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Guanidine-based β amyloid precursor protein cleavage enzyme 1 (BACE-1) inhibitors for the Alzheimer's disease (AD): A review. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 74:117047. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.117047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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2
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Jin X, Yang L, Yan X, Wang Q. Screening Platform Based on Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry for β-Site Amyloid Protein Cleaving Enzyme 1 (BACE1) Inhibitors. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:1093-1099. [PMID: 33764738 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Site amyloid protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is a promising therapeutic target for developing inhibitors to alleviate Alzheimer's disease (AD). Herein, we established an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS)-based inhibitor screening platform. A biotin-labeled lanthanide-coded peptide probe (LCPP; biotin-PEG2-EVNLDAEC-DOTA-Ln) was designed to determine the activity of BACE1 and evaluate the degree of inhibition of inhibitors. The platform was first validated with two commercially available inhibitors (BSI I and BSI IV) in terms of IC50 values and then applied to two newly designed inhibitors (inhibitors II and III) based on the crystal structure of BACE1 interacting with inhibitor I, and each of them contained an acylguanidine core structure. We found that their inhibition effects were improved as evaluated by the sensitive and accurate LCPP-ICPMS platform, demonstrating its ability for new drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jin
- Department of Chemistry and the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Limin Yang
- Department of Chemistry and the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xiaowen Yan
- Department of Chemistry and the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Qiuquan Wang
- Department of Chemistry and the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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3
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Chen W, Li HJ, Cheng YF, Wu YC. Direct C2-arylation of N-acyl pyrroles with aryl halides under palladium catalysis. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:1555-1564. [PMID: 33506844 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02579h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
C2-arylation of N-acyl pyrroles with aryl halides is developed for the first time using Pd(PPh3)4 as a catalyst in combination with Ag2CO3 under air, which allowed the application of a good compatibility catalytic system. This protocol provides a straightforward method for the preparation of valuable arylated pyrroles in moderate to good yields under the standard conditions with good substrate tolerance. Interestingly, while N-benzoyl pyrroles reacted well, the use of substrates with a thiophene or furan ring indicated that the thiophene and furan rings are more reactive than pyrrole for the present catalytic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Chen
- Weihai Marine Organism & Medical Technology Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, P.R. China.
| | - Hui-Jing Li
- Weihai Marine Organism & Medical Technology Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, P.R. China. and Weihai Huiankang Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Weihai 264200, P. R. China
| | - Yun-Fei Cheng
- Weihai Marine Organism & Medical Technology Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, P.R. China.
| | - Yan-Chao Wu
- Weihai Marine Organism & Medical Technology Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, P.R. China.
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4
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Vijayan D, Chandra R. Amyloid Beta Hypothesis in Alzheimer's Disease: Major Culprits and Recent Therapeutic Strategies. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 21:148-166. [PMID: 31385768 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666190806153206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common forms of dementia and has been a global concern for several years. Due to the multi-factorial nature of the disease, AD has become irreversible, fatal and imposes a tremendous socio-economic burden. Even though experimental medicines suggested moderate benefits, AD still lacks an effective treatment strategy for the management of symptoms or cure. Among the various hypotheses that describe development and progression of AD, the amyloid hypothesis has been a long-term adherent to the AD due to the involvement of various forms of Amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides in the impairment of neuronal and cognitive functions. Hence, majority of the drug discovery approaches in the past have focused on the prevention of the accumulation of Aβ peptides. Currently, there are several agents in the phase III clinical trials that target Aβ or the various macromolecules triggering Aβ deposition. In this review, we present the state of the art knowledge on the functional aspects of the key players involved in the amyloid hypothesis. Furthermore, we also discuss anti-amyloid agents present in the Phase III clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dileep Vijayan
- Laboratory for Structural Bioinformatics, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Remya Chandra
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Thalassery Campus, Kannur University, Kerala Pin 670 661, India
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5
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Das S, Sengupta S, Chakraborty S. Scope of β-Secretase (BACE1)-Targeted Therapy in Alzheimer's Disease: Emphasizing the Flavonoid Based Natural Scaffold for BACE1 Inhibition. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:3510-3522. [PMID: 33073981 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease and the most common form of dementia in the world. Studies report the presence of extracellular amyloid plaques consisting of β-amyloid peptide and intracellular tangles consisting of hyperphosphorylated tau proteins as the histopathological indicators of AD. The process of β-amyloid peptide generation by sequential cleavage of amyloid precursor protein by β-secretase (BACE1) and γ-secretase, followed by its aggregation to form amyloid plaques, is the mechanistic basis of the amyloid hypothesis. Other popular hypotheses related to the pathogenesis of AD include the tau hypothesis and the oxidative stress hypothesis. Various targets of the amyloid cascade are now in prime focus to develop drugs for AD. Many BACE1 inhibitors, β-amyloid aggregation inhibitors, and Aβ clearance strategies using monoclonal antibodies are in various stages of clinical trials. This review provides an in-depth evaluation of the role of BACE1 in disease pathogenesis and also highlights the therapeutic approaches developed to find more potent but less toxic inhibitors for BACE1, particularly emphasizing the natural scaffold as a nontoxic lead for BACE1 inhibition. Cellular targets and signaling cascades involving BACE1 have been highlighted to understand the physiological role of BACE1. This knowledge is extremely crucial to understand the toxicity evaluations for BACE1-targeted therapy. We have particularly highlighted the scope of flavonoids as a new generation of nontoxic BACE1 inhibitory scaffolds. The structure-activity relationship of BACE1 inhibition for this group of compounds has been highlighted to provide a guideline to design more selective highly potent inhibitors. The review aims to provide a holistic overview of BACE1-targeted therapy for AD that paves the way for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sucharita Das
- Department of Microbiology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Swaha Sengupta
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Kolkata 700135, India
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6
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Iraji A, Khoshneviszadeh M, Firuzi O, Khoshneviszadeh M, Edraki N. Novel small molecule therapeutic agents for Alzheimer disease: Focusing on BACE1 and multi-target directed ligands. Bioorg Chem 2020; 97:103649. [PMID: 32101780 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that effects 50 million people worldwide. In this review, AD pathology and the development of novel therapeutic agents targeting AD were fully discussed. In particular, common approaches to prevent Aβ production and/or accumulation in the brain including α-secretase activators, specific γ-secretase modulators and small molecules BACE1 inhibitors were reviewed. Additionally, natural-origin bioactive compounds that provide AD therapeutic advances have been introduced. Considering AD is a multifactorial disease, the therapeutic potential of diverse multi target-directed ligands (MTDLs) that combine the efficacy of cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitors, MAO (monoamine oxidase) inhibitors, BACE1 inhibitors, phosphodiesterase 4D (PDE4D) inhibitors, for the treatment of AD are also reviewed. This article also highlights descriptions on the regulator of serotonin receptor (5-HT), metal chelators, anti-aggregants, antioxidants and neuroprotective agents targeting AD. Finally, current computational methods for evaluating the structure-activity relationships (SAR) and virtual screening (VS) of AD drugs are discussed and evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Iraji
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahsima Khoshneviszadeh
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Omidreza Firuzi
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Khoshneviszadeh
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Najmeh Edraki
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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7
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Kumar V, Ojha PK, Saha A, Roy K. Exploring 2D-QSAR for prediction of beta-secretase 1 (BACE1) inhibitory activity against Alzheimer's disease. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 31:87-133. [PMID: 31865778 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2019.1695226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a robust quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model employing a dataset of 98 heterocycle compounds to identify structural features responsible for BACE1 (beta-secretase 1) enzyme inhibition. We have used only 2D descriptors for model development purpose thus avoiding the conformational complications arising due to 3D geometry considerations. Following the strict Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guidelines, we have developed models using stepwise regression analysis followed by the best subset selection, while the final model was developed by partial least squares regression technique. The model was validated using various internationally accepted stringent validation parameters. From the insights obtained from the developed model, we have concluded that heteroatoms (nitrogen, oxygen, etc.) present within to an aromatic nucleus and the structural features such as hydrophobic, ring aromatic and hydrogen bond acceptor/donor are responsible for the enhancement of the BACE1 enzyme inhibitory activity. Moreover, we have performed the pharmacophore modelling to unveil the structural requirements for the inhibitory activity against the BACE1 enzyme. Furthermore, molecular docking studies were carried out to understand the molecular interactions involved in binding, and the results are then correlated with the requisite structural features obtained from the QSAR and pharmacophore models.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Kumar
- Drug Theoretics and Cheminformatics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - P K Ojha
- Drug Theoretics and Cheminformatics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - A Saha
- Department of Chemical Technology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - K Roy
- Drug Theoretics and Cheminformatics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
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8
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Aguiar DF, Dutra LLA, Dantas WM, Camelo de Carvalho GG, Gonçalves Lemes RP, do Ó Pessoa C, Koscky Paier CR, Barros Araujo PL, Araujo ES, Pena LJ, de Oliveira RN. Synthesis, Antitumor and Cytotoxic Activity of New Adamantyl
O
‐Acylamidoximes and 3‐Aryl‐5‐Adamantane‐1,2,4‐Oxadiazole Derivatives. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201901285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deivson Ferreira Aguiar
- Department of ChemistryFederal Rural University of Pernambuco, UFRPE 52171-900 Recife, PE Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Claudia do Ó Pessoa
- Laboratório de Oncologia ExperimentalNúcleo de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento de Medicamentos (NPDM) 60430-270 Fortaleza, CE Brazil
| | - Carlos Roberto Koscky Paier
- Laboratório de Oncologia ExperimentalNúcleo de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento de Medicamentos (NPDM) 60430-270 Fortaleza, CE Brazil
| | | | - Elmo Silvano Araujo
- Department of Nuclear EnergyFederal University of Pernambuco, UFPE 50740-545 Recife, PE Brazil
| | - Lindomar José Pena
- Department of VirologyOswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz 50740-465, Recife, PE Brazil
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9
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Li HM, Yu SP, Fan TY, Zhong Y, Gu T, Wu WY, Zhao C, Chen Z, Chen M, Li NG, Wang XL. Design, synthesis, and biological activity evaluation of BACE1 inhibitors with antioxidant activity. Drug Dev Res 2019; 81:206-214. [PMID: 31397505 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The proteolytic enzyme β-secretase (BACE1) plays a central role in the synthesis of the pathogenic β-amyloid peptides (Aβ) in Alzheimer's disease (AD), antioxidants could attenuate the AD syndrome and prevent the disease progression. In this study, BACE1 inhibitors (D1-D18) with free radical-scavenging activities were synthesized by molecular hybridization of 2-aminopyridine with natural antioxidants. The biological activity evaluation showed that D1 had obvious inhibitory activity against BACE1, and strong antioxidant activity in 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS+• ) assay, which could be used as a lead compound for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- He-Min Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Shao-Peng Yu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Tian-Yuan Fan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Zhong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ting Gu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen-Yu Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Nian-Guang Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Long Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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10
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Maia MA, Sousa E. BACE-1 and γ-Secretase as Therapeutic Targets for Alzheimer's Disease. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:ph12010041. [PMID: 30893882 PMCID: PMC6469197 DOI: 10.3390/ph12010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a growing global health concern with a massive impact on affected individuals and society. Despite the considerable advances achieved in the understanding of AD pathogenesis, researchers have not been successful in fully identifying the mechanisms involved in disease progression. The amyloid hypothesis, currently the prevalent theory for AD, defends the deposition of β-amyloid protein (Aβ) aggregates as the trigger of a series of events leading to neuronal dysfunction and dementia. Hence, several research and development (R&D) programs have been led by the pharmaceutical industry in an effort to discover effective and safety anti-amyloid agents as disease modifying agents for AD. Among 19 drug candidates identified in the AD pipeline, nine have their mechanism of action centered in the activity of β or γ-secretase proteases, covering almost 50% of the identified agents. These drug candidates must fulfill the general rigid prerequisites for a drug aimed for central nervous system (CNS) penetration and selectivity toward different aspartyl proteases. This review presents the classes of γ-secretase and beta-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE-1) inhibitors under development, highlighting their structure-activity relationship, among other physical-chemistry aspects important for the successful development of new anti-AD pharmacological agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Maia
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Emília Sousa
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
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11
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12
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Åkerbladh L, Schembri LS, Larhed M, Odell LR. Palladium(0)-Catalyzed Carbonylative One-Pot Synthesis of N-Acylguanidines. J Org Chem 2017; 82:12520-12529. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Åkerbladh
- Organic
Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala
Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Luke S. Schembri
- Organic
Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala
Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Larhed
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala Biomedical
Center, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Luke R. Odell
- Organic
Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala
Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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13
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Palakurti R, Vadrevu R. Pharmacophore based 3D-QSAR modeling, virtual screening and docking for identification of potential inhibitors of β-secretase. Comput Biol Chem 2017; 68:107-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Hamada Y, Kiso Y. New directions for protease inhibitors directed drug discovery. Biopolymers 2016; 106:563-79. [PMID: 26584340 PMCID: PMC7161749 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Proteases play crucial roles in various biological processes, and their activities are essential for all living organisms-from viruses to humans. Since their functions are closely associated with many pathogenic mechanisms, their inhibitors or activators are important molecular targets for developing treatments for various diseases. Here, we describe drugs/drug candidates that target proteases, such as malarial plasmepsins, β-secretase, virus proteases, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4. Previously, we reported inhibitors of aspartic proteases, such as renin, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease, human T-lymphotropic virus type I protease, plasmepsins, and β-secretase, as drug candidates for hypertension, adult T-cell leukaemia, human T-lymphotropic virus type I-associated myelopathy, malaria, and Alzheimer's disease. Our inhibitors are also described in this review article as examples of drugs that target proteases. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 106: 563-579, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Hamada
- Medicinal Chemistry LaboratoryKobe Pharmaceutical University, MotoyamakitaHigashinada‐kuKobe658‐8558Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kiso
- Laboratory of Peptide Science, Nagahama Institute of Bio‐Science and TechnologyTamura‐choNagahama526‐0829Japan
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15
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Current pharmacotherapy and putative disease-modifying therapy for Alzheimer's disease. Neurol Sci 2016; 37:1403-35. [PMID: 27250365 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-016-2625-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system correlated with the progressive loss of cognition and memory. β-Amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles and the deficiency in cholinergic neurotransmission constitute the major hallmarks of the AD. Two major hypotheses have been implicated in the pathogenesis of AD namely the cholinergic hypothesis which ascribed the clinical features of dementia to the deficit cholinergic neurotransmission and the amyloid cascade hypothesis which emphasized on the deposition of insoluble peptides formed due to the faulty cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein. Current pharmacotherapy includes mainly the acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor agonist which offer symptomatic therapy and does not address the underlying cause of the disease. The disease-modifying therapy has garnered a lot of research interest for the development of effective pharmacotherapy for AD. β and γ-Secretase constitute attractive targets that are focussed in the disease-modifying approach. Potentiation of α-secretase also seems to be a promising approach towards the development of an effective anti-Alzheimer therapy. Additionally, the ameliorative agents that prevent aggregation of amyloid peptide and also the ones that modulate inflammation and oxidative damage associated with the disease are focussed upon. Development in the area of the vaccines is in progress to combat the characteristic hallmarks of the disease. Use of cholesterol-lowering agents also is a fruitful strategy for the alleviation of the disease as a close association between the cholesterol and AD has been cited. The present review underlines the major therapeutic strategies for AD with focus on the new developments that are on their way to amend the current therapeutic scenario of the disease.
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16
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Pape S, Wessig P, Brunner H. Iron Trichloride and Air Mediated Guanylation of Acylthioureas. An Ecological Route to Acylguanidines: Scope and Mechanistic Insights. J Org Chem 2016; 81:4701-12. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Pape
- Atotech Deutschland GmbH, Erasmusstrasse
20, D-10553 Berlin, Germany
| | - Pablo Wessig
- Universität Potsdam, Institut für Chemie, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25,
Haus 25, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Heiko Brunner
- Atotech Deutschland GmbH, Erasmusstrasse
20, D-10553 Berlin, Germany
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17
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Molecular Docking and In Silico ADMET Study Reveals Acylguanidine 7a as a Potential Inhibitor of β-Secretase. Adv Bioinformatics 2016; 2016:9258578. [PMID: 27190510 PMCID: PMC4842033 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9258578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloidogenic pathway in Alzheimer's disease (AD) involves breakdown of APP by β-secretase followed by γ-secretase and results in formation of amyloid beta plaque. β-secretase has been a promising target for developing novel anti-Alzheimer drugs. To test different molecules for this purpose, test ligands like acylguanidine 7a, rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, and tartaric acid were docked against our target protein β-secretase enzyme retrieved from Protein Data Bank, considering MK-8931 (phase III trial, Merck) as the positive control. Docking revealed that, with respect to their free binding energy, acylguanidine 7a has the lowest binding energy followed by MK-8931 and pioglitazone and binds significantly to β-secretase. In silico ADMET predictions revealed that except tartaric acid all other compounds had minimal toxic effects and had good absorption as well as solubility characteristics. These compounds may serve as potential lead compound for developing new anti-Alzheimer drug.
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18
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Mandal M, Wu Y, Misiaszek J, Li G, Buevich A, Caldwell JP, Liu X, Mazzola RD, Orth P, Strickland C, Voigt J, Wang H, Zhu Z, Chen X, Grzelak M, Hyde LA, Kuvelkar R, Leach PT, Terracina G, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Michener MS, Smith B, Cox K, Grotz D, Favreau L, Mitra K, Kazakevich I, McKittrick BA, Greenlee W, Kennedy ME, Parker EM, Cumming JN, Stamford AW. Structure-Based Design of an Iminoheterocyclic β-Site Amyloid Precursor Protein Cleaving Enzyme (BACE) Inhibitor that Lowers Central Aβ in Nonhuman Primates. J Med Chem 2016; 59:3231-48. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mihirbaran Mandal
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Yusheng Wu
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jeffrey Misiaszek
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Guoqing Li
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Alexei Buevich
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - John P. Caldwell
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Xiaoxiang Liu
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Robert D. Mazzola
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Peter Orth
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Corey Strickland
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Johannes Voigt
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Hongwu Wang
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Zhaoning Zhu
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Xia Chen
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Michael Grzelak
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Lynn A. Hyde
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Reshma Kuvelkar
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Prescott T. Leach
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Giuseppe Terracina
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Lili Zhang
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Maria S. Michener
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Brad Smith
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Kathleen Cox
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Diane Grotz
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Leonard Favreau
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Kaushik Mitra
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Irina Kazakevich
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Brian A. McKittrick
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - William Greenlee
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Matthew E. Kennedy
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Eric M. Parker
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jared N. Cumming
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Andrew W. Stamford
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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Ghosh AK, Cárdenas EL, Osswald HL. The Design, Development, and Evaluation of BACE1 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2016_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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20
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Wu Q, Li X, Gao Q, Wang J, Li Y, Yang L. Interaction mechanism exploration of HEA derivatives as BACE1 inhibitors by in silico analysis. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 12:1151-65. [DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00859j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) initiates the generation of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides which play a critical early role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and thus it is a prime target for lowering the Aβ levels to treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology
- Ministry of Education
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Xianguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology
- Ministry of Education
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Qingping Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Weifang Vocational College
- Weifang
- China
| | - Jinghui Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian
- China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian
- China
| | - Ling Yang
- Lab of Pharmaceutical Resource Discovery
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian
- China
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21
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Boy KM, Guernon JM, Wu YJ, Zhang Y, Shi J, Zhai W, Zhu S, Gerritz SW, Toyn JH, Meredith JE, Barten DM, Burton CR, Albright CF, Good AC, Grace JE, Lentz KA, Olson RE, Macor JE, Thompson LA. Macrocyclic prolinyl acyl guanidines as inhibitors of β-secretase (BACE). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:5040-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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22
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Kryjewski M, Tykarska E, Rebis T, Dlugaszewska J, Ratajczak M, Teubert A, Gapiński J, Patkowski A, Piskorz J, Milczarek G, Gdaniec M, Goslinski T, Mielcarek J. Porphyrazine with bulky 2-(1-adamantyl)-5-phenylpyrrol-1-yl periphery tuning its spectral and electrochemical properties. Polyhedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2015.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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23
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Ghosh AK, Osswald HL. BACE1 (β-secretase) inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 43:6765-813. [PMID: 24691405 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60460h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACE1 (β-secretase, memapsin 2, Asp2) has emerged as a promising target for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. BACE1 is an aspartic protease which functions in the first step of the pathway leading to the production and deposition of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ). Its gene deletion showed only mild phenotypes. BACE1 inhibition has direct implications in the Alzheimer's disease pathology without largely affecting viability. However, inhibiting BACE1 selectively in vivo has presented many challenges to medicinal chemists. Since its identification in 2000, inhibitors covering many different structural classes have been designed and developed. These inhibitors can be largely classified as either peptidomimetic or non-peptidic inhibitors. Progress in these fields resulted in inhibitors that contain many targeted drug-like characteristics. In this review, we describe structure-based design strategies and evolution of a wide range of BACE1 inhibitors including compounds that have been shown to reduce brain Aβ, rescue the cognitive decline in transgenic AD mice and inhibitor drug candidates that are currently in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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24
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Tian YL, Lv M, Li JJ, Xu T, Zhai HL, Zhang XY. Study on the active mechanism of β-secretase inhibitors by molecular simulations. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 76:138-48. [PMID: 25965961 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The proteolytic enzyme β-secretase (BACE-1) is one of potential drug targets for treating Alzheimers's disease. First, the reliable and accurate models of three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship for the BACE-1 inhibitors were established, and the several important structural factors that mainly influence the inhibitory activity were obtained. Second, the results of molecular docking presented the binding mode between BACE-1 and its inhibitors, and molecular dynamic simulations provided the details of the receptor-ligand interactions. Furthermore, several new derivatives were designed and validated based on these theoretical analyses. Our studies revealed the binding mechanism between BACE-1 and its inhibitors, and provide some insights into the further structural modification and the design of new inhibitors with higher activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li Tian
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Min Lv
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Jiao Jiao Li
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Tao Xu
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Hong Lin Zhai
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China.
| | - Xiao Yun Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
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Vassar R, Kuhn PH, Haass C, Kennedy ME, Rajendran L, Wong PC, Lichtenthaler SF. Function, therapeutic potential and cell biology of BACE proteases: current status and future prospects. J Neurochem 2014; 130:4-28. [PMID: 24646365 PMCID: PMC4086641 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The β-site APP cleaving enzymes 1 and 2 (BACE1 and BACE2) were initially identified as transmembrane aspartyl proteases cleaving the amyloid precursor protein (APP). BACE1 is a major drug target for Alzheimer's disease because BACE1-mediated cleavage of APP is the first step in the generation of the pathogenic amyloid-β peptides. BACE1, which is highly expressed in the nervous system, is also required for myelination by cleaving neuregulin 1. Several recent proteomic and in vivo studies using BACE1- and BACE2-deficient mice demonstrate a much wider range of physiological substrates and functions for both proteases within and outside of the nervous system. For BACE1 this includes axon guidance, neurogenesis, muscle spindle formation, and neuronal network functions, whereas BACE2 was shown to be involved in pigmentation and pancreatic β-cell function. This review highlights the recent progress in understanding cell biology, substrates, and functions of BACE proteases and discusses the therapeutic options and potential mechanism-based liabilities, in particular for BACE inhibitors in Alzheimer's disease. The protease BACE1 is a major drug target in Alzheimer disease. Together with its homolog BACE2, both proteases have an increasing number of functions within and outside of the nervous system. This review highlights recent progress in understanding cell biology, substrates, and functions of BACE proteases and discusses the therapeutic options and potential mechanism-based liabilities, in particular for BACE inhibitors in Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Vassar
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg University School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Peer-Hendrik Kuhn
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Christian Haass
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- Adolf-Butenandt Institute, Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthew E. Kennedy
- Neurosciences, Merck Research Labs, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Psychiatry Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lawrence Rajendran
- Systems and Cell Biology of Neurodegeneration, Division of Psychiatry Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Graduate programs of the Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology and Zurich Neuroscience Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philip C. Wong
- Departments of Pathology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Stefan F. Lichtenthaler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
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Viklund J, Kolmodin K, Nordvall G, Swahn BM, Svensson M, Gravenfors Y, Rahm F. Creation of Novel Cores for β-Secretase (BACE-1) Inhibitors: A Multiparameter Lead Generation Strategy. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:440-5. [PMID: 24900855 DOI: 10.1021/ml5000433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to find optimal core structures as starting points for lead optimization, a multiparameter lead generation workflow was designed with the goal of finding BACE-1 inhibitors as a treatment for Alzheimer's disease. De novo design of core fragments was connected with three predictive in silico models addressing target affinity, permeability, and hERG activity, in order to guide synthesis. Taking advantage of an additive SAR, the prioritized cores were decorated with a few, well-characterized substituents from known BACE-1 inhibitors in order to allow for core-to-core comparisons. Prediction methods and analyses of how physicochemical properties of the core structures correlate to in vitro data are described. The syntheses and in vitro data of the test compounds are reported in a separate paper by Ginman et al. [J. Med. Chem. 2013, 56, 4181-4205]. The affinity predictions are described in detail by Roos et al. [J. Chem. Inf. 2014, DOI: 10.1021/ci400374z].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Viklund
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry AstraZeneca R&D Södertälje, SE-151 85 Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Karin Kolmodin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry AstraZeneca R&D Södertälje, SE-151 85 Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Nordvall
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry AstraZeneca R&D Södertälje, SE-151 85 Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Britt-Marie Swahn
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry AstraZeneca R&D Södertälje, SE-151 85 Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Mats Svensson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry AstraZeneca R&D Södertälje, SE-151 85 Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Ylva Gravenfors
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry AstraZeneca R&D Södertälje, SE-151 85 Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Rahm
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry AstraZeneca R&D Södertälje, SE-151 85 Södertälje, Sweden
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27
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Srivastava A, Loganathan D. Synthesis of guanidino sugar conjugates as GlcβArg analogs. Glycoconj J 2013; 30:769-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-013-9480-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Zou Y, Li L, Chen W, Chen T, Ma L, Wang X, Xiong B, Xu Y, Shen J. Virtual screening and structure-based discovery of indole acylguanidines as potent β-secretase (BACE1) inhibitors. Molecules 2013; 18:5706-22. [PMID: 23681056 PMCID: PMC6270065 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18055706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteolytic cleavage of amyloid precursor protein by β-secretase (BACE1) is a key step in generating the N-terminal of β-amyloid (Aβ), which further forms into amyloid plaques that are considered as the hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease. Inhibitors of BACE1 can reduce the levels of Aβ and thus have a therapeutic potential for treating the disease. We report here the identification of a series of small molecules bearing an indole acylguanidine core structure as potent BACE1 inhibitors. The initial weak fragment was discovered by virtual screening, and followed with a hit-to-lead optimization. With the aid of co-crystal structures of two discovered inhibitors (compounds 19 and 25) with BACE1, we explored the SAR around the indole and aryl groups, and obtained several BACE1 inhibitors about 1,000-fold more potent than the initial fragment hit. Accompanying the lead optimization, a previously under-explored sub-site opposite the flap loop was redefined as a potential binding site for later BACE1 inhibitor design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiquan Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China; E-Mails: (Y.Z.); (L.M.); (X.W.)
| | - Li Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China; E-Mails: (L.L.); (W.C.); (T.C.)
| | - Wuyan Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China; E-Mails: (L.L.); (W.C.); (T.C.)
| | - Tiantian Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China; E-Mails: (L.L.); (W.C.); (T.C.)
| | - Lanping Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China; E-Mails: (Y.Z.); (L.M.); (X.W.)
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China; E-Mails: (Y.Z.); (L.M.); (X.W.)
| | - Bing Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China; E-Mails: (Y.Z.); (L.M.); (X.W.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: (B.X.); (Y.X.); (J.S.); Tel.: +86-21-5080-6600 (ext. 5412) (B.X.); Fax: +86-21-5080-7088 (B.X.)
| | - Yechun Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China; E-Mails: (L.L.); (W.C.); (T.C.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: (B.X.); (Y.X.); (J.S.); Tel.: +86-21-5080-6600 (ext. 5412) (B.X.); Fax: +86-21-5080-7088 (B.X.)
| | - Jingkang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China; E-Mails: (Y.Z.); (L.M.); (X.W.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: (B.X.); (Y.X.); (J.S.); Tel.: +86-21-5080-6600 (ext. 5412) (B.X.); Fax: +86-21-5080-7088 (B.X.)
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29
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Ehlers P, Petrosyan A, Baumgard J, Jopp S, Steinfeld N, Ghochikyan TV, Saghyan AS, Fischer C, Langer P. Synthesis of 2,5-Diarylpyrroles by Ligand-Free Palladium-Catalyzed CH Activation of Pyrroles in Ionic Liquids. ChemCatChem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201300099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is characterized by progressive intellectual deterioration, is the most common cause of dementia. β-Secretase (or BACE1) expression is a trigger for amyloid β peptide formation, a cause of AD, and thus is a molecular target for the development of drugs against AD. Many BACE1 inhibitors have been identified by academic and pharmaceutical research groups and a number of advanced technologies in drug discovery have been applied to the drug discovery. AREAS COVERED The purpose of this review is to present and discuss the methodologies used for BACE1 inhibitor drug discovery via substrate- and structure-based design, high-throughput screening and fragment-based drug design. The authors also review the advantages and disadvantages of these methodologies. EXPERT OPINION Many BACE1 inhibitors have been designed using X-ray crystal structure-based drug design as well as through in silico screening. Nevertheless, there are serious problems with regards to deciding the best X-ray crystal structure for designing BACE1 inhibitors through computational approaches. There are two prominent configurations of BACE1 but there is still room for improvement. Future developments may make it possible to identify BACE1 inhibitors as potential drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Hamada
- Kobe Gakuin University, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan
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31
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Ghemtio L, Muzet N. Retrospective molecular docking study of WY-25105 ligand to β-secretase and bias of the three-dimensional structure flexibility. J Mol Model 2013; 19:2971-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-013-1821-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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32
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Yuan J, Venkatraman S, Zheng Y, McKeever BM, Dillard LW, Singh SB. Structure-based design of β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. J Med Chem 2013; 56:4156-80. [PMID: 23509904 DOI: 10.1021/jm301659n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The amyloid hypothesis asserts that excess production or reduced clearance of the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides in the brain initiates a sequence of events that ultimately lead to Alzheimer's disease and dementia. The Aβ hypothesis has identified BACE1 as a therapeutic target to treat Alzheimer's and led to medicinal chemistry efforts to design its inhibitors both in the pharmaceutical industry and in academia. This review summarizes two distinct categories of inhibitors designed based on conformational states of "closed" and "open" forms of the enzyme. In each category the inhibitors are classified based on the core catalytic interaction group or the aspartyl binding motif (ABM). This review covers the description of inhibitors in each ABM class with X-ray crystal structures of key compounds, their binding modes, related structure-activity data highlighting potency advances, and additional properties such as selectivity profile, P-gp efflux, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yuan
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 W. Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, USA
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33
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An intriguing and facile one-pot catalytic synthesis of N-alkylated lactams. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-013-0924-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Mok NY, Chadwick J, Kellett KAB, Casas-Arce E, Hooper NM, Johnson AP, Fishwick CWG. Discovery of Biphenylacetamide-Derived Inhibitors of BACE1 Using de Novo Structure-Based Molecular Design. J Med Chem 2013; 56:1843-52. [DOI: 10.1021/jm301127x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Yi Mok
- School of Chemistry and School of Molecular and Cellular
Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - James Chadwick
- School of Chemistry and School of Molecular and Cellular
Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Katherine A. B. Kellett
- School of Chemistry and School of Molecular and Cellular
Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Eva Casas-Arce
- School of Chemistry and School of Molecular and Cellular
Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Nigel M. Hooper
- School of Chemistry and School of Molecular and Cellular
Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - A. Peter Johnson
- School of Chemistry and School of Molecular and Cellular
Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Colin W. G. Fishwick
- School of Chemistry and School of Molecular and Cellular
Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
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Butini S, Brogi S, Novellino E, Campiani G, Ghosh AK, Brindisi M, Gemma S. The structural evolution of β-secretase inhibitors: a focus on the development of small-molecule inhibitors. Curr Top Med Chem 2013; 13:1787-807. [PMID: 23931442 PMCID: PMC6034716 DOI: 10.2174/15680266113139990137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Effective treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains a critical unmet need in medicine. The lack of useful treatment for AD led to an intense search for novel therapies based on the amyloid hypothesis, which states that amyloid β-42 (Aβ42) plays an early and crucial role in all cases of AD. β-Secretase (also known as BACE-1 β-site APP-cleaving enzyme, Asp-2 or memapsin-2) is an aspartyl protease representing the rate limiting step in the generation of Aβ peptide fragments, therefore it could represent an important target in the steady hunt for a disease-modifying treatment. Generally, β-secretase inhibitors are grouped into two families: peptidomimetic and nonpeptidomimetic inhibitors. However, irrespective of the class, serious challenges with respect to blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration and selectivity still remain. Discovering a small molecule inhibitor of β-secretase represents an unnerving challenge but, due to its significant potential as a therapeutic target, growing efforts in this task are evident from both academic and industrial laboratories. In this frame, the rising availability of crystal structures of β-secretase-inhibitor complexes represents an invaluable opportunity for optimization. Nevertheless, beyond the inhibitory activity, the major issue of the current research approaches is about problems associated with BBB penetration and pharmacokinetic properties. This review follows the structural evolution of the early β-secretase inhibitors and gives a snap-shot of the hottest chemical templates in the literature of the last five years, showing research progress in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Butini
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), University of Siena, Italy
| | - Simone Brogi
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), University of Siena, Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), University of Siena, Italy
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), University of Siena, Italy
| | - Arun K. Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Margherita Brindisi
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), University of Siena, Italy
| | - Sandra Gemma
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), University of Siena, Italy
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Lu Q, Chen WY, Zhu ZY, Chen J, Xu YC, Kaewpet M, Rukachaisirikul V, Chen LL, Shen X. L655,240, acting as a competitive BACE1 inhibitor, efficiently decreases β-amyloid peptide production in HEK293-APPswe cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2012; 33:1459-68. [PMID: 22842730 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2012.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To identify a small molecule L655,240 as a novel β-secretase (BACE1) inhibitor and to investigate its effects on β-amyloid (Aβ) generation in vitro. METHODS Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) was used to characterize the inhibitory effect of L655,240 on BACE1. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology-based assay was performed to study the binding affinity of L655,240 for BACE1. The selectivity of L655,240 toward BACE1 over other aspartic proteases was determined with enzymatic assay. The effects of L655,240 on Aβ40, Aβ42, and sAPPβ production were studied in HEK293 cells stably expressing APP695 Swedish mutant(K595N/M596L) (HEK293-APPswe cells). The activities of BACE1, γ-secretase and α-secretase were assayed, and both the mRNA and protein levels of APP and BACE1 were evaluated using real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and Western blot analysis. RESULTS L655,240 was determined to be a competitive, selective BACE1 inhibitor (IC(50)=4.47±1.37 μmol/L), which bound to BACE1 directly (K(D)=17.9±0.72 μmol/L). L655,240 effectively reduced Aβ40, Aβ42, and sAPPβ production by inhibiting BACE1 without affecting the activities of γ-secretase and α-secretase in HEK293-APPswe cells. L655,240 has no effect on APP and BACE1 mRNA or protein levels in HEK293-APPswe cells. CONCLUSION The small molecule L655,240 is a novel BACE1 inhibitor that can effectively decreases Aβ production in vitro, thereby highlighting its therapeutic potential for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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37
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Brodney MA, Barreiro G, Ogilvie K, Hajos-Korcsok E, Murray J, Vajdos F, Ambroise C, Christoffersen C, Fisher K, Lanyon L, Liu J, Nolan CE, Withka JM, Borzilleri KA, Efremov I, Oborski CE, Varghese A, O'Neill BT. Spirocyclic sulfamides as β-secretase 1 (BACE-1) inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: utilization of structure based drug design, WaterMap, and CNS penetration studies to identify centrally efficacious inhibitors. J Med Chem 2012; 55:9224-39. [PMID: 22984865 DOI: 10.1021/jm3009426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
β-Secretase 1 (BACE-1) is an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment and prevention of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Herein, we describe the discovery of a novel class of BACE-1 inhibitors represented by sulfamide 14g, using a medicinal chemistry strategy to optimize central nervous system (CNS) penetration by minimizing hydrogen bond donors (HBDs) and reducing P-glycoprotein (P-gp) mediated efflux. We have also taken advantage of the combination of structure based drug design (SBDD) to guide the optimization of the sulfamide analogues and the in silico tool WaterMap to explain the observed SAR. Compound 14g is a potent inhibitor of BACE-1 with excellent permeability and a moderate P-gp liability. Administration of 14g to mice produced a significant, dose-dependent reduction in central Aβ(X-40) levels at a free drug exposure equivalent to the whole cell IC(50) (100 nM). Furthermore, studies of the P-gp knockout mouse provided evidence that efflux transporters affected the amount of Aβ lowering versus that observed in wild-type (WT) mouse at an equivalent dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Brodney
- Department of Neuroscience, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States.
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38
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Gerritz SW, Zhai W, Shi S, Zhu S, Toyn JH, Meredith JE, Iben LG, Burton CR, Albright CF, Good AC, Tebben AJ, Muckelbauer JK, Camac DM, Metzler W, Cook LS, Padmanabha R, Lentz KA, Sofia MJ, Poss MA, Macor JE, Thompson LA. Acyl Guanidine Inhibitors of β-Secretase (BACE-1): Optimization of a Micromolar Hit to a Nanomolar Lead via Iterative Solid- and Solution-Phase Library Synthesis. J Med Chem 2012; 55:9208-23. [DOI: 10.1021/jm300931y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel W. Gerritz
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research,
5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Weixu Zhai
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research,
5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Shuhao Shi
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research,
5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Shirong Zhu
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research,
5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Jeremy H. Toyn
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research,
5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Jere E. Meredith
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research,
5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Lawrence G. Iben
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research,
5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Catherine R. Burton
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research,
5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Charles F. Albright
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research,
5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Andrew C. Good
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research,
5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Andrew J. Tebben
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research,
P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Jodi K. Muckelbauer
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research,
P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Daniel M. Camac
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research,
P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - William Metzler
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research,
P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Lynda S. Cook
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research,
5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Ramesh Padmanabha
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research,
5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Kimberley A. Lentz
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research,
5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Michael J. Sofia
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research,
5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Michael A. Poss
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research,
P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - John E. Macor
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research,
5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Lorin A. Thompson
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research,
5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
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39
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Mandal M, Zhu Z, Cumming JN, Liu X, Strickland C, Mazzola RD, Caldwell JP, Leach P, Grzelak M, Hyde L, Zhang Q, Terracina G, Zhang L, Chen X, Kuvelkar R, Kennedy ME, Favreau L, Cox K, Orth P, Buevich A, Voigt J, Wang H, Kazakevich I, McKittrick BA, Greenlee W, Parker EM, Stamford AW. Design and Validation of Bicyclic Iminopyrimidinones As Beta Amyloid Cleaving Enzyme-1 (BACE1) Inhibitors: Conformational Constraint to Favor a Bioactive Conformation. J Med Chem 2012; 55:9331-45. [DOI: 10.1021/jm301039c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mihirbaran Mandal
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Zhaoning Zhu
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jared N. Cumming
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Xiaoxiang Liu
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Corey Strickland
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Robert D. Mazzola
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - John P. Caldwell
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Prescott Leach
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Michael Grzelak
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Lynn Hyde
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Giuseppe Terracina
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Lili Zhang
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Xia Chen
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Reshma Kuvelkar
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Matthew E. Kennedy
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Leonard Favreau
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Kathleen Cox
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Peter Orth
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Alexei Buevich
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Johannes Voigt
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Hongwu Wang
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Irina Kazakevich
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Brian A. McKittrick
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - William Greenlee
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Eric M. Parker
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Andrew W. Stamford
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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40
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Swahn BM, Kolmodin K, Karlström S, von Berg S, Söderman P, Holenz J, Berg S, Lindström J, Sundström M, Turek D, Kihlström J, Slivo C, Andersson L, Pyring D, Rotticci D, Öhberg L, Kers A, Bogar K, von Kieseritzky F, Bergh M, Olsson LL, Janson J, Eketjäll S, Georgievska B, Jeppsson F, Fälting J. Design and Synthesis of β-Site Amyloid Precursor Protein Cleaving Enzyme (BACE1) Inhibitors with in Vivo Brain Reduction of β-Amyloid Peptides. J Med Chem 2012; 55:9346-61. [DOI: 10.1021/jm3009025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lise-Lotte Olsson
- Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, SE-43183 Mölndal, Sweden
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41
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Huang H, La DS, Cheng AC, Whittington DA, Patel VF, Chen K, Dineen TA, Epstein O, Graceffa R, Hickman D, Kiang YH, Louie S, Luo Y, Wahl RC, Wen PH, Wood S, Fremeau RT. Structure- and Property-Based Design of Aminooxazoline Xanthenes as Selective, Orally Efficacious, and CNS Penetrable BACE Inhibitors for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease. J Med Chem 2012; 55:9156-69. [DOI: 10.1021/jm300598e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongbing Huang
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Department of Molecular Structure, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts
02142, United States
- Department
of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Department of HTS and Molecular
Pharmacology, and #Department of Pharmaceutics, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United
States
| | - Daniel S. La
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Department of Molecular Structure, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts
02142, United States
- Department
of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Department of HTS and Molecular
Pharmacology, and #Department of Pharmaceutics, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United
States
| | - Alan C. Cheng
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Department of Molecular Structure, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts
02142, United States
- Department
of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Department of HTS and Molecular
Pharmacology, and #Department of Pharmaceutics, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United
States
| | - Douglas A. Whittington
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Department of Molecular Structure, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts
02142, United States
- Department
of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Department of HTS and Molecular
Pharmacology, and #Department of Pharmaceutics, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United
States
| | - Vinod F. Patel
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Department of Molecular Structure, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts
02142, United States
- Department
of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Department of HTS and Molecular
Pharmacology, and #Department of Pharmaceutics, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United
States
| | - Kui Chen
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Department of Molecular Structure, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts
02142, United States
- Department
of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Department of HTS and Molecular
Pharmacology, and #Department of Pharmaceutics, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United
States
| | - Thomas A. Dineen
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Department of Molecular Structure, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts
02142, United States
- Department
of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Department of HTS and Molecular
Pharmacology, and #Department of Pharmaceutics, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United
States
| | - Oleg Epstein
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Department of Molecular Structure, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts
02142, United States
- Department
of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Department of HTS and Molecular
Pharmacology, and #Department of Pharmaceutics, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United
States
| | - Russell Graceffa
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Department of Molecular Structure, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts
02142, United States
- Department
of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Department of HTS and Molecular
Pharmacology, and #Department of Pharmaceutics, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United
States
| | - Dean Hickman
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Department of Molecular Structure, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts
02142, United States
- Department
of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Department of HTS and Molecular
Pharmacology, and #Department of Pharmaceutics, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United
States
| | - Y.-H. Kiang
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Department of Molecular Structure, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts
02142, United States
- Department
of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Department of HTS and Molecular
Pharmacology, and #Department of Pharmaceutics, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United
States
| | - Steven Louie
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Department of Molecular Structure, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts
02142, United States
- Department
of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Department of HTS and Molecular
Pharmacology, and #Department of Pharmaceutics, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United
States
| | - Yi Luo
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Department of Molecular Structure, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts
02142, United States
- Department
of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Department of HTS and Molecular
Pharmacology, and #Department of Pharmaceutics, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United
States
| | - Robert C. Wahl
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Department of Molecular Structure, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts
02142, United States
- Department
of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Department of HTS and Molecular
Pharmacology, and #Department of Pharmaceutics, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United
States
| | - Paul H. Wen
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Department of Molecular Structure, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts
02142, United States
- Department
of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Department of HTS and Molecular
Pharmacology, and #Department of Pharmaceutics, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United
States
| | - Stephen Wood
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Department of Molecular Structure, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts
02142, United States
- Department
of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Department of HTS and Molecular
Pharmacology, and #Department of Pharmaceutics, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United
States
| | - Robert T. Fremeau
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Department of Molecular Structure, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts
02142, United States
- Department
of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Department of HTS and Molecular
Pharmacology, and #Department of Pharmaceutics, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United
States
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Efremov IV, Vajdos FF, Borzilleri KA, Capetta S, Chen H, Dorff PH, Dutra JK, Goldstein SW, Mansour M, McColl A, Noell S, Oborski CE, O’Connell TN, O’Sullivan TJ, Pandit J, Wang H, Wei B, Withka JM. Discovery and Optimization of a Novel Spiropyrrolidine Inhibitor of β-Secretase (BACE1) through Fragment-Based Drug Design. J Med Chem 2012; 55:9069-88. [DOI: 10.1021/jm201715d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan V. Efremov
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road,
Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Felix F. Vajdos
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road,
Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kris A. Borzilleri
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road,
Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Steven Capetta
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road,
Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Hou Chen
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road,
Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Peter H. Dorff
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road,
Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jason K. Dutra
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road,
Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Steven W. Goldstein
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road,
Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Mahmoud Mansour
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road,
Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Alexander McColl
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road,
Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Stephen Noell
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road,
Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Christine E. Oborski
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road,
Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Thomas N. O’Connell
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road,
Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Theresa J. O’Sullivan
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road,
Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jayvardhan Pandit
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road,
Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Hong Wang
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road,
Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - BinQing Wei
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road,
Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jane M. Withka
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road,
Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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43
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Iminoheterocycle as a druggable motif: BACE1 inhibitors and beyond. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2012; 33:233-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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44
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Probst G, Xu YZ. Small-molecule BACE1 inhibitors: a patent literature review (2006 - 2011). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2012; 22:511-40. [PMID: 22512789 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2012.681302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder for which no disease-modifying therapy exists. The amyloid hypothesis, which implicates Aβ as the toxin initiating a biological cascade leading to neurodegeneration, is the most prominent theory concerning the underlying cause of the disease. BACE1 is one of two aspartyl proteinases that generate Aβ, thus inhibition of BACE1 has the potential to ameliorate the progression of Alzheimer's disease by abating the production of Aβ. AREAS COVERED This review chronicles small-molecule BACE1 inhibitors as described in the patent literature between 2006 and 2011 and their potential use as disease-modifying treatments for Alzheimer's disease. Over the past half a dozen years, numerous BACE1 inhibitors have been published in the patent applications, but often these contain a paltry amount of pertinent biological data (e.g. potency, selectivity, and efficacy). Fortunately, numerous relevant publications containing important data have appeared in the journal literature during this period. The goal in this effort was to create an amalgam of the two records to add value to this review. EXPERT OPINION The pharmaceutical industry has made tremendous progress in the development of small-molecule BACE1 inhibitors that lower Aβ in the central nervous system. Assuming the amyloid hypothesis is veracious, we anticipate a disease-modifying therapy to combat Alzheimer's disease is near.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Probst
- Elan Pharmaceuticals, Molecular Design, 180 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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45
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Discovery of pyrrolidine-based β-secretase inhibitors: Lead advancement through conformational design for maintenance of ligand binding efficiency. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:240-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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46
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Rational design and synthesis of aminopiperazinones as β-secretase (BACE) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:7255-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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47
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Pharmacopore hypothesis generation of BACE-1 inhibitors and pharmacophore-driven identification of potent multi-target neuroprotective agents. Med Chem Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-011-9885-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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48
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Ghosh AK, Brindisi M, Tang J. Developing β-secretase inhibitors for treatment of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2011; 120 Suppl 1:71-83. [PMID: 22122681 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07476.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
β-Secretase (memapsin 2; BACE-1) is the first protease in the processing of amyloid precursor protein leading to the production of amyloid-β (Aβ) in the brain. It is believed that high levels of brain Aβ are responsible for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Therefore, β-secretase is a major therapeutic target for the development of inhibitor drugs. During the past decade, steady progress has been made in the evolution of β-secretase inhibitors toward better drug properties. Recent inhibitors are potent, selective and have been shown to penetrate the blood-brain barrier to inhibit Aβ levels in the brains of experimental animals. Moreover, continuous administration of a β-secretase inhibitor was shown to rescue age-related cognitive decline in transgenic AD mice. A small number of β-secretase inhibitors have also entered early phase clinical trials. These developments offer some optimism for the clinical development of a disease-modifying drug for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Ghosh
- Departments of Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Margherita Brindisi
- Departments of Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Jordan Tang
- Protein Studies Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
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49
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Albert JS. Progress in the development of beta-secretase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2011; 48:133-61. [PMID: 21544959 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(09)04804-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Since the original identification of BACE in 1999 and until quite recently, BACE was often regarded as a "difficult" drug target, much as renin has proven to be. The reasons for this include the following. First, the long and shallow nature of the substrate binding pocket suggested that it would not be possible to identify small molecule drugs that could have adequate binding affinity. Second, functional groups that typically interact with the active site aspartates are usually highly polarized and, therefore, contribute to reduced CNS localization. Early BACE inhibitors were all designed using knowledge of the peptide substrates and usually contained some variation of a few well-known transition-state isosteres. While these had great impact on fundamental understanding of the enzyme structure and key interaction regions, they were very large, very polar, and had essentially no CNS availability. Continued progress by reducing the peptidic nature of these compounds resulted in incremental advances and has provided compounds that meet, or nearly meet, typical CNS drug-like criteria. The challenges associated with peptidic starting points inspired innovative new approaches to search for different starting points. Several groups employed high concentration screening (ligand concentration 100 microM and higher) to find weak hits after conventional screening (typically at 10 microM) failed to find more potent ones. Fragment-based methods have also been developed to identify even weaker hits (IC50 1 mM and greater). This was accomplished through the evolution and refinement of several detection methodologies including calorimetry, surface plasmon resonance, NMR, and crystallography. Coupled with detailed structural understanding of ligand-enzyme interactions and focus on maintaining ligand efficiency, these developments have resulted in several examples where potency was improved by 10,000-fold to afford compounds with IC50 values < 10 nM and promising drug-like characteristics. Together, all these efforts have afforded a diverse array of chemotypes as BACE inhibitors. Early work focused on improving BACE potency in isolated enzyme assays. However, most of these compounds showed potency reductions in cellular assays. Continued improvements in drug properties and in understanding of the physiologically relevant conditions have resulted in many compounds that show strong potency in both isolated and cellular assays. Several compounds have shown reduction of Abeta using rodent in-vivo models both peripherally and in the brain. Recently, one compound has demonstrated reduction of brain Abeta levels in a non-human primate. Phase I clinical trials were initiated on BACE inhibitor CTS-21166 from CoMentis in July of 2007. This compound derives from the earliest described peptidic inhibitors such as OM99-2 [58] but no details have been reported. In addition to strategies involving small molecule inhibitors of BACE and gamma-secretase to reduce Abeta levels, the application of biological agents has been under investigation since the identification of Abeta. The earliest efforts in this area failed. Despite encouraging results in preclinical models, immunization against Abeta by administration of AN-1792 from Elan led to development of aseptic meningoencephalitis in 6% of the patients receiving the drug. Nevertheless, continued efforts with other biological approaches appear encouraging. Most advanced in clinical trials is bapineuzumab from Elan, which is in Phase III clinical trials. This is a humanized monoclonal antibody against Abeta plaques. A recent monograph is devoted to progress in these areas. Taken together, considerable progress has been made in developing CNS-penetrant agents that reduce AP levels and in providing validation that such agents will be therapeutically beneficial for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Albert
- CNS Discovery Research, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, 1800 Concord Pike, P O Box 15437, Wilmington, DE 19850-5437, USA
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50
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Boja P, Won SW, Suh DH, Chu JH, Park WK, Lim HJ. Synthesis and Biological Activities of (4-Arylpiperazinyl)piperidines as Nonpeptide BACE 1 Inhibitors. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2011. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2011.32.4.1249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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