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De Coen LM, Heugebaert TSA, García D, Stevens CV. Synthetic Entries to and Biological Activity of Pyrrolopyrimidines. Chem Rev 2015; 116:80-139. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurens M. De Coen
- Department of Sustainable
Organic Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure links
653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thomas S. A. Heugebaert
- Department of Sustainable
Organic Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure links
653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Daniel García
- Department of Sustainable
Organic Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure links
653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christian V. Stevens
- Department of Sustainable
Organic Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure links
653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Ho CT, Chang YJ, Yang LX, Wei PL, Liu TZ, Liu JJ. A Novel Microtubule-Disrupting Agent Induces Endoplasmic Reticular Stress-Mediated Cell Death in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136340. [PMID: 26355599 PMCID: PMC4565632 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we present evidence of a novel microtubule-disrupting agent, N-deacetyl-N-(chromone-2-carbonyl)-thiocolchicine (TCD), exhibiting potent antitumor activity (with IC50 values in the nanomolar range) against hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. Cell cycle analysis revealed that TCD induced G2/M cell-cycle arrest in a dose- and time-dependent manner in both Hep-J5 and Mahlavu HCC cell lines. TCD also induced a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and caused DNA damage. Mechanistically, TCD activated protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticular kinase and several transcription factors, including activating transcription factor (ATF) 6, ATF4, ATF3, and the CCAAT-enhancer binding protein homologous protein. These data clearly demonstrate that the antitumor activity of TCD is mechanistically linked to its capacity to trigger both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic cell death via endoplasmic reticular stress pathway. The potent antitumor activity of TCD was similarly demonstrated in a hepatocellular carcinoma xenograft model, where 5 and 10 mg/kg doses of TCD significantly arrested Hep-J5 and Mahlavu tumor growth. Our finding suggests that TCD is a promising therapeutic agent against hepatocellular carcinoma; further translational assessment of its clinical usage is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Te Ho
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jia Chang
- Translational Research Laboratory, Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Xi Yang
- Radiobiology Laboratory, California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States of America; St. Mary's Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Po-Li Wei
- Translational Research Laboratory, Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsan-Zon Liu
- Translational Research Laboratory, Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Jen Liu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Barigye SJ, Freitas MP. Is molecular alignment an indispensable requirement in the MIA-QSAR method? J Comput Chem 2015; 36:1748-55. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.23992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J. Barigye
- Department of Chemistry; Federal University of Lavras; P.O. Box 3037 Lavras, Minas Gerais 37200-000 Brazil
| | - Matheus P. Freitas
- Department of Chemistry; Federal University of Lavras; P.O. Box 3037 Lavras, Minas Gerais 37200-000 Brazil
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Zhang X, Raghavan S, Ihnat M, Hamel E, Zammiello C, Bastian A, Mooberry SL, Gangjee A. The design, synthesis and biological evaluation of conformationally restricted 4-substituted-2,6-dimethylfuro[2,3-d]pyrimidines as multi-targeted receptor tyrosine kinase and microtubule inhibitors as potential antitumor agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:2408-23. [PMID: 25882519 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A series of eleven conformationally restricted, 4-substituted 2,6-dimethylfuro[2,3-d]pyrimidines was designed to explore the bioactive conformation required for dual inhibition of microtubule assembly and receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), and their biological activities are reported. All three rotatable single bonds in the lead compound 1 were sequentially restricted to address the role of each in SAR for microtubule and RTK inhibitory effects. Compounds 2, 3, 7 and 10 showed microtubule depolymerizing activity comparable to or better than the lead 1, some with nanomolar EC50 values. While compound 8 had no effect on microtubules, 8 and 10 both showed potent RTK inhibition with nanomolar IC50s. These compounds confirm that the bioactive conformation for RTK inhibition is different from that for tubulin inhibition. The tetrahydroquinoline analog 10 showed the most potent dual tubulin and RTK inhibitory activities (low nanomolar inhibition of EGFR, VEGFR2 and PDGFR-β). Compound 10 has highly potent activity against many NCI cancer cell lines, including several chemo-resistant cell lines, and could serve as a lead for further preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, United States
| | - Sudhir Raghavan
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, United States
| | - Michael Ihnat
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, 1110 North Stonewall, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, United States
| | - Ernest Hamel
- Screening Technologies Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Cynthia Zammiello
- Department of Pharmacology, Cancer Therapy & Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - Anja Bastian
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, 1110 North Stonewall, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, United States
| | - Susan L Mooberry
- Department of Pharmacology, Cancer Therapy & Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States.
| | - Aleem Gangjee
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, United States.
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Brogi S, Papazafiri P, Roussis V, Tafi A. 3D-QSAR using pharmacophore-based alignment and virtual screening for discovery of novel MCF-7 cell line inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 67:344-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Gangjee A, Kurup S, Smith CD. Synthesis of 5,7-disubstituted-4-methyl-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-amines as microtubule inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:1180-9. [PMID: 23352482 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Compounds 1-4 were previously reported as potent antimitotic and antitumor agents with Pgp modulatory effects. Compounds 5-18 have been synthesized in an attempt to optimize the various activities of 1-4. Compounds 5-10 explored the influence of methoxy substitutions on the 7-benzyl moiety in 1, while 11-18 investigated the influence of incorporation of a sulfur linker at C5 compared to 1-3. Compounds 5-10 demonstrated potent single-digit micromolar tumor cell cytotoxicity, Pgp modulation and microtubule inhibition. Compound 7 of this series was the most potent and showed GI(50) values in the nanomolar range against several human tumor cell lines in the standard NCI preclinical in vitro screen. Antitumor activity and Pgp modulatory effects were found to decrease for the 5-phenylthio compounds 11-14 compared to their 5-phenylethyl analogs 2-4 and the standard compound Taxol. Incorporation of methoxy substitutions on the 7-benzyl moiety improved antitumor activity for the 5-phenylthio compounds 16 and 17. Compounds 16 and 17 demonstrated single to two-digit micromolar inhibition of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleem Gangjee
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA.
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Bolstad DB, Bolstad ES, Wright DL, Anderson AC. Dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors: developments in antiparasitic chemotherapy. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2012; 18:143-57. [PMID: 20553119 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.18.2.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infections caused by parasitic protozoa present a growing health concern, particularly in developing parts of the world. Although malaria is clearly the most well-known and deadly of these diseases, infections caused by other parasites, such as Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidia and Trypanosoma are emerging infectious threats. The success of inhibitors of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) against malaria has encouraged further exploration of this strategy against other parasites. OBJECTIVE This review presents antifolate inhibitors that have appeared in the patent literature and elaborates on their potency and selectivity against the DHFR enzyme from parasitic protozoa. METHODS The patent literature since 1994 was surveyed for antiparasitic DHFR inhibitors. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS Over the past several years, there have been a variety of novel, potent and selective inhibitors disclosed in patents, primarily from academic researchers. This review summarizes the recent development of antifolates as specific agents against parasitic protozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Bolstad
- University of Connecticut, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 69 N Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA +1 860 486 6145 ; +1 860 486 6857 ;
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Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a transmembrane permeability glycoprotein, is a member of ATP binding cassette (ABC) super family that functions specifically as a carrier mediated primary active efflux transporter. It is widely distributed throughout the body and has a diverse range of substrates. Several vital therapeutic agents are substrates to P-gp and their bioavailability is lowered or a resistance is induced because of the protein efflux. Hence P-gp inhibitors were explored for overcoming multidrug resistance and poor bioavailability problems of the therapeutic P-gp substrates. The sensitivity of drug moieties to P-gp and vice versa can be established by various experimental models in silico, in vitro and in vivo. Ever since the discovery of P-gp, the research plethora identified several chemical structures as P-gp inhibitors. The aim of this review was to emphasize on the discovery and development of newer, inert, non-toxic, and more efficient, specifically targeting P-gp inhibitors, like those among the natural herb extracts, pharmaceutical excipients and formulations, and other rational drug moieties. The applications of cellular and molecular biology knowledge, in silico designed structural databases, molecular modeling studies and quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analyses in the development of novel rational P-gp inhibitors have also been mentioned.
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Functionalization of pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine by palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions (review). Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-012-0986-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Gangjee A, Namjoshi OA, Keller SN, Smith CD. 2-Amino-4-methyl-5-phenylethyl substituted-7-N-benzyl-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines as novel antitumor antimitotic agents that also reverse tumor resistance. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:4355-65. [PMID: 21680190 PMCID: PMC3138178 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Gangjee et al. recently reported a novel series of 2-amino-4-methyl-5-phenylethyl substituted-7-benzyl-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines, some of which exhibited two digit nanomolar antitumor and antimitotic activity and were not subject to P-glycoprotein (Pgp) or multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) mediated tumor resistance (unlike the Vinca alkaloids and taxanes). Some of these compounds, in addition to their antitumor activity, had the ability to reverse the Pgp-mediated resistance to clinically used antimitotic agents. This report consists of an attempt to optimize the various activities of the parent compounds by synthetic variations of the phenyl ring of the 5-phenylethyl side chain. The target compounds were synthesized via a nine-step synthesis involving a Sonogashira reaction. The substituted phenylacetylenes as coupling partners were in turn synthesized from unactivated aryl bromides or iodides. The target compounds exhibited moderate cytotoxicity against MCF-7 tumor cells. However, most of these compounds showed improved cytotoxicity against the resistant NCI/ADR and MCF-7/VP. This study afforded an analog which reversed both Pgp-mediated as well as MRP1-mediated resistance to clinically used antimitotic agents, along with its own antimitotic mediated antitumor activity. In addition, in the NCI-60 cell line panel one of the compounds inhibited the growth of MDA-MD-435 breast cancer cell line at submicromolar concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleem Gangjee
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, United States.
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Zhang X, Zhou X, Kisliuk RL, Piraino J, Cody V, Gangjee A. Design, synthesis, biological evaluation and X-ray crystal structure of novel classical 6,5,6-tricyclic benzo[4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidines as dual thymidylate synthase and dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:3585-94. [PMID: 21550809 PMCID: PMC3138190 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Revised: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Classical antifolates (4-7) with a tricyclic benzo[4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine scaffold and a flexible and rigid benzoylglutamate were synthesized as dual thymidylate synthase (TS) and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitors. Oxidative aromatization of ethyl 2-amino-4-methyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1-benzothiophene-3-carboxylate (±)-9 to ethyl 2-amino-4-methyl-1-benzothiophene-3-carboxylate 10 with 10% Pd/C was a key synthetic step. Compounds with 2-CH₃ substituents inhibited human (h) TS (IC₅₀ =0.26-0.8 μM), but not hDHFR. Substitution of the 2-CH₃ with a 2-NH₂ increases hTS inhibition by more than 10-fold and also affords excellent hDHFR inhibition (IC₅₀ = 0.09-0.1 μM). This study shows that the tricyclic benzo[4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine scaffold is highly conducive to single hTS or dual hTS-hDHFR inhibition depending on the 2-position substituents. The X-ray crystal structures of 6 and 7 with hDHFR reveal, for the first time, that tricyclics 6 and 7 bind with the benzo[4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine ring in the folate binding mode with the thieno S mimicking the 4-amino of methotrexate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
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Brogi S, Kladi M, Vagias C, Papazafiri P, Roussis V, Tafi A. Pharmacophore Modeling for Qualitative Prediction of Antiestrogenic Activity. J Chem Inf Model 2009; 49:2489-97. [DOI: 10.1021/ci900254b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Brogi
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Aldo Moro, I-53100 Siena, Italy, Department of Pharmacognosy & Chemistry of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, Athens 15771, Greece, and Department of Animal & Human Physiology, School of Sciences, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, Athens 157 84, Greece
| | - Maria Kladi
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Aldo Moro, I-53100 Siena, Italy, Department of Pharmacognosy & Chemistry of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, Athens 15771, Greece, and Department of Animal & Human Physiology, School of Sciences, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, Athens 157 84, Greece
| | - Constantinos Vagias
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Aldo Moro, I-53100 Siena, Italy, Department of Pharmacognosy & Chemistry of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, Athens 15771, Greece, and Department of Animal & Human Physiology, School of Sciences, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, Athens 157 84, Greece
| | - Panagiota Papazafiri
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Aldo Moro, I-53100 Siena, Italy, Department of Pharmacognosy & Chemistry of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, Athens 15771, Greece, and Department of Animal & Human Physiology, School of Sciences, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, Athens 157 84, Greece
| | - Vassilios Roussis
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Aldo Moro, I-53100 Siena, Italy, Department of Pharmacognosy & Chemistry of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, Athens 15771, Greece, and Department of Animal & Human Physiology, School of Sciences, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, Athens 157 84, Greece
| | - Andrea Tafi
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Aldo Moro, I-53100 Siena, Italy, Department of Pharmacognosy & Chemistry of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, Athens 15771, Greece, and Department of Animal & Human Physiology, School of Sciences, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, Athens 157 84, Greece
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Chapter 5.2: Five-membered ring systems: pyrroles and benzo analogs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-6380(09)70010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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