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Lee YG, Marks I, Srinivasarao M, Kanduluru AK, Mahalingam SM, Liu X, Chu H, Low PS. Use of a Single CAR T Cell and Several Bispecific Adapters Facilitates Eradication of Multiple Antigenically Different Solid Tumors. Cancer Res 2018; 79:387-396. [PMID: 30482775 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-1834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Most solid tumors are comprised of multiple clones that express orthogonal antigens, suggesting that novel strategies must be developed in order to adapt chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies to treat heterogeneous solid tumors. Here, we utilized a cocktail of low-molecular-weight bispecific adapters, each comprised of fluorescein linked to a different tumor-specific ligand, to bridge between an antifluorescein CAR on the engineered T cell and a unique antigen on the cancer cell. This formation of an immunologic synapse between the CAR T cell and cancer cell enabled use of a single antifluorescein CAR T cell to eradicate a diversity of antigenically different solid tumors implanted concurrently in NSG mice. Based on these data, we suggest that a carefully designed cocktail of bispecific adapters in combination with antifluorescein CAR T cells can overcome tumor antigen escape mechanisms that lead to disease recurrence following many CAR T-cell therapies. SIGNIFICANCE: A cocktail of tumor-targeted bispecific adapters greatly augments CAR T-cell therapies against heterogeneous tumors, highlighting its potential for broader applicability against cancers where standard CAR T-cell therapy has failed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Gu Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, and Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Isaac Marks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, and Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Madduri Srinivasarao
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, and Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Ananda Kumar Kanduluru
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, and Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Sakkarapalayam M Mahalingam
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, and Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, and Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | | | - Philip S Low
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, and Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.
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Tukun FL, Olberg DE, Riss PJ, Haraldsen I, Kaass A, Klaveness J. Recent Development of Non-Peptide GnRH Antagonists. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22122188. [PMID: 29232843 PMCID: PMC6149776 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22122188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The decapeptide gonadotropin-releasing hormone, also referred to as luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone with the sequence (pGlu-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-Gly-Leu-Arg-Pro-Gly-NH2) plays an important role in regulating the reproductive system. It stimulates differential release of the gonadotropins FSH and LH from pituitary tissue. To date, treatment of hormone-dependent diseases targeting the GnRH receptor, including peptide GnRH agonist and antagonists are now available on the market. The inherited issues associate with peptide agonists and antagonists have however, led to significant interest in developing orally active, small molecule, non-peptide antagonists. In this review, we will summarize all developed small molecule GnRH antagonists along with the most recent clinical data and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dag Erlend Olberg
- School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
- Norsk Medisinsk Syklotronsenter AS, Postboks 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Patrick J Riss
- Norsk Medisinsk Syklotronsenter AS, Postboks 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway.
- Realomics SFI, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
- Department of neuropsychiatry and psychosomatic medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 4950 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Ira Haraldsen
- Department of neuropsychiatry and psychosomatic medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 4950 Oslo, Norway.
| | | | - Jo Klaveness
- School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
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Olberg DE, Bauer N, Andressen KW, Hjørnevik T, Cumming P, Levy FO, Klaveness J, Haraldsen I, Sutcliffe JL. Brain penetrant small molecule 18F-GnRH receptor (GnRH-R) antagonists: Synthesis and preliminary positron emission tomography imaging in rats. Nucl Med Biol 2016; 43:478-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Ezzati M, Carr BR. Elagolix, a novel, orally bioavailable GnRH antagonist under investigation for the treatment of endometriosis-related pain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 11:19-28. [PMID: 25581052 DOI: 10.2217/whe.14.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Suppression of estrogen production and reduction of menstrual blood flow are the mainstays of medical treatment of endometriosis-related pain and have been traditionally achieved by methods such as combined hormonal contraception, progestins and GnRH analogs, all with comparable efficacies, though different side-effect profiles. Elagolix is the frontrunner among an emerging class of GnRH antagonists, which unlike their peptide predecessors has a nonpeptide structure resulting in its oral bioavailability. Phase I and II clinical trials have demonstrated safety of elagolix and its efficacy in partial and reversible suppression of ovarian estrogen production resulting in improvements in endometriosis-related pain. Phase III clinical trials are currently underway and elagolix may become a valuable addition to the armamentarium of pharmacological agents to treat endometriosis-related pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ezzati
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology & Infertility, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Present status of quinoxaline motifs: Excellent pathfinders in therapeutic medicine. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 85:688-715. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Olberg DE, Andressen KW, Levy FO, Klaveness J, Haraldsen I, Sutcliffe JL. Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of small-molecule [18F] labeled gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor antagonists as potential PET imaging agents for GnRH receptor expression. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:1846-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Barnes MJ, Burschka C, Büttner MW, Conroy R, Daiss JO, Gray IC, Hendrick AG, Tam LH, Kuehn D, Miller DJ, Mills JS, Mitchell P, Montana JG, Muniandy PA, Rapley H, Showell GA, Tebbe D, Tacke R, Warneck JBH, Zhu B. Silicon Analogues of the Nonpeptidic GnRH Antagonist AG-045572: Syntheses, Crystal Structure Analyses, and Pharmacological Characterization. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:2070-80. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Miwa K, Hitaka T, Imada T, Sasaki S, Yoshimatsu M, Kusaka M, Tanaka A, Nakata D, Furuya S, Endo S, Hamamura K, Kitazaki T. Discovery of 1-{4-[1-(2,6-difluorobenzyl)-5-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-3-(6-methoxypyridazin-3-yl)-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-6-yl]phenyl}-3-methoxyurea (TAK-385) as a potent, orally active, non-peptide antagonist of the human gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor. J Med Chem 2011; 54:4998-5012. [PMID: 21657270 DOI: 10.1021/jm200216q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We previously discovered an orally active human gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor antagonist, thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2,4-dione derivative 1 (sufugolix). To reduce the cytochrome P450 (CYP) inhibitory activity and improve in vivo GnRH antagonistic activity, further optimization of this scaffold was carried out. We focused our synthetic efforts on chemical modification at the 5 and 3 positions of the thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2,4-dione ring based on computational modeling, which resulted in the discovery of 1-{4-[1-(2,6-difluorobenzyl)-5-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-3-(6-methoxypyridazin-3-yl)-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-6-yl]phenyl}-3-methoxyurea (16b) as a highly potent and orally active GnRH antagonist. Compound 16b showed potent in vitro GnRH antagonistic activity in the presence of fetal bovine serum (FBS) without CYP inhibition. Oral administration of 16b maintained the suppressive effect of the plasma luteinizing hormone levels in castrated cynomolgus monkeys at a 3 mg/kg dose for more than 24 h. Compound 16b is currently under clinical development with the code name of TAK-385.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Miwa
- CMC Center, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., 17-85, Jusohonmachi 2-chome, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8686, Japan.
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Mizojiri R, Conroy R, Daiss J, Kotani E, Tacke R, Miller D, Walsh L, Kawamoto T. Large-scale synthesis of 1,1,3,3,6-pentamethyl-1,3-disilaindan-5-ol via a CoBr2/Zn-catalyzed [2+2+2] cycloaddition reaction. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.07.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Pelletier JC, Chengalvala MV, Cottom JE, Feingold IB, Green DM, Hauze DB, Huselton CA, Jetter JW, Kopf GS, Lundquist JT, Magolda RL, Mann CW, Mehlmann JF, Rogers JF, Shanno LK, Adams WR, Tio CO, Wrobel JE. Discovery of 6-({4-[2-(4-tert-Butylphenyl)-1H-benzimidazol-4-yl]piperazin-1-yl}methyl)quinoxaline (WAY-207024): An Orally Active Antagonist of the Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Receptor (GnRH-R). J Med Chem 2009; 52:2148-52. [DOI: 10.1021/jm801572m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C. Pelletier
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Musculoskeletal Biology, and Drug Safety and Metabolism, Wyeth Research, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Murty V. Chengalvala
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Musculoskeletal Biology, and Drug Safety and Metabolism, Wyeth Research, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Joshua E. Cottom
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Musculoskeletal Biology, and Drug Safety and Metabolism, Wyeth Research, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Irene B. Feingold
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Musculoskeletal Biology, and Drug Safety and Metabolism, Wyeth Research, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Daniel M. Green
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Musculoskeletal Biology, and Drug Safety and Metabolism, Wyeth Research, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Diane B. Hauze
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Musculoskeletal Biology, and Drug Safety and Metabolism, Wyeth Research, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Christine A. Huselton
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Musculoskeletal Biology, and Drug Safety and Metabolism, Wyeth Research, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - James W. Jetter
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Musculoskeletal Biology, and Drug Safety and Metabolism, Wyeth Research, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Gregory S. Kopf
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Musculoskeletal Biology, and Drug Safety and Metabolism, Wyeth Research, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Joseph T. Lundquist
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Musculoskeletal Biology, and Drug Safety and Metabolism, Wyeth Research, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Ronald L. Magolda
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Musculoskeletal Biology, and Drug Safety and Metabolism, Wyeth Research, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Charles W. Mann
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Musculoskeletal Biology, and Drug Safety and Metabolism, Wyeth Research, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - John F. Mehlmann
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Musculoskeletal Biology, and Drug Safety and Metabolism, Wyeth Research, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - John F. Rogers
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Musculoskeletal Biology, and Drug Safety and Metabolism, Wyeth Research, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Linda K. Shanno
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Musculoskeletal Biology, and Drug Safety and Metabolism, Wyeth Research, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - William R. Adams
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Musculoskeletal Biology, and Drug Safety and Metabolism, Wyeth Research, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Cesario O. Tio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Musculoskeletal Biology, and Drug Safety and Metabolism, Wyeth Research, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Jay E. Wrobel
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Musculoskeletal Biology, and Drug Safety and Metabolism, Wyeth Research, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
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Heitman LH, Ijzerman AP. G protein-coupled receptors of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis: a case for Gnrh, LH, FSH, and GPR54 receptor ligands. Med Res Rev 2008; 28:975-1011. [PMID: 18561294 DOI: 10.1002/med.20129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, important in reproduction and sex hormone-dependent diseases, is regulated by a number of G protein-coupled receptors. The recently "deorphanized" GPR54 receptor activated by the peptide metastin is thought to be the key regulator of the axis, mainly by releasing gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus. The latter decapeptide, through the activation of the GnRH receptor in the anterior pituitary, causes the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which subsequently activate their respective receptors on the gonadotrope cells. In this review we will discuss the small molecule agonists and antagonists that are currently being developed to intervene with the action of these four receptors. For GnRH receptors, 14 different chemical classes of non-peptidic antagonists have been reported, while for the LH receptor three classes of agonists have been described. Both agonists and antagonists have been introduced for the FSH receptor. Recently, the first non-peptidic agonist for GPR54 was reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura H Heitman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Sofianos ZD, Katsila T, Kostomitsopoulos N, Balafas V, Matsoukas J, Tselios T, Tamvakopoulos C. In vivo evaluation and in vitro metabolism of leuprolide in mice--mass spectrometry-based biomarker measurement for efficacy and toxicity. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2008; 43:1381-1392. [PMID: 18438975 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The study of pharmacologically active peptides is central for the understanding of cancer and the development of novel therapeutic approaches. In this context, both qualitative and quantitative determination of bioactive peptides in biological fluids/tissues and their effect on endogenous factors (e.g. hormones) are of great importance. A mass spectrometry-based approach was developed and applied towards the measurement of leuprolide, a peptide drug for the treatment of prostate cancer, in mouse plasma. High-pressure liquid chromatography coupled to a hybrid quadrupole linear ion trap (QqLIT) mass spectrometer, a platform that combines the benefits of triple QqLIT instruments, was employed for the study. Using the described methodology, we established that picomolar concentrations of leuprolide could be measured in mouse plasma (limit of quantification of 0.1 ng/ml). In order to optimize pharmacokinetic properties of analogs of leuprolide, a facile in vivo mouse model was developed and leuprolide concentrations were determined in mouse plasma following intraperitoneal administration. In the same animal model, we demonstrated the versatility of the described MS-based approach by the determination of plasma concentrations of testosterone, an established biomarker for the treatment of prostate cancer. Following dosing with leuprolide, circulating testosterone was increased significantly in comparison to vehicle-treated mice. Finally, in vitro metabolism of leuprolide was evaluated by incubation of leuprolide with mouse kidney membranes, followed by identification of major metabolites by MS. Such studies provide the framework for future evaluation of novel leuprolide analogs with potential therapeutic advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zacharias D Sofianos
- Division of Pharmacology-Pharmacotechnology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
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13
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Betz SF, Zhu YF, Chen C, Struthers RS. Non-Peptide Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor Antagonists. J Med Chem 2008; 51:3331-48. [DOI: 10.1021/jm701249f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen F. Betz
- Endocrinology & Metabolism, Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc., 12790 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130
| | - Yun-Fei Zhu
- Endocrinology & Metabolism, Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc., 12790 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130
| | - Chen Chen
- Endocrinology & Metabolism, Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc., 12790 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130
| | - R. Scott Struthers
- Endocrinology & Metabolism, Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc., 12790 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130
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