1
|
Iachettini S, Biroccio A, Zizza P. Therapeutic Use of G4-Ligands in Cancer: State-of-the-Art and Future Perspectives. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:771. [PMID: 38931438 PMCID: PMC11206494 DOI: 10.3390/ph17060771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
G-quadruplexes (G4s) are guanine-rich non-canonical secondary structures of nucleic acids that were identified in vitro almost half a century ago. Starting from the early 1980s, these structures were also observed in eukaryotic cells, first at the telomeric level and later in regulatory regions of cancer-related genes, in regulatory RNAs and within specific cell compartments such as lysosomes, mitochondria, and ribosomes. Because of the involvement of these structures in a large number of biological processes and in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including cancer, the interest in G4 targeting has exponentially increased in the last few years, and a great number of novel G4 ligands have been developed. Notably, G4 ligands represent a large family of heterogeneous molecules that can exert their functions by recognizing, binding, and stabilizing G4 structures in multiple ways. Regarding anti-cancer activity, the efficacy of G4 ligands was originally attributed to the capability of these molecules to inhibit the activity of telomerase, an enzyme that elongates telomeres and promotes endless replication in cancer cells. Thereafter, novel mechanisms through which G4 ligands exert their antitumoral activities have been defined, including the induction of DNA damage, control of gene expression, and regulation of metabolic pathways, among others. Here, we provided a perspective on the structure and function of G4 ligands with particular emphasis on their potential role as antitumoral agents. In particular, we critically examined the problems associated with the clinical translation of these molecules, trying to highlight the main aspects that should be taken into account during the phases of drug design and development. Indeed, taking advantage of the successes and failures, and the more recent technological progresses in the field, it would be possible to hypothesize the development of these molecules in the future that would represent a valid option for those cancers still missing effective therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pasquale Zizza
- Translational Oncology Research Unit, IRCCS—Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi, 53, 00144 Roma, Italy; (S.I.); (A.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Figueiredo J, Mergny JL, Cruz C. G-quadruplex ligands in cancer therapy: Progress, challenges, and clinical perspectives. Life Sci 2024; 340:122481. [PMID: 38301873 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Guanine-rich sequences can form G-quadruplexes (G4) in living cells, making these structures promising anti-cancer targets. Compounds able to recognize these structures have been investigated as potential anticancer drugs; however, no G4 binder has yet been approved in the clinic. Here, we describe G4 ligands structure-activity relationships, in vivo effects as well as clinical trials. Addressing G4 ligand characteristics, targeting challenges, and structure-activity relationships, this review provides insights into the development of potent and selective G4-targeting molecules for therapeutic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joana Figueiredo
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Jean-Louis Mergny
- Laboratoire d'Optique et Biosciences, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, CNRS, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau cedex, France; Institute of Biophysics of the CAS, v.v.i., Královopolská 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Carla Cruz
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade da Beira Interior, Rua Marquês de Ávila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dikusar EA, Akishina EA, Petkevich SK, Zhukouskaya NA, Alekseyev RS, Bumagin NA, Shahab SN, Filippovich LN, Potkin VI. Synthesis of Bisacridine Derivatives with Pyridine and 1,2-Azole Fragments. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363222010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
4
|
Tayde DT, Navgire ME, Lande MK. One Pot Three Component Synthesis of Substituted 3,4,6,7-Tetrahydro-3,3,6,6-Tetramethyl-9,10-Diphenylacridine-1,8(2H,5H,9H,10H)-Diones Catalyzed by Mesostrucrted In 2O 3-SiO 2. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2021.2006249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deepak T. Tayde
- Department of Chemistry, M.J.M Arts, Commerce & Science College, Karanajali, India
| | - Madhukar E. Navgire
- Department of Chemistry, Jijamata College of Science and Arts, Bhende, India
| | - Machhindra K. Lande
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, Marathwada University, Aurangabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Affiliation(s)
- John A. Joule
- Chemistry Department; The University of Manchester; Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Mercedes Álvarez
- Pharmacology; Toxicology and Medicinal Chemistry; Universitat de Barcelona; Joan XXIII, s/n E-08028 Barcelona Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
G-quadruplex dynamics contribute to regulation of mitochondrial gene expression. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5605. [PMID: 30944353 PMCID: PMC6447596 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41464-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-stranded DNA or RNA sequences rich in guanine (G) can adopt non-canonical structures known as G-quadruplexes (G4). Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences that are predicted to form G4 are enriched on the heavy-strand and have been associated with formation of deletion breakpoints. Increasing evidence supports the ability of mtDNA to form G4 in cancer cells; however, the functional roles of G4 structures in regulating mitochondrial nucleic acid homeostasis in non-cancerous cells remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate by live cell imaging that the G4-ligand RHPS4 localizes primarily to mitochondria at low doses. We find that low doses of RHPS4 do not induce a nuclear DNA damage response but do cause an acute inhibition of mitochondrial transcript elongation, leading to respiratory complex depletion. We also observe that RHPS4 interferes with mtDNA levels or synthesis both in cells and isolated mitochondria. Importantly, a mtDNA variant that increases G4 stability and anti-parallel G4-forming character shows a stronger respiratory defect in response to RHPS4, supporting the conclusion that mitochondrial sensitivity to RHPS4 is G4-mediated. Taken together, our results indicate a direct role for G4 perturbation in mitochondrial genome replication, transcription processivity, and respiratory function in normal cells.
Collapse
|
7
|
Kumar R, Sharma A, Sharma S, Silakari O, Singh M, Kaur M. Synthesis, characterization and antitumor activity of 2-methyl-9-substituted acridines. ARAB J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2012.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
8
|
Stępień M, Gońka E, Żyła M, Sprutta N. Heterocyclic Nanographenes and Other Polycyclic Heteroaromatic Compounds: Synthetic Routes, Properties, and Applications. Chem Rev 2016; 117:3479-3716. [PMID: 27258218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 868] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensionally extended, polycyclic heteroaromatic molecules (heterocyclic nanographenes) are a highly versatile class of organic materials, applicable as functional chromophores and organic semiconductors. In this Review, we discuss the rich chemistry of large heteroaromatics, focusing on their synthesis, electronic properties, and applications in materials science. This Review summarizes the historical development and current state of the art in this rapidly expanding field of research, which has become one of the key exploration areas of modern heterocyclic chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Stępień
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski , ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Gońka
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski , ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marika Żyła
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski , ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Natasza Sprutta
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski , ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jhang YY, Fan-Chiang TT, Huang JM, Hsieh JC. Copper-Catalyzed Annulation: A Method for the Systematic Synthesis of Phenanthridinium Bromide. Org Lett 2016; 18:1154-7. [PMID: 26883677 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel procedure for the Cu-catalyzed systematic synthesis of phenanthridinium bromide is reported. This transformation was achieved with direct construction of central pyridinium core by using an in situ formed biaryl imine as a substrate. Tolerance of a very wide variety of N-substituents is indicated; this has never previously been disclosed by other reports. Application of this method to synthesis of the natural alkaloid bicolorine, and its derivatives, was also carried out in only three synthetic steps from commercially available compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Ye Jhang
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University , New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan
| | | | - Jun-Min Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University , New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Chieh Hsieh
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University , New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Li C, Zhang F. Single step incorporation of isatin to enaminone: a recyclable catalyst towards assembly of diverse four ring fused pyrrolo[2,3,4-kl]acridin-1-ones. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra18048e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Single step synthesis of four ring fused pyrrolo[2,3,4-kl]acridin-1-ones using recoverable sulfonated carbonaceous material as heterogeneous catalyst.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Alternative Technologies for Fine Chemicals Process
- Shaoxing University
- Shaoxing
- China
| | - Furen Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Alternative Technologies for Fine Chemicals Process
- Shaoxing University
- Shaoxing
- China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Dianat S, Mahdavi M, Moghimi S, Mouradzadegun A, Shafiee A, Foroumadi A. Combined isocyanide-based multi-component Ullmann-type reaction: an efficient access to novel nitrogen-containing pentacyclic compounds. Mol Divers 2015; 19:797-805. [DOI: 10.1007/s11030-015-9622-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
12
|
Neidle S. A Personal History of Quadruplex-Small Molecule Targeting. CHEM REC 2015; 15:691-710. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201500011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Neidle
- UCL School of Pharmacy; University College London; 29-39 Brunswick Square London WC1N 1AX UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sharma S, Singh H, Singh H, Mohinder Singh Bedi P. Chemotherapeutic Potential of Acridine Analogs: An Ample Review. HETEROCYCLES 2015. [DOI: 10.3987/rev-15-826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
14
|
Rizzo A, Iachettini S, Zizza P, Cingolani C, Porru M, Artuso S, Stevens M, Hummersone M, Biroccio A, Salvati E, Leonetti C. Identification of novel RHPS4-derivative ligands with improved toxicological profiles and telomere-targeting activities. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2014; 33:81. [PMID: 25288403 PMCID: PMC4193996 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-014-0081-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The pentacyclic acridinium salt RHPS4 (3,11-difluoro-6,8,13-trimethyl-8H-quino [4,3,2-kl] acridinium methosulfate, compound 1) is one of the most interesting DNA G-quadruplex binding molecules due to its high efficacy in tumor cell growth inhibition both in in vitro models and in vivo against human tumor xenografts in combination with conventional chemotherapeutics. Despite compound 1 having desirable chemical and pharmaceutical properties, its potential as a therapeutic agent is compromised by off-target effects on cardiovascular physiology. In this paper we report a new series of structurally-related compounds which were developed in an attempt to minimize its off-target profile, but maintaining the same favorable chemical and pharmacological features of the lead compound. By performing a comparative analysis it was possible to identify which derivatives had the following properties: (i) to show a reduced capacity in respect to compound 1 to inhibit the hERG tail current tested in a patch clamp assay and/or to interact with the human recombinant β2 receptor; (ii) to maintain both a good G4-binding affinity and cancer cell selectivity; and (iii) to trigger DNA damage with specific telomere uncapping. These studies allowed us to identify a novel G4-stabilizing molecule, compound 8, being characterized by reduced off-target effects and potent telomere on-target properties compared to the prototypic compound 1. Moreover, compound 8 shares with compound 1 the same molecular mode of action and an anti-tumour activity specifically restricted to replicating cells, as evident with its particularly efficient activity in combination therapy with a topoisomerase I inhibitor. In conclusion, we have identified a new pentacyclic derivative 8 having suitable properties to be the focus of further investigations as a clinical candidate for cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Rizzo
- Experimental Chemotherapy Laboratory, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, via delle Messi d'Oro 156, 00158, Rome, Italy.
| | - Sara Iachettini
- Experimental Chemotherapy Laboratory, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, via delle Messi d'Oro 156, 00158, Rome, Italy.
| | - Pasquale Zizza
- Experimental Chemotherapy Laboratory, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, via delle Messi d'Oro 156, 00158, Rome, Italy.
| | - Chiara Cingolani
- Experimental Chemotherapy Laboratory, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, via delle Messi d'Oro 156, 00158, Rome, Italy.
| | - Manuela Porru
- Experimental Chemotherapy Laboratory, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, via delle Messi d'Oro 156, 00158, Rome, Italy.
| | - Simona Artuso
- Experimental Chemotherapy Laboratory, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, via delle Messi d'Oro 156, 00158, Rome, Italy.
| | - Malcolm Stevens
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Marc Hummersone
- Pharminox Ltd, Biocity, Pennyfoot St, Nottingham, NG1 1GF, UK.
| | - Annamaria Biroccio
- Experimental Chemotherapy Laboratory, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, via delle Messi d'Oro 156, 00158, Rome, Italy.
| | - Erica Salvati
- Experimental Chemotherapy Laboratory, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, via delle Messi d'Oro 156, 00158, Rome, Italy.
| | - Carlo Leonetti
- Experimental Chemotherapy Laboratory, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, via delle Messi d'Oro 156, 00158, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Iachettini S, Stevens MF, Frigerio M, Hummersone MG, Hutchinson I, Garner TP, Searle MS, Wilson DW, Munde M, Nanjunda R, D'Angelo C, Zizza P, Rizzo A, Cingolani C, De Cicco F, Porru M, D'Incalci M, Leonetti C, Biroccio A, Salvati E. On and off-target effects of telomere uncapping G-quadruplex selective ligands based on pentacyclic acridinium salts. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2013; 32:68. [PMID: 24330541 PMCID: PMC3849007 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-32-68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Quadruplexes DNA are present in telomeric DNA as well as in several cancer-related gene promoters and hence affect gene expression and subsequent biological processes. The conformations of G4 provide selective recognition sites for small molecules and thus these structures have become important drug-design targets for cancer treatment. The DNA G-quadruplex binding pentacyclic acridinium salt RHPS4 (1) has many pharmacological attributes of an ideal telomere-targeting agent but has undesirable off-target liabilities. Notably a cardiovascular effect was evident in a guinea pig model, manifested by a marked and sustained increase in QTcB interval. In accordance with this, significant interaction with the human recombinant β2 adrenergic receptor, and M1, M2 and M3 muscarinic receptors was observed, together with a high inhibition of the hERG tail current tested in a patch clamp assay. Two related pentacyclic structures, the acetylamines (2) and (3), both show a modest interaction with β2 adrenergic receptor, and do not significatively inhibit the hERG tail current while demonstrating potent telomere on-target properties comparing closely with 1. Of the two isomers, the 2-acetyl-aminopentacycle (2) more closely mimics the overall biological profile of 1 and this information will be used to guide further synthetic efforts to identify novel variants of this chemotype, to maximize on-target and minimize off-target activities. Consequently, the improvement of toxicological profile of these compounds could therefore lead to the obtainment of suitable molecules for clinical development offering new pharmacological strategies in cancer treatment.
Collapse
|
16
|
Interactions of G-quadruplex DNA binding site with berberine derivatives and construct a structure-based QSAR using docking descriptors. Med Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-013-0733-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
17
|
Jiang B, Wang X, Xu HW, Tu MS, Tu SJ, Li G. Highly selective domino multicyclizations for forming polycyclic fused acridines and azaheterocyclic skeletons. Org Lett 2013; 15:1540-3. [PMID: 23506186 PMCID: PMC3635953 DOI: 10.1021/ol400322v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Highly selective four-component domino multicyclizations for the synthesis of new fused acridines and azaheterocyclic skeletons have been established by mixing common reactants in isobutyric acid under microwave irradiation. The reactions proceeded at fast rates and were conducted to completion within 20-30 min. Up to seven new chemical bonds, four rings, and four stereocenters were assembled in a convenient one-pot operation. The resulting hexacyclic and pentacyclic fused acridines and their stereochemistry have been fully characterized and determined by X-ray structural analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Xue Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Wei Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Man-Su Tu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Shu-Jiang Tu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Guigen Li
- Institute of Chemistry & BioMedical Sciences (ICBMS), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1061, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Xu HJ, Richard P, Barbe JM, Gros CP. Design of guanidinium porphyrins as potential G-quadruplex ligands. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s108842461250109x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We report herein an easy and smooth synthesis of two novel tetra-meso-substituted porphyrins bearing terminal guanidinium functionalities. These two guanidine derivatives are the porphyrin-based analogs of ZnPC , a closely related phthalocyanine-based molecule with four guanidinium arms already reported as an efficient G-quadruplex ligand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Jun Xu
- Université de Bourgogne, ICMUB (UMR 6302), 9 Avenue Alain Savary, BP 47870, 21078 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Richard
- Université de Bourgogne, ICMUB (UMR 6302), 9 Avenue Alain Savary, BP 47870, 21078 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Michel Barbe
- Université de Bourgogne, ICMUB (UMR 6302), 9 Avenue Alain Savary, BP 47870, 21078 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Claude P. Gros
- Université de Bourgogne, ICMUB (UMR 6302), 9 Avenue Alain Savary, BP 47870, 21078 Dijon Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Synthesis and evaluation of 10-(3,5-dimethoxy)benzyl-9(10H)-acridone derivatives as selective telomeric G-quadruplex DNA ligands. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
20
|
Bilsland AE, Cairney CJ, Keith WN. Targeting the telomere and shelterin complex for cancer therapy: current views and future perspectives. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 15:179-86. [PMID: 21199331 PMCID: PMC3822786 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2010.01253.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant telomere homeostasis is essential for cell immortality, enabling cells to evade telomere dependent senescence. Disruption of telomere structure and function in cancer cells is highly toxic as shown by detailed pre-clinical evaluation of telomerase inhibitors. Under telomerase inhibition, cells must divide sufficiently frequently to allow one or more telomeres to shorten to an unprotected length. Functioning telomeres are disguised from the DNA damage machinery by DNA remodelling and other activities of the telomere binding complex shelterin. Direct interference with shelterin has been shown to result in cell killing and small molecules directly targeting telomere DNA also have anti-tumour effects partially dependent on shelterin disruption. However, shelterin components have not generally been regarded as therapeutic targets in their own right. In this review, we explore the possibilities for therapeutic targeting of the shelterin complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan E Bilsland
- University of Glasgow, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Beatson Laboratories, Bearsden, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hirt BV, Wattis JA, Preston SP, Laughton CA. The effects of a telomere destabilizing agent on cancer cell-cycle dynamics—Integrated modelling and experiments. J Theor Biol 2012; 295:9-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2011.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 10/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
22
|
Jiang B, Wang X, Li MY, Wu Q, Ye Q, Xu HW, Tu SJ. A domino synthetic strategy leading to two-carbon-tethered fused acridine/indole pairs and fused acridine derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:8533-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob26315g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
23
|
Xu W, Tan JH, Chen SB, Hou JQ, Li D, Huang ZS, Gu LQ. Studies on the binding of 5-N-methylated quindoline derivative to human telomeric G-quadruplex. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 406:454-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.02.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
24
|
Xu Y. Chemistry in human telomere biology: structure, function and targeting of telomere DNA/RNA. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:2719-40. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cs00134a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
25
|
Saito A, Kasai J, Konishi T, Hanzawa Y. Tandem Synthesis of 2,3-Dihydro-4-iminoquinolines via Three-Component Alkyne-Imine Metathesis. J Org Chem 2010; 75:6980-2. [DOI: 10.1021/jo1013993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akio Saito
- Laboratory of Organic Reaction Chemistry
- High Technology Research Center
| | - Jun Kasai
- Laboratory of Organic Reaction Chemistry
| | | | - Yuji Hanzawa
- Laboratory of Organic Reaction Chemistry
- High Technology Research Center
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Debray J, Zeghida W, Jourdan M, Monchaud D, Dheu-Andries ML, Dumy P, Teulade-Fichou MP, Demeunynck M. Synthesis and evaluation of fused bispyrimidinoacridines as novel pentacyclic analogues of quadruplex-binder BRACO-19. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:5219-28. [PMID: 20024118 DOI: 10.1039/b912716j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The present article reports on the design and the synthesis of a series of mono- and bis-pyrimidinoacridines and their evaluation as a novel family of quadruplex-binders. It is shown that bispyrimidinoacridines represent an interesting compromise between easy synthetic access and efficiency in terms of quadruplex interaction (both affinic and selective), as judged by G4-FID assay and molecular modelling. The present study also highlights that control of the pi-stacking interactions taking place between the ligand and the accessible G-tetrad of a quadruplex-DNA is indeed essential for good recognition but not exclusively (key role of direct and water-mediated H-bonds). The introduction of additional amino side chains, valuable in the acridine series, results here in steric perturbations of the ligand/quadruplex recognition and lowers the quadruplex/duplex selectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Debray
- Département Chimie Moléculaire, UMR 5250, CNRS/Université Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble cedex 9, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ma Y, Ou TM, Tan JH, Hou JQ, Huang SL, Gu LQ, Huang ZS. Synthesis and evaluation of 9-O-substituted berberine derivatives containing aza-aromatic terminal group as highly selective telomeric G-quadruplex stabilizing ligands. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:3414-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2009] [Revised: 04/25/2009] [Accepted: 05/11/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
28
|
Belmont P, Dorange I. Acridine/acridone: a simple scaffold with a wide range of application in oncology. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2008. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.18.11.1211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
29
|
|
30
|
Cheng MK, Modi C, Cookson JC, Hutchinson I, Heald RA, McCarroll AJ, Missailidis S, Tanious F, Wilson WD, Mergny JL, Laughton CA, Stevens MFG. Antitumor polycyclic acridines. 20. Search for DNA quadruplex binding selectivity in a series of 8,13-dimethylquino[4,3,2-kl]acridinium salts: telomere-targeted agents. J Med Chem 2008; 51:963-75. [PMID: 18247546 DOI: 10.1021/jm070587t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The growth-inhibitory activities of an extensive series of quaternized quino[4,3,2- kl]acridinium salts against tumor cell lines in vitro have been measured and their biological properties interpreted in the light of differential binding to different DNA isoforms. Selectivity for quadruplex DNA binding and stabilization by compounds were explored through an array of methods: UV absorption and fluorescence emission spectroscopy, surface plasmon resonance, and competition dialysis. Quadruplex DNA interaction was further characterized through FRET and DNA polymerase arrest assays. Telomerase inhibition, inferred from the TRAP assay, is attributed to quadruplex stabilization, supported by the strong correlation (R(2) = 0.81) across the series between quadruplex DNA binding affinity and TRAP inhibition potency. Growth inhibition potency in the NCI60 human tumor cell line panel is more marked in compounds with greater DNA duplex binding affinity (R(2) = 0.82). Quantification of relative quadruplex and duplex binding affinity constants puts some of these ligands among the most selective quadruplex DNA interactive agents reported to date.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mai-Kim Cheng
- Cancer Research UK Experimental Cancer Chemotherapy Research Group, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zhang HJ, Wang XF, Wang P, Ai XC, Zhang JP. Spectroscopic study on the binding of a cationic porphyrin to DNA G-quadruplex under different K+ concentrations. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2008; 7:948-55. [DOI: 10.1039/b809322a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
32
|
Phatak P, Burger AM. Telomerase and its potential for therapeutic intervention. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 152:1003-11. [PMID: 17603541 PMCID: PMC2095101 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2007] [Revised: 06/08/2007] [Accepted: 06/08/2007] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomerase and telomeres are attractive targets for anticancer therapy. This is supported by the fact that the majority of human cancers express the enzyme telomerase which is essential to maintain their telomere length and thus, to ensure indefinite cell proliferation--a hallmark of cancer. Tumours have relatively shorter telomeres compared to normal cell types, opening the possibility that human cancers may be considerably more susceptible to killing by agents that inhibit telomere replication than normal cells. Advances in the understanding of the regulation of telomerase activity and the telomere structure, as well as the identification of telomerase and telomere associated binding proteins have opened new avenues for therapeutic intervention. Here, we review telomere and telomerase biology and the various approaches which have been developed to inhibit the telomere/telomerase complex over the past decade. They include inhibitors of the enzyme catalytic subunit and RNA component, agents that target telomeres, telomerase vaccines and drugs targeting binding proteins. The emerging role of telomerase in cancer stem cells and the implications for cancer therapy are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Phatak
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics; and Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A M Burger
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics; and Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Over the past decade, nucleic acid chemists have seen the spectacular emergence of molecules designed to interact efficiently and selectively with a peculiar DNA structure named G-quadruplex. Initially derived from classical DNA intercalators, these G-quadruplex ligands progressively became the focal point of new excitement since they appear to inhibit selectively the growth of cancer cells thereby opening interesting perspectives towards the development of novel anti-cancer drugs. The present article aims to help researchers enter this exciting research field, and to highlight recent advances in the design of G-quadruplex ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Monchaud
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR176, Section Recherche, Centre Universitaire Paris XI, Bât. 110, 91405, Orsay, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Gunaratnam M, Greciano O, Martins C, Reszka AP, Schultes CM, Morjani H, Riou JF, Neidle S. Mechanism of acridine-based telomerase inhibition and telomere shortening. Biochem Pharmacol 2007; 74:679-89. [PMID: 17631279 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2007] [Revised: 06/02/2007] [Accepted: 06/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The trisubstituted acridine compound BRACO-19 has been developed as a ligand for stabilising G-quadruplex structures. It is shown here that BRACO-19 produces short- and long-term growth arrest in cancer cell lines, and is significantly less potent in a normal cell line. BRACO-19 reduces telomerase activity and long-term telomere length attrition is observed. It is also shown that BRACO-19 binds to telomeric single-stranded overhang DNA, consistent with quadruplex formation, and the single-stranded protein hPOT1 has been shown to be displaced from the overhang in vitro and in cellular experiments. It is concluded that the cellular activity of BRACO-19 can be ascribed both to the uncapping of 3' telomere ends and to telomere shortening that may preferentially affect cells with short telomeres.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mekala Gunaratnam
- CRUK Biomolecular Structure Group, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Bertrand H, Bombard S, Monchaud D, Teulade-Fichou MP. A platinum–quinacridine hybrid as a G-quadruplex ligand. J Biol Inorg Chem 2007; 12:1003-14. [PMID: 17638029 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-007-0273-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2007] [Accepted: 06/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel platinum-quinacridine hybrid, comprising a monofunctional Pt moiety and a G-quadruplex ligand (mono-para-quinacridine or MPQ), has been synthesized and shown to interact with quadruplex DNA via a dual noncovalent/covalent binding mode. Denaturing gel electrophoresis was used to separate the various platination products of 22AG (an oligonucleotide that mimics the human telomeric repeat) by Pt-MPQ, and it was shown that two platinated adducts are highly stable quadruplex structures. Dimethylsulfate/piperidine treatment and 3'-exonuclease digestion of the isolated adducts allowed us to precisely determine the platination pattern of 22AG by Pt-MPQ, which displays three main sites G2, G10 and G22. Data presented herein support the hypothesis that Pt-MPQ traps preferentially the antiparallel structure of the 22AG quadruplex. Finally, the kinetics of Pt-MPQ platination using a construct containing both quadruplex DNA and a duplex DNA parts provide the first insights into the Pt-MPQ preference for quadruplex DNA over duplex DNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Bertrand
- Institut Curie, Section Recherche, CNRS UMR176, Centre Universitaire Paris XI, Bat. 110, 91405 Orsay, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Hutchinson I, Stevens MFG. Synthetic strategies to a telomere-targeted pentacyclic heteroaromatic salt. Org Biomol Chem 2006; 5:114-20. [PMID: 17164914 DOI: 10.1039/b613580n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Three routes have been explored to synthesise the telomere-targeted agent 3,11-difluoro-6,8,13-trimethyl-8H-quino[4,3,2-kl]acridinium methosulfate . Application of a 6-(2-azidophenyl)phenanthridine precursor gave an entry to the indazolo[2,3-f]phenanthridine ring system not the required quino[4,3,2-kl]acridine. A six step synthesis starting from 2,6-dibromo-4-methylbenzonitrile via a 1-arylacridin-9(10H)-one intermediate, or , gave the required in low overall yield (<10%). The most efficient route entailed the one-pot (five step) conversion of 1,2-dimethyl-6-fluoroquinolinium methosulfate to in 33% yield employing triethylamine as base and nitrobenzene as solvent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Hutchinson
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
White EW, Tanious F, Ismail MA, Reszka AP, Neidle S, Boykin DW, Wilson WD. Structure-specific recognition of quadruplex DNA by organic cations: influence of shape, substituents and charge. Biophys Chem 2006; 126:140-53. [PMID: 16831507 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2006.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2006] [Revised: 06/13/2006] [Accepted: 06/13/2006] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Combining structure-specific recognition of nucleic acids with limited sequence reading is a promising method to reduce the size of the recognition unit required to achieve the necessary selectivity and binding affinity to control function. It has been demonstrated recently that G-quadruplex DNA structures can be targeted by organic cations in a structure-specific manner. Structural targets of quadruplexes include the planar end surfaces of the G-tetrad stacked columns and four grooves. These provide different geometries and functional groups relative to duplex DNA. We have used surface plasmon resonance and isothermal titration calorimetry to show that binding affinity and selectivity of a series of quadruplex end-stacking molecules to human telomeric DNA are sensitive to compound shape as well as substituent type and position. ITC results indicate that binding is largely enthalpy driven. Circular dichroism was also used to identify a group of structurally related compounds that selectively target quadruplex grooves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth W White
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Cookson JC, Dai F, Smith V, Heald RA, Laughton CA, Stevens MFG, Burger AM. Pharmacodynamics of the G-quadruplex-stabilizing telomerase inhibitor 3,11-difluoro-6,8,13-trimethyl-8H-quino[4,3,2-kl]acridinium methosulfate (RHPS4) in vitro: activity in human tumor cells correlates with telomere length and can be enhanced, or antagonized, with cytotoxic agents. Mol Pharmacol 2005; 68:1551-8. [PMID: 16150933 DOI: 10.1124/mol.105.013300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomeric integrity is required to maintain the replicative ability of cancer cells and is a target for the G-quadruplex-stabilizing drug 3,11-difluoro-6,8,13-trimethyl-8H-quino[4,3,2-kl]acridinium methosulfate (RHPS4). We report a senescent-like growth arrest in MCF-7 breast cancer cells, within 14 to 17 days, and a reduction in telomere length (from 5.2 kilobases (kb) to 4.7 and 4.3 kb after 17 days of treatment at 0.5 and 1 microM, respectively). These effects occurred at noncytotoxic drug concentrations (doses < 1 microM over a 14-day exposure) compatible with long-term drug dosing. The telomere length of cancer cells influences their sensitivity to growth inhibition by RHPS4: mutant (mt) human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT)-expressing MCF-7 cells [short telomere restriction fragment (TRF) length, 1.9 kb; IC50, 0.2 microM] were 10 times more sensitive to RHPS4 compared with wild-type (wt) hTERT-expressing, vector-transfected control cells (longer TRF-length 5.2 kb; IC50 2 microM) in the 5 day SRB assay. This relationship was corroborated in a panel of 36 human tumor xenografts grown in vitro showing a positive correlation between telomere length and growth inhibitory potency of RHPS4 (15-day clonogenic assay, r = 0.75). These observations are consistent with loss of the protective capping status of telomeres mediated by RHPS4 G-quadruplex-stabilization, thus leading to greater susceptibility of cells with shorter telomeres. In combination studies, paclitaxel (Taxol), doxorubicin (Adriamycin), and the experimental therapeutic agent 17-(allylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin, which inhibits the 90-kDa heat shock protein, conferred enhanced sensitivity in RHPS4 treated MCF-7 cells, whereas the DNA-interactive temozolomide and cisplatin antagonized the action of RHPS4. Our results support the combined use of certain classes of cytotoxic anticancer agents with RHPS4 to enhance potential clinical benefit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Cookson
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|