1
|
Amin SA, Khatun S, Gayen S, Das S, Jha T. Are inhibitors of histone deacetylase 8 (HDAC8) effective in hematological cancers especially acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)? Eur J Med Chem 2023; 258:115594. [PMID: 37429084 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase 8 (HDAC8) aberrantly deacetylates histone and non-histone proteins. These include structural maintenance of chromosome 3 (SMC3) cohesin protein, retinoic acid induced 1 (RAI1), p53, etc and thus, regulating diverse processes such as leukemic stem cell (LSC) transformation and maintenance. HDAC8, one of the crucial HDACs, affects the gene silencing process in solid and hematological cancer progressions especially on acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). A specific HDAC8 inhibitor PCI-34051 showed promising results against both T-cell lymphoma and AML. Here, we summarize the role of HDAC8 in hematological malignancies, especially in AML and ALL. This article also introduces the structure/function of HDAC8 and a special attention has been paid to address the HDAC8 enzyme selectivity issue in hematological cancer especially against AML and ALL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sk Abdul Amin
- Natural Science Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, JIS University, 81, Nilgunj Road, Agarpara, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
| | - Samima Khatun
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Shovanlal Gayen
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| | - Sanjib Das
- Natural Science Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Tarun Jha
- Natural Science Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Guillade L, Mora P, Villar P, Alvarez R, R de Lera A. Total synthesis of nahuoic acid A via a putative biogenetic intramolecular Diels-Alder (IMDA) reaction. Chem Sci 2021; 12:15157-15169. [PMID: 34909158 PMCID: PMC8612404 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04524e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inspired by the biogenetic proposal of an intramolecular Diels-Alder (IMDA) cycloaddition, the total synthesis of natural product nahuoic acid A, a cofactor-competitive inhibitor of the epigenetic enzyme lysine methyl transferase SETD8, has been carried out. A non-conjugated pentaenal precursor was synthesized with high levels of stereoselectivity at seven stereogenic centers and with the appropriate control of double bond geometries. Although the IMDA reaction of the non-conjugated pentaenal using Me2AlCl for catalysis at -40 °C selectively afforded the trans-fused diastereomer corresponding to the Re-endo mode of cycloaddition, under thermal reaction conditions it gave rise to a mixture of diastereomers, that preferentially formed through the exo mode, including the cis-fused angularly-methylated octahydronaphthalene diastereomer precursor of nahuoic acid A. The natural product could be obtained upon oxidation and overall deprotection of the hydroxyl groups present in the Si-exo IMDA diastereomer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Guillade
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, CINBIO, IIS Galicia Sur, Universidade de Vigo 36310 Vigo Spain
| | - Paula Mora
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, CINBIO, IIS Galicia Sur, Universidade de Vigo 36310 Vigo Spain
| | - Pedro Villar
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, CINBIO, IIS Galicia Sur, Universidade de Vigo 36310 Vigo Spain
| | - Rosana Alvarez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, CINBIO, IIS Galicia Sur, Universidade de Vigo 36310 Vigo Spain
| | - Angel R de Lera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, CINBIO, IIS Galicia Sur, Universidade de Vigo 36310 Vigo Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Conte M, Fontana E, Nebbioso A, Altucci L. Marine-Derived Secondary Metabolites as Promising Epigenetic Bio-Compounds for Anticancer Therapy. Mar Drugs 2020; 19:md19010015. [PMID: 33396307 PMCID: PMC7824531 DOI: 10.3390/md19010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sessile organisms such as seaweeds, corals, and sponges continuously adapt to both abiotic and biotic components of the ecosystem. This extremely complex and dynamic process often results in different forms of competition to ensure the maintenance of an ecological niche suitable for survival. A high percentage of marine species have evolved to synthesize biologically active molecules, termed secondary metabolites, as a defense mechanism against the external environment. These natural products and their derivatives may play modulatory roles in the epigenome and in disease-associated epigenetic machinery. Epigenetic modifications also represent a form of adaptation to the environment and confer a competitive advantage to marine species by mediating the production of complex chemical molecules with potential clinical implications. Bioactive compounds are able to interfere with epigenetic targets by regulating key transcriptional factors involved in the hallmarks of cancer through orchestrated molecular mechanisms, which also establish signaling interactions of the tumor microenvironment crucial to cancer phenotypes. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of secondary metabolites derived from marine organisms and their synthetic derivatives as epigenetic modulators, highlighting advantages and limitations, as well as potential strategies to improve cancer treatment.
Collapse
|
4
|
Sangwan R, Rajan R, Mandal PK. HDAC as onco target: Reviewing the synthetic approaches with SAR study of their inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 158:620-706. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.08.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
5
|
Guillade L, Sarno F, Tarhonskaya H, Nebbioso A, Alvarez S, Kawamura A, Schofield CJ, Altucci L, de Lera ÁR. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Tripartin, a Putative KDM4 Natural Product Inhibitor, and 1-Dichloromethylinden-1-ol Analogues. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:1949-1956. [PMID: 30047603 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The natural product tripartin has been reported to inhibit the N-methyl-lysine histone demethylase KDM4A. A synthesis of tripartin starting from 3,5-dimethoxyphenylacrylic acid was developed, and the enantiomers were separated by chiral HPLC. We observed that both tripartin enantiomers manifested an apparent increase in H3K9me3 levels when dosed in cells, as measured by western blot analysis. Thus, there is no enantiomeric discrimination toward this natural product in terms of its effects on cellular histone methylation status. Interestingly, tripartin did not inhibit isolated KDM4A-E under our assay conditions (IC50 >100 μm). Tripartin analogues with a dichloromethylcarbinol group derived from the indanone scaffold were synthesized and found to be inactive against isolated recombinant KDM4 enzymes and in cell-based assays. Although the precise cellular mode of action of tripartin is unclear, our evidence suggests that it may affect histone methylation status via a mechanism other than direct inhibition of the KDM4 histone demethylases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Guillade
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, CINBIO and IBIV, Universidade de Vigo, Campus As Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - Federica Sarno
- Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Vico L. De Crecchio 7, 80138, Napoli, Italy
| | - Hanna Tarhonskaya
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Angela Nebbioso
- Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Vico L. De Crecchio 7, 80138, Napoli, Italy
| | - Susana Alvarez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, CINBIO and IBIV, Universidade de Vigo, Campus As Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - Akane Kawamura
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Christopher J Schofield
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Lucia Altucci
- Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Vico L. De Crecchio 7, 80138, Napoli, Italy
| | - Ángel R de Lera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, CINBIO and IBIV, Universidade de Vigo, Campus As Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Guillade L, González-Pérez AB, de Lera ÁR. Synthesis of the octahydronaphthalene core of nahuoic acid A via a B(C 6F 5) 3-catalyzed intramolecular Diels-Alder (IMDA) reaction. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 15:7430-7438. [PMID: 28831488 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob01665d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Model tetraenal 9b underwent intramolecular Diels-Alder cycloaddition in CH2Cl2 at -10 °C under catalysis by the bulky Lewis acid B(C6F5)3 to deliver as major components the cis-fused angularly-methylated octahydronaphthalene products, which are formed through the alternative exo orientations of the reacting moieties. One of these diastereomers features the relative and absolute configuration present in the core of nahuoic acid A, a natural product that acts as a cofactor-competitive inhibitor of the lysine methyl transferase SETD8. By contrast, catalysis of the reaction by Me2AlCl at -40 °C selectively afforded the trans-fused isomer resulting from the Re-endo orientation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Guillade
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, and Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CINBIO), Universidade de Vigo, Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Maolanon AR, Kristensen HME, Leman LJ, Ghadiri MR, Olsen CA. Natural and Synthetic Macrocyclic Inhibitors of the Histone Deacetylase Enzymes. Chembiochem 2016; 18:5-49. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex R. Maolanon
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals and; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 2 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Helle M. E. Kristensen
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals and; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 2 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Luke J. Leman
- Department of Chemistry; The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology; The Scripps Research Institute; 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - M. Reza Ghadiri
- Department of Chemistry; The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology; The Scripps Research Institute; 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Christian A. Olsen
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals and; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 2 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zwick V, Nurisso A, Simões-Pires C, Bouchet S, Martinet N, Lehotzky A, Ovadi J, Cuendet M, Blanquart C, Bertrand P. Cross metathesis with hydroxamate and benzamide BOC-protected alkenes to access HDAC inhibitors and their biological evaluation highlighted intrinsic activity of BOC-protected dihydroxamates. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:154-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
9
|
Tan S, Liu ZP. Natural Products as Zinc-Dependent Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:441-50. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201402460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
10
|
Schnekenburger M, Dicato M, Diederich M. Epigenetic modulators from “The Big Blue”: A treasure to fight against cancer. Cancer Lett 2014; 351:182-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
11
|
Yu X, Sun D. Macrocyclic drugs and synthetic methodologies toward macrocycles. Molecules 2013; 18:6230-68. [PMID: 23708234 PMCID: PMC4374646 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18066230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrocyclic scaffolds are commonly found in bioactive natural products and pharmaceutical molecules. So far, a large number of macrocyclic natural products have been isolated and synthesized. The construction of macrocycles is generally considered as a crucial and challenging step in the synthesis of macrocyclic natural products. Over the last several decades, numerous efforts have been undertaken toward the synthesis of complex naturally occurring macrocycles and great progresses have been made to advance the field of total synthesis. The commonly used synthetic methodologies toward macrocyclization include macrolactonization, macrolactamization, transition metal-catalyzed cross coupling, ring-closing metathesis, and click reaction, among others. Selected recent examples of macrocyclic synthesis of natural products and druglike macrocycles with significant biological relevance are highlighted in each class. The primary goal of this review is to summarize currently used macrocyclic drugs, highlight the therapeutic potential of this underexplored drug class and outline the general synthetic methodologies for the synthesis of macrocycles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dianqing Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai’i at Hilo, 34 Rainbow Drive, Hilo, HI 96720, USA; E-Mail:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lee Y, Jang KH, Jeon JE, Yang WY, Sim CJ, Oh KB, Shin J. Cyclic Bis-1,3-dialkylpyridiniums from the sponge Haliclona sp. Mar Drugs 2012; 10:2126-2137. [PMID: 23118726 PMCID: PMC3475278 DOI: 10.3390/md10092126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Eight novel cyclic bis-1,3-dialkylpyridiniums, as well as two known compounds from the cyclostellettamine class, were isolated from the sponge Haliclona sp. from Korea. Structures of these novel compounds were determined using combined NMR and FAB-MS/MS analyses. Several of these compounds exhibited moderate cytotoxic and antibacterial activities against A549 cell-line and Gram-positive strains, respectively. The structure-activity relationships of cyclostellettamines are discussed based on their bioactivities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoonyeong Lee
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Sillim, Gwanak, Seoul 151-742, Korea; (Y.L.); (K.H.J.); (J.-e.J.)
| | - Kyung Hwa Jang
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Sillim, Gwanak, Seoul 151-742, Korea; (Y.L.); (K.H.J.); (J.-e.J.)
| | - Ju-eun Jeon
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Sillim, Gwanak, Seoul 151-742, Korea; (Y.L.); (K.H.J.); (J.-e.J.)
| | - Woo-Young Yang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture & Life Science, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Sillim, Gwanak, Seoul 151-921, Korea;
| | - Chung J. Sim
- Department of Biological Science, College of Life Science and Nano Technology, Hannam University, 461-6 Jeonmin, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-811, Korea;
| | - Ki-Bong Oh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture & Life Science, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Sillim, Gwanak, Seoul 151-921, Korea;
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; (K.-B.O.); (J.S.); Tel.: +82-2-880-4646 (K.-B.O.); +82-2-880-2484 (J.S.); Fax: +82-2-873-3112 (K.-B.O.); +82-2-762-8322 (J.S.)
| | - Jongheon Shin
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Sillim, Gwanak, Seoul 151-742, Korea; (Y.L.); (K.H.J.); (J.-e.J.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; (K.-B.O.); (J.S.); Tel.: +82-2-880-4646 (K.-B.O.); +82-2-880-2484 (J.S.); Fax: +82-2-873-3112 (K.-B.O.); +82-2-762-8322 (J.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Shen L, Simmons CJ, Sun D. Microwave-assisted synthesis of macrocycles via intramolecular and/or bimolecular Ullmann coupling. Tetrahedron Lett 2012; 53:4173-4178. [PMID: 23049146 PMCID: PMC3462461 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.05.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Microwave-assisted synthesis of macrocyclic diaryl ethers via intramolecular and/or bimolecular Ullmann coupling is described. Using the optimized conditions, a panel of macrocycles, with different substitution patterns, ring sizes, and linkers, has been successfully synthesized using microwave irradiation. To the best of our knowledge, this work represents the first examples of the microwave-assisted synthesis of macrocyclic diaryl ethers via intramolecular and/or bimolecular Ullmann coupling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai’i at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
| | - Charles J. Simmons
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai’i at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
| | - Dianqing Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai’i at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
García-Domínguez P, Alvarez R, de Lera ÁR. Survey of Synthetic Approaches to Natural (Peyssonenynes) and Unnatural Acetoxyenediynes. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201200246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
15
|
Vickers CJ, Olsen CA, Leman LJ, Ghadiri MR. Discovery of HDAC Inhibitors That Lack an Active Site Zn(2+)-Binding Functional Group. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:505-8. [PMID: 24900500 DOI: 10.1021/ml300081u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural and synthetic histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors generally derive their strong binding affinity and high potency from a key functional group that binds to the Zn(2+) ion within the enzyme active site. However, this feature is also thought to carry the potential liability of undesirable off-target interactions with other metalloenzymes. As a step toward mitigating this issue, here, we describe the design, synthesis, and structure-activity characterizations of cyclic α3β-tetrapeptide HDAC inhibitors that lack the presumed indispensable Zn(2+)-binding group. The lead compounds (e.g., 15 and 26) display good potency against class 1 HDACs and are active in tissue culture against various human cancer cell lines. Importantly, enzymological analysis of 26 indicates that the cyclic α3β-tetrapeptide is a fast-on/off competitive inhibitor of HDACs 1-3 with K i values of 49, 33, and 37 nM, respectively. Our proof of principle study supports the idea that novel classes of HDAC inhibitors, which interact at the active-site opening, but not with the active site Zn(2+), can have potential in drug design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris J. Vickers
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for
Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United
States
| | - Christian A. Olsen
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for
Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United
States
| | - Luke J. Leman
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for
Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United
States
| | - M. Reza Ghadiri
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for
Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United
States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Literature Survey Part A: Transition Metal-Catalyzed Reactions. MICROWAVES IN ORGANIC AND MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527647828.ch5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|
17
|
Rodenko B, Al-Salabi MI, Teka IA, Ho W, El-Sabbagh N, Ali JAM, Ibrahim HMS, Wanner MJ, Koomen GJ, de Koning HP. Synthesis of marine-derived 3-alkylpyridinium alkaloids with potent antiprotozoal activity. ACS Med Chem Lett 2011; 2:901-6. [PMID: 24900279 DOI: 10.1021/ml200160k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the pressing need for new antiprotozoal drugs without cross-resistance with current (failing) chemotherapy, we have explored 3-tridecylpyridinium alkaloids (3TPAs), derivatives of viscosamine, as antiparasitic agents. We have developed a simple synthetic route toward viscosamine and related cyclic and linear monomers and oligomers. Evaluation for cytotoxicity on the protozoan parasites Trypanosoma brucei, Leishmania spp., and Plasmodium falciparum revealed several 3TPAs with antiprotozoal activity in the nanomolar range. Their promising selectivity index in vitro prompted us to study the dynamics of cytotoxicity on trypanosomes in more detail. Parasites were killed relatively slowly at therapeutically safe concentrations, in a process that did not target the cell cycle. Clearance of T. brucei cultures was observed at drug concentrations of 1-10 μM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boris Rodenko
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular
Sciences, University of Amsterdam, The
Netherlands
- College of
Medical, Veterinary
and Life Sciences, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed I. Al-Salabi
- College of
Medical, Veterinary
and Life Sciences, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ibrahim A. Teka
- College of
Medical, Veterinary
and Life Sciences, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - William Ho
- College of
Medical, Veterinary
and Life Sciences, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Nasser El-Sabbagh
- College of
Medical, Veterinary
and Life Sciences, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Juma A. M. Ali
- College of
Medical, Veterinary
and Life Sciences, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Hasan M. S. Ibrahim
- College of
Medical, Veterinary
and Life Sciences, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J. Wanner
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular
Sciences, University of Amsterdam, The
Netherlands
| | - Gerrit-Jan Koomen
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular
Sciences, University of Amsterdam, The
Netherlands
| | - Harry P. de Koning
- College of
Medical, Veterinary
and Life Sciences, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Exploration of the valproic acid binding site on histone deacetylase 8 using docking and molecular dynamic simulations. J Mol Model 2011; 18:2301-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-011-1240-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
19
|
Abstract
Acetylation of histone and non-histone proteins alters gene expression and induces a host of cellular effects. The acetylation process is homeostatically balanced by two groups of cellular enzymes, histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs). HAT activity relaxes the structure of the human chromatin, rendering it transcriptionally active, thereby increasing gene expression. In contrast, HDAC activity leads to gene silencing. The enzymatic balance can be ‘tipped’ by histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), leading to an accumulation of acetylated proteins, which subsequently modify cellular processes including stem cell differentiation, cell cycle, apoptosis, gene expression, and angiogenesis. There is a variety of natural and synthetic HDACi available, and their pleiotropic effects have contributed to diverse clinical applications, not only in cancer but also in non-cancer areas, such as chronic inflammatory disease, bone engineering, and neurodegenerative disease. Indeed, it appears that HDACi-modulated effects may differ between ‘normal’ and transformed cells, particularly with regard to reactive oxygen species accumulation, apoptosis, proliferation, and cell cycle arrest. The potential beneficial effects of HDACi for health, resulting from their ability to regulate global gene expression by epigenetic modification of DNA-associated proteins, also offer potential for application within restorative dentistry, where they may promote dental tissue regeneration following pulpal damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H.F. Duncan
- Division of Restorative Dentistry & Periodontology, Dublin Dental University Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Lincoln Place, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - A.J. Smith
- Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, St Chads Queensway, Birmingham, B4 6NN, UK
| | - G.J.P. Fleming
- Material Science Unit, Division of Oral Biosciences, Dublin Dental University Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Lincoln Place, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - P.R. Cooper
- Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, St Chads Queensway, Birmingham, B4 6NN, UK
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
García-Domínguez P, Lepore I, Erb C, Gronemeyer H, Altucci L, Álvarez R, de Lera ÁR. Total synthesis of the proposed structures of the DNA methyl transferase inhibitors peyssonenynes, and structural revision of peyssonenyne B. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:6979-87. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob05932g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
21
|
Auzzas L, Larsson A, Matera R, Baraldi A, Deschênes-Simard B, Giannini G, Cabri W, Battistuzzi G, Gallo G, Ciacci A, Vesci L, Pisano C, Hanessian S. Non-Natural Macrocyclic Inhibitors of Histone Deacetylases: Design, Synthesis, and Activity. J Med Chem 2010; 53:8387-99. [DOI: 10.1021/jm101092u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Auzzas
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Station Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7 Canada
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Traversa La Crucca 3, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Andreas Larsson
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Station Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7 Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Riccardo Matera
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Station Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - Annamaria Baraldi
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Station Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - Benoît Deschênes-Simard
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Station Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - Giuseppe Giannini
- Sigma-Tau Research and Development, Via Pontina Km 30.400, 00040 Pomezia, Roma, Italy
| | - Walter Cabri
- Sigma-Tau Research and Development, Via Pontina Km 30.400, 00040 Pomezia, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Grazia Gallo
- Sigma-Tau Research and Development, Via Pontina Km 30.400, 00040 Pomezia, Roma, Italy
| | - Andrea Ciacci
- Sigma-Tau Research and Development, Via Pontina Km 30.400, 00040 Pomezia, Roma, Italy
| | - Loredana Vesci
- Sigma-Tau Research and Development, Via Pontina Km 30.400, 00040 Pomezia, Roma, Italy
| | - Claudio Pisano
- Sigma-Tau Research and Development, Via Pontina Km 30.400, 00040 Pomezia, Roma, Italy
| | - Stephen Hanessian
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Station Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Dallinger D, Irfan M, Suljanovic A, Kappe CO. An Investigation of Wall Effects in Microwave-Assisted Ring-Closing Metathesis and Cyclotrimerization Reactions. J Org Chem 2010; 75:5278-88. [DOI: 10.1021/jo1011703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Doris Dallinger
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Microwave Chemistry (CDLMC) and Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Muhammed Irfan
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Microwave Chemistry (CDLMC) and Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Amra Suljanovic
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Microwave Chemistry (CDLMC) and Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Microwave Chemistry (CDLMC) and Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Synthesis of 3-alkyl pyridinium alkaloids from the arctic sponge Haliclona viscosa. Mar Drugs 2010; 8:483-97. [PMID: 20411111 PMCID: PMC2857371 DOI: 10.3390/md8030483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Revised: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
3-Alkyl pyridinium alkaloids (3-APAs) are common secondary metabolites in marine sponges of the order Haplosclerida. In recent years, our laboratory has isolated and synthesized several new members of this family such as haliclamines C–F, viscosamine, viscosaline and a cyclic monomer. All of them were isolated from the Arctic sponge Haliclona viscosa collected in Spitsbergen, Norway. In this article we report the syntheses of these secondary metabolites from Haliclona viscosa and related compounds and give a short overview of the bioactivity.
Collapse
|
24
|
Bertrand P. Inside HDAC with HDAC inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:2095-116. [PMID: 20223566 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors are a large group of diverse molecules intrinsically able to inhibit cell proliferation in various cancer cell lines. Their apoptotic effects have been linked to the modulation in the expression of several regulatory tumor suppressor genes caused by the modified status of histone acetylation, a key event in chromatin remodelling. As the initial histone deacetylase activity of HDAC has been extended to other proteins, the possible other biological mechanisms modified by HDAC inhibitor treatments are still to be clarified. The need for HDAC isoform selective inhibitors is an important issue to serve this goal. This review discusses the approaches proposed by several research groups working on the synthesis of HDAC inhibitors, based on modelling studies and the way these findings were used to obtain new HDAC inhibitors with possible isoform selectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Bertrand
- Laboratoire Synthèse et Réactivité des Substances Naturelles, Université de Poitiers, CNRS-UMR 6514, 40 Avenue du Recteur Pineau, Poitiers, F-86022, France.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ma Y, Breslin S, Keresztes I, Lobkovsky E, Collum DB. Synthesis of a 7-azaindole by chichibabin cyclization: reversible base-mediated dimerization of 3-picolines. J Org Chem 2009; 73:9610-8. [PMID: 18707175 DOI: 10.1021/jo801410s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The lithium diisopropylamide (LDA)-mediated condensation of 2-fluoro-3-picoline and benzonitrile to form 2-phenyl-7-azaindole via a Chichibabin cyclization is described. Facile dimerization of the picoline via a 1,4-addition of the incipient benzyllithium to the picoline starting material and fast 1,2-addition of LDA to benzonitrile cause the reaction to be complex. Both adducts are shown to reenter the reaction coordinate to produce the desired 7-azaindole. The solution structures of the key intermediates and the underlying reaction mechanisms are studied by a combination of IR and NMR spectroscopies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Herndon JW. The chemistry of the carbon-transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the Year 2007. Coord Chem Rev 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2008.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
27
|
Kappe CO, Dallinger D. Controlled microwave heating in modern organic synthesis: highlights from the 2004–2008 literature. Mol Divers 2009; 13:71-193. [PMID: 19381851 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-009-9138-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2009] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
28
|
Isoform-specific histone deacetylase inhibitors: the next step? Cancer Lett 2009; 280:211-21. [PMID: 19289255 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) have emerged as attractive drug targets, particularly for neoplastic indications. This large family is divided into four classes, of which three consist of zinc-dependent enzymes, and inhibitors of these are the subject of this review. Currently, there are several inhibitors advancing through clinical trials, all of which inhibit multiple isoforms of these three classes. While promising, these compounds have exhibited toxicities in the clinic that might limit their potential, particularly in solid tumors. It may be possible to reduce some of the toxicity by specifically targeting only the isoform(s) involved in maintaining that particular tumor and spare other isoforms that are uninvolved or even beneficial. This review examines the selectivity and toxicity of HDAC inhibitors currently in clinic, comparing pan-HDAC inhibitors to Class I selective compounds. The rationale for isoform-specific inhibitors is examined. The current status of isoform-specific inhibitor development is analyzed, especially inhibitors of HDAC1, 2, 4 and 8 enzymes, and the potential clinical utility of these compounds is discussed.
Collapse
|
29
|
Blunt JW, Copp BR, Hu WP, Munro MHG, Northcote PT, Prinsep MR. Marine natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2009; 26:170-244. [PMID: 19177222 DOI: 10.1039/b805113p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 408] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This review covers the literature published in 2007 for marine natural products, with 948 citations(627 for the period January to December 2007) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green algae, brown algae, red algae, sponges, cnidarians,bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates, echinoderms and true mangrove plants. The emphasis is on new compounds (961 for 2007), together with the relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Biosynthetic studies, first syntheses, and syntheses that lead to the revision of structures or stereochemistries, have been included.1 Introduction, 2 Reviews, 3 Marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, 4 Green algae, 5 Brown algae, 6 Red algae, 7 Sponges, 8 Cnidarians, 9 Bryozoans, 10 Molluscs, 11 Tunicates (ascidians),12 Echinoderms, 13 Miscellaneous, 14 Conclusion, 15 References.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John W Blunt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kazantsev AG, Thompson LM. Therapeutic application of histone deacetylase inhibitors for central nervous system disorders. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2008; 7:854-68. [PMID: 18827828 DOI: 10.1038/nrd2681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 548] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs)--enzymes that affect the acetylation status of histones and other important cellular proteins--have been recognized as potentially useful therapeutic targets for a broad range of human disorders. Pharmacological manipulations using small-molecule HDAC inhibitors--which may restore transcriptional balance to neurons, modulate cytoskeletal function, affect immune responses and enhance protein degradation pathways--have been beneficial in various experimental models of brain diseases. Although mounting data predict a therapeutic benefit for HDAC-based therapy, drug discovery and development of clinical candidates face significant challenges. Here, we summarize the current state of development of HDAC therapeutics and their application for the treatment of human brain disorders such as Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome, Rett syndrome, Friedreich's ataxia, Huntington's disease and multiple sclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksey G Kazantsev
- Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Mass General Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129-4404, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Witt O, Deubzer HE, Milde T, Oehme I. HDAC family: What are the cancer relevant targets? Cancer Lett 2008; 277:8-21. [PMID: 18824292 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 785] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2008] [Revised: 08/08/2008] [Accepted: 08/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases comprise a family of 18 genes, which are grouped into classes I-IV based on their homology to their respective yeast orthologues. Classes I, II, and IV consist of 11 family members, which are referred to as "classical" HDACs, whereas the 7 class III members are called sirtuins. Classical HDACs are a promising novel class of anti-cancer drug targets. First HDAC inhibitors have been evaluated in clinical trials and show activity against several cancer diseases. However, these compounds act unselectively against several or all 11 HDAC family members. As a consequence, clinical phase I trials document a wide range of side effects. Therefore, the current challenge in the field is to define the cancer relevant HDAC family member(s) in a given tumor type and to design selective inhibitors, which target cancer cells but leave out normal cells. Knockout of single HDAC family members in mice produces a variety of phenotypes ranging from early embryonic death to viable animals with only discrete alterations, indicating that potential side effects of HDAC inhibitors depend on the selectivity of the compounds. Recently, several studies have shown that certain HDAC family members are aberrantly expressed in several tumors and have non-redundant function in controlling hallmarks of cancer cells. The aim of this review is to discuss individual HDAC family members as drug targets in cancer taking into consideration their function under physiological conditions and their oncogenic potential in malignant disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Witt
- CCU Pediatric Oncology (G340), German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Su H, Altucci L, You Q. Competitive or noncompetitive, that's the question: research toward histone deacetylase inhibitors. Mol Cancer Ther 2008; 7:1007-12. [PMID: 18483291 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-07-2289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) catalyze deacetylation of acetylated lysine residues on histones and a growing number of nonhistone proteins including many transcription factors, playing an important role in the upstream control of gene transcription, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis. It has been wildly recognized that HDACs are promising targets for cancer therapy. At least 10 HDAC inhibitors are currently in clinical evaluation. However, none of them is practically isoform selective. More and more evidence suggests that acetylation modification occurring in approximately 85% of eukaryotic proteins should be a general mechanism for altering protein structures or protein-protein interactions. Unselectively inhibiting the deacetylation activity of HDACs and the consequent modulation of the acetylation status of so many substrates might have multiple mechanisms of action in vivo, resulting in both therapeutic responses and unanticipated side effects. Lack of selectivity for the existing HDAC inhibitors is somewhat logical for the highly conserved residues in the catalytic site and the malleable structure in the rim of the active site of HDAC enzymes. For further advancements in the development of HDAC inhibitors, clues for selectivity will have to be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Su
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009 People's Republic of China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) proteins are transcription regulators linked to cancer. As a result, multiple small molecule HDAC inhibitors are in various phases of clinical trials as anti-cancer drugs. The majority of HDAC inhibitors non-selectively influence the activities of eleven human HDAC isoforms, which are divided into distinct classes. This tutorial review focuses on the recent progress toward the identification of class-selective and isoform-selective HDAC inhibitors. The emerging trends suggest that subtle differences in the active sites of the HDAC isoforms can be exploited to dictate selectivity.
Collapse
|
34
|
Affiliation(s)
- Yoann Coquerel
- Université Paul Cézanne (Aix‐Marseille III), CNRS, UMR 6178, Campus universitaire de St Jérôme, Service 531,13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Jean Rodriguez
- Université Paul Cézanne (Aix‐Marseille III), CNRS, UMR 6178, Campus universitaire de St Jérôme, Service 531,13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| |
Collapse
|