 2015; 11:919-27. [PMID: 26592695 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recently we described a novel approach, named high-throughput screening (HTS) by NMR that allows the identification, from large combinatorial peptide libraries, of potent and selective peptide mimetics against a given target. Here, we deployed the "HTS by NMR" approach for the design of novel peptoid sequences targeting the N-terminal domain of Yersinia outer protein H (YopH-NT), a bacterial toxin essential for the virulence of Yersinia pestis. We aimed at disrupting the protein-protein interactions between YopH-NT and its cellular substrates, with the goal of inhibiting indirectly YopH enzymatic function. These studies resulted in a novel agent of sequence Ac-F-pY-cPG-d-P-NH2 (pY=phosphotyrosine; cPG=cyclopentyl glycine) with a Kd value against YopH-NT of 310 nm. We demonstrated that such a pharmacological inhibitor of YopH-NT results in the inhibition of the dephosphorylation by full-length YopH of a cellular substrate. Hence, potentially this agent represents a valuable stepping stone for the development of novel therapeutics against Yersinia infections. The data reported further demonstrate the utility of the HTS by NMR approach in deriving novel peptide mimetics targeting protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Bottini
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.,Sanford Burnham Prebys Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Bainan Wu
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Elisa Barile
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.,Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Surya K De
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.,Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Marilisa Leone
- Institute of Biostructures & Bioimaging, National Research Council (IBB-CNR), Via De Amicis 95, Naples, 80145, Italy
| | - Maurizio Pellecchia
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA. .,Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
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4
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Caroff E, Hubler F, Meyer E, Renneberg D, Gnerre C, Treiber A, Rey M, Hess P, Steiner B, Hilpert K, Riederer MA. 4-((R)-2-{[6-((S)-3-Methoxypyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-phenylpyrimidine-4-carbonyl]amino}-3-phosphonopropionyl)piperazine-1-carboxylic Acid Butyl Ester (ACT-246475) and Its Prodrug (ACT-281959), a Novel P2Y12 Receptor Antagonist with a Wider Therapeutic Window in the Rat Than Clopidogrel. J Med Chem 2015; 58:9133-53. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Caroff
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical
Research and Development, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse
16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Francis Hubler
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical
Research and Development, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse
16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Meyer
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical
Research and Development, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse
16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Dorte Renneberg
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical
Research and Development, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse
16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Carmela Gnerre
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical
Research and Development, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse
16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Treiber
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical
Research and Development, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse
16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Markus Rey
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical
Research and Development, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse
16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Hess
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical
Research and Development, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse
16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Beat Steiner
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical
Research and Development, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse
16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Kurt Hilpert
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical
Research and Development, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse
16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Markus A. Riederer
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical
Research and Development, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse
16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
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5
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Huang KY, Horng JC. Modulating the Affinities of Phosphopeptides for the Human Pin1 WW Domain Using 4-Substituted Proline Derivatives. Biochemistry 2015; 54:6186-94. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuei-Yen Huang
- Department
of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30013, ROC
- Frontier
Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30013, ROC
| | - Jia-Cherng Horng
- Department
of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30013, ROC
- Frontier
Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30013, ROC
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6
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Wu B, Zhang Z, Noberini R, Barile E, Giulianotti M, Pinilla C, Houghten RA, Pasquale EB, Pellecchia M. HTS by NMR of combinatorial libraries: a fragment-based approach to ligand discovery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 20:19-33. [PMID: 23352136 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2012.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fragment-based ligand design (FBLD) approaches have become more widely used in drug discovery projects from both academia and industry, and are even often preferred to traditional high-throughput screening (HTS) of large collection of compounds (>10(5)). A key advantage of FBLD approaches is that these often rely on robust biophysical methods such as NMR spectroscopy for detection of ligand binding, hence are less prone to artifacts that too often plague the results from HTS campaigns. In this article, we introduce a screening strategy that takes advantage of both the robustness of protein NMR spectroscopy as the detection method, and the basic principles of combinatorial chemistry to enable the screening of large libraries of fragments (>10(5) compounds) preassembled on a common backbone. We used the method to identify compounds that target protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bainan Wu
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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7
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Moore JD, Potter A. Pin1 inhibitors: Pitfalls, progress and cellular pharmacology. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:4283-91. [PMID: 23796453 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.05.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Compelling data supports the hypothesis that Pin1 inhibitors will be useful for the therapy of cancer: Pin1 deficient mice resist the induction of breast cancers normally evoked by expression of MMTV-driven Ras or Erb2 alleles. While Pin1 poses challenges for drug discovery, several groups have identified potent antagonists by structure based drug design, significant progress has been made designing peptidic inhibitors and a number of natural products have been found that blockade Pin1, notably epigallocatchechin gallate (EGCG), a major flavonoid in green tea. Here we critically discuss the modes of action and likely specificity of these compounds, concluding that a suitable chemical biology tool for probing the function of Pin1 has yet to be found. We conclude by outlining some open questions regarding the target validation of Pin1 and the prospects for identification of improved inhibitors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Moore
- Horizon Discovery, Cambridge Research Park, Cambridge CB25 9TL, UK.
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8
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Smet-Nocca C, Launay H, Wieruszeski JM, Lippens G, Landrieu I. Unraveling a phosphorylation event in a folded protein by NMR spectroscopy: phosphorylation of the Pin1 WW domain by PKA. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2013; 55:323-337. [PMID: 23456038 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-013-9716-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The Pin1 protein plays a critical role in the functional regulation of the hyperphosphorylated neuronal Tau protein in Alzheimer's disease and is by itself regulated by phosphorylation. We have used Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to both identify the PKA phosphorylation site in the Pin1 WW domain and investigate the functional consequences of this phosphorylation. Detection and identification of phosphorylation on serine/threonine residues in a globular protein, while mostly occurring in solvent-exposed flexible loops, does not lead to chemical shift changes as obvious as in disordered proteins and hence does not necessarily shift the resonances outside the spectrum of the folded protein. Other complications were encountered to characterize the extent of the phosphorylation, as part of the (1)H,(15)N amide resonances around the phosphorylation site are specifically broadened in the unphosphorylated state. Despite these obstacles, NMR spectroscopy was an efficient tool to confirm phosphorylation on S16 of the WW domain and to quantify the level of phosphorylation. Based on this analytical characterization, we show that WW phosphorylation on S16 abolishes its binding capacity to a phosphorylated Tau peptide. A reduced conformational heterogeneity and flexibility of the phospho-binding loop upon S16 phosphorylation could account for part of the decreased affinity for its phosphorylated partner. Additionally, a structural model of the phospho-WW obtained by molecular dynamics simulation and energy minimization suggests that the phosphate moiety of phospho-S16 could compete with the phospho-substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Smet-Nocca
- Institut Fédératif de Recherches 147, CNRS UMR 8576, Université de Lille-Nord de France, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
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9
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Kimura T, Tsutsumi K, Taoka M, Saito T, Masuda-Suzukake M, Ishiguro K, Plattner F, Uchida T, Isobe T, Hasegawa M, Hisanaga SI. Isomerase Pin1 stimulates dephosphorylation of tau protein at cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk5)-dependent Alzheimer phosphorylation sites. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:7968-7977. [PMID: 23362255 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.433326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases associated with the pathological aggregation of microtubule-associated protein Tau are classified as tauopathies. Alzheimer disease, the most common tauopathy, is characterized by neurofibrillary tangles that are mainly composed of abnormally phosphorylated Tau. Similar hyperphosphorylated Tau lesions are found in patients with frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17) that is induced by mutations within the tau gene. To further understand the etiology of tauopathies, it will be important to elucidate the mechanism underlying Tau hyperphosphorylation. Tau phosphorylation occurs mainly at proline-directed Ser/Thr sites, which are targeted by protein kinases such as GSK3β and Cdk5. We reported previously that dephosphorylation of Tau at Cdk5-mediated sites was enhanced by Pin1, a peptidyl-prolyl isomerase that stimulates dephosphorylation at proline-directed sites by protein phosphatase 2A. Pin1 deficiency is suggested to cause Tau hyperphosphorylation in Alzheimer disease. Up to the present, Pin1 binding was only shown for two Tau phosphorylation sites (Thr-212 and Thr-231) despite the presence of many more hyperphosphorylated sites. Here, we analyzed the interaction of Pin1 with Tau phosphorylated by Cdk5-p25 using a GST pulldown assay and Biacore approach. We found that Pin1 binds and stimulates dephosphorylation of Tau at all Cdk5-mediated sites (Ser-202, Thr-205, Ser-235, and Ser-404). Furthermore, FTDP-17 mutant Tau (P301L or R406W) showed slightly weaker Pin1 binding than non-mutated Tau, suggesting that FTDP-17 mutations induce hyperphosphorylation by reducing the interaction between Pin1 and Tau. Together, these results indicate that Pin1 is generally involved in the regulation of Tau hyperphosphorylation and hence the etiology of tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeko Kimura
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Koji Tsutsumi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Masato Taoka
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Taro Saito
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | | | - Koichi Ishiguro
- Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Science, Machida, Tokyo 194-8511, Japan
| | - Florian Plattner
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9070
| | - Takafumi Uchida
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8555, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Isobe
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Masato Hasegawa
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Hisanaga
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan.
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10
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Kang C, Bharatham N, Chia J, Mu Y, Baek K, Yoon HS. The natively disordered loop of Bcl-2 undergoes phosphorylation-dependent conformational change and interacts with Pin1. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52047. [PMID: 23272207 PMCID: PMC3525568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bcl-2 plays a central role in the regulation of apoptosis. Structural studies of Bcl-2 revealed the presence of a flexible and natively disordered loop that bridges the Bcl-2 homology motifs, BH3 and BH4. This loop is phosphorylated on multiple sites in response to a variety of external stimuli, including the microtubule-targeting drugs, paclitaxel and colchicine. Currently, the underlying molecular mechanism of Bcl-2 phosphorylation and its biological significance remain elusive. In this study, we investigated the molecular characteristics of this anti-apoptotic protein. To this end, we generated synthetic peptides derived from the Bcl-2 loop, and multiple Bcl-2 loop truncation mutants that include the phosphorylation sites. Our results demonstrate that S87 in the flexible loop of Bcl-2 is the primary phosphorylation site for JNK and ERK2, suggesting some sequence or structural specificity for the phosphorylation by these kinases. Our NMR studies and molecular dynamics simulation studies support indicate that phosphorylation of S87 induces a conformational change in the peptide. Finally, we show that the phosphorylated peptides of the Bcl-2 loop can bind Pin1, further substantiating the phosphorylation-mediated conformation change of Bcl-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- CongBao Kang
- Division of Structural and Computational Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: (CK); (HSY)
| | - Nagakumar Bharatham
- Division of Structural and Computational Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joel Chia
- Division of Structural and Computational Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yuguang Mu
- Division of Structural and Computational Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kwanghee Baek
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Sup Yoon
- Division of Structural and Computational Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (CK); (HSY)
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11
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De S, Greenwood AI, Rogals MJ, Kovrigin EL, Lu KP, Nicholson LK. Complete thermodynamic and kinetic characterization of the isomer-specific interaction between Pin1-WW domain and the amyloid precursor protein cytoplasmic tail phosphorylated at Thr668. Biochemistry 2012; 51:8583-96. [PMID: 23025283 DOI: 10.1021/bi3008214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerization acts as an effective molecular timer that plays significant roles in biological and pathological processes. Enzymes such as Pin1 catalyze cis-trans isomerization, accelerating the otherwise slow isomerization rate into time scales relevant for cellular signaling. Here we have combined NMR line shape analysis, fluorescence spectroscopy, and isothermal titration calorimetry to determine the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters describing the trans-specific interaction between the binding domain of Pin1 (WW domain) and a key cis-trans molecular switch in the amyloid precursor protein cytoplasmic tail. A three-state model, in which the cis-trans isomerization equilibrium is coupled to the binding equilibrium through the trans isomer, was found to fit the data well. The trans isomer binds the WW domain with ∼22 μM affinity via very fast association (approaching the diffusion limit) and dissociation rates. The common structural and electrostatic characteristics of Pin1 substrates, which contain a phosphorylated serine/threonine-proline motif, suggest that very rapid binding kinetics are a general feature of Pin1 interactions with other substrates. The fast binding kinetics of the WW domain allows rapid response of Pin1 to the dynamic events of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation in the cell that alter the relative populations of diverse Pin1 substrates. Furthermore, our results also highlight the vastly different rates at which slow uncatalyzed cis-trans isomerization and fast isomer-specific binding events occur. These results, along with the experimental methods presented herein, should guide future experiments aimed at the thermodynamic and kinetic characterization of cis-trans molecular switches and isomer-specific interactions involved in various biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya De
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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12
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Zinglé C, Kuntz L, Tritsch D, Grosdemange-Billiard C, Rohmer M. Isoprenoid biosynthesis via the methylerythritol phosphate pathway: structural variations around phosphonate anchor and spacer of fosmidomycin, a potent inhibitor of deoxyxylulose phosphate reductoisomerase. J Org Chem 2010; 75:3203-7. [PMID: 20429517 DOI: 10.1021/jo9024732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fosmidomycin and its analogue FR-900098 are potent inhibitors of 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate reducto-isomerase (DXR), the second enzyme of the MEP pathway for the biosynthesis of isoprenoids. This paper describes the synthesis of analogues of the two reverse phosphonohydroxamic acids 3 and 4, in which the length of the carbon spacer is modified, the N-methyl group of 3 is replaced by an ethyl group, and the phosphate group is replaced by potential isosteric moieties, i.e., sulfonate or carboxylate functionalities. The potential of the synthesized analogues to inhibit the E. coli DXR was evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Zinglé
- Université de Strasbourg/CNRS, Strasbourg, UMR 7177, Institut Le Bel, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67070 Strasbourg, France
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13
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Mercedes-Camacho AY, Etzkorn FA. Enzyme-linked enzyme-binding assay for Pin1 WW domain ligands. Anal Biochem 2010; 402:77-82. [PMID: 20230769 PMCID: PMC2876714 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Revised: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) interacting with NIMA-1 (Pin1) catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of pSer/pThr-Pro amide bonds. Pin1 is a two-domain protein that represents a promising target for the treatment of cancer. Both domains of Pin1 bind the pSer/pThr-Pro motif; PPIase enzymatic activity occurs in the catalytic domain, and the WW domain acts as a recognition module for the pSer/pThr-Pro motif. An assay we call an enzyme-linked enzyme-binding assay (ELEBA) was developed to measure the K(d) of ligands that bind selectively to the WW domain. A ligand specific for the WW domain of Pin1 was covalently immobilized in a 96-well plate. Commercially available Pin1 conjugated to horseradish peroxidase was used for chemiluminescent detection of ligands that block the association of the WW domain with immobilized ligand. The peptide ligands were derived from the cell cycle regulatory phosphatase, Cdc25c, residues 45-50. The K(d) values for Fmoc-VPRpTPVGGGK-NH2 and Ac-VPRpTPV-NH2 were determined to be 36+/-4 and 110+/-30 microM, respectively. The ELEBA offers a selective approach for detecting ligands that bind to the Pin1 WW domain, even in the presence of the catalytic domain. This method may be applied to any dual specificity, multidomain protein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Felicia A. Etzkorn
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
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14
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Wu B, Rega MF, Wei J, Yuan H, Dahl R, Zhang Z, Pellecchia M. Discovery and binding studies on a series of novel Pin1 ligands. Chem Biol Drug Des 2009; 73:369-79. [PMID: 19291099 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2009.00795.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Pin1 plays a key role in various biological cellular processes via the recognition of phosphorylated Ser/Thr-Proline motifs. Moreover, high expression levels of Pin1 are correlated to tumorgenesis in some cancer types. Here, we identify a novel series of small molecular weight compounds with a core structure mimicking the phoshorylated serine. The binding affinity and binding mode of the compounds for Pin1 are analyzed via NMR spectroscopy and computational studies. The reported chemical probes and relative binding data to Pin1 represent valuable stepping stones for the validation of Pin1 as target for drug discovery and for eventually the development of possible lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bainan Wu
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center and Cancer Center, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Checler F, Buée L. Données fondamentales sur les pathologies amyloïde et Tau dans la maladie d’Alzheimer : quelles perspectives thérapeutiques ? ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2009; 67:136-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2009.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2008] [Revised: 01/18/2009] [Accepted: 01/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Bertolucci CM, Guibao CD, Zheng JJ. Phosphorylation of paxillin LD4 destabilizes helix formation and inhibits binding to focal adhesion kinase. Biochemistry 2007; 47:548-54. [PMID: 18092823 DOI: 10.1021/bi702103n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cell migration is a dynamic process that requires the coordinated formation and disassembly of focal adhesions (FAs). Several proteins such as paxillin, focal adhesion kinase (FAK), and G protein-coupled receptor kinase-interacting protein 1 (GIT1) are known to play a regulatory role in FA disassembly and turnover. However, the mechanisms by which this occurs remain to be elucidated. Paxillin has been shown to bind the C-terminal domain of FAK in FAs, and an increasing number of studies have linked paxillin association with GIT1 during focal adhesion disassembly. It has been reported recently that phosphorylation of serine 273 in the LD4 motif of paxillin leads to an increased association with Git1 and focal adhesion turnover. In the present study, we examined the effects of phosphorylation of the LD4 peptide on its binding affinity to the C-terminal domain of FAK. We show that phosphorylation of LD4 results in a reduction of binding affinity to FAK. This reduction in binding affinity is not due to the introduction of electrostatic repulsion or steric effects but rather by a destabilization of the helical propensity of the LD4 motif. These results further our understanding of the focal adhesion turnover mechanism as well as identify a novel process by which phosphorylation can modulate intracellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig M Bertolucci
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
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A Novel Synthesis of Highly Substituted Perhydropyrrolizines, Perhydroindolizines, and Pyrrolidines: Inhibition of the Peptidyl-Prolylcis/trans Isomerase (PPIase) Pin1. Helv Chim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200790028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Wieruszeski JM, Landrieu I, Hanoulle X, Lippens G. ELISE NMR: experimental liquid sealing of NMR samples. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2006; 181:199-202. [PMID: 16709462 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2006.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2006] [Revised: 04/13/2006] [Accepted: 04/18/2006] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We present a simple, generally applicable approach to prevent sample evaporation when working at elevated temperatures in high resolution NMR. It consists of experimentally sealing the NMR sample by a second liquid (Experimental Liquid Sealing, ELISE). For aqueous samples, we identified the mineral oil commonly used in PCR application as the best candidate, because it contains only a very limited amount of water-soluble contaminants, is stable over time and heat resistant. The procedure does not interfere with shim settings, and is compatible with a wide variety of samples, including oligosaccharides and proteins. For chloroform samples, a simple drop of water allows to efficiently seal the sample, avoiding solvent evaporation even over lengthy time periods.
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Galas MC, Dourlen P, Bégard S, Ando K, Blum D, Hamdane M, Buée L. The Peptidylprolyl cis/trans-Isomerase Pin1 Modulates Stress-induced Dephosphorylation of Tau in Neurons. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:19296-304. [PMID: 16675464 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m601849200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Deregulation of Tau phosphorylation is a key question in Alzheimer disease pathogenesis. Recently, Pin1, a peptidylprolyl cis/trans-isomerase, was proposed to be a new modulator in Tau phosphorylation in Alzheimer disease. In vitro, Pin1 was reported to present a high affinity for both Thr(P)-231, a crucial site for microtubule binding, and Thr(P)-212. In fact, Pin1 may facilitate Thr(P)-231 dephosphorylation by protein phosphatase 2A through trans isomerization of the Thr(P)-Pro peptide bound. However, whether Pin1 binding to Tau leads to isomerization of a single site or of multiple Ser/Thr(P)-Pro sites in vivo is still unknown. In the present study, Pin1 involvement was investigated in stress-induced Tau dephosphorylation with protein phosphatase 2A activation. Both oxidative (H2O2) and heat stresses induced hypophosphorylation of a large set of phospho-Tau epitopes in primary cortical cultures. In both cases, juglone, a Pin1 pharmacological inhibitor, partially prevented dephosphorylation of Tau at Thr-231 among a set of phosphoepitopes tested. Moreover, Pin1 is physiologically found in neurons and partially co-localized with Tau. Furthermore, in Pin1-deficient neuronal primary cultures, H2O2 stress-induced Tau dephosphorylation at Thr(P)-231 was significantly lower than in wild type neurons. Finally, Pin1 transfection in Pin1-deficient neuronal cell cultures allowed for rescuing the effect of H2O2 stress-induced Tau dephosphorylation, whereas a Pin1 catalytic mutant did not. This is the first demonstration of an in situ Pin1 involvement in a differential Tau dephosphorylation on the full-length multiphosphorylated substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Christine Galas
- INSERM U815, Institut de Médecine Prédictive et Recherche Thérapeutique, 59045 Lille Cedex, France
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Wildemann D, Erdmann F, Alvarez BH, Stoller G, Zhou XZ, Fanghänel J, Schutkowski M, Lu KP, Fischer G. Nanomolar inhibitors of the peptidyl prolyl cis/trans isomerase Pin1 from combinatorial peptide libraries. J Med Chem 2006; 49:2147-50. [PMID: 16570909 DOI: 10.1021/jm060036n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The peptidyl prolyl cis/trans isomerase Pin1 has been implicated in the development of cancer, Alzheimer's disease and asthma, but highly specific and potent Pin1 inhibitors remain to be identified. Here, by screening a combinatorial peptide library, we identified a series of nanomolar peptidic inhibitors. Nonproteinogenic amino acids, incorporated into 5-mer to 8-mer oligopeptides containing a d-phosphothreonine as a central template, yielded selective inhibitors that blocked cell cycle progression in HeLa cells in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Wildemann
- Max Planck Research Unit for Enzymology of Protein Folding, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
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