1
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Bigiotti C, Bianconi E, Ruta L, Grottelli S, Coletti A, Dindo M, Carotti A, Cellini B, Macchiarulo A. Molecular Dynamics-Ensemble Docking and Biophysical Studies for Structure-Based Identification of Non-Amino Acidic Ligands of DDAH-1. J Chem Inf Model 2024; 64:6866-6879. [PMID: 39177258 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.4c01150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase-1 (DDAH-1) accounts for the catabolism of the endogenous inhibitors of nitric oxide (NO) synthases, namely, ADMA (Nω,Nω-dimethyl-l-arginine) and NMMA (Nω-monomethyl-l-arginine). Inhibition of DDAH-1 may prove a therapeutic benefit in diseases associated with elevated nitric oxide (NO) levels by providing a tissue-specific increase of ADMA and NMMA. In this work, we have used molecular dynamics to generate a pool of DDAH-1 conformations in the apo and holo forms. Ensemble docking has been instrumental in screening an in-house fragment-based library of 824 compounds. Resulting virtual hits have been validated for their binding activity to recombinant human DDAH-1 using microscale thermophoresis (MST). As a key result, three non-amino acidic ligands of DDAH-1 (VIS212, VIS268, VIS726) are identified with higher binding efficiency index than ADMA. Amid these compounds, purpurogallin (VIS726) proves a potent ligand of DDAH-1, showing a mixed behavior of enzymatic inhibition in a biochemical assay. This finding widens the panel of known molecular targets of purpurogallin and provides clues into the molecular mechanisms of its cellular NO inhibition activity as well as its anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Bigiotti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Elisa Bianconi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Luana Ruta
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, P.le Gambuli, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Silvia Grottelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, P.le Gambuli, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Alice Coletti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Mirco Dindo
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, P.le Gambuli, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Carotti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Barbara Cellini
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, P.le Gambuli, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonio Macchiarulo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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2
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Doman AJ, Perkins MV, Tommasi S, Mangoni AA, Nair PC. Recent advances in DDAH1 inhibitor design and discovery: insights from structure-activity relationships and X-ray crystal structures. RSC Adv 2024; 14:9619-9630. [PMID: 38525060 PMCID: PMC10958460 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra08210e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signalling molecule which modulates several biological and pathological processes. Dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 1 (DDAH1) plays a key role indirectly regulating NO concentrations in the body. It has been shown that DDAH1 inhibition may be an effective therapeutic strategy in certain pathological states in which excessive NO is produced. In recent years, specific DDAH1 inhibitors have shown promise in suppressing abnormal neovascularization in cancer. However, the available DDAH1 inhibitors lack potency and selectivity and are mostly arginine-based. Further, these inhibitors display unfavourable pharmacokinetics and have not been tested in humans. Thus, the development of potent, selective, and chemically diverse DDAH1 inhibitors is essential. In this review, we examine the structure activity relationships (SARs) and X-ray crystal structures of known DDAH1 inhibitors. Then, we discuss current challenges in the design and development of novel DDAH1 inhibitors and provide future directions for developing potent and chemically diverse compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Doman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Flinders Medical Centre, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network Adelaide Australia
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Flinders University Adelaide Australia +61-8-82043155
| | - Michael V Perkins
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University Adelaide Australia
| | - Sara Tommasi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Flinders Medical Centre, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network Adelaide Australia
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Flinders University Adelaide Australia +61-8-82043155
| | - Arduino A Mangoni
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Flinders Medical Centre, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network Adelaide Australia
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Flinders University Adelaide Australia +61-8-82043155
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University Adelaide Australia
| | - Pramod C Nair
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Flinders University Adelaide Australia +61-8-82043155
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University Adelaide Australia
- Cancer Program, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
- Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
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3
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Ceruti T, Frapolli R, Ghilardi C, Decio A, Dellavedova G, Tommasi S, Zucchetti M, Mangoni AA. Development of a HPLC-MS/MS Method to Assess the Pharmacokinetics and Tumour Distribution of the Dimethylarginine Dimethylaminohydrolase 1 Inhibitors ZST316 and L-257 in a Xenograft Model of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer in Mice. Molecules 2023; 28:8056. [PMID: 38138547 PMCID: PMC10746103 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28248056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe the development and validation of an HPLC-MS/MS method to assess the pharmacokinetics and tumour distribution of ZST316, an arginine analogue with inhibitory activity towards dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 1 (DDAH1) and vasculogenic mimicry, and its active metabolite L-257 in a xenograft model of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). The method proved to be reproducible, precise, and highly accurate for the measurement of both compounds in plasma and tumour tissue following acute and chronic (five days) intraperitoneal administration of ZST316 (30 mg/Kg daily) in six-week-old severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) mice inoculated with MDA-MB-231 TNBC cells. ZST316 was detected in tumour tissue and plasma after 1 h (6.47 and 9.01 μM, respectively) and 24 h (0.13 and 0.16 μM, respectively) following acute administration, without accumulation during chronic treatment. Similarly, the metabolite L-257 was found in tumour tissue and plasma after 1 h (15.06 and 8.72 μM, respectively) and 24 h (0.17 and 0.17 μM, respectively) following acute administration of ZST316, without accumulation during chronic treatment. The half-life after acute and chronic treatment ranged between 4.4-7.1 h (plasma) and 4.5-5.0 h (tumour) for ZST316, and 4.2-5.3 h (plasma) and 3.6-4.9 h (tumour) for L-257. The results of our study demonstrate the (a) capacity to accurately measure ZST316 and L-257 concentrations in plasma and tumour tissue in mice using the newly developed HPLC-MS/MS method, (b) rapid conversion of ZST316 into L-257, (c) good intra-tumour penetration of both compounds, and (d) lack of accumulation of both ZST316 and L-257 in plasma and tumour tissue during chronic administration. Compared to a previous method developed by our group to investigate ZST316 in plasma, the main advantages of the new method include a wider range of linearity which reduces the need for dilutions and the combined assessment of ZST316 and L-257 in plasma and tumour tissue which limits the required amount of matrix. The new HPLC-MS/MS method is useful to investigate the in vivo effects of ZST316 and L-257 on vasculogenic mimicry, tumour mass, and metastatic burden in xenograft models of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Ceruti
- Laboratory of Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Instituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy; (T.C.); (R.F.); (M.Z.)
| | - Roberta Frapolli
- Laboratory of Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Instituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy; (T.C.); (R.F.); (M.Z.)
| | - Carmen Ghilardi
- Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Therapeutics, Department of Oncology, Instituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy; (C.G.); (A.D.); (G.D.)
| | - Alessandra Decio
- Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Therapeutics, Department of Oncology, Instituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy; (C.G.); (A.D.); (G.D.)
| | - Giulia Dellavedova
- Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Therapeutics, Department of Oncology, Instituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy; (C.G.); (A.D.); (G.D.)
| | - Sara Tommasi
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia;
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Flinders Medical Centre, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Massimo Zucchetti
- Laboratory of Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Instituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy; (T.C.); (R.F.); (M.Z.)
| | - Arduino A. Mangoni
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia;
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Flinders Medical Centre, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
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4
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Rojas-Aguilar FA, Briones-Aranda A, Jaramillo-Morales OA, Romero-Nava R, Esquinca-Avilés HA, Espinosa-Juárez JV. The Additive Antinociceptive Effect of Resveratrol and Ketorolac in the Formalin Test in Mice. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1078. [PMID: 37630993 PMCID: PMC10460057 DOI: 10.3390/ph16081078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pain represents one of the leading causes of suffering and disability worldwide. Currently available drugs cannot treat all types of pain and may have adverse effects. Hence, the use of pharmacological combinations is an alternative treatment strategy. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the combination of resveratrol and ketorolac through isobolographic analysis. CD1 mice were used to study the antinociceptive effect of this combination using the formalin test and the study was divided into two phases. In the first phase, four individual doses of each drug were evaluated, totaling eight testing groups. From these data, the median effective doses (ED50) of each drug were calculated. In the second phase, four testing groups were used to evaluate the combination of sub-doses of both drugs and obtain the experimental ED50. To evaluate gastric damage, five groups were employed, including indomethacin, vehicle, resveratrol, ketorolac, and combined resveratrol and ketorolac groups. Stomach samples from the mice were taken after 5 h of treatment, and the area of the ulcers was determined. Resveratrol plus ketorolac elicited a reduction in nociceptive behavior during both phases of the formalin test, and isobologram analysis revealed that the theoretical and experimental ED50 values of resveratrol and ketorolac did not differ significantly, implying an additive interaction between the drugs. Additionally, the drug combination did not generate gastric ulcers, thus enhancing the desired effects without increasing the adverse effects. Consequently, these findings substantiate the efficacy of the resveratrol and ketorolac combination in the formalin test, thereby highlighting its potential as a viable alternative for alleviating pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fidencio Abner Rojas-Aguilar
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico 11340, Mexico; (F.A.R.-A.); (R.R.-N.)
| | - Alfredo Briones-Aranda
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez 29050, Chiapas, Mexico;
| | - Osmar Antonio Jaramillo-Morales
- División de Ciencias de la Vida, Departamento de Enfermería y Obstetricia, Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Universidad de Guanajuato, Irapuato 36500, Guanajuato, Mexico;
| | - Rodrigo Romero-Nava
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico 11340, Mexico; (F.A.R.-A.); (R.R.-N.)
| | | | - Josué Vidal Espinosa-Juárez
- Escuela de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Ocozocoautla de Espinosa 29140, Chiapas, Mexico;
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5
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Doman AJ, Tommasi S, Perkins MV, McKinnon RA, Mangoni AA, Nair PC. Chemical similarities and differences among inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase, arginase and dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase-1: implications for the design of novel enzyme inhibitors modulating the nitric oxide pathway. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 72:116970. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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6
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Discovery of N-(4-Aminobutyl)- N'-(2-methoxyethyl)guanidine as the First Selective, Nonamino Acid, Catalytic Site Inhibitor of Human Dimethylarginine Dimethylaminohydrolase-1 ( hDDAH-1). J Med Chem 2020; 63:425-432. [PMID: 31841335 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
N-(4-Aminobutyl)-N'-(2-methoxyethyl)guanidine (8a) is a potent inhibitor targeting the hDDAH-1 active site (Ki = 18 μM) and derived from a series of guanidine- and amidine-based inhibitors. Its nonamino acid nature leads to high selectivities toward other enzymes of the nitric oxide-modulating system. Crystallographic data of 8a-bound hDDAH-1 illuminated a unique binding mode. Together with its developed N-hydroxyguanidine prodrug 11, 8a will serve as a most widely applicable, pharmacological tool to target DDAH-1-associated diseases.
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7
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Hulin JA, Gubareva EA, Jarzebska N, Rodionov RN, Mangoni AA, Tommasi S. Inhibition of Dimethylarginine Dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH) Enzymes as an Emerging Therapeutic Strategy to Target Angiogenesis and Vasculogenic Mimicry in Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 9:1455. [PMID: 31993367 PMCID: PMC6962312 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The small free radical gas nitric oxide (NO) plays a key role in various physiological and pathological processes through enhancement of endothelial cell survival and proliferation. In particular, NO has emerged as a molecule of interest in carcinogenesis and tumor progression due to its crucial role in various cancer-related events including cell invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis. The dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH) family of enzymes metabolize the endogenous nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors, asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and monomethyl arginine (L-NMMA), and are thus key for maintaining homeostatic control of NO. Dysregulation of the DDAH/ADMA/NO pathway resulting in increased local NO availability often promotes tumor growth, angiogenesis, and vasculogenic mimicry. Recent literature has demonstrated increased DDAH expression in tumors of different origins and has also suggested a potential ADMA-independent role for DDAH enzymes in addition to their well-studied ADMA-mediated influence on NO. Inhibition of DDAH expression and/or activity in cell culture models and in vivo studies has indicated the potential therapeutic benefit of this pathway through inhibition of both angiogenesis and vasculogenic mimicry, and strategies for manipulating DDAH function in cancer are currently being actively pursued by several research groups. This review will thus provide a timely discussion on the expression, regulation, and function of DDAH enzymes in regard to angiogenesis and vasculogenic mimicry, and will offer insight into the therapeutic potential of DDAH inhibition in cancer based on preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie-Ann Hulin
- Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ekaterina A Gubareva
- N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Natalia Jarzebska
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Center for Vascular Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Roman N Rodionov
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Center for Vascular Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Arduino A Mangoni
- Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sara Tommasi
- Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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8
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Kapp TG, Fottner M, Kessler H. Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28518069 DOI: 10.3791/54873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The guanidine group is one of the most important pharmacophoric groups in medicinal chemistry. The only amino acid carrying a guanidine group is arginine. In this article, an easy method for the modification of the guanidine group in peptidic ligands is provided, with an example of RGD-binding integrin ligands. It was recently demonstrated that the distinct modification of the guanidine group in these ligands allows for the selective modulation of the subtype (e.g., between the subtypes αv and α5). Moreover, a formerly unknown strategy for the functionalization via the guanidine group was demonstrated, and the synthetic approach is reviewed in this document. The modifications described here involve terminally (Nω) alkylated and acetylated guanidine groups. For the synthesis, tailor-made precursor molecules are synthesized, which are then subjected to a reaction with an orthogonally deprotected amine to transfer the pre-modified guanidine group. For the synthesis of alkylated guanidines, precursors based on N,N'-Di-Boc-1H-pyrazole-1-carboxamidine are used to synthesize acylated compounds, the precursor of choice being a correspondingly acylated derivative of N-Boc-S-methylisothiourea, which can be obtained in one- and two-step reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias G Kapp
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München;
| | | | - Horst Kessler
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München
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9
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Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text. Inhibition of dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 1 attenuates pain-related behavior and hyperexcitability in pain conditions associated with excessive nitric oxide production, representing a novel therapeutic target. Activation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase, and consequent production of nitric oxide (NO), contributes to spinal hyperexcitability and enhanced pain sensation. All NOS isoforms are inhibited endogenously by asymmetric dimethylarginine, which itself is metabolised by dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH). Inhibition of DDAH can indirectly attenuate NO production by elevating asymmetric dimethylarginine concentrations. Here, we show that the DDAH-1 isoform is constitutively active in the nervous system, specifically in the spinal dorsal horn. DDAH-1 was found to be expressed in sensory neurons within both the dorsal root ganglia and spinal dorsal horn; L-291 (NG–[2-Methoxyethyl]-l-arginine methyl ester), a DDAH-1 inhibitor, reduced NO synthesis in cultured dorsal root ganglia neurons. Spinal application of L-291 decreased N-methyl-d-aspartate–dependent postdischarge and windup of dorsal horn sensory neurons—2 measures of spinal hyperexcitability. Finally, spinal application of L-291 reduced both neuronal and behavioral measures of formalin-induced central sensitization. Thus, DDAH-1 may be a potential therapeutic target in neuronal disorders, such as chronic pain, where elevated NO is a contributing factor.
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10
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Inhibitors of the Hydrolytic Enzyme Dimethylarginine Dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH): Discovery, Synthesis and Development. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21050615. [PMID: 27187323 PMCID: PMC6273216 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21050615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH) is a highly conserved hydrolytic enzyme found in numerous species, including bacteria, rodents, and humans. In humans, the DDAH-1 isoform is known to metabolize endogenous asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and monomethyl arginine (l-NMMA), with ADMA proposed to be a putative marker of cardiovascular disease. Current literature reports identify the DDAH family of enzymes as a potential therapeutic target in the regulation of nitric oxide (NO) production, mediated via its biochemical interaction with the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) family of enzymes. Increased DDAH expression and NO production have been linked to multiple pathological conditions, specifically, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and septic shock. As such, the discovery, chemical synthesis, and development of DDAH inhibitors as potential drug candidates represent a growing field of interest. This review article summarizes the current knowledge on DDAH inhibition and the derived pharmacokinetic parameters of the main DDAH inhibitors reported in the literature. Furthermore, current methods of development and chemical synthetic pathways are discussed.
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11
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Gazdik M, Jarman KE, O'Neill MT, Hodder AN, Lowes KN, Jousset Sabroux H, Cowman AF, Boddey JA, Sleebs BE. Exploration of the P3 region of PEXEL peptidomimetics leads to a potent inhibitor of the Plasmodium protease, plasmepsin V. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:1993-2010. [PMID: 27021426 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The use of arginine isosteres is a known strategy to overcome poor membrane permeability commonly associated with peptides or peptidomimetics that possess this highly polar amino acid. Here, we apply this strategy to peptidomimetics that are potent inhibitors of the malarial protease, plasmepsin V, with the aim of enhancing their activity against Plasmodium parasites, and exploring the structure-activity relationship of the P3 arginine within the S3 pocket of plasmepsin V. Of the arginine isosteres trialled in the P3 position, we discovered that canavanine was the ideal and that this peptidomimetic potently inhibits plasmepsin V, efficiently blocks protein export and inhibits parasite growth. Structure studies of the peptidomimetics bound to plasmepsin V provided insight into the structural basis for the enzyme activity observed in vitro and provides further evidence why plasmepsin V is highly sensitive to substrate modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Gazdik
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Kate E Jarman
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Matthew T O'Neill
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Anthony N Hodder
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Kym N Lowes
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Helene Jousset Sabroux
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Alan F Cowman
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Justin A Boddey
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Brad E Sleebs
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia.
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12
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Kapp TG, Fottner M, Maltsev OV, Kessler H. Kleine Ursache, große Wirkung: Modifikation der Guanidiniumgruppe im RGD-Motiv reguliert die Integrinsubtypselektivität. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201508713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias G. Kapp
- Institute for Advanced Study and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM); Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching Deutschland
| | - Maximilian Fottner
- Institute for Advanced Study and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM); Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching Deutschland
| | - Oleg V. Maltsev
- Institute for Advanced Study and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM); Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching Deutschland
| | - Horst Kessler
- Institute for Advanced Study and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM); Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching Deutschland
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13
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Kapp TG, Fottner M, Maltsev OV, Kessler H. Small Cause, Great Impact: Modification of the Guanidine Group in the RGD Motif Controls Integrin Subtype Selectivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 55:1540-3. [PMID: 26663700 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201508713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Due to its unique role as a hydrogen-bond donor and its positive charge, the guanidine group is an important pharmacophoric group and often used in synthetic ligands. The chemical modification of the guanidine group is often considered to destroy its function. Herein, we show that the N-methylation, N-alkylation, or N-acylation of the guanidine group can be used to modify the receptor subtype specificity of the integrin ligand cilengitide. Using the αvβ6/α5β1-biselective ligand c(isoDGRkphg) and the αvβ6-specific ligand c(FRGDLAFp(NMe)K(Ac) as examples, we show that the binding affinities of the ligands can be fine-tuned by this method to enhance the selectivity for αvβ6. Furthermore, we describe a new strategy for the functionalization of integrin ligands. By introducing longer N-alkylguanidine and N-acylguanidine groups, we are able to simultaneously identify a hitherto unknown anchoring point and enhance the subtype selectivity of the ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias G Kapp
- Institute for Advanced Study and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747, Garching b. München, Germany
| | - Maximilian Fottner
- Institute for Advanced Study and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747, Garching b. München, Germany
| | - Oleg V Maltsev
- Institute for Advanced Study and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747, Garching b. München, Germany
| | - Horst Kessler
- Institute for Advanced Study and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747, Garching b. München, Germany.
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14
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Tommasi S, Zanato C, Lewis BC, Nair PC, Dall'Angelo S, Zanda M, Mangoni AA. Arginine analogues incorporating carboxylate bioisosteric functions are micromolar inhibitors of human recombinant DDAH-1. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:11315-30. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01843a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Arginine analogues incorporating carboxylate bioisosteric functional groups exhibit low micromolar inhibitory potential against human dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH), a key enzyme in the nitric oxide pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Tommasi
- Kosterlitz Centre for Therapeutics
- Institute of Medical Sciences
- School of Medical Sciences
- University of Aberdeen
- Aberdeen AB25 2ZD
| | - Chiara Zanato
- Kosterlitz Centre for Therapeutics
- Institute of Medical Sciences
- School of Medical Sciences
- University of Aberdeen
- Aberdeen AB25 2ZD
| | - Benjamin C. Lewis
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology
- School of Medicine
- Flinders University and Flinders Medical Centre
- Australia
| | - Pramod C. Nair
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology
- School of Medicine
- Flinders University and Flinders Medical Centre
- Australia
| | - Sergio Dall'Angelo
- Kosterlitz Centre for Therapeutics
- Institute of Medical Sciences
- School of Medical Sciences
- University of Aberdeen
- Aberdeen AB25 2ZD
| | - Matteo Zanda
- Kosterlitz Centre for Therapeutics
- Institute of Medical Sciences
- School of Medical Sciences
- University of Aberdeen
- Aberdeen AB25 2ZD
| | - Arduino A. Mangoni
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology
- School of Medicine
- Flinders University and Flinders Medical Centre
- Australia
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15
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Liu MT, Nagre NN, Ryan K. Structurally diverse low molecular weight activators of the mammalian pre-mRNA 3' cleavage reaction. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:834-41. [PMID: 24373842 PMCID: PMC4018835 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The 3' end formation of mammalian pre-mRNA contributes to gene expression regulation by setting the downstream boundary of the 3' untranslated region, which in many genes carries regulatory sequences. A large number of protein cleavage factors participate in this pre-mRNA processing step, but chemical tools to manipulate this process are lacking. Guided by a hypothesis that a PPM1 family phosphatase negatively regulates the 3' cleavage reaction, we have found a variety of new small molecule activators of the in vitro reconstituted pre-mRNA 3' cleavage reaction. New activators include a cyclic peptide PPM1D inhibitor, a dipeptide with modifications common to histone tails, abscisic acid and an improved l-arginine β-naphthylamide analog. The minimal concentration required for in vitro cleavage has been improved from 200μM to the 200nM-100μM range. These compounds provide unexpected leads in the search for small molecule tools able to affect pre-mRNA 3' end formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ting Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The City College of New York, The City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Nagaraja N Nagre
- Department of Chemistry, The City College of New York, The City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Kevin Ryan
- Department of Chemistry, The City College of New York, The City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA.
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16
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Rochette L, Lorin J, Zeller M, Guilland JC, Lorgis L, Cottin Y, Vergely C. Nitric oxide synthase inhibition and oxidative stress in cardiovascular diseases: Possible therapeutic targets? Pharmacol Ther 2013; 140:239-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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17
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Zhang F, Chen L, Liu C, Qiu P, Wang A, Li L, Wang H. Up-regulation of protein tyrosine nitration in methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity through DDAH/ADMA/NOS pathway. Neurochem Int 2013; 62:1055-64. [PMID: 23583342 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 03/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine nitration is an important post-translational modification mediated by nitric oxide (NO) associated oxidative stress, occurring in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases. In our previous study, an elevated level of dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 1 (DDAH1) protein was observed in different brain regions of acute methamphetamine (METH) treated rats, indicating the possibility of an enhanced expression of protein nitration that is mediated by excess NO through the DDAH1/ADMA (Asymmetric Dimethylated l-arginine)/NOS (Nitric Oxide Synthase) pathway. In the present study, proteomic methods, including stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) and two dimensional electrophoresis, were used to determine the relationship between protein nitration and METH induced neurotoxicity in acute METH treated rats and PC12 cells. We found that acute METH administration evokes a positive activation of DDAH1/ADMA/NOS pathway and results in an over-production of NO in different brain regions of rat and PC12 cells, whereas the whole signaling could be repressed by DDAH1 inhibitor N(ω)-(2-methoxyethyl)-arginine (l-257). In addition, enhanced expressions of 3 nitroproteins were identified in rat striatum and increased levels of 27 nitroproteins were observed in PC12 cells. These nitrated proteins are key factors for Cdk5 activation, cytoskeletal structure, ribosomes function, etc. l-257 also displayed significant protective effects against METH-induced protein nitration, apoptosis and cell death. The overall results illustrate that protein nitration plays a significant role in the acute METH induced neurotoxicity via the activation of DDAH1/ADMA/NOS pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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18
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Abstract
6R l-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is an essential cofactor for several enzymes including phenylalanine hydroxylase and the nitric oxide synthases (NOS). Oral supplementation of BH4 has been successfully employed to treat subsets of patients with hyperphenylalaninaemia. More recently, research efforts have focussed on understanding whether BH4 supplementation may also be efficacious in cardiovascular disorders that are underpinned by reduced nitric oxide bioavailability. Whilst numerous preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated a positive association between enhanced BH4 and vascular function, the efficacy of orally administered BH4 in human cardiovascular disease remains unclear. Furthermore, interventions that limit BH4 bioavailability may provide benefit in diseases where nitric oxide over production contributes to pathology. This review describes the pathways involved in BH4 bio-regulation and discusses other endogenous mechanisms that could be harnessed therapeutically to manipulate vascular BH4 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Starr
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics Group, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street,London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
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19
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Altmann KS, Havemeyer A, Beitz E, Clement B. Dimethylarginine-dimethylaminohydrolase-2 (DDAH-2) does not metabolize methylarginines. Chembiochem 2012; 13:2599-604. [PMID: 23125090 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Free endogenous methylarginines, N(ω)-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) and N(ω),N(ω')-dimethyl-L-arginine (ADMA), inhibit NO synthases (NOSs) and are metabolized by dimethylargininedimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH). A postulated metabolism has been shown several times for DDAH-1, but the involvement of DDAH-2 in the degradation of ADMA and L-NMMA is still a matter of debate. Determination of the isoform-specific DDAH protein expression profiles in various porcine tissue types shows a correlation of DDAH activity only with DDAH-1 levels. DDAH activity (measured as L-citrulline formation from the conversion of methylarginines and alternative DDAH substrates) was detected in DDAH-1-rich porcine tissue types, that is, kidney, liver, and brain, but not in DDAH-2-rich porcine fractions, that is, spleen and thyroid. Furthermore, several ex vivo studies showed DDAH activity to be important for L-citrulline formation in porcine tissue and indicated the absence of an endogenous DDAH inhibitor in porcine tissue. This study provides new insights into tissue distributions as well as substrate selectivity for both DDAH isoforms. Although DDAH-1 is known to metabolize the endogenous NOS inhibitors L-NMMA and ADMA, a physiological function for DDAH-2 has yet to be determined. Hence, determining DDAH activity by methylarginine conversion is not suitable for analyzing isoform selectivity of DDAH-1 inhibitors as postulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin S Altmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Gutenbergstrasse 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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20
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Nandi M, Kelly P, Torondel B, Wang Z, Starr A, Ma Y, Cunningham P, Stidwill R, Leiper J. Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 1 is protective in endotoxic shock. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:2589-97. [PMID: 22995517 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.300232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The overproduction of vascular NO contributes toward the circulatory collapse observed in patients with septic shock. Dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH), which has 2 isoforms, metabolizes asymmetrically methylated arginines (asymmetric mono- or di-methylarginine), endogenously produced NO synthase inhibitors. We wished to investigate whether reducing DDAH1 activity, using genetic and pharmacological approaches, is protective during lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxic shock. METHODS AND RESULTS Experiments were conducted in DDAH1 heterozygous knockout mice (DDAH1(+/-)) or naive rats treated with a synthetic pharmacological DDAH inhibitor (L-257). We demonstrate for the first time that L-257 is DDAH1 selective using recombinant human DDAH proteins. DDAH1 mRNA was expressed in aortic but not macrophage cDNA, and consistent with this expression profile, L-257 selectively inhibited NO production from lipopolysaccharide-treated aorta but not macrophages, in culture. Conscious and anesthetized cardiovascular hemodynamics were monitored using implanted radiotelemetry devices or invasive catheters, respectively. Lipopolysaccharide was administered intravenously to model endotoxemia, and all animals presented with circulatory shock. DDAH1(+/-) mice or L-257-treated rats displayed attenuation in the rate of developed hypotension compared with wild-type littermates or vehicle control animals, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Pharmacological and genetic reduction of DDAH1 activity is protective against the vascular changes observed during endotoxic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasi Nandi
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics Group, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Bldg, 150 Stamford St, London SE1 9NH, UK.
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21
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Linsky TW, Fast W. Discovery of structurally-diverse inhibitor scaffolds by high-throughput screening of a fragment library with dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:5550-8. [PMID: 22921743 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Potent and selective inhibitors of the enzyme dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH) are useful as molecular probes to better understand cellular regulation of nitric oxide. Inhibitors are also potential therapeutic agents for treatment of pathological states associated with the inappropriate overproduction of nitric oxide, such as septic shock, selected types of cancer, and other conditions. Inhibitors with structures dissimilar to substrate may overcome limitations inherent to substrate analogs. Therefore, to identify structurally-diverse inhibitor scaffolds, high-throughput screening (HTS) of a 4000-member library of fragment-sized molecules was completed using the Pseudomonas aeruginosa DDAH and human DDAH-1 isoforms. Use of a substrate concentration equal to its K(M) value during the primary screen allowed for the detection of inhibitors with different modes of inhibition. A series of validation tests were designed and implemented in the identification of four inhibitors of human DDAH-1 that were unknown prior to the screen. Two inhibitors share a 4-halopyridine scaffold and act as quiescent affinity labels that selectively and covalently modify the active-site Cys residue. Two inhibitors are benzimidazole-like compounds that reversibly and competitively inhibit human DDAH-1 with Ligand Efficiency values ≥0.3 kcal/mol/heavy (non-hydrogen) atom, indicating their suitability for further development. Both inhibitor scaffolds have available sites to derivatize for further optimization. Therefore, use of this fragment-based HTS approach is demonstrated to successfully identify two novel scaffolds for development of DDAH-1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Linsky
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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22
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Linsky T, Fast W. A continuous, fluorescent, high-throughput assay for human dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase-1. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR SCREENING 2011; 16:1089-97. [PMID: 21921133 PMCID: PMC3248755 DOI: 10.1177/1087057111417712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of human dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase-1 (DDAH-1) are of therapeutic interest for controlling pathological nitric oxide production. Only a limited number of biologically useful inhibitors have been identified, so structurally diverse lead compounds are desired. In contrast with previous assays that do not possess adequate sensitivity for optimal screening, herein is reported a high-throughput assay that uses an alternative thiol-releasing substrate, S-methyl-L-thiocitrulline, and a thiol-reactive fluorophore, 7-diethylamino-3-(4'-maleimidylphenyl)-4-methylcoumarin, to enable continuous detection of product formation by DDAH-1. The assay is applied to query two commercial libraries totaling 4446 compounds, and two representative hits are described, including a known DDAH-1 inhibitor. This is the most sensitive DDAH-1 assay reported to date and enables screening of compound libraries using [S] = K (M) conditions while displaying Z' factors from 0.6 to 0.8. Therefore, this strategy now makes possible high-throughput screening for human DDAH-1 inhibitors in pursuit of molecular probes and drugs to control excessive nitric oxide production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Linsky
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, University of Texas, Austin, USA
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23
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Kotthaus J, Schade D, Kotthaus J, Clement B. Designing modulators of dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH): A focus on selectivity over arginase. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2011; 27:24-8. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2011.573480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Juerke Kotthaus
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University,
Gutenbergstr. 76-78, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dennis Schade
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University,
Gutenbergstr. 76-78, Kiel, Germany
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute and Human BioMolecular Research Institute,
5310 Eastgate Mall, San Diego, USA
| | - Joscha Kotthaus
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University,
Gutenbergstr. 76-78, Kiel, Germany
| | - Bernd Clement
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University,
Gutenbergstr. 76-78, Kiel, Germany
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24
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Linsky T, Wang Y, Fast W. Screening for dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase inhibitors reveals ebselen as a bioavailable inactivator. ACS Med Chem Lett 2011; 2:592-596. [PMID: 21927644 DOI: 10.1021/ml2000824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH) is an endogenous regulator of nitric oxide production and represents a potential therapeutic target. However, only a small number of biologically useful inhibitors have been reported, and many of these are substrate analogs. To seek more diverse scaffolds, we developed a high-throughput screening (HTS) assay and queried two small libraries totaling 2446 compounds. The HTS assay proved to be robust, reproducible and scalable, with Z' factors ≥ 0.78. One inhibitor, ebselen, is structurally divergent from substrate and was characterized in detail. This selenazole covalently inactivates DDAH in vitro and in cultured cells. The rate constant for inactivation of DDAH (44,000 ± 2,400 M(-1)s(-1)) is greater than those reported for any other target, suggesting this pathway is an important aspect of ebselen's total pharmacological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Linsky
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry and ‡Medicinal Chemistry Division, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Yun Wang
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry and ‡Medicinal Chemistry Division, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Walter Fast
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry and ‡Medicinal Chemistry Division, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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25
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Leiper J, Nandi M. The therapeutic potential of targeting endogenous inhibitors of nitric oxide synthesis. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2011; 10:277-91. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd3358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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26
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Schade D, Kotthaus J, Clement B. Modulating the NO generating system from a medicinal chemistry perspective: Current trends and therapeutic options in cardiovascular disease. Pharmacol Ther 2010; 126:279-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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27
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van Ameijde J, Poot AJ, van Wandelen LTM, Wammes AEM, Ruijtenbeek R, Rijkers DTS, Liskamp RMJ. Preparation of novel alkylated arginine derivatives suitable for click-cycloaddition chemistry and their incorporation into pseudosubstrate- and bisubstrate-based kinase inhibitors. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:1629-39. [PMID: 20237675 DOI: 10.1039/b922928k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Efficient strategies for the introduction of arginine residues featuring acetylene or azide moieties in their side chains are described. The substituents are introduced in a way that maintains the basicity of the guanidine moiety. The methodology can be used e.g. for non-invasive labeling of arginine-containing peptides. Its applicability is demonstrated by the introduction of 'click' handles into a Protein Kinase C (PKC) pseudosubstrate peptide, and the subsequent preparation and evaluation of a novel bisubstrate-based inhibitor based on such a peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen van Ameijde
- Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Sorbonnelaan 16, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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28
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The guanidine group defines chemical and physicochemical properties of many compounds of medical interest and guanidine-containing derivatives constitute a very important class of therapeutic agents suitable for the treatment of a wide spectrum of diseases. OBJECTIVE To review the most important pharmacological properties, mechanisms of action and therapeutic uses of simple guanidine derivatives, cyclic analogues of guanidines as well as peptides, peptidomimetics and peptoids incorporating arginine. METHODS The review presents both the recent patent literature and original papers dealing with guanidine derivatives that show interesting biological activity and emphasizes the newest developing drugs. CONCLUSION Recent achievements in the synthesis of guanidine-containing molecules with diverse chemical, biochemical and pharmacological properties make them of great importance to the design and development of novel drugs acting at CNS, anti-inflammatory agents, inhibitors of Na(+)/H(+) exchanger, inhibitors of NO synthase, antithrombotic, antidiabetic and chemotherapeutic agents as well as guanidinium-based transporters and vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciszek Saczewski
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Medical University of Gdansk, Al. Gen. Hallera 107, Gdansk, Poland.
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29
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Wang Y, Monzingo AF, Hu S, Schaller TH, Robertus JD, Fast W. Developing dual and specific inhibitors of dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase-1 and nitric oxide synthase: toward a targeted polypharmacology to control nitric oxide. Biochemistry 2009; 48:8624-35. [PMID: 19663506 DOI: 10.1021/bi9007098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Molecules that block nitric oxide's (NO) biosynthesis are of significant interest. For example, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors have been suggested as antitumor therapeutics, as have inhibitors of dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH), an enzyme that catabolizes endogenous NOS inhibitors. Dual-targeted inhibitors hold promise as more effective reagents to block NO biosynthesis than single-targeted compounds. In this study, a small set of known NOS inhibitors are surveyed as inhibitors of recombinant human DDAH-1. From these, an alkylamidine scaffold is selected for homologation. Stepwise lengthening of one substituent converts an NOS-selective inhibitor into a dual-targeted NOS/DDAH-1 inhibitor and then into a DDAH-1 selective inhibitor, as seen in the inhibition constants of N5-(1-iminoethyl)-, N5-(1-iminopropyl)-, N5-(1-iminopentyl)- and N(5)-(1-iminohexyl)-l-ornithine for neuronal NOS (1.7, 3, 20, >1,900 microM, respectively) and DDAH-1 (990, 52, 7.5, 110 microM, respectively). A 1.9 A X-ray crystal structure of the N5-(1-iminopropyl)-L-ornithine:DDAH-1 complex indicates covalent bond formation between the inhibitor's amidino carbon and the active-site Cys274, and solution studies show reversible competitive inhibition, consistent with a reversible covalent mode of DDAH inhibition by alkylamidine inhibitors. These represent a versatile scaffold for the development of a targeted polypharmacological approach to control NO biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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30
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Fang J, Ji H, Lawton GR, Xue F, Roman LJ, Silverman RB. L337H mutant of rat neuronal nitric oxide synthase resembles human neuronal nitric oxide synthase toward inhibitors. J Med Chem 2009; 52:4533-7. [PMID: 19537690 DOI: 10.1021/jm900380j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A common dichotomy exists in inhibitor design: should the compounds be designed to block the enzymes of animals in the preclinical studies or to inhibit the human enzyme? We report that a single mutation of Leu-337 in rat neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) to His makes the enzyme resemble human nNOS more than rat nNOS. We expect that the approach used in this study can unite the dichotomy and speed up the process of inhibitor design and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
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31
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Maas R, Böger R, Lüneburg N. ADMA and the role of the genes: lessons from genetically modified animals and human gene polymorphisms. Pharmacol Res 2009; 60:475-80. [PMID: 19666122 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2009.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2009] [Revised: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 07/31/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In large population-based cohorts, elevated plasma levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) were found to be associated with cardiovascular events and mortality. Impairment of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis from l-arginine has been postulated as underlying mechanism. In the present review, we compare different experimental models of NOS deficiency or overexpression with corresponding models of altered metabolism of ADMA by dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH). The latter models show a considerable overlap with the pathophysiological features of impaired NO synthesis, such as impaired endothelial function, elevation of blood pressure, and microvascular fibrosis. In line with these findings, first data regarding genetic variation of DDAH-metabolism in humans are reminiscent of the (rather modest) effects previously observed with polymorphisms of the eNOS gene. However, several peculiar observations suggest that ADMA- or DDAH-related pathology may extend beyond impairment of NO-mediated signalling. Notably, the complete knock out of DDAH1 appears to be lethal while triple NOS(-/-) mice are viable. Moreover, some ADMA-mediated pathology appears to respond rather to ACE-inhibition than to l-arginine. Here, a further investigation of alternative target enzymes for ADMA and other endogenous DDAH substrates is warranted.Taken together, the current data suggest that ADMA-related pathology can largely but not completely be explained by impaired NO metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renke Maas
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany.
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32
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Wadham C, Mangoni AA. Dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase regulation: a novel therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2009; 5:303-19. [PMID: 19331593 DOI: 10.1517/17425250902785172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), an endogenous methylated form of the amino acid L-arginine, inhibits the activity of the enzyme endothelial nitric oxide synthase, with consequent reduced synthesis of nitric oxide. ADMA is metabolised to L-citrulline and dimethylamine by the enzyme dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH). The modulation of DDAH activity and expression plays a pivotal role in regulating intracellular ADMA concentrations, with important effects on vascular homeostasis. For example, impairment in DDAH activity, resulting in elevated ADMA concentrations and reduced nitric oxide synthesis, can promote the onset and progression of atherosclerosis in experimental models. This review discusses the current role of ADMA and DDAH in vascular health and disease, the techniques used to assess DDAH activity and expression, and the results of recent studies on pharmacological and biological agents modulating DDAH activity and expression. Suggestions for future basic and clinical research directions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Wadham
- Flinders University, Flinders Medical Centre, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Adelaide, Australia
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Kleinmaier R, Gschwind RM. Selective [15Nη2] labelling of an NG-propionylated arginine derivative. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.1564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Martin NI, Liskamp RMJ. Preparation of NG-Substituted l-Arginine Analogues Suitable for Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis. J Org Chem 2008; 73:7849-51. [DOI: 10.1021/jo801517f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel I. Martin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Chemical Biology, University of Utrecht, Sorbonnelaan 16 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rob M. J. Liskamp
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Chemical Biology, University of Utrecht, Sorbonnelaan 16 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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36
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N(delta)-Methylated L-arginine derivatives and their effects on the nitric oxide generating system. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 16:2305-12. [PMID: 18083522 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2007] [Revised: 11/20/2007] [Accepted: 11/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
So far N(delta)-methyl-l-arginine (MA) is only detected in yeast cells. Assuming that MA also exists in mammalians we examined possible physiological effects of N(delta)-methylated l-arginine derivatives on the nitric oxide generating system, that is, nitric oxide synthase (NOS), arginase and dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH). N(delta)-methyl-l-citrulline (MC) turned out to be a weak non-specific inhibitor of nitric oxide synthases. Moreover, MA is hydroxylated by all human NOS isoforms to N(omega)-hydroxy-N(delta)-methyl-l-arginine (NHAM) but not converted further. This hydroxylated intermediate, however, was detected to be a potent inhibitor of bovine liver arginase with a K(i) of 17.1+/-2.2 microM.
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Sotgia S, Zinellu A, Pinna GA, Deiana L, Carru C. A new selective pre-column ninhydrin-based derivatization for a RP-HPLC determination of plasma asymmetric dimethyl-L-arginine (ADMA) by fluorescence detection. Amino Acids 2007; 34:677-82. [PMID: 18043861 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-007-0001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2007] [Accepted: 11/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We report a new selective and direct pre-column ninhydrin-based derivatization reaction for determination of plasma ADMA levels. This original derivatization procedure matched to a validated and rapid RP-HPLC method can be a useful alternative to other assays in which time consuming and expensive extraction and/or purification steps are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Sotgia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chair of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
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Palm F, Onozato ML, Luo Z, Wilcox CS. Dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH): expression, regulation, and function in the cardiovascular and renal systems. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 293:H3227-45. [PMID: 17933965 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00998.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric (N(G),N(G))-dimethylarginine (ADMA) inhibits nitric oxide (NO) synthases (NOS). ADMA is a risk factor for endothelial dysfunction, cardiovascular mortality, and progression of chronic kidney disease. Two isoforms of dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH) metabolize ADMA. DDAH-1 is the predominant isoform in the proximal tubules of the kidney and in the liver. These organs extract ADMA from the circulation. DDAH-2 is the predominant isoform in the vasculature, where it is found in endothelial cells adjacent to the cell membrane and in intracellular vesicles and in vascular smooth muscle cells among the myofibrils and the nuclear envelope. In vivo gene silencing of DDAH-1 in the rat and DDAH +/- mice both have increased circulating ADMA, whereas gene silencing of DDAH-2 reduces vascular NO generation and endothelium-derived relaxation factor responses. DDAH-2 also is expressed in the kidney in the macula densa and distal nephron. Angiotensin type 1 receptor activation in kidneys reduces the expression of DDAH-1 but increases the expression of DDAH-2. This rapidly evolving evidence of isoform-specific distribution and regulation of DDAH expression in the kidney and blood vessels provides potential mechanisms for nephron site-specific regulation of NO production. In this review, the recent advances in the regulation and function of DDAH enzymes, their roles in the regulation of NO generation, and their possible contribution to endothelial dysfunction in patients with cardiovascular and kidney diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Palm
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Georgetown University, 3800 Reservoir Road N.W., Washington, DC 20007, USA
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39
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Hong L, Fast W. Inhibition of human dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase-1 by S-nitroso-L-homocysteine and hydrogen peroxide. Analysis, quantification, and implications for hyperhomocysteinemia. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:34684-92. [PMID: 17895252 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m707231200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The plasma concentrations of two cardiovascular risk factors, total homocysteine (tHcy) and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), correlate with decreased levels of endothelium-derived nitric oxide and subsequent endothelial dysfunction. Homocysteine has been proposed to inhibit the catabolic enzyme of ADMA, dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH), but the mechanism of this inhibition has not been fully elucidated. Here, the human DDAH isoform-1 (DDAH-1) is heterologously expressed and purified. Cys(274) and His(173) are identified as active site residues and the pH rate dependence is described. Because oxidation of the active site Cys has been suggested as an inhibitory mechanism in patients with hyperhomocysteinemia, the sensitivity of DDAH-1 to inhibition by L-homocysteine, H(2)O(2), and S-nitroso-L-homocysteine is quantified. DDAH-1 is surprisingly insensitive to inactivation by the powerful oxidant, H(2)O(2) (0.088 M(-1) s(-1)), possibly because of a substrate-assisted mechanism that allows the active site cysteine to remain predominantly protonated and less reactive in the resting enzyme. In contrast, DDAH-1 is sensitive to inactivation by S-nitroso-L-homocysteine (3.79 M(-1) s(-1)). This work illustrates how a particular catalytic mechanism can result in selective redox regulation and has possible implications for hyperhomocysteinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Hong
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, and Texas Institute for Drug and Diagnostic Development, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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40
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Braun O, Knipp M, Chesnov S, Vasák M. Specific reactions of S-nitrosothiols with cysteine hydrolases: A comparative study between dimethylargininase-1 and CTP synthetase. Protein Sci 2007; 16:1522-34. [PMID: 17600152 PMCID: PMC2203367 DOI: 10.1110/ps.062718507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
S-Transnitrosation is an important bioregulatory process whereby NO(+) equivalents are transferred between S-nitrosothiols and Cys of target proteins. This reaction proceeds through a common intermediate R-S-N(O(-))-S-R' and it has been proposed that products different from S-nitrosothiols may be formed in protein cavities. Recently, we have reported on the formation of such a product, an N-thiosulfoximide, at the active site of the Cys hydrolase dimethylargininase-1 (DDAH-1) upon reaction with S-nitroso-l-homocysteine (HcyNO). Here we have addressed the question of whether this novel product can also be formed with the endogenously occurring S-nitrosothiols S-nitroso-l-cysteine (CysNO) and S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO). Further, to explore the reason responsible for the unique formation of an N-thiosulfoximide in DDAH-1 we have expanded these studies to cytidine triphosphate synthetase (CTPS), which shows a similar active site architecture. ESI-MS and activity measurements showed that the bulky GSNO does not react with both enzymes. In contrast, S-nitrosylation of the active site Cys occurred in DDAH-1 with CysNO and in CTPS with CysNO and HcyNO. Although kinetic analysis indicated that these compounds act as specific irreversible inhibitors, no N-thiosulfoximide was formed. The reasons likely responsible for the absence of the N-thiosulfoximide formation are discussed using molecular models of DDAH-1 and CTPS. In tissue extracts DDAH was inhibited only by HcyNO, with an IC(50) value similar to that of the isolated protein. Biological implications of these studies for the function of both enzymes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Braun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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41
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Hartzoulakis B, Rossiter S, Gill H, O'Hara B, Steinke E, Gane PJ, Hurtado-Guerrero R, Leiper JM, Vallance P, Rust JM, Selwood DL. Discovery of inhibitors of the pentein superfamily protein dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH), by virtual screening and hit analysis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:3953-6. [PMID: 17543521 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.04.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2007] [Revised: 04/27/2007] [Accepted: 04/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An efficient process for the discovery of inhibitors of DDAH enzymes, without the requirement for high throughput screening, is described. Physicochemical filtering of a 308,000-compound library according to drug likeness followed by reciprocal nearest neighbour selection produced a representative subset of 35,000 compounds. Virtual screening on a dual processor PC using FlexX, followed by biological screening, identified two hit series. Similarity searches of commercial databases and chemical re-synthesis of pure compounds resulted in SR445 as an inhibitor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa DDAH at 2 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basil Hartzoulakis
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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42
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Liu SQ, Kang J, Li CJ, Tang EJ, Wen B, Cai R, Yang HJ. Differences in expression of retinal proteins between diabetic and normal rats. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13:2118-24. [PMID: 17465459 PMCID: PMC4319136 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v13.i14.2118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To compare and identify the differences in expression of retinal proteins between normal and diabetic rats, and to analyze the molecular pathogenetic mechanisms of retinal diseases caused by diabetes.
METHODS: Changes in protein expression of retinal tissues from diabetic and normal rats were observed using 2-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-DE). Some protein spots exhibiting statistically significant variations (P < 0.05) were selected randomly and identified by tandem mass spectrometry and analyzed by bioinformatics.
RESULTS: 2-DE showed that the expression was up-regulated in 5 retinal proteins, down-regulated in 23 retinal proteins, and disappeared in 8 retinal proteins. Eight spots were identified from the 36 spots by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and analyzed by bioinformatics. Guanylate kinase 1, triosephosphate isomerase 1, ATP synthase subunit d, albumin and dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 2 played an important role in signal transduction. Triosephosphate isomerase 1, crystallin alpha B, ATP synthase subunit d and peroxiredoxin 6 were involved in energy metabolism of retinal tissues. Guanylate kinase 1 played an important role in photoexcitation of retinal rod photoreceptor cells. Whether crystallin beta A1 plays a role in diabetic retinas is unknown so far.
CONCLUSION: There are differences in expression of retinal proteins between diabetic and normal rats. These proteins may be involved in the mechanisms and prognosis of retinal diseases caused by diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Qing Liu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, 17 Renming Nan Road, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
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43
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Preparation of N-alkyl-N′-carboalkoxy guanidines: unexpected effective trans-alkoxylation transforming the 2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl into various carbamates. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.01.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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44
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Leiper J, Nandi M, Torondel B, Murray-Rust J, Malaki M, O'Hara B, Rossiter S, Anthony S, Madhani M, Selwood D, Smith C, Wojciak-Stothard B, Rudiger A, Stidwill R, McDonald NQ, Vallance P. Disruption of methylarginine metabolism impairs vascular homeostasis. Nat Med 2007; 13:198-203. [PMID: 17273169 DOI: 10.1038/nm1543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2006] [Accepted: 12/28/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and monomethyl arginine (L-NMMA) are endogenously produced amino acids that inhibit all three isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). ADMA accumulates in various disease states, including renal failure, diabetes and pulmonary hypertension, and its concentration in plasma is strongly predictive of premature cardiovascular disease and death. Both L-NMMA and ADMA are eliminated largely through active metabolism by dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH) and thus DDAH dysfunction may be a crucial unifying feature of increased cardiovascular risk. However, despite considerable interest in this pathway and in the role of ADMA as a cardiovascular risk factor, there is little evidence to support a causal role of ADMA in pathophysiology. Here we reveal the structure of human DDAH-1 and probe the function of DDAH-1 both by deleting the DDAH1 gene in mice and by using DDAH-specific inhibitors which, as we demonstrate by crystallography, bind to the active site of human DDAH-1. We show that loss of DDAH-1 activity leads to accumulation of ADMA and reduction in NO signaling. This in turn causes vascular pathophysiology, including endothelial dysfunction, increased systemic vascular resistance and elevated systemic and pulmonary blood pressure. Our results also suggest that DDAH inhibition could be harnessed therapeutically to reduce the vascular collapse associated with sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Leiper
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London WC1E 6JJ, UK
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45
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Knipp M. How to Control NO Production in Cells: Nω,Nω-Dimethyl-L-Arginine Dimethylaminohydrolase as a Novel Drug Target. Chembiochem 2006; 7:879-89. [PMID: 16680784 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200500527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Knipp
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 East University Boulevard, Tucson, AZ 85721-0041, USA.
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46
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Frey D, Braun O, Briand C, Vasák M, Grütter MG. Structure of the Mammalian NOS Regulator Dimethylarginine Dimethylaminohydrolase: A Basis for the Design of Specific Inhibitors. Structure 2006; 14:901-11. [PMID: 16698551 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2006.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2005] [Revised: 03/10/2006] [Accepted: 03/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH) is involved in the regulation of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) by metabolizing the free endogenous arginine derivatives N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine (MMA) and N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine (ADMA), which are competitive inhibitors of NOS. Here, we present high-resolution crystal structures of DDAH isoform 1 (DDAH-1) isolated from bovine brain in complex with different inhibitors, including S-nitroso-L-homocysteine and Zn2+, a regulator of this mammalian enzyme. The structure of DDAH-1 consists of a propeller-like fold similar to other arginine-modifying enzymes and a flexible loop, which adopts different conformations and acts as a lid at the entrance of the active site. The orientation and interaction mode of inhibitors in the active site give insight into the regulation and the molecular mechanism of the enzyme. The presented structures provide a basis for the structure-based development of specific DDAH-1 inhibitors that might be useful in the therapeutic treatment of NOS dysfunction-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Frey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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47
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Stone EM, Schaller TH, Bianchi H, Person MD, Fast W. Inactivation of two diverse enzymes in the amidinotransferase superfamily by 2-chloroacetamidine: dimethylargininase and peptidylarginine deiminase. Biochemistry 2006; 44:13744-52. [PMID: 16229464 DOI: 10.1021/bi051341y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The enzymes dimethylargininase [dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH); EC 3.5.3.18] and peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD; EC 3.5.3.15) catalyze hydrolysis of substituted arginines. Due to their role in normal physiology and pathophysiology, both enzymes have been identified as potential drug targets, but few useful inhibitors have been reported. Here, we find that 2-chloroacetamidine irreversibly inhibits both DDAH from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and human PAD4 in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, despite the nonoverlapping substrate specificities and low levels of amino acid identity of their catalytic domains. Substrate protection experiments indicate that inactivation occurs by modification at the active site, albeit with modest affinity. Mass spectral analysis demonstrates that irreversible inactivation of DDAH occurs through selective formation of a covalent thioether bond with the active-site Cys249 residue. The mechanism of inactivation by 2-chloroacetamidine is analogous to that of chloromethyl ketones, a set of inhibitors that have found wide application because of their specific covalent modification of active-site residues in serine and cysteine proteases. Likewise, 2-chloroacetamidine may potentially find wide applicability as a general pharmacophore useful in delineating characteristics of the amidinotransferase superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Everett M Stone
- Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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48
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Hamzé A, Gandreuil C, Lisowski V, Andureu F, Fulcrand P, Martinez J, Hernandez JF. Solid phase synthesis of mono- or disubstituted arginine containing peptides from an isothiocitrulline precursor. Tetrahedron Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.08.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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49
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Vallance P, Bush HD, Mok BJ, Hurtado-Guerrero R, Gill H, Rossiter S, Wilden JD, Caddick S. Inhibition of dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH) and arginine deiminase (ADI) by pentafluorophenyl (PFP) sulfonates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2005:5563-5. [PMID: 16358064 DOI: 10.1039/b510709a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A range of pentafluorophenyl (PFP) sulfonate esters derived from the reaction of PFP vinyl sulfonate and various nitrones are shown to have significant inhibitory activity against the bacterial enzymes DDAH and ADI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Vallance
- Department of Medicine, Rayne Building, 5 University Street London, WC1E 6JJ, UK.
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